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Sgro M, Kodila ZN, Li C, Carmichael I, Warren S, Reichelt AC, Yamakawa GR, Mychasiuk R. Microbiome depletion prior to repeat mild TBI differentially alters social deficits and prefrontal cortex plasticity in adolescent and adult rats. iScience 2024; 27:109395. [PMID: 38510122 PMCID: PMC10952042 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Although aging, repeat mild traumatic brain injury (RmTBI), and microbiome modifications independently change social behavior, there has been no investigation into their cumulative effects on social behavior and neuroplasticity within the prefrontal cortex. Therefore, we examined how microbiome depletion prior to RmTBI affected social behavior and neuroplasticity in adolescent and adult rats. Play, temperament analysis, elevated plus maze, and the hot/cold plate assessed socio-emotional function. Analyses of perineuronal nets (PNNs) and parvalbumin (PV) interneurons was completed. Social-emotional deficits were more pronounced in adults, with microbiome depletion attenuating social behavior deficits associated with RmTBI in both age groups. Microbiome depletion increased branch length and PNN arborization within the PFC but decreased the overall number of PNNs. Adults and males were more vulnerable to RmTBI. Interestingly, microbiome depletion may have attenuated the changes to neuroplasticity and subsequent social deficits, suggesting that the microbiome is a viable, but age-specific, target for RmTBI therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Sgro
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Zoe N. Kodila
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Crystal Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Irena Carmichael
- Monash Micro Imaging, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Samantha Warren
- Monash Micro Imaging, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Amy C. Reichelt
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Glenn R. Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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Hou P, Yang Y, Li Z, Ye D, Chen L, Feng T, Zeng J, Wei L, Wang S. TAK-3 Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury Rats Through the TLR-4/NF-κB Pathway. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2147-2158. [PMID: 38617382 PMCID: PMC11015848 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s454099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The activation of the inflammatory response is regarded as a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis of TBI. Central nervous system infection often leads to the exacerbation of neuroinflammation following TBI, primarily caused by Gram-negative bacteria. This study aims to elucidate the effects of the novel anti-inflammatory drug TAK-3 on LPS-induced neuroinflammation in TBI rats. Methods In conjunction with the rat controlled cortical impact model, we administered local injections of Lipopolysaccharide to the impact site. Subsequently, interventions were implemented through intraperitoneal injections of TAK-3 and NF-κB activitor2 to modulate the TLR4/NF-κB axis The impact of LPS on neurological function was assessed using mNSS, open field test, and brain water content measurement. Inflammatory markers, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 were assessed to evaluate the condition of neuritis by Elisa. The activation of the TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway was detected by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of TAK-3. Results The administration of LPS exacerbated neurological damage in rats with TBI, as evidenced by a reduction in motor activity and an increase in anxiety-like behavior. Furthermore, LPS induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier integrity and facilitated the development of brain edema. The activation of microglia and astrocytes by LPS at the cellular and molecular levels has been demonstrated to induce a significant upregulation of neuroinflammatory factors. The injection of TAK-3 attenuated the neuroinflammatory response induced by LPS. Conclusion The present study highlights the exacerbating effects of LPS on neuroinflammation in TBI through activation of the TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway. TAK-3 can modulate the activity of this signaling axis, thereby attenuating neuroinflammation and ultimately reducing brain tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (The 900TH Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Fuzhou General Teaching Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (The 900TH Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Ye
- Fuzhou General Teaching Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (The 900TH Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianshun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongfang Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiateng Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangfeng Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (The 900TH Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shousen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (The 900TH Hospital), Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Minimally Invasive Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurovascular Diseases, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
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Sgro M, Ray J, Foster E, Mychasiuk R. Making migraine easier to stomach: the role of the gut-brain-immune axis in headache disorders. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3605-3621. [PMID: 37329292 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Headache disorders place a significant burden on the healthcare system, being the leading cause of disability in those under 50 years. Novel studies have interrogated the relationship between headache disorders and gastrointestinal dysfunction, suggesting a link between the gut-brain-immune (GBI) axis and headache pathogenesis. Although the exact mechanisms driving the complex relationship between the GBI axis and headache disorders remain unclear, there is a growing appreciation that a healthy and diverse microbiome is necessary for optimal brain health. METHODS A literature search was performed through multiple reputable databases in search of Q1 journals within the field of headache disorders and gut microbiome research and were critically and appropriately evaluated to investigate and explore the following; the role of the GBI axis in dietary triggers of headache disorders and the evidence indicating that diet can be used to alleviate headache severity and frequency. The relationship between the GBI axis and post-traumatic headache is then synthesized. Finally, the scarcity of literature regarding paediatric headache disorders and the role that the GBI axis plays in mediating the relationship between sex hormones and headache disorders are highlighted. CONCLUSIONS There is potential for novel therapeutic targets for headache disorders if understanding of the GBI axis in their aetiology, pathogenesis and recovery is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Sgro
