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Myrick A, Jimenez D, Jacquez B, Sun MS, Noor S, Milligan ED, Valenzuela CF, Linsenbardt DN. Maternal alcohol drinking patterns predict offspring neurobehavioral outcomes. Neuropharmacology 2024; 257:110044. [PMID: 38878859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The timing, rate, and quantity of gestational alcohol consumption, collectively referred to here as Maternal Drinking Patterns (MDPs), are of known importance to fetal developmental outcomes. However, few studies have directly evaluated the impact of MDPs on offspring behavior. To do so, we used specialized equipment to record the precise amount and timing of alcohol consumption in pregnant dams, and then characterized MDPs using Principle Component Analysis (PCA). We next tested offspring on behaviors we have previously identified as impacted by prenatal alcohol exposure, and evaluated them where possible in the context of MDPs. Male alcohol exposed mice exhibited longer latencies to fall on the rotarod compared to their controls, which we attribute to a delayed decrease in body weight-gain. This effect was mediated by MDPs within the first 15 min of alcohol access (i.e. alcohol frontloading), where the highest performing male offspring came from dams exhibiting the highest rate of alcohol frontloading. Female alcohol exposed mice displayed reduced locomotor activity in the open field compared to controls, which was mediated by MDPs encompassing the entire drinking session. Surprisingly, total gestational alcohol exposure alone was not associated with any behavioral outcomes. Finally, we observed allodynia in alcohol exposed mice that developed more quickly in males compared to females, and which was not observed in controls. To our knowledge, this report represents the highest resolution assessment of alcohol drinking throughout gestation in mice, and one of few to have identified relationships between specific alcohol MDPs and neurobehavioral outcomes in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey Myrick
- University of New Mexico, Department of Neurosciences, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Diane Jimenez
- University of New Mexico, Department of Neurosciences, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Belkis Jacquez
- University of New Mexico, Department of Neurosciences, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Melody S Sun
- University of New Mexico, Department of Neurosciences, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Shahani Noor
- University of New Mexico, Department of Neurosciences, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Erin D Milligan
- University of New Mexico, Department of Neurosciences, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | | | - David N Linsenbardt
- University of New Mexico, Department of Neurosciences, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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Noor S, Sun MS, Pasmay AA, Pritha AN, Ruffaner-Hanson CD, Nysus MV, Jimenez DC, Murphy M, Savage DD, Valenzuela CF, Milligan ED. Prenatal alcohol exposure promotes NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent immune actions following morphine treatment and paradoxically prolongs nerve injury-induced pathological pain in female mice. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:2262-2277. [PMID: 38151779 PMCID: PMC10764094 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimmune dysregulation from prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) may contribute to neurological deficits associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). PAE is a risk factor for developing peripheral immune and spinal glial sensitization and release of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, which lead to neuropathic pain (allodynia) from minor nerve injury. Although morphine acts on μ-opioid receptors, it also activates immune receptors, TLR4, and the NLRP3 inflammasome that induces IL-1β. We hypothesized that PAE induces NLRP3 sensitization by morphine following nerve injury in adult mice. METHODS We used an established moderate PAE paradigm, in which adult PAE and non-PAE control female mice were exposed to a minor sciatic nerve injury, and subsequent allodynia was measured using the von Frey fiber test. In control mice with standard sciatic damage or PAE mice with minor sciatic damage, the effects of the NLRP3 inhibitor, MCC950, were examined during chronic allodynia. Additionally, minor nerve-injured mice were treated with morphine, with or without MCC950. In vitro studies examined the TLR4-NLRP3-dependent proinflammatory response of peripheral macrophages to morphine and/or lipopolysaccharide, with or without MCC950. RESULTS Mice with standard sciatic damage or PAE mice with minor sciatic damage developed robust allodynia. Blocking NLRP3 activation fully reversed allodynia in both control and PAE mice. Morphine paradoxically prolonged allodynia in PAE mice, while control mice with minor nerve injury remained stably non-allodynic. Allodynia resolved sooner in nerve-injured PAE mice without morphine treatment than in morphine-treated mice. MCC950 treatment significantly shortened allodynia in morphine-treated PAE mice. Morphine potentiated IL-1β release from TLR4-activated PAE immune cells, while MCC950 treatment greatly reduced it. CONCLUSIONS In female mice, PAE prolongs allodynia following morphine treatment through NLRP3 activation. TLR4-activated PAE immune cells showed enhanced IL-1β release with morphine via NLRP3 actions. Similar studies are needed to examine the adverse impact of morphine in males with PAE. These results are predictive of adverse responses to opioid pain therapeutics in individuals with FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Melody S Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Andrea A Pasmay
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ariana N Pritha
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Monique V Nysus
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Diane C Jimenez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Minerva Murphy
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Daniel D Savage
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - C Fernando Valenzuela
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Sanchez JE, Noor S, Sun MS, Zimmerly J, Pasmay A, Sanchez JJ, Vanderwall AG, Haynes MK, Sklar LA, Escalona PR, Milligan ED. The FDA-approved compound, pramipexole and the clinical-stage investigational drug, dexpramipexole, reverse chronic allodynia from sciatic nerve damage in mice, and alter IL-1β and IL-10 expression from immune cell culture. Neurosci Lett 2023; 814:137419. [PMID: 37558176 PMCID: PMC10552878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
During the onset of neuropathic pain from a variety of etiologies, nociceptors become hypersensitized, releasing neurotransmitters and other factors from centrally-projecting nerve terminals within the dorsal spinal cord. Consequently, glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) in the spinal cord are activated and mediate the release of proinflammatory cytokines that act to enhance pain transmission and sensitize mechanical non-nociceptive fibers which ultimately results in light touch hypersensitivity, clinically observed as allodynia. Pramipexole, a D2/D3 preferring agonist, is FDA-approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and demonstrates efficacy in animal models of inflammatory pain. The clinical-stage investigational drug, R(+) enantiomer of pramipexole, dexpramipexole, is virtually devoid of D2/D3 agonist actions and is efficacious in animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The current experiments focus on the application of a mouse model of sciatic nerve neuropathy, chronic constriction injury (CCI), that leads to allodynia and is previously characterized to generate spinal glial activation with consequent release IL-1β. We hypothesized that both pramipexole and dexpramipexole reverse CCI-induced chronic neuropathy in mice, and in human monocyte cell culture studies (THP-1 cells), pramipexole prevents IL-1β production. Additionally, we hypothesized that in rat primary splenocyte culture, dexpramixole increases mRNA for the anti-inflammatory and pleiotropic cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10). Results show that following intravenous pramipexole or dexpramipexole, a profound decrease in allodynia was observed by 1 hr, with allodynia returning 24 hr post-injection. Pramipexole significantly blunted IL-1β protein production from stimulated human monocytes and dexpramipexole induced elevated IL-10 mRNA expression from rat splenocytes. The data support that clinically-approved compounds like pramipexole and dexpramipexole support their application as anti-inflammatory agents to mitigate chronic neuropathy, and provide a blueprint for future, multifaceted approaches for opioid-independent neuropathic pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - S Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - M S Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - J Zimmerly
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - A Pasmay
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - J J Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - A G Vanderwall
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - M K Haynes
- Center for Molecular Discovery (CMD) Innovation, Discovery and Training Complex (IDTC), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - L A Sklar
- Center for Molecular Discovery (CMD) Innovation, Discovery and Training Complex (IDTC), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - P R Escalona
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque NM 87108, USA
| | - E D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Davies S, Nelson DE, Shrestha S, Savage DD. Impact of two different rodent diets on maternal ethanol consumption, serum ethanol concentration and pregnancy outcome measures. Alcohol 2023; 111:39-49. [PMID: 37225109 PMCID: PMC10527634 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies report varying levels of ethanol consumption by rodents maintained on different commercially available laboratory diets. As varied ethanol consumption by dams may impact offspring outcome measures in prenatal ethanol exposure paradigms, we compared ethanol consumption by rats maintained on the Envigo 2920 diet, used in our vivarium, with an isocalorically equivalent PicoLab 5L0D diet used in some alcohol consumption studies. Compared to 5L0D diet, female rats maintained on 2920 diet consumed 14% less ethanol during daily 4-h drinking sessions prior to pregnancy and 28% less ethanol during gestation. Rat dams consuming 5L0D diet gained significantly less weight during pregnancy. However, their pup birth weights were significantly higher. A subsequent study revealed that hourly ethanol consumption was not different between diets during the first 2 h, but was significantly lower on 2920 diet at the end of the third and fourth hours. The mean serum ethanol concentration in 5L0D dams after the first 2 h of drinking was 46 mg/dL compared to 25 mg/dL in 2920 dams. Further, ethanol consumption at the 2-h blood sampling time point was more variable in 2920 dams compared to 5L0D dams. An in vitro analysis mixing each powdered diet with 5% ethanol in acidified saline revealed that a 2920 diet suspension adsorbed more aqueous medium than the 5L0D diet suspension. The total ethanol remaining in aqueous supernatant of 5L0D mixtures was nearly twice the amount of ethanol in supernatants of the 2920 mixtures. These results suggest that the 2920 diet expands to a greater extent in aqueous medium than the 5L0D diet. We speculate that increasing adsorption of water and ethanol by the 2920 diet may reduce or delay the amount of ethanol absorbed and may decrease serum ethanol concentration to a greater extent than would be predicted from the amount of ethanol consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy Davies
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States
| | - Danika E Nelson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States
| | - Sumi Shrestha
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States
| | - Daniel D Savage
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States.
