1
|
Sun X, Gu R, Bai J. Differentiation and regulation of CD4 + T cell subsets in Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:352. [PMID: 39153043 PMCID: PMC11335276 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and its hallmark pathological features are the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn). It has been shown that the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is damaged in PD patients, and a large number of infiltrating T cells and inflammatory cytokines have been detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain parenchyma of PD patients and PD animal models, including significant change in the number and proportion of different CD4+ T cell subsets. This suggests that the neuroinflammatory response caused by CD4+ T cells is an important risk factor for the development of PD. Here, we systematically review the differentiation of CD4+ T cell subsets, and focus on describing the functions and mechanisms of different CD4+ T cell subsets and their secreted cytokines in PD. We also summarize the current immunotherapy targeting CD4+ T cells with a view to providing assistance in the diagnosis and treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Rou Gu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Augusto-Oliveira M, Tremblay MÈ, Verkhratsky A. Receptors on Microglia. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:83-121. [PMID: 39207688 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the most receptive cells in the central nervous system (CNS), expressing several classes of receptors reflecting their immune heritage and newly acquired neural specialisation. Microglia possess, depending on the particular context, receptors to neurotransmitters and neuromodulators as well as immunocompetent receptors. This rich complement allows microglial cells to monitor the functional status of the nervous system, contribute actively to the regulation of neural activity and plasticity and homeostasis, and guard against pathogens as well as other challenges to the CNS's integrity and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bao J, Yang S. ScRNA analysis and ferroptosis-related ceRNA regulatory network investigation in microglia cells at different time points after spinal cord injury. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:701. [PMID: 37726826 PMCID: PMC10507978 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCI) are usually caused by mechanical trauma that leads to serious physical and psychological damage to the patient as well as a huge economic burden to the whole society. The prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries have become a major issue for the medical community today due to the enormous social and economic expenditure induced via spinal cord injuries. Therefore, in-depth research into SCI is necessary. Microglia have been shown to be the key player in the immune inflammatory response after spinal cord injury, but the mechanisms of immune regulation at different time points after spinal cord injury remain unclear. To investigate the inflammatory biomarkers associated with microglia at different time points after SCI, we downloaded single-cell RNA sequencing data from mouse spinal cords 3- and 14-days after the injury and identified subpopulations associated with microglia. Further functional enrichment analysis also confirmed that microglia are associated with immune system regulation at different time points and that both can modulate cytokine production. As ferroptosis is a newly identified non-apoptotic programmed cell death, microglia establish a bridge between ferroptosis and CNS inflammation and may play an important role in spinal cord injury. We then screened for genes differentially expressed in microglia during 3- and 14-days after spinal cord injury and associated with iron death, named Stmn1 and Fgfbr1, respectively, and verified that these pivotal genes are closely related to the immune cells. Finally, we also screened for drug fractions associated with these pivotal genes. Our results predict key genes in the immune inflammatory process associated with microglia at different time points after spinal cord injury at the single-cell level and provide a molecular basis for better treatment of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junping Bao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hassamal S. Chronic stress, neuroinflammation, and depression: an overview of pathophysiological mechanisms and emerging anti-inflammatories. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1130989. [PMID: 37252156 PMCID: PMC10213648 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1130989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In a subset of patients, chronic exposure to stress is an etiological risk factor for neuroinflammation and depression. Neuroinflammation affects up to 27% of patients with MDD and is associated with a more severe, chronic, and treatment-resistant trajectory. Inflammation is not unique to depression and has transdiagnostic effects suggesting a shared etiological risk factor underlying psychopathologies and metabolic disorders. Research supports an association but not necessarily a causation with depression. Putative mechanisms link chronic stress to dysregulation of the HPA axis and immune cell glucocorticoid resistance resulting in hyperactivation of the peripheral immune system. The chronic extracellular release of DAMPs and immune cell DAMP-PRR signaling creates a feed forward loop that accelerates peripheral and central inflammation. Higher plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines, most consistently interleukin IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, are correlated with greater depressive symptomatology. Cytokines sensitize the HPA axis, disrupt the negative feedback loop, and further propagate inflammatory reactions. Peripheral inflammation exacerbates central inflammation (neuroinflammation) through several mechanisms including disruption of the blood-brain barrier, immune cellular trafficking, and activation of glial cells. Activated glial cells release cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species into the extra-synaptic space dysregulating neurotransmitter systems, imbalancing the excitatory to inhibitory ratio, and disrupting neural circuitry plasticity and adaptation. In particular, microglial activation and toxicity plays a central role in the pathophysiology of neuroinflammation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies most consistently show reduced hippocampal volumes. Neural circuitry dysfunction such as hypoactivation between the ventral striatum and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex underlies the melancholic phenotype of depression. Chronic administration of monoamine-based antidepressants counters the inflammatory response, but with a delayed therapeutic onset. Therapeutics targeting cell mediated immunity, generalized and specific inflammatory signaling pathways, and nitro-oxidative stress have enormous potential to advance the treatment landscape. Future clinical trials will need to include immune system perturbations as biomarker outcome measures to facilitate novel antidepressant development. In this overview, we explore the inflammatory correlates of depression and elucidate pathomechanisms to facilitate the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Hassamal
- California University of Sciences and Medicine, Colton, CA, United States
- Clinicaltriallink, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- California Neuropsychiatric Institute, Ontario, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kan Y, Feng L, Si Y, Zhou Z, Wang W, Yang J. Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets of Focal Cortical Dysplasia Based on Bioinformatics Analysis. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3506-3521. [PMID: 35945307 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), a malformation of cortical development, is the most common cause of intractable epilepsy in children. However, the causes and underlying molecular events of FCD need further investigation. The microarray dataset GSE62019 and GSE97365 were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus. To examine critical genes and signaling pathways, bioinformatics analysis tools such as protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, miRNA-mRNA interaction networks, and immune infiltration in FCD samples were used to fully elucidate the pathogenesis of FCD. A total of 534 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 71 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were obtained. The DEGs obtained were enriched in ribosomal, protein targeting, and pathways of neurodegeneration multiple diseases, whereas the target genes of DEMs were enriched in signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor beta, Wnt, PI3K-Akt, etc. Finally, four hub genes (RPL11, FAU, RPS20, RPL27) and five key miRNAs (hsa-let-7b, hsa-miR-185, hsa-miR-23b, hsa-miR-222 and hsa-miR-92b) were obtained by PPI network, miRNA-mRNA network, and ROC analysis. The immune infiltration results showed that the infiltration levels of five immune cells (MDSC, regulatory T cells, activated CD8+ T cells, macrophage and effector memory CD8+ T cells) were slightly higher in FCD samples than in control samples. Moreover, the gene expressions of RPS19, RPL19, and RPS24 were highly correlated with the infiltration levels and immune characteristics of 28 immune cells. It broadens the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of FCD and enlightens the identification of molecular targets and diagnostic biomarkers for FCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lijuan Feng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yukun Si
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ziang Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jigang Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The promise of the TGF-β superfamily as a therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 171:105805. [PMID: 35764291 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence underscore the regulatory role of TGF-β superfamily in the central nervous system. Components of the TGF-β superfamily modulate key events during embryonic brain development and adult brain tissue injury repair. With respect to Parkinson's disease (PD), TGF-ß signaling pathways are implicated in the differentiation, maintenance and synaptic function of the dopaminergic neurons, as well as in processes related to the activation state of astrocytes and microglia. In vitro and in vivo studies using toxin models, have interrogated on the dopaminotrophic and protective role of the TGF-β superfamily members. The evolution of genetic and animal models of PD that more closely recapitulate the disease condition has made possible the dissection of intracellular pathways in response to TGF-ß treatment. Although the first clinical trials using GDNF did not meet their primary endpoints, substantial work has been carried out to reappraise the TGF-β superfamily's clinical benefit.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang N, Li R, Feng B, Cheng Y, Guo Y, Qian H. Chicoric Acid Prevents Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Parkinson’s Disease Model: Immune Response and Transcriptome Profile of the Spleen and Colon. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042031. [PMID: 35216146 PMCID: PMC8874631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicoric acid (CA), a polyphenolic acid compound extracted from chicory and echinacea, possesses antiviral, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Growing evidence supports the pivotal roles of brain–spleen and brain–gut axes in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), and the immune response of the spleen and colon is always the active participant in the pathogenesis and development of PD. In this study, we observe that CA prevented dopaminergic neuronal lesions, motor deficits and glial activation in PD mice, along with the increment in striatal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HT). Furthermore, CA reversed the level of interleukin-17(IL-17), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) of PD mice, implicating its regulatory effect on the immunological response of spleen and colon. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 22 genes in the spleen (21 upregulated and 1 downregulated) and 306 genes (190 upregulated and 116 downregulated) in the colon were significantly differentially expressed in CA-pretreated mice. These genes were functionally annotated with GSEA, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment, providing the potential target genes and molecular biological mechanisms for the modulation of CA on the spleen and gut in PD. Remarkably, CA restored some gene expressions to normal level. Our results highlighted that the neuroprotection of CA might be associated with the manipulation of CA on brain–spleen and brain–gut axes in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (N.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Rui Li
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Bainian Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (N.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yahui Guo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (N.W.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (H.Q.)