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Ray
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Corrigan F, Wee IC, Collins-Praino LE. Chronic motor performance following different traumatic brain injury severity-A systematic review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1180353. [PMID: 37288069 PMCID: PMC10243142 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1180353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is now known to be a chronic disease, causing ongoing neurodegeneration and linked to increased risk of neurodegenerative motor diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. While the presentation of motor deficits acutely following traumatic brain injury is well-documented, however, less is known about how these evolve in the long-term post-injury, or how the initial severity of injury affects these outcomes. The purpose of this review, therefore, was to examine objective assessment of chronic motor impairment across the spectrum of TBI in both preclinical and clinical models. Methods PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases were searched with a search strategy containing key search terms for TBI and motor function. Original research articles reporting chronic motor outcomes with a clearly defined TBI severity (mild, repeated mild, moderate, moderate-severe, and severe) in an adult population were included. Results A total of 97 studies met the inclusion criteria, incorporating 62 preclinical and 35 clinical studies. Motor domains examined included neuroscore, gait, fine-motor, balance, and locomotion for preclinical studies and neuroscore, fine-motor, posture, and gait for clinical studies. There was little consensus among the articles presented, with extensive differences both in assessment methodology of the tests and parameters reported. In general, an effect of severity was seen, with more severe injury leading to persistent motor deficits, although subtle fine motor deficits were also seen clinically following repeated injury. Only six clinical studies investigated motor outcomes beyond 10 years post-injury and two preclinical studies to 18-24 months post-injury, and, as such, the interaction between a previous TBI and aging on motor performance is yet to be comprehensively examined. Conclusion Further research is required to establish standardized motor assessment procedures to fully characterize chronic motor impairment across the spectrum of TBI with comprehensive outcomes and consistent protocols. Longitudinal studies investigating the same cohort over time are also a key for understanding the interaction between TBI and aging. This is particularly critical, given the risk of neurodegenerative motor disease development following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Corrigan
- Head Injury Lab, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ing Chee Wee
- Cognition, Ageing and Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E. Collins-Praino
- Cognition, Ageing and Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Mahmoudi A, Heydari S, Markina YV, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Role of statins in regulating molecular pathways following traumatic brain injury: A system pharmacology study. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113304. [PMID: 35724514 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious disorder with debilitating physical and psychological complications. Previous studies have indicated that genetic factors have a critical role in modulating the secondary phase of injury in TBI. Statins have interesting pleiotropic properties such as antiapoptotic, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects, which make them a suitable class of drugs for repurposing in TBI. In this study, we aimed to explore how statins modulate proteins and pathways involved in TBI using system pharmacology. We first explored the target associations with statins in two databases to discover critical clustering groups, candidate hub and critical hub genes in the network of TBI, and the possible connections of statins with TBI-related genes. Our results showed 1763 genes associated with TBI. Subsequently, the analysis of centralities in the PPI network displayed 55 candidate hub genes and 15 hub genes. Besides, MCODE analysis based on threshold score:10 determined four modular clusters. Intersection analysis of genes related to TBI and statins demonstrated 204 shared proteins, which suggested that statins influence 31 candidate hub and 9 hub genes. Moreover, statins had the highest interaction with MCODE1. The biological processes of the 31 shared proteins are related to gene expression, inflammation, antioxidant activity, and cell proliferation. Biological enriched pathways showed Programmed Cell Death proteins, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, C-type lectin receptor signalling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway as top clusters. In conclusion, statins could target several critical post-TBI genes mainly involved in inflammation and apoptosis, supporting the previous research results as a potential therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177899191, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sahar Heydari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Yuliya V Markina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBI "Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery", 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418, Moscow, the Russian Federation