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McNearney TA, Westlund KN. Pluripotential GluN1 (NMDA NR1): Functional Significance in Cellular Nuclei in Pain/Nociception. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13196. [PMID: 37686003 PMCID: PMC10488196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors function as plasma membrane ionic channels and take part in very tightly controlled cellular processes activating neurogenic and inflammatory pathways. In particular, the NR1 subunit (new terminology: GluN1) is required for many neuronal and non-neuronal cell functions, including plasticity, survival, and differentiation. Physiologic levels of glutamate agonists and NMDA receptor activation are required for normal neuronal functions such as neuronal development, learning, and memory. When glutamate receptor agonists are present in excess, binding to NMDA receptors produces neuronal/CNS/PNS long-term potentiation, conditions of acute pain, ongoing severe intractable pain, and potential excitotoxicity and pathology. The GluNR1 subunit (116 kD) is necessary as the anchor component directing ion channel heterodimer formation, cellular trafficking, and the nuclear localization that directs functionally specific heterodimer formation, cellular trafficking, and nuclear functions. Emerging studies report the relevance of GluN1 subunit composition and specifically that nuclear GluN1 has major physiologic potential in tissue and/or subnuclear functioning assignments. The shift of the GluN1 subunit from a surface cell membrane to nuclear localization assigns the GluN1 promoter immediate early gene behavior with access to nuclear and potentially nucleolar functions. The present narrative review addresses the nuclear translocation of GluN1, focusing particularly on examples of the role of GluN1 in nociceptive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A. McNearney
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1043, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1043, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1043, USA
| | - Karin N. Westlund
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
- Biomedical Laboratory Research & Development (121F), New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM 87108-5153, USA
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Lesnak JB, Hayashi K, Plumb AN, Janowski AJ, Chimenti MS, Sluka KA. The impact of sex and physical activity on the local immune response to muscle pain. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:4-20. [PMID: 36972744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of muscle pain triggers a local immune response to produce pain and this mechanism may be sex and activity level dependent. The purpose of this study was to measure the immune system response in the muscle following induction of pain in sedentary and physically active mice. Muscle pain was produced via an activity-induced pain model using acidic saline combined with fatiguing muscle contractions. Prior to induction of muscle pain, mice (C57/BL6) were sedentary or physically active (24hr access to running wheel) for 8 weeks. The ipsilateral gastrocnemius was harvested 24hr after induction of muscle pain for RNA sequencing or flow cytometry. RNA sequencing revealed activation of several immune pathways in both sexes after induction of muscle pain, and these pathways were attenuated in physically active females. Uniquely in females, the antigen processing and presentation pathway with MHC II signaling was activated after induction of muscle pain; activation of this pathway was blocked by physical activity. Blockade of MHC II attenuated development of muscle hyperalgesia exclusively in females. Induction of muscle pain increased the number of macrophages and T-cells in the muscle in both sexes, measured by flow cytometry. In both sexes, the phenotype of macrophages shifted toward a pro-inflammatory state after induction of muscle pain in sedentary mice (M1 + M1/2) but toward an anti-inflammatory state in physically active mice (M2 + M0). Thus, induction of muscle pain activates the immune system with sex-specific differences in the transcriptome while physical activity attenuates immune response in females and alters macrophage phenotype in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Lesnak
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ashley N Plumb
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Adam J Janowski
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael S Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Sluka
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Ruffaner-Hanson CD, Fernandez-Oropeza AK, Sun MS, Caldwell KK, Allan AM, Savage DD, Valenzuela CF, Noor S, Milligan ED. Prenatal alcohol exposure alters mRNA expression for stress peptides, glucocorticoid receptor function and immune factors in acutely stressed neonatal brain. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1203557. [PMID: 37425005 PMCID: PMC10326286 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1203557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus are critical stress regulatory areas that undergo functional maturation for stress responding initially established during gestational and early postnatal brain development. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), a consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), results in cognitive, mood and behavioral disorders. Prenatal alcohol exposure negatively impacts components of the brain stress response system, including stress-associated brain neuropeptides and glucocorticoid receptors in the amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus. While PAE generates a unique brain cytokine expression pattern, little is known about the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and related proinflammatory signaling factors, as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines in PAE brain stress-responsive regions. We hypothesized that PAE sensitizes the early brain stress response system resulting in dysregulated neuroendocrine and neuroimmune activation. Methods A single, 4-h exposure of maternal separation stress in male and female postnatal day 10 (PND10) C57Bl/6 offspring was utilized. Offspring were from either prenatal control exposure (saccharin) or a limited access (4 h) drinking-in-the-dark model of PAE. Immediately after stress on PND10, the hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus were collected, and mRNA expression was analyzed for stress-associated factors (CRH and AVP), glucocorticoid receptor signaling regulators (GAS5, FKBP51 and FKBP52), astrocyte and microglial activation, and factors associated with TLR4 activation including proinflammatory interleukin-1β (IL-1β), along with additional pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Select protein expression analysis of CRH, FKBP and factors associated with the TLR4 signaling cascade from male and female amygdala was conducted. Results The female amygdala revealed increased mRNA expression in stress-associated factors, glucocorticoid receptor signaling regulators and all of the factors critical in the TLR4 activation cascade, while the hypothalamus revealed blunted mRNA expression of all of these factors in PAE following stress. Conversely, far fewer mRNA changes were observed in males, notably in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, but not the amygdala. Statistically significant increases in CRH protein, and a strong trend in increased IL-1β were observed in male offspring with PAE independent of stressor exposure. Conclusion Prenatal alcohol exposure creates stress-related factors and TLR-4 neuroimmune pathway sensitization observed predominantly in females, that is unmasked in early postnatal life by a stress challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Erin D. Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Noor S, Pritha AN, Pasmay AA, Sanchez JE, Sanchez JJ, Fernandez-Oropeza AK, Sun MS, Dell’Orco M, Davies S, Savage DD, Mellios N, Milligan ED. Prenatal alcohol exposure dysregulates spinal and circulating immune cell circular RNA expression in adult female rats with chronic sciatic neuropathy. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1180308. [PMID: 37360167 PMCID: PMC10288115 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1180308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) that results in a continuum of central nervous system (CNS) deficits. Emerging evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies indicate that the biological vulnerability to chronic CNS disease in FASD populations is driven by aberrant neuroimmune actions. Our prior studies suggest that, following minor nerve injury, prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is a risk factor for developing adult-onset chronic pathological touch sensitivity or allodynia. Allodynia in PAE rats occurs concurrently with heightened proinflammatory peripheral and spinal glial-immune activation. However, minor nerve-injured control rats remain non-allodynic, and corresponding proinflammatory factors are unaltered. A comprehensive molecular understanding of the mechanism(s) that underlie PAE-induced proinflammatory bias during adulthood remains elusive. Non-coding circular RNAs (circRNAs) are emerging as novel modulators of gene expression. Here, we hypothesized that PAE induces dysregulation of circRNAs that are linked to immune function under basal and nerve-injured conditions during adulthood. Utilizing a microarray platform, we carried out the first systematic profiling of circRNAs in adult PAE rats, prior to and after minor nerve injury. The results demonstrate a unique circRNA profile in adult PAE rats without injury; 18 circRNAs in blood and 32 spinal circRNAs were differentially regulated. Following minor nerve injury, more than 100 differentially regulated spinal circRNAs were observed in allodynic PAE rats. Bioinformatic analysis identified that the parental genes of these circRNAs are linked to the NF-κB complex, a central transcription factor for pain-relevant proinflammatory cytokines. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed to measure levels of selected circRNAs and linear mRNA isoforms. We have validated that circVopp1 was significantly downregulated in blood leukocytes in PAE rats, concurrent with downregulation of Vopp1 mRNA levels. Spinal circVopp1 levels were upregulated in PAE rats, regardless of nerve injury. Additionally, PAE downregulated levels of circItch and circRps6ka3, which are linked to immune regulation. These results demonstrate that PAE exerts long-lasting dysregulation of circRNA expression in blood leukocytes and the spinal cord. Moreover, the spinal circRNA expression profile following peripheral nerve injury is differentially modulated by PAE, potentially contributing to PAE-induced neuroimmune dysregulation.