| | - He Qian
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (N.W.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (H.Q.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Z, Zhai XR, Du ZS, Xu FF, Huang Y, Wang XQ, Qiu YH, Peng YP. Dopamine receptor D2 on CD4 + T cells is protective against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:110-121. [PMID: 34403737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Recently, neuroinflammation driven by CD4+ T cells has been involved in PD pathophysiology. Human and murine lymphocytes express all the five subtypes of dopamine receptors (DRs), DRD1 to DRD5. However, roles of DRs particularly DRD2 expressed on CD4+ T cells in PD remain elucidated. Global Drd1- or Drd2-knockout (Drd1-/- or Drd2-/-) mice or CD4+ T cell-specific Drd2-knockout (Drd2fl/fl/CD4Cre) mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to induce PD with the different mutants. On the 7th day following MPTP injection, mice were assessed for dopaminergic neurodegeneration, locomotor impairments, microglial activation, as well as CD4+ T-cell differentiation and function. Furthermore, in vitro CD4+ T cells were exposed to DRD2 agonist and antagonist and then differentiation and function of the cells were determined. MPTP induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in the nigrostriatal system, motor coordinative and behavioral impairments, microglial activation, and CD4+ T-cell polarization to pro-inflammatory T-helper (Th)1 and Th17 phenotypes. Importantly, either Drd2-/- or Drd2fl/fl/CD4Cre mice manifested more severe dopaminergic neurodegeneration, motor deficits, microglial activation, and CD4+ T-cell bias towards Th1 and Th17 phenotypes in response to MPTP, but Drd1-/- did not further alter MPTP intoxication. DRD2 agonist sumanirole inhibited shift of CD4+ T cells obtained from MPTP-intoxicated mice to Th1 and Th17 phenotypes and DRD2 antagonist L-741,626 reversed sumanirole effects. These findings suggest that DRD2 expressed on CD4+ T cells is protective against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in PD. Thus, developing a therapeutic strategy of stimulating DRD2 may be promising for mitigation of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiao-Run Zhai
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Zhong-Shuai Du
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Fen-Fen Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mancini A, Ghiglieri V, Parnetti L, Calabresi P, Di Filippo M. Neuro-Immune Cross-Talk in the Striatum: From Basal Ganglia Physiology to Circuit Dysfunction. Front Immunol 2021; 12:644294. [PMID: 33953715 PMCID: PMC8091963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.644294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia network is represented by an interconnected group of subcortical nuclei traditionally thought to play a crucial role in motor learning and movement execution. During the last decades, knowledge about basal ganglia physiology significantly evolved and this network is now considered as a key regulator of important cognitive and emotional processes. Accordingly, the disruption of basal ganglia network dynamics represents a crucial pathogenic factor in many neurological and psychiatric disorders. The striatum is the input station of the circuit. Thanks to the synaptic properties of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and their ability to express synaptic plasticity, the striatum exerts a fundamental integrative and filtering role in the basal ganglia network, influencing the functional output of the whole circuit. Although it is currently established that the immune system is able to regulate neuronal transmission and plasticity in specific cortical areas, the role played by immune molecules and immune/glial cells in the modulation of intra-striatal connections and basal ganglia activity still needs to be clarified. In this manuscript, we review the available evidence of immune-based regulation of synaptic activity in the striatum, also discussing how an abnormal immune activation in this region could be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and degenerative central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancini
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Section of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guo Q, Li L, Gao G, Liu R, Einaga Y, Zhi J. Nanodiamonds Inhibit Cancer Cell Migration by Strengthening Cell Adhesion: Implications for Cancer Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:9620-9629. [PMID: 33595291 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) are a type of biocompatible nanomaterial with easily modified surfaces and are considered as promising candidates in biomedicine. In this work, the inhibition of tumor cell migration by carboxylated nanodiamonds (cNDs) was investigated. AFM-based single cell adhesion and F-actin staining experiments demonstrated that cNDs treatment could enhance cell adhesion and impair assembly of the cytoskeleton. The mechanism analysis of the regulatory protein expression level also proved that cNDs could inhibit the migration of Hela cells by preventing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process through the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway. The in vivo pulmonary metastasis model also showed that cNDs effectively reduced the metastasis of murine B16 melanoma cells. In summary, cNDs have been demonstrated to inhibit cancer cell migration in vitro and decrease tumor metastasis in vivo. Therefore, cNDs might have potential utility for specific cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Guanyue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Runze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Jinfang Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kelley KW, Peng YP, Liu Q, Chang HC, Spencer SJ, Hutchinson MR, Shimada A. Psychoneuroimmunology goes East: Development of the PNIRS China affiliate and its expansion into PNIRS Asia-Pacific. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:75-87. [PMID: 32304882 PMCID: PMC7156953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Psychoneuroimmunology Research Society (PNIRS) created an official Chinese regional affiliate in 2012, designated PNIRSChina. Now, just eight years later, the program has been so successful in advancing the science of psychoneuroimmunology that it has expanded to the whole of Asia-Oceania. In 2017, PNIRSChina became PNIRSAsia-Pacific. Between 2012 and 2019, this outreach affiliate of PNIRS organized seven symposia at major scientific meetings in China as well as nine others in Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand. This paper summarizes the remarkable growth of PNIRSAsia-Pacific. Here, regional experts who have been instrumental in organizing these PNIRSAsia-Pacific symposia briefly review and share their views about the past, present and future state of psychoneuroimmunology research in China, Taiwan, Australia and Japan. The newest initiative of PNIRSAsia-Pacific is connecting Asia-Pacific laboratories with those in Western countries through a simple web-based registration system. These efforts not only contribute to the efforts of PNIRS to serve a truly global scientific society but also to answer the imperative call of increasing diversity in our science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Kelley
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Department of Animal Sciences, College of ACES, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 212 Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, 1201 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Quentin Liu
- Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Cancer Center Room 317, 9 Lvshun Road South, Dalian 116000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Chih Chang
- Mind-Body Interface Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics
| | - Atsuyoshi Shimada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka, 181-8612 Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The Role of TGFβ Signaling in Microglia Maturation and Activation. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:836-848. [PMID: 32741652 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ1) plays pivotal roles in different cell types, including immune cells such as T cells, monocytes/macrophages, and microglia. Microglia are essential during physiological and pathological events. Maturation of postnatal microglia, as well as the regulation of the complex functional repertoire of microglia, needs to be carefully orchestrated. However, an understanding of how mammalian microglia maturation and disease-associated microglia activation is regulated remains fragmentary. Here, we summarize recent observations made by employing transgenic approaches to silence microglial TGFβ signaling in mice. These revealed that TGFβ1 and TGFβ signaling are indispensable for microglia maturation, adult microglia homeostasis, and the control of microglia activation in central nervous system pathologies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu SY, Pan BS, Tsai SF, Chiang YT, Huang BM, Mo FE, Kuo YM. BDNF reverses aging-related microglial activation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:210. [PMID: 32664974 PMCID: PMC7362451 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive microglial activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of various age-related neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to neurons, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor TrkB are also expressed in microglia. However, the direct effect of BDNF on age-related microglial activation has rarely been investigated. METHODS We began to address this question by examining the effect of age on microglial activation and