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Zheng RZ, Lee KY, Qi ZX, Wang Z, Xu ZY, Wu XH, Mao Y. Neuroinflammation Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Take It Seriously or Not. Front Immunol 2022; 13:855701. [PMID: 35392083 PMCID: PMC8981520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with high mortality and disability, with a substantial socioeconomic burden. With the standardization of the treatment process, there is increasing interest in the role that the secondary insult of TBI plays in outcome heterogeneity. The secondary insult is neither detrimental nor beneficial in an absolute sense, among which the inflammatory response was a complex cascade of events and can thus be regarded as a double-edged sword. Therefore, clinicians should take the generation and balance of neuroinflammation following TBI seriously. In this review, we summarize the current human and animal model studies of neuroinflammation and provide a better understanding of the inflammatory response in the different stages of TBI. In particular, advances in neuroinflammation using proteomic and transcriptomic techniques have enabled us to identify a functional specific delineation of the immune cell in TBI patients. Based on recent advances in our understanding of immune cell activation, we present the difference between diffuse axonal injury and focal brain injury. In addition, we give a figurative profiling of the general paradigm in the pre- and post-injury inflammatory settings employing a bow-tie framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Zhe Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuin-Yu Lee
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institute of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University Institute of Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Xin Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Yu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Hai Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Shao F, Wang X, Wu H, Wu Q, Zhang J. Microglia and Neuroinflammation: Crucial Pathological Mechanisms in Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:825086. [PMID: 35401152 PMCID: PMC8990307 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.825086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) with high mortality and morbidity. Patients with TBI usually suffer many sequelae in the life time post injury, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the pathological mechanisms connecting these two processes have not yet been fully elucidated. It is important to further investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying TBI and TBI-induced neurodegeneration, which will promote the development of precise treatment target for these notorious neurodegenerative consequences after TBI. A growing body of evidence shows that neuroinflammation is a pivotal pathological process underlying chronic neurodegeneration following TBI. Microglia, as the immune cells in the CNS, play crucial roles in neuroinflammation and many other CNS diseases. Of interest, microglial activation and functional alteration has been proposed as key mediators in the evolution of chronic neurodegenerative pathology following TBI. Here, we review the updated studies involving phenotypical and functional alterations of microglia in neurodegeneration after injury, survey key molecules regulating the activities and functional responses of microglia in TBI pathology, and explore their potential implications to chronic neurodegeneration after injury. The work will give us a comprehensive understanding of mechanisms driving TBI-related neurodegeneration and offer novel ideas of developing corresponding prevention and treatment strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Shao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qun Wu,
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jianmin Zhang,
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Neural stem cell therapy in conjunction with curcumin loaded in niosomal nanoparticles enhanced recovery from traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3572. [PMID: 35246564 PMCID: PMC8897489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a great amount of effort, there is still a need for reliable treatments of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Recently, stem cell therapy has emerged as a new avenue to address neuronal regeneration after TBI. However, the environment of TBI lesions exerts negative effects on the stem cells efficacy. Therefore, to maximize the beneficial effects of stem cells in the course of TBI, we evaluated the effect of human neural stem/progenitor cells (hNS/PCs) and curcumin-loaded niosome nanoparticles (CM-NPs) on behavioral changes, brain edema, gliosis, and inflammatory responses in a rat model of TBI. After TBI, hNS/PCs were transplanted within the injury site and CM-NPs were orally administered for 10 days. Finally, the effect of combination therapy was compared to several control groups. Our results indicated a significant improvement of general locomotor activity in the hNS/PCs + CM-NPs treatment group compared to the control groups. We also observed a significant improvement in brain edema in the hNS/PCs + CM-NPs treatment group compared to the other groups. Furthermore, a significant decrease in astrogliosis was seen in the combined treatment group. Moreover, TLR4-, NF-κB-, and TNF-α- positive cells were significantly decreased in hNS/PCs + CM-NPs group compared to the control groups. Taken together, this study indicated that combination therapy of stem cells with CM-NPs can be an effective therapy for TBI.
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Role of Inflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury-Associated Risk for Neuropsychiatric Disorders: State of the Evidence and Where Do We Go From Here. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:438-448. [PMID: 34955170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been an increasing awareness that traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion substantially increase the risk for developing psychiatric disorders. Even mild TBI increases the risk for depression and anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder by two- to threefold, predisposing patients to further functional impairment. This strong epidemiological link supports examination of potential mechanisms driving neuropsychiatric symptom development after TBI. One potential mechanism for increased neuropsychiatric symptoms after TBI is via inflammatory processes, as central nervous system inflammation can last years after initial injury. There is emerging preliminary evidence that TBI patients with posttraumatic stress disorder or depression exhibit increased central and peripheral inflammatory markers compared with TBI patients without these comorbidities. Growing evidence has demonstrated that immune signaling in animals plays an integral role in depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors after severe stress or brain injury. In this review, we will 1) discuss current evidence for chronic inflammation after TBI in the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms, 2) highlight potential microglial activation and cytokine signaling contributions, and 3) discuss potential promise and pitfalls for immune-targeted interventions and biomarker strategies to identify and treat TBI patients with immune-related neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Sharma R, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Dill LK, Rewell SSJ, Hudson MR, O'Brien TJ, Shultz SR, Semple BD. Pediatric traumatic brain injury and a subsequent transient immune challenge independently influenced chronic outcomes in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 100:29-47. [PMID: 34808288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major contributor to death and disability worldwide. Children are at particularly high risk of both sustaining a TBI and experiencing serious long-term consequences, such as cognitive deficits, mental health problems and post-traumatic epilepsy. Severe TBI patients are highly susceptible to nosocomial infections, which are mostly acquired within the first week of hospitalization post-TBI. Yet the potential chronic impact of such acute infections following pediatric TBI remains unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that a peripheral immune challenge, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mimicking a hospital-acquired infection-would worsen inflammatory, neurobehavioral, and seizure outcomes after experimental pediatric TBI. To test this, three-week old male C57Bl/6J mice received a moderate controlled cortical impact or sham surgery, followed by 1 mg/kg i.p. LPS (or 0.9% saline vehicle) at 4 days TBI. Mice were randomized to four groups; sham-saline, sham-LPS, TBI-saline or TBI-LPS (n = 15/group). Reduced general activity and increased anxiety-like behavior were observed within 24 h in LPS-treated mice, indicating a transient sickness response. LPS-treated mice also exhibited a reduction in body weights, which persisted chronically. From 2 months post-injury, mice underwent a battery of tests for sensorimotor, cognitive, and psychosocial behaviors. TBI resulted in hyperactivity and spatial memory deficits, independent of LPS; whereas LPS resulted in subtle deficits in spatial memory retention. At 5 months post-injury, video-electroencephalographic recordings were obtained to evaluate both spontaneous seizure activity as well as the evoked seizure response to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). TBI increased susceptibility to PTZ-evoked seizures; whereas LPS appeared to increase the incidence of spontaneous seizures. Post-mortem analyses found that TBI, but not LPS, resulted in robust glial reactivity and loss of cortical volume. A TBI × LPS interaction in hippocampal volume suggested that TBI-LPS mice had a subtle increase in ipsilateral hippocampus tissue loss; however, this was not reflected in neuronal cell counts. Both TBI and LPS independently had modest effects on chronic hippocampal gene expression. Together, contrary to our hypothesis, we observed minimal synergy between TBI and LPS. Instead, pediatric TBI and a subsequent transient immune challenge independently influenced chronic outcomes. These findings have implications for future preclinical modeling as well as acute post-injury patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Larissa K Dill
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah S J Rewell
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew R Hudson
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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11
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Electroacupuncture Attenuated Anxiety and Depression-Like Behavior via Inhibition of Hippocampal Inflammatory Response and Metabolic Disorders in TNBS-Induced IBD Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8295580. [PMID: 35087621 PMCID: PMC8789424 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8295580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to explore the potential mechanisms of electroacupuncture (EA) in treating inflammatory bowel disease- (IBD-) related anxiety and mood disorders. A colitis model was induced in rats with 2, 4, 6-trinitrohydrosulfonic acid (TNBS), followed by ST36 and SP6 targeted therapy by EA or sham EA treatment. The elevated plus maze (EPM) and open-field test (OFT) were performed to assess the state of anxiety and depression-like behavior. Tests were carried out by 16S rDNA amplification sequence, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The analyses detailed metabolic alterations and the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway/NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in rats' hippocampal region. Furthermore, the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and gut microbiome was assessed. As a result of treatment, EA significantly improved in the behavioral tests and altered the composition of the gut microbiome through a significant increase in the density of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producers mainly including Ruminococcaceae, Phascolarctobacterium, and Akkermansiaceae. EA upregulated the metabolites of the hippocampus mainly containing l-glutamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), as well as ZO-1 expression. Whereas the treatment blocked the TLR4/nuclear factor- kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways and NLRP3 inflammasomes, along with downregulating the interleukin- (IL-) 1β level. The hyperactivity of the HPA axis was also diminished. In conclusion, EA at ST36 and SP6 attenuated anxiety and depression-like behavior in colitis model rats through their effects on the gut microbiome by modulating the hippocampal inflammatory response and metabolic disorders, as well as the HPA axis. This study provides evidence for clinical application of EA to serve as an adjunctive treatment for IBD-related anxiety and depression.