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Hisaoka-Nakashima K, Moriwaki K, Yoshimoto N, Yoshii T, Nakamura Y, Ago Y, Morioka N. Anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody improves allodynia and cognitive impairment in mice with neuropathic pain following partial sciatic nerve ligation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109219. [PMID: 36084541 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain caused by nerve injury presents with severe spontaneous pain and a range of comorbidities, including deficits in higher executive functioning, none of which are adequately treated with current analgesics. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a proinflammatory cytokine, is critically involved in the development and maintenance of central sensitization. However, the roles of IL-6 in neuropathic pain and related comorbidities have yet to be fully clarified. The present study examined the effect of MR16-1, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody and inhibits IL-6 activity, on allodynia and cognitive impairment in mice with neuropathic pain following partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL). Significant upregulation of IL-6 expression was observed in the hippocampus in PSNL mice. Intranasal administration of MR16-1 significantly improved cognitive impairment but not allodynia in PSNL mice. Intranasal MR16-1 blocked PSNL-induced degenerative effects on hippocampal neurons. Intraperitoneal administration of MR16-1 suppressed allodynia but not cognitive impairment of PSNL mice. The findings suggest that cognitive impairment associated with neuropathic pain is mediated through changes in hippocampus induced by IL-6. These data also suggest that IL-6 mediated peripheral inflammation underlies allodynia, and IL-6 mediated inflammation in the central nervous system underlies cognitive impairment associated with neuropathic pain, and further suggest the therapeutic potential of blocking IL-6 functioning by blocking its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Hisaoka-Nakashima
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kodai Moriwaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Natsuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yoshii
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukio Ago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Morioka
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan.
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The maternal-placental-fetal interface: Adaptations of the HPA axis and immune mediators following maternal stress and prenatal alcohol exposure. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhang XM, Lun MH, Du W, Ma F, Huang ZQ. The κ-Opioid Receptor Agonist U50488H Ameliorates Neuropathic Pain Through the Ca2+/CaMKII/CREB Pathway in Rats. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3039-3051. [PMID: 35645576 PMCID: PMC9140919 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s327234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To observe the ameliorative effect of kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist on rats with neuropathic pain (NP) and investigate the mechanism of action of the calcium ion (Ca2+)/calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)/cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway. Methods A total of 40 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham-operation group (Sham group), NP model group (NP group), NP + KOR agonist U50488H group (NU group) and NP + specific CaMKII antagonist (KN93) + U50488H group (NKU group). The thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) and mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) of each group of rats were determined. ELISA was applied to examine the changes in inflammatory factors and oxidative stress factors, and the apoptotic rate in dorsal root ganglia was observed using TUNEL staining. Ca2+ concentration, content of oxidative stress index ROS and the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in the dorsal root ganglia were measured by the immunofluorescence assay. Finally, Western blotting was performed to detect expression changes in the Ca2+/CaMKII/CREB pathway. Results The KOR agonist U50488H could improve the values of TWL and MWT of NP the rats, inhibit inflammatory responses and relieve oxidative stress injury. Its mechanisms of action were associated with U50488H repression of Ca2+ influx, reduction of CGRP and NMDAR releases in the dorsal root ganglia and decreases in CaMKII and CREB phosphorylations in NP rats. Conclusion The KOR agonist ameliorates NP through suppressing the activity of the Ca2+/CaMKII/CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institution, NO.44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110042, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiao-Min Zhang; Ze-Qing Huang Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institution, No.44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110042, People’s Republic of China Email
| | - Ming-Hui Lun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institution, NO.44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institution, NO.44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institution, NO.44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Qing Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institution, NO.44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110042, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiao-Min Zhang; Ze-Qing Huang Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institution, No.44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110042, People’s Republic of China Email
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12
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Prenatal and adolescent alcohol exposure programs immunity across the lifespan: CNS-mediated regulation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 216:173390. [PMID: 35447157 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For many individuals, first exposure to alcohol occurs either prenatally due to maternal drinking, or during adolescence, when alcohol consumption is most likely to be initiated. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (PAE) and its associated Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) in humans is associated with earlier initiation of alcohol use and increased rates of Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD). Initiation of alcohol use and misuse in early adolescence correlates highly with later AUD diagnosis as well. Thus, PAE and adolescent binge drinking set the stage for long-term health consequences due to adverse effects of alcohol on subsequent immune function, effects that may persist across the lifespan. The overarching goal of this review, therefore, is to determine the extent to which early developmental exposure to alcohol produces long-lasting, and potentially life-long, changes in immunological function. Alcohol affects the whole body, yet most studies are narrowly focused on individual features of immune function, largely ignoring the systems-level interactions required for effective host defense. We therefore emphasize the crucial role of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in orchestrating host defense processes. We argue that alcohol-mediated disruption of host immunity can occur through both (a) direct action of ethanol on neuroimmune processes, that subsequently disrupt peripheral immune function (top down); and (b) indirect action of ethanol on peripheral immune organs/cells, which in turn elicit consequent changes in CNS neuroimmune function (bottom up). Recognizing that alcohol consumption across the entire body, we argue in favor of integrative, whole-organism approaches toward understanding alcohol effects on immune function, and highlight the need for more work specifically examining long-lasting effects of early developmental exposure to alcohol (prenatal and adolescent periods) on host immunity.