the BDNF-TrkB pathway in mice. By using pharmacological and genetic approaches, the roles of BDNF and downstream signaling pathways in microglial activation and related neurotoxicity were examined in microglial cell line and primary microglial cells. RESULTS We showed that microglial activation was evident in the brains of aged mice. The levels of BDNF and TrkB in microglia decreased with age and negatively correlated with their activation statuses in mice during aging. Interestingly, aging-related microglial activation could be reversed by chronic, subcutaneous perfusion of BDNF. Peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection-induced microglial activation could be reduced by local supplement of BDNF, while shTrkB induced local microglial activation in naïve mice. In cultured microglial cell line and primary microglial cells, BDNF inhibited LPS-induced microglial activation, including morphological changes, activations of p38, JNK, and NF-кB, and productions of proinflammatory cytokines. These effects were blocked by shTrkB. BDNF induced activations of ErK and CREB which then competed with LPS-induced activation of NF-кB for binding to a common coactivator, CREB-binding protein. CONCLUSIONS Decreasing BDNF-TrkB signaling during aging favors microglial activation, while upregulation BDNF signaling inhibits microglial activation via the TrkB-Erk-CREB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ying Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Syong Pan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 Ta Hsueh Road, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 Ta Hsueh Road, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fan-E Mo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 Ta Hsueh Road, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 Ta Hsueh Road, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Khedr EM, Ahmed OG, Sayed HM, Abo-Elfetoh N, Ali AM, Gomaa AM. Electrophysiological differences in cortical excitability in different forms of dementia: A transcranial magnetic stimulation and laboratory biomarkers study. Neurophysiol Clin 2020; 50:185-193. [PMID: 32591186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to identify neurophysiologic markers to differentiate between Alzheimer dementia (AD), Vascular dementia (VaD), and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), and to examine their relationship to levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). METHODS The study included 15 patients with each type of dementia (AD, VaD, PDD) and 25 control subjects. Dementia patients were diagnosed according to the DiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders4thedition-revised(DSM-IV-R). Modified Mini Mental State Examination (MMMSE), motor cortex excitability including resting and active motor thresholds (rMT, aMT), input-output (I/O) curve, contralateral and ipsilateral silent periods (cSP, iSP), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) at 1,2 and 4ms, and serum levels of TGFβ1 were examined. RESULTS There were no significant differences between groups with regards to age, sex, education or socioeconomic level. There was significant neuronal hyperexcitability in the form of reduced rMT and aMT and a shallower I/O curve in all three groups of dementia compared with the control group. The durations of cSP and iSP were longer in AD and PDD groups compared with the control group, whereas there were no significant differences in VaD. SICI was less effective in the three dementia groups than in the control group at intervals of 4ms. Serum levels of TGFβ1 were significantly elevated in all dementia groups in comparison with the control group. There was a significant negative correlation between serum level of TGFβ1 and cSP, iSP, and SICI across all patients and a significant negative correlation between serum level of TGFβ1 and iSP duration in AD. CONCLUSION Although motor thresholds were reduced in all patients, measures of SICI, cSP and iSP could distinguish between dementia groups. Serum level of TGFβ1 negatively correlated with iSP specifically in the AD group. This suggests that levels of TGFβ1 may relate to GABAergic dysfunction in dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Khedr
- Neurology and psychiatry department, Assiut university hospital, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Omyma G Ahmed
- Medical physiology department, faculty of medicine, Assiut university, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Mm Sayed
- Medical physiology department, faculty of medicine, Assiut university, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Noha Abo-Elfetoh
- Neurology and psychiatry department, Assiut university hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Anwar M Ali
- Neurology and psychiatry department, Assiut university hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Ms Gomaa
- Medical physiology department, faculty of medicine, Assiut university, Assiut, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao J, Wang B, Wu X, Yang Z, Huang T, Guo X, Guo D, Liu Z, Song J. TGFβ1 alleviates axonal injury by regulating microglia/macrophages alternative activation in traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Bull 2020; 161:21-32. [PMID: 32389801 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes substantial mortality and long-term disability worldwide. TGFβ1 is a unique molecular and functional signature in microglia, but the role of TGFβ1 in TBI is not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TGFβ1 in TBI. The weight dropping device was used to establish TBI model of rats. Hematoxylin eosin staining and Bielschowsky silver staining were used to assess tissue loss. Beam walking and muscle strength tests were used to assess neurological deficits. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess axonal injures. Western blotting was used to detect expression of related proteins. RT-PCR was used to detect expression of cytokines. Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the microglia/macrophages activation. We observed obvious axonal injury and microglia/macrophages activation in the peri-lesion cortex. The expression of inflammatory cytokines was markedly high after TBI. The expression of TGFβ1 and TGFβRI were significantly reduced after TBI. TGFβ1 promoted the functional recovery and alleviated axonal injury 1 day after TBI. TGFβ1 promoted microglia/macrophages polarizing to alternative activation and alleviated neuroinflammation. These effects of TGFβ1 could be inhibited by LY2109761, the inhibitor of TGFRI/II. These results suggested that TGFβ1 played a protective role in axonal injury and could be a potential therapeutic target in early stages following TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zhongbo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Tingqin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Xiaoye Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Science and Technology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Zunwei Liu
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Department of Renal Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jinning Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cao BB, Zhang XX, Du CY, Liu Z, Qiu YH, Peng YP. TGF-β1 Provides Neuroprotection via Inhibition of Microglial Activation in 3-Acetylpyridine-Induced Cerebellar Ataxia Model Rats. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:187. [PMID: 32265625 PMCID: PMC7099147 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias (CAs) consist of a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases hallmarked by motor deficits and deterioration of the cerebellum and its associated circuitries. Neuroinflammatory responses are present in CA brain, but how neuroinflammation may contribute to CA pathogenesis remain unresolved. Here, we investigate whether transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, which possesses anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, can ameliorate the microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and thereby alleviate neurodegeneration in CA. In the current study, we administered TGF-β1 via the intracerebroventricle (ICV) in CA model rats, by intraperitoneal injection of 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP), to reveal the neuroprotective role of TGF-β1. The TGF-β1 administration after 3-AP injection ameliorated motor impairments and reduced the calbindin-positive neuron loss and apoptosis in the brain stem and cerebellum. Meanwhile, 3-AP induced microglial activation and inflammatory responses in vivo, which were determined by morphological alteration and an increase in expression of CD11b, enhancement of percentage of CD40 + and CD86 + microglial cells, upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, and a downregulation of neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 in the brain stem and cerebellum. TGF-β1 treatment significantly prevented all the changes caused by 3-AP. In addition, in vitro experiments, TGF-β1 directly attenuated 3-AP-induced microglial activation and inflammatory responses in primary cultures. Purkinje cell exposure to supernatants of primary microglia that had been treated with TGF-β1 reduced neuronal loss and apoptosis induced by 3-AP-treated microglial supernatants. Furthermore, the protective effect was similar to those treated with TNF-α-neutralizing antibody. These findings suggest that TGF-β1 protects against neurodegeneration in 3-AP-induced CA rats via inhibiting microglial activation and at least partly TNF-α release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Bei Cao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiao-Xian Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chen-Yu Du