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12
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McDonald SJ, Sharkey JM, Sun M, Kaukas LM, Shultz SR, Turner RJ, Leonard AV, Brady RD, Corrigan F. Beyond the Brain: Peripheral Interactions after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 37:770-781. [PMID: 32041478 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability, and there are currently no pharmacological treatments known to improve patient outcomes. Unquestionably, contributing toward a lack of effective treatments is the highly complex and heterogenous nature of TBI. In this review, we highlight the recent surge of research that has demonstrated various central interactions with the periphery as a potential major contributor toward this heterogeneity and, in particular, the breadth of research from Australia. We describe the growing evidence of how extracranial factors, such as polytrauma and infection, can significantly alter TBI neuropathology. In addition, we highlight how dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system and the systemic inflammatory response induced by TBI can have profound pathophysiological effects on peripheral organs, such as the heart, lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, spleen, and bone. Collectively, this review firmly establishes TBI as a systemic condition. Further, the central and peripheral interactions that can occur after TBI must be further explored and accounted for in the ongoing search for effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J McDonald
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica M Sharkey
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lola M Kaukas
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renee J Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anna V Leonard
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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13
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Postolache TT, Wadhawan A, Can A, Lowry CA, Woodbury M, Makkar H, Hoisington AJ, Scott AJ, Potocki E, Benros ME, Stiller JW. Inflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:1-28. [PMID: 32176646 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing evidence that inflammation contributes to clinical and functional outcomes in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Many successful target-engaging, lesion-reducing, symptom-alleviating, and function-improving interventions in animal models of TBI have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. Timing and immunological context are paramount for the direction, quality, and intensity of immune responses to TBI and the resulting neuroanatomical, clinical, and functional course. We present components of the immune system implicated in TBI, potential immune targets, and target-engaging interventions. The main objective of our article is to point toward modifiable molecular and cellular mechanisms that may modify the outcomes in TBI, and contribute to increasing the translational value of interventions that have been identified in animal models of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodor T Postolache
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19, Aurora, CO, USA.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA.,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 5, VA Capitol Health Care Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Abhishek Wadhawan
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Saint Elizabeths Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Adem Can
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19, Aurora, CO, USA.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Margaret Woodbury
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hina Makkar
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Hoisington
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19, Aurora, CO, USA.,Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
| | - Alison J Scott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eileen Potocki
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael E Benros
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John W Stiller
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Maryland State Athletic Commission, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Saint Elizabeths Hospital, Neurology Consultation Services, Washington, DC, USA
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14
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Bourgeois-Tardif S, De Beaumont L, Rivera JC, Chemtob S, Weil AG. Role of innate inflammation in traumatic brain injury. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:1287-1299. [PMID: 33464411 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-05002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Its increasing incidence, in addition to its fundamental role in the development of neurodegenerative disease, proves especially concerning. Despite extensive preclinical and clinical studies, researchers have yet to identify a safe and effective neuroprotective strategy. Following brain trauma, secondary injury from molecular, metabolic, and cellular changes causes progressive cerebral tissue damage. Chronic neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injuries is a key player in the development of secondary injury. Targeting this phenomenon for development of effective neuroprotective therapies holds promise. This strategy warrants a concrete understanding of complex neuroinflammatory mechanisms. In this review, we discuss pathophysiological mechanisms such as the innate immune response, glial activation, blood-brain barrier disruption, activation of immune mediators, as well as biological markers of traumatic brain injury. We then review existing and emerging pharmacological therapies that target neuroinflammation to improve functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bourgeois-Tardif
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Universite de Montreal - Psychology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis De Beaumont
- Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Universite de Montreal - Psychology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - José Carlos Rivera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175, Chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175, Chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexander G Weil
- Neurosurgery Service, Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Centre de Recherche, Room 3.17.100_6, 3175, Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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15