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Santos DS, Stein DJ, Medeiros HR, Dos Santos Pereira F, de Macedo IC, Fregni F, Caumo W, Torres ILS. Transcranial direct current stimulation alters anxious-like behavior and neural parameters in rats with chronic pain exposed to alcohol. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 144:369-377. [PMID: 34735841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on anxiety-like behavior and neural parameters in rats with chronic pain exposed to alcohol. Thirty-six adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to control (CT), neuropathic pain (NP), NPtDCS, NP + alcohol (NPAL), or NPALtDCS groups, subjected to sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) and exposed to alcohol (20% v/v solution, 4 g/kg) or vehicle by gavage for 15 days. Afterward, rats were treated using bimodal tDCS (0.5 mA/20 min/8 days) and tested in the open field. Rats were killed 24 h after the last behavioral assessment, and brain and spinal cord tissue samples were collected and processed for NPY immunohistochemistry, expression of Il1a and Il1b in the spinal cord, cerebellum, and hippocampus, and levels of IL-1α and IL-1β in the same brain structures and the striatum. tDCS reverted the anxiety-like behavior induced by CCI and alcohol, and the increased expression of Il1a in the spinal cord induced by alcohol, which increased the expression of Il1b in the cerebellum. In addition, tDCS modulated the hypothalamic NPY-immunoreactivity, increased the levels of IL-1α in the hippocampus (like NP and AL), and increased the expression of Il1b in the spinal cord (like AL). Thus, this study shows that tDCS changes NP and alcohol-induced anxiety-like behavior, possibly through its central modulatory effect of NPY and spinal cord expression of Il1a and Il1b, being considered a treatment option for alcohol and NP-induced anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Investigations, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-007, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Dirson João Stein
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Investigations, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-007, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helouise Richardt Medeiros
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Investigations, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-007, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Dos Santos Pereira
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Investigations, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-007, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina de Macedo
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Investigations, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-007, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Iraci L S Torres
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Investigations, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-007, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Mahnke AH, Sideridis GD, Salem NA, Tseng AM, Carter RC, Dodge NC, Rathod AB, Molteno CD, Meintjes EM, Jacobson SW, Miranda RC, Jacobson JL. Infant circulating MicroRNAs as biomarkers of effect in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1429. [PMID: 33446819 PMCID: PMC7809131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can result in cognitive and behavioral disabilities and growth deficits. Because alcohol-related neurobehavioral deficits may occur in the absence of overt dysmorphic features or growth deficits, there is a need to identify biomarkers of PAE that can predict neurobehavioral impairment. In this study, we assessed infant plasma extracellular, circulating miRNAs (exmiRNAs) obtained from a heavily exposed Cape Town cohort to determine whether these can be used to predict PAE-related growth restriction and cognitive impairment. PAE, controlling for smoking as a covariate, altered 27% of expressed exmiRNAs with clinically-relevant effect sizes (Cohen's d ≥ 0.4). Moreover, at 2 weeks, PAE increased correlated expression of exmiRNAs across chromosomes, suggesting potential co-regulation. In confirmatory factor analysis, the variance in expression for PAE-altered exmiRNAs at 2 weeks and 6.5 months was best described by three-factor models. Pathway analysis found that factors at 2 weeks were associated with (F1) cell maturation, cell cycle inhibition, and somatic growth, (F2) cell survival, apoptosis, cardiac development, and metabolism, and (F3) cell proliferation, skeletal development, hematopoiesis, and inflammation, and at 6.5 months with (F1) neurodevelopment, neural crest/mesoderm-derivative development and growth, (F2) immune system and inflammation, and (F3) somatic growth and cardiovascular development. Factors F3 at 2 weeks and F2 at 6.5 months partially mediated PAE-induced growth deficits, and factor F3 at 2 weeks partially mediated effects of PAE on infant recognition memory at 6.5 months. These findings indicate that infant exmiRNAs can help identify infants who will exhibit PAE-related deficits in growth and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Mahnke
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
| | - Georgios D Sideridis
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nihal A Salem
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Alexander M Tseng
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - R Colin Carter
- Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Neil C Dodge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Aniruddha B Rathod
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Christopher D Molteno
- Departments of Human Biology and of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ernesta M Meintjes
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandra W Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Departments of Human Biology and of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rajesh C Miranda
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Joseph L Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Departments of Human Biology and of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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15
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Kane CJM, Drew PD. Neuroinflammatory contribution of microglia and astrocytes in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:1973-1985. [PMID: 32959429 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol exposure to the fetus during pregnancy can result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). These disorders vary in severity, can affect multiple organ systems, and can lead to lifelong disabilities. Damage to the central nervous system (CNS) is common in FASD, and can result in altered behavior and cognition. The incidence of FASD is alarmingly high, resulting in significant personal and societal costs. There are no cures for FASD. Alcohol can directly alter the function of neurons in the developing CNS. In addition, ethanol can alter the function of CNS glial cells including microglia and astrocytes which normally maintain homeostasis in the CNS. These glial cells can function as resident immune cells in the CNS to protect against pathogens and other insults. However, activation of glia can also damage CNS cells and lead to aberrant CNS function. Ethanol exposure to the developing brain can result in the activation of glia and neuroinflammation, which may contribute to the pathology associated with FASD. This suggests that anti-inflammatory agents may be effective in the treatment of FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J M Kane
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Paul D Drew
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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16
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Noor S, Sanchez JJ, Sun MS, Pervin Z, Sanchez JE, Havard MA, Epler LT, Nysus MV, Norenberg JP, Wagner CR, Davies S, Wagner JL, Savage DD, Jantzie LL, Mellios N, Milligan ED. The LFA-1 antagonist BIRT377 reverses neuropathic pain in prenatal alcohol-exposed female rats via actions on peripheral and central neuroimmune function in discrete pain-relevant tissue regions. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:339-358. [PMID: 31918004 PMCID: PMC7316595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports show that moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) poses a risk factor for developing neuropathic pain following adult-onset peripheral nerve injury in male rats. Recently, evidence suggests that immune-related mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain in females are different compared to males despite the fact that both sexes develop neuropathy of similar magnitude and duration following chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Data suggest that the actions of peripheral T cells play a greater role in mediating neuropathy in females. The goal of the current study is to identify specificity of immune cell and cytokine changes between PAE and non-PAE neuropathic females by utilizing a well-characterized rodent model of sciatic nerve damage, in an effort to unmask unique signatures of immune-related factors underlying the risk of neuropathy from PAE. Cytokines typically associated with myeloid cell actions such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10 as well as the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1, are examined. In addition, transcription factors and cytokines associated with various differentiated T cell subtypes are examined (anti-inflammatory FOXP3, proinflammatory IL-17A, IL-21, ROR-γt, interferon (IFN)-γ and T-bet). Lymphocyte function associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) is an adhesion molecule expressed on peripheral immune cells including T cells, and regulates T cell activation and extravasation into inflamed tissue regions. A potential therapeutic approach was explored with the goal of controlling proinflammatory responses in neuroanatomical regions critical for CCI-induced allodynia by blocking LFA-1 actions using BIRT377. The data show profound development of hindpaw allodynia in adult non-PAE control females following standard CCI, but not following minor CCI, while minor CCI generated allodynia in PAE females. The data also show substantial increases in T cell-associated proinflammatory cytokine mRNA and proteins, along with evidence of augmented myeloid/glial activation (mRNA) and induction of myeloid/glial-related proinflammatory cytokines, CCL2, IL-1β and TNF in discrete regions along the pain pathway (damaged sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia; DRG, and spinal cord). Interestingly, the characteristic anti-inflammatory IL-10 protein response to nerve damage is blunted in neuropathic PAE females. Moreover, T cell profiles are predominantly proinflammatory in neuropathic Sac and PAE females, augmented levels of Th17-specific proinflammatory cytokines IL-17A and IL-21, as well as the Th1-specific factor, T-bet, are observed. Similarly, the expression of RORγt, a critical transcription factor for Th17 cells, is detected in the spinal cord of neuropathic females. Blocking peripheral LFA-1 actions with intravenous (i.v.) BIRT377 reverses allodynia in Sac and PAE rats, dampens myeloid (IL-1β, TNF, CXCL1)- and T cell-associated proinflammatory factors (IL-17A and RORγt) and spinal glial activation. Moreover, i.v. BIRT377 treatment reverses the blunted IL-10 response to CCI observed only in neuropathic PAE rats and elevates FOXP3 in pain-reversed Sac rats. Unexpectedly, intrathecal BIRT377 treatment is unable to alter allodynia in either Sac or PAE neuropathic females. Together, these data provide evidence that: 1) fully differentiated proinflammatory Th17 cells recruited at the sciatic nerve, DRGs and lumbar spinal cord may interact with the local environment to shape the immune responses underlying neuropathy in female rats, and, 2) PAE primes peripheral and spinal immune responses in adult females. PAE is a risk factor in females for developing peripheral neuropathy after minor nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
| | - Joshua J. Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Melody S. Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131,USA