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhan Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nataf S. The Demonstration of an Aqp4/Tgf-beta 1 Pathway in Murine Astrocytes Holds Implications for Both Neuromyelitis Optica and Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031035. [PMID: 32033173 PMCID: PMC7037715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The role exerted by Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) as a regulator of astrocyte immune functions has been poorly explored. A recent report demonstrates that under neuroinflammatory conditions, the expression of Aqp4 on murine astrocytes is mandatory for the effective control of acute inflammation in the central nervous system. Such an immunomodulatory function appears to be mediated by a promotion of the transforming growth factor beta 1 (Tgfb1) pathway. Here, these results are discussed in the context of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and multiple sclerosis (MS) progressive forms. It is proposed that NMO and progressive MS might rely on opposite molecular mechanisms involving, in NMO, an acutely-defective AQP4/TGFB1 pathway and, in progressive MS, a chronically-stimulated AQP4/TGFB1 pathway. Data supporting the involvement of angiotensin II as a molecular link between AQP4 and TGFB1 are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Nataf
- Bank of Tissues and Cells, Lyon University Hospital (Hospices Civils de Lyon), F-69000 Lyon, France; ; Tel.: +33-4-72-11-76-67; Fax: 33-4-72-11-96-49
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, 69600 INSA Oullins, France
- Lyon-Est School of Medicine, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, F-69000 Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Treg Cells Attenuate Neuroinflammation and Protect Neurons in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 15:224-237. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
19
|
TGFB1-Mediated Gliosis in Multiple Sclerosis Spinal Cords Is Favored by the Regionalized Expression of HOXA5 and the Age-Dependent Decline in Androgen Receptor Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235934. [PMID: 31779094 PMCID: PMC6928867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with a progressive form of the disease, spinal cord (SC) functions slowly deteriorate beyond age 40. We previously showed that in the SC of these patients, large areas of incomplete demyelination extend distance away from plaque borders and are characterized by a unique progliotic TGFB1 (Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1) genomic signature. Here, we attempted to determine whether region- and age-specific physiological parameters could promote the progression of SC periplaques in MS patients beyond age 40. An analysis of transcriptomics databases showed that, under physiological conditions, a set of 10 homeobox (HOX) genes are highly significantly overexpressed in the human SC as compared to distinct brain regions. Among these HOX genes, a survey of the human proteome showed that only HOXA5 encodes a protein which interacts with a member of the TGF-beta signaling pathway, namely SMAD1 (SMAD family member 1). Moreover, HOXA5 was previously found to promote the TGF-beta pathway. Interestingly, SMAD1 is also a protein partner of the androgen receptor (AR) and an unsupervised analysis of gene ontology terms indicates that the AR pathway antagonizes the TGF-beta/SMAD pathway. Retrieval of promoter analysis data further confirmed that AR negatively regulates the transcription of several members of the TGF-beta/SMAD pathway. On this basis, we propose that in progressive MS patients, the physiological SC overexpression of HOXA5 combined with the age-dependent decline in AR ligands may favor the slow progression of TGFB1-mediated gliosis. Potential therapeutic implications are discussed.
Collapse
|
20
|
Caputo MP, Radlowski EC, Lawson M, Antonson A, Watson JE, Matt SM, Leyshon BJ, Das A, Johnson RW. Herring roe oil supplementation alters microglial cell gene expression and reduces peripheral inflammation after immune activation in a neonatal piglet model. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:455-469. [PMID: 31271868 PMCID: PMC6754775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal brain development can be disrupted by infection that results in microglial cell activation and neuroinflammation. Studies indicate that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their metabolites can resolve inflammation. It is not known if dietary PUFA increases lipid metabolites in brain or reduces neuroinflammation in neonates. We hypothesized that dietary PUFAs might suppress neuroinflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine over-production and promoting inflammatory resolution in the periphery and brain. Piglets were obtained on postnatal day (PD) 2 and randomly assigned to herring roe oil (HRO) or control (CON) diet. HRO was included at 2 g/kg powdered diet. HRO increased DHA levels in occipital lobe and the DHA to arachidonic acid (ARA) ratio in hippocampal tissue. HRO decreased ARA metabolites in occipital lobe. HRO failed to attenuate microglial pro-inflammatory cytokine production ex vivo. HRO did not affect fever or circulating resolvin D1 levels. HRO decreased circulating neutrophils and liver inflammatory gene expression, but increased resolution marker gene expression in liver post LPS. HRO upregulated CXCL16, TGFBR1, and C1QA in microglial cells. HRO supplementation exerted beneficial effects on inflammation in the periphery, but further studies are needed to evaluate the specific effects of omega-3 supplementation on microglial cell physiology in the neonate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan P. Caputo
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61802 USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61802 USA,Veterinary Medical Scholars Program, Office of Research and Advanced Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Veterinary Medicine, 3505 VMBSB, 2001 South Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL, 61802 USA
| | - Emily C. Radlowski
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61802 USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61802 USA
| | - Marcus Lawson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61802 USA
| | - Adrienne Antonson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61802 USA
| | - Josephine E. Watson
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 393 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61802 USA
| | - Stephanie M. Matt
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2325/21 Beckman Institute, 405 North Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA
| | - Brian J. Leyshon
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61802 USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61802 USA
| | - Aditi Das
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 393 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 3516 VMBSB, 2001 South Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2325/21 Beckman Institute, 405 North Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 Everitt Lab, MC-278, 1406 West Green St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Matthews Ave, M/C 251, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Rodney W. Johnson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61802 USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61802 USA,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2325/21 Beckman Institute, 405 North Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu Z, Qiu AW, Huang Y, Yang Y, Chen JN, Gu TT, Cao BB, Qiu YH, Peng YP. IL-17A exacerbates neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration by activating microglia in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:630-645. [PMID: 31351185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been involved in pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized neuropathologically by progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra (SN). We recently have shown that helper T (Th)17 cells facilitate dopaminergic neuronal loss in vitro. Herein, we demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-17A, a proinflammatory cytokine produced mainly by Th17 cells, contributed to PD pathogenesis depending on microglia. Mouse and rat models for PD were prepared by intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or striatal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), respectively. Both in MPTP-treated mice and MPP+-treated rats, blood-brain barrier (BBB) was disrupted and IL-17A level increased in the SN but not in cortex. Effector T (Teff) cells that were adoptively transferred via tail veins infiltrated into the brain of PD mice but not into that of normal mice. The Teff cell transfer aggravated nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration, microglial activation and motor impairment. Contrarily, IL-17A deficiency alleviated BBB disruption, dopaminergic neurodegeneration, microglial activation and motor impairment. Anti-IL-17A-neutralizing antibody that was injected into lateral cerebral ventricle in PD rats ameliorated the manifestations mentioned above. IL-17A activated microglia but did not directly affect dopaminergic neuronal survival in vitro. IL-17A exacerbated dopaminergic neuronal loss only in the presence of microglia, and silencing IL-17A receptor gene in microglia abolished the IL-17A effect. IL-17A-treated microglial medium that contained higher concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α facilitated dopaminergic neuronal death. Further, TNF-α-neutralizing antibody attenuated MPP+-induced neurotoxicity. The findings suggest that IL-17A accelerates neurodegeneration in PD depending on microglial activation and at least partly TNF-α