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Kaukas L, Krieg J, Collins-Praino L, Corrigan F. Effects of Remote Immune Activation on Performance in the 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Adolescence. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:659679. [PMID: 33867953 PMCID: PMC8046921 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.659679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult pre-clinical models, traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been shown to prime microglia, exaggerating the central inflammatory response to an acute immune challenge, worsening depressive-like behavior, and enhancing cognitive deficits. Whether this phenomenon exists following mTBI during adolescence has yet to be explored, with age at injury potentially altering the inflammatory response. Furthermore, to date, studies have predominantly examined hippocampal-dependent learning domains, although pre-frontal cortex-driven functions, including attention, motivation, and impulsivity, are significantly affected by both adolescent TBI and acute inflammatory stimuli. As such, the current study examined the effects of a single acute peripheral dose of LPS (0.33 mg/kg) given in adulthood following mTBI in mid-adolescence in male Sprague–Dawley rats on performance in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT). Only previously injured animals given LPS showed an increase in omissions and reward collection latency on the 5-CSRTT, with no effect noted in sham animals given LPS. This is suggestive of impaired motivation and a prolonged central inflammatory response to LPS administration in these animals. Indeed, morphological analysis of myeloid cells within the pre-frontal cortex, via IBA1 immunohistochemistry, found that injured animals administered LPS had an increase in complexity in IBA1+ve cells, an effect that was seen to a lesser extent in sham animals. These findings suggest that there may be ongoing alterations in the effects of acute inflammatory stimuli that are driven, in part by increased reactivity of microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Kaukas
- Head Injury Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Justin Krieg
- Head Injury Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lyndsey Collins-Praino
- Head Injury Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Head Injury Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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16
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Sharma R, Zamani A, Dill LK, Sun M, Chu E, Robinson MJ, O'Brien TJ, Shultz SR, Semple BD. A systemic immune challenge to model hospital-acquired infections independently regulates immune responses after pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:72. [PMID: 33731173 PMCID: PMC7968166 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability in young children, yet the factors contributing to poor outcomes in this population are not well understood. TBI patients are highly susceptible to nosocomial infections, which are mostly acquired within the first week of hospitalization, and such infections may modify TBI pathobiology and recovery. In this study, we hypothesized that a peripheral immune challenge such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—mimicking a hospital-acquired infection—would worsen outcomes after experimental pediatric TBI, by perpetuating the inflammatory immune response. Methods Three-week-old male mice received either a moderate controlled cortical impact or sham surgery, followed by a single LPS dose (1 mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle (0.9% saline) at 4 days post-surgery, then analysis at 5 or 8 days post-injury (i.e., 1 or 4 days post-LPS). Results LPS-treated mice exhibited a time-dependent reduction in general activity and social investigation, and increased anxiety, alongside substantial body weight loss, indicating transient sickness behaviors. Spleen-to-body weight ratios were also increased in LPS-treated mice, indicative of persistent activation of adaptive immunity at 4 days post-LPS. TBI + LPS mice showed an impaired trajectory of weight gain post-LPS, reflecting a synergistic effect of TBI and the LPS-induced immune challenge. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated innate immune cell activation in blood, brain, and spleen post-LPS; however, this was not potentiated by TBI. Cytokine protein levels in serum, and gene expression levels in the brain, were altered in response to LPS but not TBI across the time course. Immunofluorescence analysis of brain sections revealed increased glia reactivity due to injury, but no additive effect of LPS was observed. Conclusions Together, we found that a transient, infection-like systemic challenge had widespread effects on the brain and immune system, but these were not synergistic with prior TBI in pediatric mice. These findings provide novel insight into the potential influence of a secondary immune challenge to the injured pediatric brain, with future studies needed to elucidate the chronic effects of this two-hit insult. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02114-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Larissa K Dill
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Erskine Chu
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Marcus J Robinson
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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17
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Verboon LN, Patel HC, Greenhalgh AD. The Immune System's Role in the Consequences of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (Concussion). Front Immunol 2021; 12:620698. [PMID: 33679762 PMCID: PMC7928307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mild TBI), often referred to as concussion, is the most common form of TBI and affects millions of people each year. A history of mild TBI increases the risk of developing emotional and neurocognitive disorders later in life that can impact on day to day living. These include anxiety and depression, as well as neurodegenerative conditions such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Actions of brain resident or peripherally recruited immune cells are proposed to be key regulators across these diseases and mood disorders. Here, we will assess the impact of mild TBI on brain and patient health, and evaluate the recent evidence for immune cell involvement in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N. Verboon
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hiren C. Patel
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Salford Royal National Health Service Foundation Trust, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance National Health Service Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Greenhalgh
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance National Health Service Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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18
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Hanscom M, Loane DJ, Aubretch T, Leser J, Molesworth K, Hedgekar N, Ritzel RM, Abulwerdi G, Shea-Donohue T, Faden AI. Acute colitis during chronic experimental traumatic brain injury in mice induces dysautonomia and persistent extraintestinal, systemic, and CNS inflammation with exacerbated neurological deficits. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:24. [PMID: 33461596 PMCID: PMC7814749 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruptions of brain-gut axis have been implicated in the progression of a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and central nervous system (CNS) diseases and injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is a chronic disease process characterized by persistent secondary injury processes which can be exacerbated by subsequent challenges. Enteric pathogen infection during chronic TBI worsened cortical lesion volume; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the damaging effects of enteric challenge during chronic TBI remain unknown. This preclinical study examined the effect of intestinal inflammation during chronic TBI on associated neurobehavioral and neuropathological outcomes, systemic inflammation, and dysautonomia. METHODS Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was administered to adult male C57BL/6NCrl mice 28 days following craniotomy (Sham) or TBI for 7 days to induce intestinal inflammation, followed by a return to normal drinking water for an additional 7 to 28 days for recovery; uninjured animals (Naïve) served as an additional control group. Behavioral testing was carried out prior to, during, and following DSS administration to assess