| | - Zinia Pervin
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
| | - Jacob E. Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131,USA
| | - Mara A. Havard
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 8713,USA
| | - Lauren T. Epler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-001, USA
| | - Monique V. Nysus
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, New Mexico Center for Isotopes in Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131,USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Norenberg
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, New Mexico Center for Isotopes in Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131,USA
| | - Carston R. Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, MN 55455, USA
| | - Suzy Davies
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
| | - Daniel D. Savage
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131,USA
| | - Lauren L. Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA
| | - Nikolaos Mellios
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
| | - Erin. D. Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131,USA
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Doremus-Fitzwater TL, Youngentob SL, Youngentob L, Gano A, Vore AS, Deak T. Lingering Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Basal and Ethanol-Evoked Expression of Inflammatory-Related Genes in the CNS of Adolescent and Adult Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:82. [PMID: 32714160 PMCID: PMC7344178 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging data suggest that alcohol's effects on central inflammatory factors are not uniform across the lifespan. In particular, prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) significantly alters steady-state levels of neuroimmune factors, as well as subsequent reactivity to later immune challenge. Thus, the current experiment investigated developmental sensitivities to, and long-lasting consequences of, PAE on ethanol-evoked cytokine expression in male and female adolescent and adult rats. Pregnant dams received either an ad libitum ethanol liquid diet (2.2% GD 6-8; 4.5% GD 9-10; 6.7% GD11-20; 35% daily calories from ethanol) or free-choice access to a control liquid diet and water. At birth, offspring were fostered to dams given free-choice access to the control liquid diet. Pups then matured until mid-adolescence [postnatal day (PD) 35] or adulthood (PD90), at which time they were challenged with either a binge-like dose of ethanol (4 g/kg; intragastrically) or tap water. During intoxication (3 h post-ethanol challenge), brains and blood were collected for assessment of neuroimmune gene expression (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR) in the hippocampus, amygdala, and PVN, as well as for blood ethanol concentrations (BEC) and plasma corticosterone levels. Results revealed that rats challenged with ethanol at either PD35 or PD90 generally exhibited a characteristic cytokine signature of acute intoxication that we have previously reported: increased Il-6 and IkBα expression, with decreased Il-1β and Tnfα gene expression. With a few exceptions, this pattern of gene changes was observed in all three structures examined, at both ages of postnatal ethanol challenge, and in both sexes. While few significant effects of PAE were observed for ethanol-induced alterations in cytokine expression, there was a consistent (but nonsignificant) trend for PAE to potentiate the expression of Il-6 and IkBα in all groups except adult females. Although these data suggest that later-life ethanol challenge was a far greater driver of inflammatory signaling than PAE, the current results demonstrate PAE resulted in subtle long-term alterations in the expression of many key neuroinflammatory factors associated with NF-κB signaling. Such long-lasting impacts of PAE that may engender vulnerability to later environmental events triggering neuroinflammatory processes, such as chronic ethanol exposure or stress, could contribute to heightened vulnerability for PAE-related alterations and deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L. Doremus-Fitzwater
- Department of Psychology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Steven L. Youngentob
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Binghamton, NY, United States
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lisa Youngentob
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Anny Gano
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Binghamton, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Andrew S. Vore
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Binghamton, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Terrence Deak
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Binghamton, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, United States
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18
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Delery EC, Edwards S. Neuropeptide and cytokine regulation of pain in the context of substance use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2020; 174:108153. [PMID: 32470337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are frequently accompanied by affective symptoms that promote negative reinforcement mechanisms contributing to SUD maintenance or progression. Despite their widespread use as analgesics, chronic or excessive exposure to alcohol, opioids, and nicotine produces heightened nociceptive sensitivity, termed hyperalgesia. This review focuses on the contributions of neuropeptide (CRF, melanocortin, opioid peptide) and cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α, chemokine) systems in the development and maintenance of substance-induced hyperalgesia. Few effective therapies exist for either chronic pain or SUD, and the common interaction of these disease states likely complicates their effective treatment. Here we highlight promising new discoveries as well as identify gaps in research that could lead to more effective and even simultaneous treatment of SUDs and co-morbid hyperalgesia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Delery
- Department of Physiology and Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Scott Edwards
- Department of Physiology and Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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19
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Hu P, Wang D, Zhang Y, Cai Z, Ye T, Tong L, Xu X, Lu J, Liu F, Lu X, Huang C. Apoptosis-triggered decline in hippocampal microglia mediates adolescent intermittent alcohol exposure-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108054. [PMID: 32217088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Depression-alcohol addiction comorbidity is a common clinical phenomenon. Alcohol exposure in adolescence has been shown to induce depression-like behaviors in rodents. However, the mechanism of action for this type of depression remains unclear. Previous studies have reported that several different types of stress, such as chronic unpredictable stress and early social isolation, trigger depression-like symptoms in mice by inducing hippocampal microglial decline, which is mediated by the initial activation of the microglial cells. Since alcohol also activates microglia, we evaluated the dynamic changes in hippocampal microglia in mice receiving adolescent intermittent alcohol exposure (AIE). Our results showed that 14 days of AIE, followed by 21 days period of no treatment, induced behavioral abnormalities as well as a significant loss and dystrophy of hippocampal microglia in mice. We found that this AIE-induced decline in hippocampal microglia was mediated by both microglial activation and apoptosis, as (i) 1 day of alcohol exposure induced a distinct activation of hippocampal microglia followed by their apoptosis, and (ii) blocking the initial activation of hippocampal microglia by pretreatment with minocycline suppressed the AIE-induced apoptosis and loss of hippocampal microglia as well as the AIE-induced depression-like symptoms. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a classical activator of microglia, ameliorated the AIE-induced depression-like symptoms by reversing the decline in the hippocampal microglia. These results reveal a possible mechanism for AIE-induced depression and demonstrate that the restoration of hippocampal microglial homeostasis may be a therapeutic strategy for depression induced by alcohol intake and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Zixuan Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Jiashu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, The People's Hospital of Taizhou, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #210 Yingchun Road, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Fengguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Danyang People's Hospital, #2 Xinmin Western Road, Danyang, 212300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
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20
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Vanderwall AG, Milligan ED. Cytokines in Pain: Harnessing Endogenous Anti-Inflammatory Signaling for Improved Pain Management. Front Immunol 2019; 10:3009. [PMID: 31921220 PMCID: PMC6935995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current pain therapeutics offer inadequate relief to patients with chronic pain. A growing literature supports that pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling between immune, glial, and neural cells is integral to the development of pathological pain. Modulation of these communications may hold the key to improved pain management. In this review we first offer an overview of the relationships between pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine signaling and pathological pain, with a focus on the actions of cytokines and chemokines in communication between glia (astrocytes and microglia), immune cells (macrophages and T cells), and neurons. These interactions will be discussed in relation to both peripheral and central nervous system locations. Several novel non-neuronal drug targets for controlling pain are emerging as highly promising, including non-viral IL-10 gene therapy, which offer the potential for substantial pain relief through localized modulation of targeted cytokine pathways. Preclinical investigation of the mechanisms underlying the success of IL-10 gene therapy revealed the unexpected discovery of the powerful anti-nociceptive anti-inflammatory properties of D-mannose, an adjuvant in the non-viral gene therapeutic formulation. This review will include gene therapeutic approaches showing the most promise in controlling pro-inflammatory signaling via increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 (IL-10) or IL-4, or by directly limiting the bioavailability of specific pro-inflammatory cytokines, as with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by the TNF soluble receptor (TNFSR). Approaches that increase endogenous anti-inflammatory signaling may offer additional opportunities for pain therapeutic development in patients not candidates for gene therapy. Promising novel avenues discussed here include the disruption of lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA-1) activity, antagonism at the cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2R), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonism. Given the partial efficacy of current drugs, new strategies to manipulate neuroimmune and cytokine interactions hold considerable promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arden G. Vanderwall
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Erin D. Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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21