release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Ao-Wang Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Jin-Na Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Ting-Ting Gu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Bei-Bei Cao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yao S, Li L, Sun X, Hua J, Zhang K, Hao L, Liu L, Shi D, Zhou H. FTY720 Inhibits MPP +-Induced Microglial Activation by Affecting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:478-492. [PMID: 31069623 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and excessive microglial activation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the therapeutic effectiveness of the potent sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor antagonist fingolimod (FTY720) in an animal model of PD induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and to identify the potential mechanisms underlying these therapeutic effects. C57BL/6J mice were orally administered FTY720 before subcutaneous injection of MPTP. Open-field and rotarod tests were performed to determine the therapeutic effect of FTY720. The damage to dopaminergic neurons and the production of monoamine neurotransmitters were assessed using immunohistochemistry, high-performance liquid chromatography, and flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence (CD68- positive) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to analyze the activation of microglia, and the levels of activated signaling molecules were measured using Western blotting. Our findings indicated that FTY720 significantly attenuated MPTP-induced behavioral deficits, reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons, and increased dopamine release. FTY720 directly inhibited MPTP-induced microglial activation in the SNpc, suppressed the production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α in BV-2 microglial cells treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), and subsequently decreased apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, in MPP+-treated BV-2 cells and primary microglia, FTY720 treatment significantly attenuated the increases in the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β, reduced ROS generation and p65 activation, and also inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1. In conclusion, FTY720 may reduce PD progression by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via its effects on ROS generation and p65 activation in microglia. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of FTY720, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic strategy against PD. Graphical Abstract FTY720 may reduce ROS production by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway, while at the same time reducing p65 phosphorylation, thus decreasing NLRP3 inflammasome activation through these two pathways, ultimately reducing microglia activation-induced neuronal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yao
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, JS, China
| | - Longjun Li
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, JS, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, JS, China
| | - Jun Hua
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Fuhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Keqi Zhang
- Institute of Microscope Science and Technology, Ningbo Yongxin Optics Co. Ltd., 385 Mingzhu Road, Hi-tech Industry Park, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Li Hao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Dongyan Shi
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, JS, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, JS, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fiory F, Perruolo G, Cimmino I, Cabaro S, Pignalosa FC, Miele C, Beguinot F, Formisano P, Oriente F. The Relevance of Insulin Action in the Dopaminergic System. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:868. [PMID: 31474827 PMCID: PMC6706784 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advances in medicine, together with lifestyle modifications, led to a rising life expectancy. Unfortunately, however, aging is accompanied by an alarming boost of age-associated chronic pathologies, including neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. Interestingly, a non-negligible interplay between alterations of glucose homeostasis and brain dysfunction has clearly emerged. In particular, epidemiological studies have pointed out a possible association between Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Insulin resistance, one of the major hallmark for etiology of T2D, has a detrimental influence on PD, negatively affecting PD phenotype, accelerating its progression and worsening cognitive impairment. This review aims to provide an exhaustive analysis of the most recent evidences supporting the key role of insulin resistance in PD pathogenesis. It will focus on the relevance of insulin in the brain, working as pro-survival neurotrophic factor and as a master regulator of neuronal mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Insulin action as a modulator of dopamine signaling and of alpha-synuclein degradation will be described in details, too. The intriguing idea that shared deregulated pathogenic pathways represent a link between PD and insulin resistance has clinical and therapeutic implications. Thus, ongoing studies about the promising healing potential of common antidiabetic drugs such as metformin, exenatide, DPP IV inhibitors, thiazolidinediones and bromocriptine, will be summarized and the rationale for their use to decelerate neurodegeneration will be critically assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fiory
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perruolo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Cabaro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiara Pignalosa
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Oriente
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT "Genomic of Diabetes," Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xue X, Zhang W, Zhu J, Chen X, Zhou S, Xu Z, Hu G, Su C. Aquaporin-4 deficiency reduces TGF-β1 in mouse midbrains and exacerbates pathology in experimental Parkinson's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2568-2582. [PMID: 30680924 PMCID: PMC6433854 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), the main water-selective membrane transport protein in the brain, is localized to the astrocyte plasma membrane. Following the establishment of a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) model, AQP4-deficient (AQP4-/- ) mice displayed significantly stronger microglial inflammatory responses and remarkably greater losses of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH+ )-positive neurons than did wild-type AQP4 (AQP4+/+ ) controls. Microglia are the most important immune cells that mediate immune inflammation in PD. However, recently, few studies have reported why AQP4 deficiency results in more severe hypermicrogliosis and neuronal damage after MPTP treatment. In this study, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a key suppressive cytokine in PD onset and development, failed to increase in the midbrain and peripheral blood of AQP4-/- mice after MPTP treatment. Furthermore, the lower level of TGF-β1 in AQP4-/- mice partially resulted from impairment of its generation by astrocytes; reduced TGF-β1 may partially contribute to the uncontrolled microglial inflammatory responses and subsequent severe loss of TH+ neurons in AQP4-/- mice after MPTP treatment. Our study provides not only a better understanding of both aetiological and pathogenical factors implicated in the neurodegenerative mechanism of PD but also a possible approach to developing new treatments for PD via intervention in AQP4-mediated immune regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sha Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cengiz P, Zafer D, Chandrashekhar JH, Chanana V, Bogost J, Waldman A, Novak B, Kintner DB, Ferrazzano PA. Developmental differences in microglia morphology and gene expression during normal brain development and in response to hypoxia-ischemia. Neurochem Int 2019; 127:137-147. [PMID: 30639264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays an important role in ischemic brain injury and recovery, however the interplay between brain development and the neuroinflammatory response is poorly understood. We previously described age-dependent differences in the microglial response and the effect of microglial inhibition. Here we investigate whether age-dependent microglial responses may be related to pre-injury developmental differences in microglial phenotype. METHODS Measures of microglia morphology were quantified using semi-automated software analysis of immunostained sections from postnatal day 2 (P2), P9, P30 and P60 mice using IMARIS. Microglia were isolated from P2, P9, P30 and P60 mice, and expression of markers of classical and alternative microglial activation was assessed, as well as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) receptor, Serpine1, Mer Tyrosine Kinase (MerTK), and the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS3). Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) was induced in P9 and P30 mice using unilateral carotid artery ligation and exposure to 10% oxygen for 50 min. Microglia morphology and microglial expression of genes in the TGF-β and MerTK pathways were determined in ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus. RESULTS A progressive and significant increase in microglia branching morphology was seen in all brain regions from P2 to P30. No consistent classical or alternative activation profile was seen in isolated microglia. A clear transition to increased expression of TGF-β and its downstream effector serpine1 was seen between P9 and P30. A similar increase in expression was seen in MerTK and its downstream effector SOCS3. HI resulted in a significant decrease in branching morphology only in the P9 mice, and expression of TGF-β receptor, Serpine1, MerTK, and SOCS3 were elevated in P30 mice compared to P9 post-HI. CONCLUSION Microglia maturation is associated with changes in morphology and gene expression, and microglial responses to ischemia in the developing brain differ based on the age at which injury occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Cengiz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Dila Zafer