changes in motor and cognitive function, social behavior, and mood. Electrocardiography was performed to examine autonomic balance. Brains were collected for histological and molecular analyses of injury lesion, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation. Blood, colons, spleens, mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs), and thymus were collected for morphometric analyses and/or immune characterization by flow cytometry. RESULTS Intestinal inflammation 28 days after craniotomy or TBI persistently induced, or exacerbated, respectively, deficits in fine motor coordination, cognition, social behavior, and anxiety-like behavior. Behavioral changes were associated with an induction, or exacerbation, of hippocampal neuronal cell loss and microglial activation in Sham and TBI mice administered DSS, respectively. Acute DSS administration resulted in a sustained systemic immune response with increases in myeloid cells in blood and spleen, as well as myeloid cells and lymphocytes in mesenteric lymph nodes. Dysautonomia was also induced in Sham and TBI mice administered DSS, with increased sympathetic tone beginning during DSS administration and persisting through the first recovery week. CONCLUSION Intestinal inflammation during chronic experimental TBI causes a sustained systemic immune response and altered autonomic balance that are associated with microglial activation, increased neurodegeneration, and persistent neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hanscom
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Taryn Aubretch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jenna Leser
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kara Molesworth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Nivedita Hedgekar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Gelareh Abulwerdi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- Division of Translational Radiation Sciences (DTRS), Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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19
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Popovitz J, Mysore SP, Adwanikar H. Neural Markers of Vulnerability to Anxiety Outcomes after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:1006-1022. [PMID: 33050836 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are complex, and the underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we developed a multi-dimensional behavioral profiling approach to investigate anxiety-like outcomes in mice that takes into account individual variability. Departing from the tradition of comparing outcomes in TBI versus sham groups, we identified a subgroup within the TBI group that is vulnerable to anxiety dysfunction, and present increased exploration of the anxiogenic zone compared to sham controls or resilient injured animals, by applying dimensionality reduction, clustering, and post hoc validation to behavioral data obtained from multiple assays for anxiety at several post-injury time points. These vulnerable animals expressed distinct molecular profiles in the corticolimbic network, with downregulation in gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate and upregulation in neuropeptide Y markers. Indeed, among vulnerable animals, not resilient or sham controls, severity of anxiety-related outcomes correlated strongly with expression of molecular markers. Our results establish a foundational approach, with predictive power, for reliably identifying maladaptive anxiety outcomes after TBI and uncovering neural signatures of vulnerability to anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Popovitz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shreesh P Mysore
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hita Adwanikar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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20
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Shultz SR, McDonald SJ, Corrigan F, Semple BD, Salberg S, Zamani A, Jones NC, Mychasiuk R. Clinical Relevance of Behavior Testing in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2381-2400. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy R. Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart J. McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Department of Anatomy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel C. Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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21
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He J, Huang Y, Liu H, Sun X, Wu J, Zhang Z, Liu L, Zhou C, Jiang S, Huang Z, Zhong J, Guo Z, Jiang L, Cheng C. Bexarotene promotes microglia/macrophages - Specific brain - Derived Neurotrophic factor expression and axon sprouting after traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113462. [PMID: 32916173 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been regarded as one of the leading cause of injury-related death and disability. White matter injury after TBI is characterized by axon damage and demyelination, resulting in neural network impairment and neurological deficit. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can promote white matter repair. The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has been reported to promote microglia/macrophages towards anti-inflammatory state and therefore to promote axon regeneration. Bexarotene, an agonist of retinoid X receptor (RXR), can activate RXR/PPARγ heterodimers. The aim of the present study was to identify the effect of bexarotene on BDNF in microglia/macrophages and axon sprouting after TBI in mice. Bexarotene was administered intraperitoneally in C57BL/6 mice undergoing controlled cortical impact (CCI). PPARγ dependency was determined by intraperitoneal administration of a PPARγ antagonist T0070907. We found that bexarotene promoted axon regeneration indicated by increased growth associated protein 43 (GAP43) expression, myelin basic protein (MBP) expression, and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA)+ axon sprouting. Bexarotene also increased microglia/macrophages-specific brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression after TBI. In addition, bexarotene reduced the number of pro-inflammatory microglia/macrophages while increased the number of anti-inflammatory microglia/macrophages after TBI. Moreover, bexaortene inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. In addition, bexarotene treatment improved neurological scores and cognitive function of CCI-injured mice. These effects of bexarotene were partially abolished by T0070907. In conclusion, bexarotene promotes axon sprouting, increases microglia/macrophages-specific BDNF expression, and induces microglia/macrophages from a pro-inflammatory state towards an anti-inflammatory one after TBI at least partially in a PPARγ-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchi He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yike Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingchuan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaosi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaoqiu Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chongjie Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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22