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Noor S, Sun MS, Vanderwall AG, Havard MA, Sanchez JE, Harris NW, Nysus MV, Norenberg JP, West HT, Wagner CR, Jantzie LL, Mellios N, Milligan ED. LFA-1 antagonist (BIRT377) similarly reverses peripheral neuropathic pain in male and female mice with underlying sex divergent peripheral immune proinflammatory phenotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 6. [PMID: 31763376 PMCID: PMC6873931 DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2019.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The majority of preclinical studies investigating aberrant glial-neuroimmune actions underlying neuropathic pain have focused on male rodent models. Recently, studies have shown peripheral immune cells play a more prominent role than glial cells in mediating pathological pain in females. Here, we compared the onset and duration of allodynia in males and females, and the anti-allodynic action of a potentially novel therapeutic drug (BIRT377) that not only antagonizes the action of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) to reduce cell migration in the periphery, but may also directly alter the cellular inflammatory bias. Methods: Male and female mice were subjected to peripheral nerve injury chronic constriction injury (CCI) applying two methods, using either 4–0 or 5–0 chromic gut suture material, to examine potential sex differences in the onset, magnitude and duration of allodynia. Hindpaw sensitivity before and after CCI and application of intravenous BIRT377 was assessed. Peripheral and spinal tissues were analyzed for protein (multiplex electrochemiluminescence technology) and mRNA expression (quantitative real-time PCR). The phenotype of peripheral T cells was determined using flow cytometry. Results: Sex differences in proinflammatory CCL2 and IL-1β and the anti-inflammatory IL-10 were observed from a set of cytokines analyzed. A profound proinflammatory T cell (Th17) response in the periphery and spinal cord was also observed in neuropathic females. BIRT377 reversed pain, reduced IL-1β and TNF, and increased IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, also an anti-inflammatory cytokine, in both sexes. However, female-derived T cell cytokines are transcriptionally regulated by BIRT377, as demonstrated by reducing proinflammatory IL-17A production with concurrent increases in IL-10, TGF-β1 and the anti-inflammatory regulatory T cell-related factor, FOXP3. Conclusion: This study supports that divergent peripheral immune and neuroimmune responses during neuropathy exists between males and females. Moreover, the modulatory actions of BIRT377 on T cells during neuropathy are predominantly specific to females. These data highlight the necessity of including both sexes for studying drug efficacy and mechanisms of action in preclinical studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Melody S Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Arden G Vanderwall
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Mara A Havard
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jacob E Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Nathan W Harris
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Monique V Nysus
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, New Mexico Center for Isotopes in Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Norenberg
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, New Mexico Center for Isotopes in Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Harrison T West
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carsten R Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lauren L Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA
| | - Nikolaos Mellios
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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22
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Tyler CR, Noor S, Young TL, Rivero V, Sanchez B, Lucas S, Caldwell KK, Milligan ED, Campen MJ. Aging Exacerbates Neuroinflammatory Outcomes Induced by Acute Ozone Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2019; 163:123-139. [PMID: 29385576 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of environmental stressors, particularly exposure to air pollution, in the development of neurodegenerative disease remains underappreciated. We examined the neurological effects of acute ozone (O3) exposure in aged mice, where increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability may confer vulnerability to neuroinflammatory outcomes. C57BL/6 male mice, aged 8-10 weeks or 12-18 months were exposed to either filtered air or 1.0 ppm O3 for 4 h; animals received a single IP injection of sodium fluorescein (FSCN) 20 h postexposure. One-hour post-FSCN injection, animals were transcardially perfused for immunohistochemical analysis of BBB permeability. β-amyloid protein expression was assessed via ELISA. Flow cytometric characterization of infiltrating immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and microglia populations was performed 20 h post-O3 exposure. Flow cytometry analysis of brains revealed increased microglia "activation" and presentation of CD11b, F4/80, and MHCII in aged animals relative to younger ones; these age-induced differences were potentiated by acute O3 exposure. Cortical and limbic regions in aged brains had increased reactive microgliosis and β-amyloid protein expression after O3 insult. The aged cerebellum was particularly vulnerable to acute O3 exposure with increased populations of infiltrating neutrophils, peripheral macrophages/monocytes, and Ly6C+ inflammatory monocytes after insult, which were not significantly increased in the young cerebellum. O3 exposure increased the penetration of FSCN beyond the BBB, the infiltration of peripheral immune cells, and reactive gliosis of microglia. Thus, the aged BBB is vulnerable to insult and becomes highly penetrable in response to O3 exposure, leading to greater neuroinflammatory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Tyler
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
| | - Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
| | - Tamara L Young
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
| | - Valeria Rivero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
| | - Bethany Sanchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
| | - Selita Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
| | - Kevin K Caldwell
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
| | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
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23
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Sanchez JJ, Sanchez JE, Noor S, Ruffaner-Hanson CD, Davies S, Wagner CR, Jantzie LL, Mellios N, Savage DD, Milligan ED. Targeting the β2-integrin LFA-1, reduces adverse neuroimmune actions in neuropathic susceptibility caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:54. [PMID: 30961664 PMCID: PMC6454692 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) was shown to be a risk factor for peripheral neuropathy following minor nerve injury. This effect coincides with elevated spinal cord astrocyte activation and ex vivo immune cell reactivity assessed by proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) -1β protein expression. Additionally, the β2-integrin adhesion molecule, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), a factor that influences the expression of the proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokine network is upregulated. Here, we examine whether PAE increases the proinflammatory immune environment at specific anatomical sites critical in the pain pathway of chronic sciatic neuropathy; the damaged sciatic nerve (SCN), the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and the spinal cord. Additionally, we examine whether inhibiting LFA-1 or IL-1β actions in the spinal cord (intrathecal; i.t., route) could alleviate chronic neuropathic pain and reduce spinal and DRG glial activation markers, proinflammatory cytokines, and elevate anti-inflammatory cytokines. Results show that blocking the actions of spinal LFA-1 using BIRT-377 abolishes allodynia in PAE rats with sciatic neuropathy (CCI) of a 10 or 28-day duration. This effect is observed (utilizing immunohistochemistry; IHC, with microscopy analysis and protein quantification) in parallel with reduced spinal glial activation, IL-1β and TNFα expression. DRG from PAE rats with neuropathy reveal significant increases in satellite glial activation and IL-1β, while IL-10 immunoreactivity is reduced by half in PAE rats under basal and neuropathic conditions. Further, blocking spinal IL-1β with i.t. IL-1RA transiently abolishes allodynia in PAE rats, suggesting that IL-1β is in part, necessary for the susceptibility of adult-onset peripheral neuropathy caused by PAE. Chemokine mRNA analyses from SCN, DRG and spinal cord reveal that increased CCL2 occurs following CCI injury regardless of PAE and BIRT-377 treatment. These data demonstrate that PAE creates dysregulated proinflammatory IL-1β and TNFα /IL-10 responses to minor injury in the sciatic-DRG-spinal pain pathway. PAE creates a risk for developing peripheral neuropathies, and LFA-1 may be a novel therapeutic target for controlling dysregulated neuroimmune actions as a consequence of PAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Jacob E. Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Chaselyn D. Ruffaner-Hanson
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Suzy Davies
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Carston R. Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Lauren L. Jantzie
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Nikolaos Mellios
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Daniel D. Savage
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Erin D. Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
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24
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Yellowhair TR, Noor S, Mares B, Jose C, Newville JC, Maxwell JR, Northington FJ, Milligan ED, Robinson S, Jantzie LL. Chorioamnionitis in Rats Precipitates Extended Postnatal Inflammatory Lymphocyte Hyperreactivity. Dev Neurosci 2019; 40:1-11. [PMID: 30921800 PMCID: PMC6765467 DOI: 10.1159/000497273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is an important cause of perinatal brain injury (PBI). Neurological injury in extremely preterm infants often begins in utero with chorioamnionitis (CHORIO) or inflammation/infection of the placenta and concomitant placental insufficiency. Studies in humans have shown dysregulated inflammatory signaling throughout the placental-fetal brain axis and altered peripheral immune responses in children born preterm with cerebral palsy (CP). We hypothesized that peripheral immune responses would be altered in our well-established rat model of CP. Specifically, we proposed that isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) would be hyperresponsive to a second hit of inflammation throughout an extended postnatal time course. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley dams underwent a laparotomy on embryonic day 18 (E18) with occlusion of the uterine arteries (for 60 min) followed by intra-amniotic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 4 μg/sac) to induce injury in utero. Shams underwent laparotomy only, with equivalent duration of anesthesia. Laparotomies were then closed, and the rat pups were born at E22. PBMCs were isolated from pups on postnatal day 7 (P7) and P21, and subsequently stimulated in vitro with LPS for 3 or 24 h. A secreted inflammatory profile analysis of conditioned media was performed using multiplex electrochemiluminescent immunoassays, and the composition of inflammatory cells was assayed with flow cytometry (FC). Results indicate that CHORIO PBMCs challenged with LPS are hyperreactive and secrete significantly more tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and C-X-C chemokine ligand 1 at P7. FC confirmed increased intracellular TNFα in CHORIO pups at P7 following LPS stimulation, in addition to increased numbers of CD11b/c immunopositive myeloid cells. Notably, TNFα secretion was sustained until P21, with increased interleukin 6, concomitant with increased expression of integrin β1, suggesting both sustained peripheral immune hyperreactivity and a heightened activation state. Taken together, these data indicate that in utero injury primes the immune system and augments enhanced inflammatory signaling. The insidious effects of primed peripheral immune cells may compound PBI secondary to CHORIO and/or placental insufficiency, and thereby render the brain susceptible to future chronic neurological disease. Further understanding of inflammatory mechanisms in PBI may yield clinically important biomarkers and facilitate individualized repair strategies and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracylyn R Yellowhair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Brittney Mares