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jayadevi H Chandrashekhar
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Vishal Chanana
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jacob Bogost
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alex Waldman
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Becca Novak
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas B Kintner
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Peter A Ferrazzano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Elkahloun AG, Rodriguez Y, Alaiyed S, Wenzel E, Saavedra JM. Telmisartan Protects a Microglia Cell Line from LPS Injury Beyond AT1 Receptor Blockade or PPARγ Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3193-3210. [PMID: 30105672 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB) Telmisartan reduces inflammation through Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation. However, in a mouse microglia-like BV2 cell line, imitating primary microglia responses with high fidelity and devoid of AT1 receptor gene expression or PPARγ activation, Telmisartan reduced gene expression of pro-injury factors, enhanced that of anti-inflammatory genes, and prevented LPS-induced increase in inflammatory markers. Using global gene expression profiling and pathways analysis, we revealed that Telmisartan normalized the expression of hundreds of genes upregulated by LPS and linked with inflammation, apoptosis and neurodegenerative disorders, while downregulating the expression of genes associated with oncological, neurodegenerative and viral diseases. The PPARγ full agonist Pioglitazone had no neuroprotective effects. Surprisingly, the PPARγ antagonists GW9662 and T0070907 were neuroprotective and enhanced Telmisartan effects. GW9226 alone significantly reduced LPS toxic effects and enhanced Telmisartan neuroprotection, including downregulation of pro-inflammatory TLR2 gene expression. Telmisartan and GW9662 effects on LPS injury negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory factors and upstream regulators, including TLR2, and positively with known neuroprotective factors and upstream regulators. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of the Telmisartan and GW9662 data revealed negative correlations with sets of genes associated with neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders and toxic treatments in cultured systems, while demonstrating positive correlations with gene sets associated with neuroprotection and kinase inhibition. Our results strongly suggest that novel neuroprotective effects of Telmisartan and GW9662, beyond AT1 receptor blockade or PPARγ activation, include downregulation of the TLR2 signaling pathway, findings that may have translational relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdel G Elkahloun
- Microarray Core, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr, MSC 4435, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4435, USA
| | - Yara Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Seham Alaiyed
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Erin Wenzel
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Juan M Saavedra
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Qin Y, Garrison BS, Ma W, Wang R, Jiang A, Li J, Mistry M, Bronson RT, Santoro D, Franco C, Robinton DA, Stevens B, Rossi DJ, Lu C, Springer TA. A Milieu Molecule for TGF-β Required for Microglia Function in the Nervous System. Cell 2018; 174:156-171.e16. [PMID: 29909984 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular proTGF-β is covalently linked to "milieu" molecules in the matrix or on cell surfaces and is latent until TGF-β is released by integrins. Here, we show that LRRC33 on the surface of microglia functions as a milieu molecule and enables highly localized, integrin-αVβ8-dependent TGF-β activation. Lrrc33-/- mice lack CNS vascular abnormalities associated with deficiency in TGF-β-activating integrins but have microglia with a reactive phenotype and after 2 months develop ascending paraparesis with loss of myelinated axons and death by 5 months. Whole bone marrow transplantation results in selective repopulation of Lrrc33-/- brains with WT microglia and halts disease progression. The phenotypes of WT and Lrrc33-/- microglia in the same brain suggest that there is little spreading of TGF-β activated from one microglial cell to neighboring microglia. Our results suggest that interactions between integrin-bearing cells and cells bearing milieu molecule-associated TGF-β provide localized and selective activation of TGF-β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian S Garrison
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wenjiang Ma
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aiping Jiang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meeta Mistry
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Daria Santoro
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charlotte Franco
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daisy A Robinton
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Derrick J Rossi
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chafen Lu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Timothy A Springer
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Uhde AK, Ciurkiewicz M, Herder V, Khan MA, Hensel N, Claus P, Beckstette M, Teich R, Floess S, Baumgärtner W, Jung K, Huehn J, Beineke A. Intact interleukin-10 receptor signaling protects from hippocampal damage elicited by experimental neurotropic virus infection of SJL mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6106. [PMID: 29666403 PMCID: PMC5904160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection represents an experimental mouse model to study hippocampal damage induced by neurotropic viruses. IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine with profound anti-inflammatory properties, which critically controls immune homeostasis. In order to analyze IL-10R signaling following virus-induced polioencephalitis, SJL mice were intracerebrally infected with TMEV. RNA-based next generation sequencing revealed an up-regulation of Il10, Il10rα and further genes involved in IL-10 downstream signaling, including Jak1, Socs3 and Stat3 in the brain upon infection. Subsequent antibody-mediated blockade of IL-10R signaling led to enhanced hippocampal damage with neuronal loss and increased recruitment of CD3+ T cells, CD45R+ B cells and an up-regulation of Il1α mRNA. Increased expression of Tgfβ and Foxp3 as well as accumulation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and arginase-1+ macrophages/microglia was detected in the hippocampus, representing a potential compensatory mechanism following disturbed IL-10R signaling. Additionally, an increased peripheral Chi3l3 expression was found in spleens of infected mice, which may embody reactive regulatory mechanisms for prevention of excessive immunopathology. The present study highlights the importance of IL-10R signaling for immune regulation and its neuroprotective properties in the context of an acute neurotropic virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Uhde
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Muhammad Akram Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - René Teich
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Protective effects of evodiamine in experimental paradigm of Alzheimer's disease. Cogn Neurodyn 2018; 12:303-313. [PMID: 29765479 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-017-9471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evodiamine, a major component of Evodia rutaecarpa, has been reported to possess various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative stress, and neuroprotective effects. Our previous study has shown that the potential effects of evodiamine on the learning and memory impairments in the transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study was designed to investigate neuroprotective mechanism and therapeutic potential of evodiamine against intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV-STZ)-induced experimental sporadic Alzheimer's disease in mice. STZ was injected twice intracerebroventrically (3 mg/kg ICV) on alternate days (day 1 and day 3) in mice. Daily oral administration with evodiamine (50 or 100 mg/kg per day) starting from the first dose of STZ for 21 days showed an improvement in STZ induced cognitive deficits as assessed by novel object recognition and Morris water maze test. Evodiamine significantly decreased STZ induced elevation in acetylcholinesterase activity and malondialdehyde level, and significantly increased STZ induced reduction in glutathione activities and superoxide dismutase activities in the hippocampus compared to control. Furthermore, evodiamine inhibited significantly glial cell activation and neuroinflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels) in the hippocampus. Moreover, evodiamine increased the activity of AKT/GSK-3β signalling pathway and inhibited the activity of nuclear factor κB. In summary, our study suggests that evodiamine can be a novel therapeutic agent for the management of sporadic AD.