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Clement Jose
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jessie C Newville
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jessie R Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Frances J Northington
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Shenandoah Robinson
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren L Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA,
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA,
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
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25
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Sun J, Chen F, Braun C, Zhou YQ, Rittner H, Tian YK, Cai XY, Ye DW. Role of curcumin in the management of pathological pain. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 48:129-140. [PMID: 30195871 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathological pain conditions can be triggered after peripheral nerve injury and/or inflammation. It is a major clinical problem that is poorly treated with available therapeutics. Curcumin is a phenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa, being widely used for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. PURPOSE This review systematically summarized updated information on the traditional uses of curcumin in order to explore antinociceptive effects in pathological pain and evaluate future therapeutic opportunities clinically. Moreover, some structure-activity relationships would greatly enrich the opportunity of finding new and promising lead compounds and promote the reasonable development of curcumin. METHODS PubMed were searched and the literature from the year 1976 to January 2018 was retrieved using keywords pain and curcumin. RESULTS This review systematically summarized updated information on the traditional uses, chemical constituents and bioactivities of curcumin, and highlights the recent development of the mechanisms of curcumin in the pathological pain by sciatic nerve injury, spinal cord injury, diabetic neuropathy, alcoholic neuropathy, chemotherapy induced peripheral neuroinflammtion, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection or carrageenan injection. Importantly, the clinical studies provide a compelling justification for its use as a dietary adjunct for pain relief. And we also present multiple approaches to improve bioavailability of curcumin for the treatment of pathological pain. CONCLUSION This review focuses on pre-clinical and clinical studies in the treatment of pathological pain. Although the mechanisms of pain mitigating effects are not very clear, there is compelling evidence proved that curcumin plays an essential role. However, further high-quality clinical studies should be undertaken to establish the clinical effectiveness of curcumin in patients suffering from pathological pain. Potential methods of increase the water solubility and bioavailability of curcumin still need to be studied. These approaches will help in establishing it as remedy for pathological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Oncology, Xiaogan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Xiaogan, China
| | - Cody Braun
- UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, United States
| | - Ya-Qun Zhou
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heike Rittner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yu-Ke Tian
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiu-Yu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Da-Wei Ye
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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26
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Bird CW, Taylor DH, Pinkowski NJ, Chavez GJ, Valenzuela CF. Long-term Reductions in the Population of GABAergic Interneurons in the Mouse Hippocampus following Developmental Ethanol Exposure. Neuroscience 2018; 383:60-73. [PMID: 29753864 PMCID: PMC5994377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to ethanol leads to a constellation of cognitive and behavioral abnormalities known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Many cell types throughout the central nervous system are negatively impacted by gestational alcohol exposure, including inhibitory, GABAergic interneurons. Little evidence exists, however, describing the long-term impact of fetal alcohol exposure on survival of interneurons within the hippocampal formation, which is critical for learning and memory processes that are impaired in individuals with FASDs. Mice expressing Venus yellow fluorescent protein in inhibitory interneurons were exposed to vaporized ethanol during the third trimester equivalent of human gestation (postnatal days 2-9), and the long-term effects on interneuron numbers were measured using unbiased stereology at P90. In adulthood, interneuron populations were reduced in every hippocampal region examined. Moreover, we found that a single exposure to ethanol at P7 caused robust activation of apoptotic neurodegeneration of interneurons in the hilus, granule cell layer, CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. These studies demonstrate that developmental ethanol exposure has a long-term impact on hippocampal interneuron survivability, and may provide a mechanism partially explaining deficits in hippocampal function and hippocampus-dependent behaviors in those afflicted with FASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark W Bird
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Devin H Taylor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Natalie J Pinkowski
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - G Jill Chavez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - C Fernando Valenzuela
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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27
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Neuropathic pain drives anxiety behavior in mice, results consistent with anxiety levels in diabetic neuropathy patients. Pain Rep 2018; 3:e651. [PMID: 29922743 PMCID: PMC5999418 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Background: Epidemiological studies in patients with neuropathic pain demonstrate a strong association with psychiatric conditions such as anxiety; however, the precipitating pathology between these symptoms remains unclear. To investigate this, we studied the effects of lifelong stress on levels of neuropathic pain–like behavior and conversely, the effects of chronic neuropathic injury on anxiety-like status in male and female mice. In addition, we assayed this link in painful and painless diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients. Methods: Male and female mice were subject to ongoing life-stress or control living conditions. Baseline sensitivity and anxiety tests were measured followed by spared nerve injury (SNI) to the sciatic nerve. Subsequent sensory testing occurred until 3 weeks after SNI followed by anxiety tests between 4 and 6 weeks after SNI. Results: Levels of tactile or cold allodynia did not differ between adult mice subject to lifelong chronic stress, relative to nonstressed controls, for at least 3 weeks after SNI. By contrast, longer-term neuropathic mice of both sexes displayed pronounced anxiety-like behavior, regardless of exposure to stress. If sex differences were present, females usually exhibited more pronounced anxiety-like behavior. These ongoing anxiety behaviors were corroborated with plasma corticosterone levels in distinct animal groups. In addition, data from patients with painful and nonpainful diabetic neuropathy showed a clear relationship between ongoing pain and anxiety, with females generally more affected than males. Discussion: Taken together, these data demonstrate a strong link between chronic neuropathic pain and chronic anxiety, with the driver of this comorbidity being neuropathic pain as opposed to on-going stress.
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Noor S, Milligan ED. Lifelong Impacts of Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Neuroimmune Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1107. [PMID: 29910801 PMCID: PMC5992426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In utero alcohol exposure is emerging as a major risk factor for lifelong aberrant neuroimmune function. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder encompasses a range of behavioral and physiological sequelae that may occur throughout life and includes cognitive developmental disabilities as well as disease susceptibility related to aberrant immune and neuroimmune actions. Emerging data from clinical studies and findings from animal models support that very low to moderate levels of fetal alcohol exposure may reprogram the developing central nervous system leading to altered neuroimmune and neuroglial signaling during adulthood. In this review, we will focus on the consequences of low to moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on neuroimmune interactions during early life and at different stages of adulthood. Data discussed here will include recent studies suggesting that while abnormal immune function is generally minimal under basal conditions, following pathogenic stimuli or trauma, significant alterations in the neuroimmune axis occur. Evidence from published reports will be discussed with a focus on observations that PAE may bias later-life peripheral immune responses toward a proinflammatory phenotype. The propensity for proinflammatory responses to challenges in adulthood may ultimately shape neuron–glial-immune processes suspected to underlie various neuropathological outcomes including chronic pain and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Vanderwall AG, Noor S, Sun MS, Sanchez JE, Yang XO, Jantzie LL, Mellios N, Milligan ED. Effects of spinal non-viral interleukin-10 gene therapy formulated with d-mannose in neuropathic interleukin-10 deficient mice: Behavioral characterization, mRNA and protein analysis in pain relevant tissues. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:91-112. [PMID: 29113923 PMCID: PMC5857419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies show that spinal (intrathecal; i.t.) interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene therapy reverses neuropathic pain in animal models, and co-administration with the mannose receptor (MR; CD206) ligand d-mannose (DM) greatly improves therapeutic efficacy. However, the actions of endogenous IL-10 may be required for enduring pain control observed following i.t. IL-10 gene therapy, potentially narrowing the application of this non-viral transgene delivery approach. Here, we show that i.t. application of naked plasmid DNA expressing the IL-10 transgene co-injected with DM (DM/pDNA-IL-10) for the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain in IL-10 deficient (IL-10 KO) mice results in a profound and prolonged bilateral pain suppression. Neuropathic pain is induced by unilateral sciatic chronic constriction injury (CCI), and while enduring relief of light touch sensitivity (mechanical allodynia) in both wild type (WT) and IL-10 KO mice was observed following DM/pDNA-IL-10 co-therapy, transient reversal from allodynia was observed following i.t. DM alone. In stably pain-relieved IL-10 KO mice given DM/pDNA-IL-10, mRNA for the IL-10 transgene is detected in the cauda equina and ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia (DRG), but not the lumbar spinal cord. Further, DM/pDNA-IL-10 application increases anti-inflammatory TGF-β1 and decreases pro-inflammatory TNF mRNA in the ipsilateral DRG compared to allodynic controls. Additionally, DM/pDNA-IL-10 treated mice exhibit decreased spinal pro-inflammatory mRNA expression for TNF, CCL2 (MCP-1), and for the microglial-specific marker TMEM119. Similarly, DM/pDNA-IL-10 treatment decreases immunoreactivity for the astrocyte activation marker GFAP in lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn. Despite transient reversal and early return to allodynia in DM-treated mice, lumbar spinal cord revealed elevated TNF, CCL2 and TMEM119 mRNA levels. Both MR (CD206) and IL-10 receptor mRNAs are increased in the DRG following CCI manipulation independent of injection treatment, suggesting that pathological conditions stimulate upregulation and availability of relevant receptors in critical anatomical regions required for the therapeutic actions of the DM/pDNA-IL-10 co-therapy. Taken together, the current report demonstrates that non-viral DM/pDNA-IL-10 gene therapy does not require endogenous IL-10 for enduring relief of peripheral neuropathic pain and does not require direct contact with the spinal cord dorsal horn for robust and enduring relief of neuropathic pain. Spinal non-viral DM/pDNA-IL-10 co-therapy may offer a framework for the development of non-viral gene therapeutic approaches for other diseases of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arden G Vanderwall
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA; Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Melody S Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Jacob E Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Xuexian O Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Lauren L Jantzie
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Nikolaos Mellios
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA; Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
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Wong EL, Lutz NM, Hogan VA, Lamantia CE, McMurray HR, Myers JR, Ashton JM, Majewska AK. Developmental alcohol exposure impairs synaptic plasticity without overtly altering microglial function in mouse visual cortex. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:257-278. [PMID: 28918081 PMCID: PMC5696045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), caused by gestational ethanol (EtOH) exposure, is one of the most common causes of non-heritable and life-long mental disability worldwide, with no standard treatment or therapy available. While EtOH exposure can alter the function of both neurons and glia, it is still unclear how EtOH influences brain development to cause deficits in sensory and cognitive processing later in life. Microglia play an important role in shaping synaptic function and plasticity during neural circuit development and have been shown to mount an acute immunological response to EtOH exposure in certain brain regions. Therefore, we hypothesized that microglial roles in the healthy brain could be permanently altered by early EtOH exposure leading to deficits in experience-dependent plasticity. We used a mouse model of human third trimester high binge EtOH exposure, administering EtOH twice daily by subcutaneous injections from postnatal day 4 through postnatal day 9 (P4-:P9). Using a monocular deprivation model to assess ocular dominance plasticity, we found an EtOH-induced deficit in this type of visually driven experience-dependent plasticity. However, using a combination of immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and in vivo two-photon microscopy to assay microglial morphology and dynamics, as well as fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and RNA-seq to examine the microglial transcriptome, we found no evidence of microglial dysfunction in early adolescence. We also found no evidence of microglial activation in visual cortex acutely after early ethanol exposure, possibly because we also did not observe EtOH-induced neuronal cell death in this brain region. We conclude that early EtOH exposure caused a deficit in experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in the visual cortex that was independent of changes in microglial phenotype or function. This demonstrates that neural plasticity can remain impaired by developmental ethanol exposure even in a brain region where microglia do not acutely assume nor maintain an activated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa L. Wong
- Dept. of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Nina M. Lutz
- Dept. of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Victoria A. Hogan
- Dept. of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Cassandra E. Lamantia
- Dept. of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Helene R. McMurray
- Dept. of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY14642, USA,Inst. For Innovative Education, Miner Libraries, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jason R. Myers
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John M. Ashton
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ania K. Majewska
- Dept. of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,Corresponding author: Ania K. Majewska:
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Sanchez JJ, Noor S, Davies S, Savage D, Milligan ED. Prenatal alcohol exposure is a risk factor for adult neuropathic pain via aberrant neuroimmune function. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:254. [PMID: 29258553 PMCID: PMC5738192 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies show that prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) results in effects that persist into adulthood. Experimental animal models of moderate PAE demonstrate that young adults with PAE display potentiated sensitivity to light touch, clinically termed allodynia, following sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) that coincides with heightened spinal glial, spinal macrophage, and peripheral immune responses. However, basal touch sensitivity and corresponding glial and leukocyte activation are unaltered. Therefore, the current study explored whether the enduring pathological consequences of moderate PAE on sensory processing are unmasked only following secondary neural insult. METHODS In middle-aged (1 year) Long Evans rats that underwent either prenatal saccharin exposure (control) or moderate PAE, we modified the well-characterized model of sciatic neuropathy, CCI, to study the effects of PAE on neuro-immune responses in adult offspring. Standard CCI manipulation required 4 chromic gut sutures, while a mild version applied a single suture loosely ligated around one sciatic nerve. Spinal glial immunoreactivity was examined using immunohistochemistry. The characterization and functional responses of leukocyte populations were studied using flow cytometry and cell stimulation assays followed by quantification of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and unpaired t tests. RESULTS The current report demonstrates that mild CCI generates robust allodynia only in PAE rats, while the pathological effects of PAE following the application of a standard CCI are revealed by enhanced allodynia and elevated spinal glial activation. Additionally, mild CCI increases spinal astrocyte activation but not microglia, suggesting astrocytes play a larger role in PAE-induced susceptibility to aberrant sensory processing. Leukocyte populations from PAE are altered under basal conditions (i.e., prior to secondary insult), as the distribution of leukocyte populations in lymphoid organs and other regions are different from those of controls. Lastly, following in vitro leukocyte stimulation, only PAE augments the immune response to antigen stimulation as assessed by heightened production of TNF-α and IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate PAE may prime spinal astrocytes and peripheral leukocytes that contribute to enduring susceptibility to adult-onset neuropathic pain that is not apparent until a secondary insult later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Suzy Davies
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Daniel Savage
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Erin D. Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131-001 USA
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Granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) signaling in spinal microglia drives visceral sensitization following colitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11235-11240. [PMID: 28973941 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706053114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a main symptom of inflammatory diseases and often persists beyond clinical remission. Although we have a good understanding of the mechanisms of sensitization at the periphery during inflammation, little is known about the mediators that drive central sensitization. Recent reports have identified hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors as important regulators of tumor- and nerve injury-associated pain. Using a mouse model of colitis, we identify the proinflammatory cytokine granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF or Csf-3) as a key mediator of visceral sensitization. We report that G-CSF is specifically up-regulated in the thoracolumbar spinal cord of colitis-affected mice. Our results show that resident spinal microglia express the G-CSF receptor and that G-CSF signaling mediates microglial activation following colitis. Furthermore, healthy mice subjected to intrathecal injection of G-CSF exhibit pronounced visceral hypersensitivity, an effect that is abolished by microglial depletion. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that G-CSF injection increases Cathepsin S activity in spinal cord tissues. When cocultured with microglia BV-2 cells exposed to G-CSF, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptors become hyperexcitable. Blocking CX3CR1 or nitric oxide production during G-CSF treatment reduces excitability and G-CSF-induced visceral pain in vivo. Finally, administration of G-CSF-neutralizing antibody can prevent the establishment of persistent visceral pain postcolitis. Overall, our work uncovers a DRG neuron-microglia interaction that responds to G-CSF by engaging Cathepsin S-CX3CR1-inducible NOS signaling. This interaction represents a central step in visceral sensitization following colonic inflammation, thereby identifying spinal G-CSF as a target for treating chronic abdominal pain.
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Lin Y, Liu L, Jiang H, Zhou J, Tang Y. Inhibition of interleukin-6 function attenuates the central sensitization and pain behavior induced by osteoarthritis. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 811:260-267. [PMID: 28663035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is the most prominent and disabling symptom in the patients with osteoarthritis (OA), and the underlying mechanism largely remains unclear. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a proinflammatory cytokine, is critically involved in the development and maintenance of central sensitization in several rodent models of chronic pain. The present study aims to elucidate the IL-6 mediated neurological adaptation in dorsal horn in the rat with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) - induced OA. Significant upregulation of IL-6 expression was detected in the dorsal horn in the modeled rats. Blockade of IL-6 function by tocilizumab markedly suppressed the activation of astrocytes and microglia in the ipsilateral dorsal horn, reduced c-Fos immunoreactivity in dorsal horn neurons, and attenuated the upregulation of glutamate receptor subunits GluR1 and NR2B in dorsal horn in the rats with MIA-induced OA. It was further reported that administration of tocilizumab significantly improved the performance in weight-bearing test and mitigated the mechanical allodynia in the modeled rats. These data illustrated spinal IL-6 mediated mechanism underlying the chronic pain, and proposed the potential therapeutic effect of tocilizumab on the chronic pain in the setting of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuangui Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children(Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haixia Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jieshu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children(Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuying Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children(Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.
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