Collapse
|
30
|
Terron A, Bal-Price A, Paini A, Monnet-Tschudi F, Bennekou SH, Leist M, Schildknecht S. An adverse outcome pathway for parkinsonian motor deficits associated with mitochondrial complex I inhibition. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:41-82. [PMID: 29209747 PMCID: PMC5773657 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have observed an association between pesticide exposure and the development of Parkinson's disease, but have not established causality. The concept of an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has been developed as a framework for the organization of available information linking the modulation of a molecular target [molecular initiating event (MIE)], via a sequence of essential biological key events (KEs), with an adverse outcome (AO). Here, we present an AOP covering the toxicological pathways that link the binding of an inhibitor to mitochondrial complex I (i.e., the MIE) with the onset of parkinsonian motor deficits (i.e., the AO). This AOP was developed according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines and uploaded to the AOP database. The KEs linking complex I inhibition to parkinsonian motor deficits are mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired proteostasis, neuroinflammation, and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. These KEs, by convention, were linearly organized. However, there was also evidence of additional feed-forward connections and shortcuts between the KEs, possibly depending on the intensity of the insult and the model system applied. The present AOP demonstrates mechanistic plausibility for epidemiological observations on a relationship between pesticide exposure and an elevated risk for Parkinson's disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, PO Box M657, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Schildknecht
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, PO Box M657, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhu Y, Liu Z, Peng YP, Qiu YH. Interleukin-10 inhibits neuroinflammation-mediated apoptosis of ventral mesencephalic neurons via JAK-STAT3 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:353-360. [PMID: 28753520 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Interleukin (IL)-10 is one of the most important and best anti-inflammatory cytokines. The objective of this report is to investigate whether IL-10 has any role in protecting ventral mesencephalic (VM) neurons in in vitro model of neuroinflammation. In this study, primary neuron-enriched culture was prepared from the VM tissues of E14 embryos of rats. The cells were pretreated with IL-10 (15 or 50ng/mL) for 1h followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50ng/mL) application. We found LPS induced neuronal apoptosis and loss while pretreatment with IL-10 reduced neuronal damage after exposure of LPS toxicity. Furthermore, signal transduction pathways related to IL-10 in VM neurons were studied in inflammatory condition. We used both shRNA and pharmacologic inhibition to determine the role of the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) and its downstream signaling pathways in LPS-induced VM neuronal toxicity. Silence of the IL-10R gene in VM neurons abolished IL-10 mediated protection and the properties of anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis. IL-10 also induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 in VM neurons. Pretreatment with the specific Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor reduced STAT3 phosphorylation and blocked IL-10 mediated protection against LPS. These findings suggest that IL-10 provides neuroprotection by acting via IL-10R and its down-stream JAK-STAT3 signal pathways in VM neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Zhan Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen X, Liu Z, Cao BB, Qiu YH, Peng YP. TGF-β1 Neuroprotection via Inhibition of Microglial Activation in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:433-446. [PMID: 28429275 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is a pleiotropic cytokine with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently we have shown that TGF-β1 pretreatment in vitro protects against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss that characterizes in Parkinson's disease (PD). Herein, we aimed to demonstrate that TGF-β1 administration in vivo after MPP+ toxicity has neuroprotection that is achieved by a mediation of microglia. A rat model of PD was prepared by injecting MPP+ unilaterally in the striatum. At 14 days after MPP+ injection, TGF-β1 was administrated in the right lateral cerebral ventricle. Primary ventral mesencephalic (VM) neurons and cerebral cortical microglia were treated by MPP+, respectively, and TGF-β1 was applied to neuronal or microglial cultures at 1 h after MPP+ treatment. As expected, MPP+ resulted in decrease in TGF-β1 production in the substantia nigra and in primary VM neurons and microglia. TGF-β1 intracerebroventricular administration alleviated MPP+-induced PD-like changes in pathology, motor coordination and behavior. Meanwhile, TGF-β1 ameliorated MPP+-induced microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine production in vivo. Interestingly, TGF-β1 treatment was not able to ameliorate MPP+-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss and caspase-3/9 activation in mono-neuron cultures, but TGF-β1 alleviated MPP+-induced microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine production in microglia-enriched cultures. This effect of TGF-β1 inhibiting microglial inflammatory response was blocked by Smad3 inhibitor SIS3. Importantly, neuronal exposure to supernatants of primary microglia that had been treated with TGF-β1 reduced dopaminergic neuronal loss and caspase-3/9 activation induced by MPP+-treated microglial supernatants. These findings establish that TGF-β1 exerts neuroprotective property in PD by inhibiting microglial inflammatory response via Smad3 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Zhan Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Bei-Bei Cao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bowles KR, Stone T, Holmans P, Allen ND, Dunnett SB, Jones L. SMAD transcription factors are altered in cell models of HD and regulate HTT expression. Cell Signal 2017; 31:1-14. [PMID: 27988204 PMCID: PMC5310119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional dysregulation is observable in multiple animal and cell models of Huntington's disease, as well as in human blood and post-mortem caudate. This contributes to HD pathogenesis, although the exact mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. We therefore utilised a dynamic model in order to determine the differential effect of growth factor stimulation on gene expression, to highlight potential alterations in kinase signalling pathways that may be in part responsible for the transcriptional dysregulation observed in HD, and which may reveal new therapeutic targets. We demonstrate that cells expressing mutant huntingtin have a dysregulated transcriptional response to epidermal growth factor stimulation, and identify the transforming growth factor-beta pathway as a novel signalling pathway of interest that may regulate the expression of the Huntingtin (HTT) gene itself. The dysregulation of HTT expression may contribute to the altered transcriptional phenotype observed in HD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Bowles
- The MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - T Stone
- The MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - P Holmans
- The MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - N D Allen
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - S B Dunnett
- The Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - L Jones
- The MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Taylor RA, Chang CF, Goods BA, Hammond MD, Mac Grory B, Ai Y, Steinschneider AF, Renfroe SC, Askenase MH, McCullough LD, Kasner SE, Mullen MT, Hafler DA, Love JC, Sansing LH. TGF-β1 modulates microglial phenotype and promotes recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:280-292. [PMID: 27893460 DOI: 10.1172/jci88647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating form of stroke that results from the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain, leading to a mass of blood within the brain parenchyma. The injury causes a rapid inflammatory reaction that includes activation of the tissue-resident microglia and recruitment of blood-derived macrophages and other leukocytes. In this work, we investigated the specific responses of microglia following ICH with the aim of identifying pathways that may aid in recovery after brain injury. We used longitudinal transcriptional profiling of microglia in a murine model to determine the phenotype of microglia during the acute and resolution phases of ICH in vivo and found increases in TGF-β1 pathway activation during the resolution phase. We then confirmed that TGF-β1 treatment modulated inflammatory profiles of microglia in vitro. Moreover, TGF-β1 treatment following ICH decreased microglial Il6 gene expression in vivo and improved functional outcomes in the murine model. Finally, we observed that patients with early increases in plasma TGF-β1 concentrations had better outcomes 90 days after ICH, confirming the role of TGF-β1 in functional recovery from ICH. Taken together, our data show that TGF-β1 modulates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation after ICH and promotes functional recovery, suggesting that TGF-β1 may be a therapeutic target for acute brain injury.
Collapse
|
35
|
Rajasekar N, Nath C, Hanif K, Shukla R. Intranasal Insulin Administration Ameliorates Streptozotocin (ICV)-Induced Insulin Receptor Dysfunction, Neuroinflammation, Amyloidogenesis, and Memory Impairment in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6507-6522. [PMID: 27730514 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with reduced insulin level and impairment of insulin receptor (IR) signaling in the brain, which correlates to amyloid pathology, neuroinflammation, and synaptic neurotoxicity. Clinical studies show that intranasal insulin improves memory in AD patients without peripheral hypoglycemia. However, neuroprotective molecular mechanism of the beneficial effect of intranasal insulin in AD pathology is unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the role of intranasal insulin on intracerebroventricular (ICV) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced memory impairment in rats as evaluated in the Morris water maze test. STZ (ICV) treated rats had shown memory impairment along with a significant decrease in IR signaling molecules (IR, pIRS-1, pAkt, and pGSK-3α/β expression) and IDE expression in both hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Intranasal insulin delivery prevented these changes. Moreover, intranasal insulin was found to inhibit significantly glial cell activation (GFAP and Iba-1 expression), neuroinflammation (COX-2 expression, NFκB translocation, TNF-α, and IL-10 level) and amyloidogenic protein expression (BACE-1 and Aβ1-42 expression) in STZ (ICV)-injected rats. STZ (ICV)-induced caspase activation and postsynaptic neurotoxicity were also prevented by treatment with intranasal insulin. Our findings reveal that insulin has the neuroprotective effect and clearly signifies the potential use of intranasal insulin delivery for the treatment of AD. Graphical Abstract Neuroprotective effects of intranasal insulin administration on streptozotocin (ICV)-induced memory impairment in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Rajasekar
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India
| | - Chandishwar Nath
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India
| | - Kashif Hanif
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India
| | - Rakesh Shukla
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang YD, Bao XQ, Xu S, Yu WW, Cao SN, Hu JP, Li Y, Wang XL, Zhang D, Yu SS. A Novel Parkinson's Disease Drug Candidate with Potent Anti-neuroinflammatory Effects through the Src Signaling Pathway. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9062-9079. [PMID: 27617803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous drug treatments are available for Parkinson's disease (PD), an age-related neurodegenerative disease, but most cause serious side effects. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies that halt disease progression and allow for long-term administration are urgently needed. Neuroinflammation critically contributes to the pathogenesis of PD. Here, we report the discovery and optimization of phloroglucinol derivatives, a novel class of anti-neuroinflammatory compounds. Structural modifications of the hit compound 3-methyl-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)butan-1-one produced 43 derivatives, including a preclinical candidate (compound 21), that exhibited potent in vitro anti-neuroinflammatory effects, good blood-brain barrier penetration, and desirable safety margins in mice at a median lethal dose (LD50) >5000 mg/kg. Its in vivo efficacy was demonstrated in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)- and MPTP/probenecid (prob)-induced subacute and chronic PD models, respectively, and α-synuclein transgenic mice. Mechanistic studies revealed neuroinflammation inhibition by targeting Src/phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN)/Akt signaling might be promising. We highlighted the potential usefulness of phloroglucinol derivatives in PD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , No. 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , No. 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Song Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , No. 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen-Wen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , No. 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , No. 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin-Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , No. 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , No. 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , No. 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , No. 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shi-Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , No. 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Echinacoside Protects Against MPP(+)-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis via ROS/ATF3/CHOP Pathway Regulation. Neurosci Bull 2016; 32:349-62. [PMID: 27432061 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinacoside (ECH) is protective in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)). To investigate the mechanisms involved, SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were treated with MPP(+) or a combination of MPP(+) and ECH, and the expression of ATF3 (activating transcription factor 3), CHOP (C/EBP-homologous protein), SCNA (synuclein alpha), and GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) was assessed. The results showed that ECH significantly improved cell survival by inhibiting the generation of MPP(+)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, ECH suppressed the ROS and MPP(+)-induced expression of apoptotic genes (ATF3, CHOP, and SCNA). ECH markedly decreased the MPP(+)-induced caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner. ATF3-knockdown also decreased the CHOP and cleaved caspase-3 levels and inhibited the apoptosis induced by MPP(+). Interestingly, ECH partially restored the GDNF expression that was down-regulated by MPP(+). ECH also improved dopaminergic neuron survival during MPP(+) treatment and protected these neurons against the apoptosis induced by MPTP. Taken together, these data suggest that the ROS/ATF3/CHOP pathway plays a critical role in mechanisms by which ECH protects against MPP(+)-induced apoptosis in PD.
Collapse
|
38
|
Dugue R, Barone FC. Ischemic, traumatic and neurodegenerative brain inflammatory changes. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.16.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to link the role of the immune system in the neuropathology of acute ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease. The blood–brain barrier delineates the CNS from the peripheral immune system. However, the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier acts as a gate between the periphery and the brain, permitting immune activity crosstalk and modulation. In acute ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury and other neurodegenerative diseases, the blood–brain barrier is compromised and an influx of inflammatory cells and plasma proteins occurs, resulting in edema, demyelination, cell dysfunction and death, and neurobehavioral changes. The role of the complement system, key cytokines, microglia and other neuroglia in brain degenerative pathology will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Dugue
- Departments of Neurology & Physiology & Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Frank C Barone
- Departments of Neurology & Physiology & Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginsenoside-Rh2 Inhibits LPS-Induced Activation of Microglia and Overproduction of Inflammatory Mediators Via Modulation of TGF-β1/Smad Pathway. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:951-7. [PMID: 26738987 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia activation plays an important role in neuroinflammation and contributes to several neurological disorders. Hence, inhibition of both microglia activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines may lead to the effective treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we found that GRh2 inhibited the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and prevented the LPS-induced neurotoxicity in microglia cells. GRh2 significantly decreased the generation of nitric oxide production, and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in LPS-induced activated microglia cells. Furthermore, GRh2 (20 and 50 μM) significantly increased TGF-β1 expression and reduced the expression of Smad. These results suggest that GRh2 effectively inhibits microglia activation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines via modulating the TGF-β1/Smad pathway.
Collapse
|