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Sun M, Brady RD, Wanrooy B, Mychasiuk R, Yamakawa GR, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Wong CHY, Shultz SR, McDonald SJ. Experimental traumatic brain injury does not lead to lung infection. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 343:577239. [PMID: 32302792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients often experience post-traumatic infections, especially in the lung. Pulmonary infection is associated with unfavorable outcomes and increased mortality rates in TBI patients; however, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms is poor. Here we used a lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) model in rats to investigate whether TBI could lead to spontaneous lung infection. Analysis of bacterial load in lung tissue indicated no occurrence of spontaneous lung infection at 24 h, 48 h, and 7 d following LFPI. This may suggest that exogenous infectious agents play a crucial role in post-TBI infection in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Brooke Wanrooy
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Connie H Y Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
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23
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Bachstetter AD, Morganti JM, Bodnar CN, Webster SJ, Higgins EK, Roberts KN, Snider H, Meier SE, Nation GK, Goulding DS, Hamm M, Powell DK, Vandsburger M, Van Eldik LJ, Abisambra JF. The effects of mild closed head injuries on tauopathy and cognitive deficits in rodents: Primary results in wild type and rTg4510 mice, and a systematic review. Exp Neurol 2020; 326:113180. [PMID: 31930992 PMCID: PMC7373372 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the majority of sustained traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are classified as 'mild' and most often a result of a closed head injury (CHI). The effects of a non-penetrating CHI are not benign and may lead to chronic pathology and behavioral dysfunction, which could be worsened by repeated head injury. Clinical-neuropathological correlation studies provide evidence that conversion of tau into abnormally phosphorylated proteotoxic intermediates (p-tau) could be part of the pathophysiology triggered by a single TBI and enhanced by repeated TBIs. However, the link between p-tau and CHI in rodents remains controversial. To address this question experimentally, we induced a single CHI or two CHIs to WT or rTg4510 mice. We found that 2× CHI increased tau phosphorylation in WT mice and rTg4510 mice. Behavioral characterization in WT mice found chronic deficits in the radial arm water maze in 2× CHI mice that had partially resolved in the 1× CHI mice. Moreover, using Manganese-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging with R1 mapping - a novel functional neuroimaging technique - we found greater deficits in the rTg4510 mice following 2× CHI compared to 1× CHI. To integrate our findings with prior work in the field, we conducted a systematic review of rodent mild repetitive CHI studies. Following Prisma guidelines, we identified 25 original peer-reviewed papers. Results from our experiments, as well as our systematic review, provide compelling evidence that tau phosphorylation is modified by experimental mild TBI studies; however, changes in p-tau levels are not universally reported. Together, our results provide evidence that repetitive TBIs can result in worse and more persistent neurological deficits compared to a single TBI, but the direct link between the worsened outcome and elevated p-tau could not be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Bachstetter
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America.
| | - Josh M Morganti
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Colleen N Bodnar
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Scott J Webster
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Emma K Higgins
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Kelly N Roberts
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Henry Snider
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Shelby E Meier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Grant K Nation
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Danielle S Goulding
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Matthew Hamm
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - David K Powell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Moriel Vandsburger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Jose F Abisambra
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
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24
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Nasr IW, Chun Y, Kannan S. Neuroimmune responses in the developing brain following traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112957. [PMID: 31108085 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of both acute and long-term morbidity in the pediatric population, leading to a substantial, long-term socioeconomic burden. Despite the increase in the amount of pre-clinical and clinical research, treatment options for TBI rely heavily on supportive care with very limited targeted interventions that improve the acute and chronic sequelae of TBI. Other than injury prevention, not much can be done to limit the primary injury, which consists of tissue damage and cellular destruction. Secondary injury is the result of the ongoing complex inflammatory pathways that further exacerbate tissue damage, resulting in the devastating chronic outcomes of TBI. On the other hand, some level of inflammation is essential for neuronal regeneration and tissue repair. In this review article we discuss the various stages of the neuroimmune response in the immature, pediatric brain in the context of normal maturation and development of the immune system. The developing brain has unique features that distinguish it from the adult brain, and the immune system plays an integral role in CNS development. Those features could potentially make the developing brain more susceptible to worse outcomes, both acutely and in the long-term. The neuroinflammatory reaction which is triggered by TBI can be described as a highly intricate interaction between the cells of the innate and the adaptive immune systems. The innate immune system is triggered by non-specific danger signals that are released from damaged cells and tissues, which in turn leads to neutrophil infiltration, activation of microglia and astrocytes, complement release, as well as histamine release by mast cells. The adaptive immune response is subsequently activated leading to the more chronic effects of neuroinflammation. We will also discuss current attempts at modulating the TBI-induced neuroinflammatory response. A better understanding of the role of the immune system in normal brain development and how immune function changes with age is crucial for designing therapies to appropriately target the immune responses following TBI in order to enhance repair and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isam W Nasr
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States of America
| | - Young Chun
- Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States of America
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States of America.
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25
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Arulsamy A, Corrigan F, Collins-Praino LE. Age, but not severity of injury, mediates decline in executive function: Validation of the rodent touchscreen paradigm for preclinical models of traumatic brain injury. Behav Brain Res 2019; 368:111912. [PMID: 30998995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, it is being recognised that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not just an acute event but instead results in ongoing neuronal injury that may lead to chronic impairments in multiple cognitive domains. Of these, deficits in executive function are one of the more common changes reported following TBI, and are a major predictor of well-being, social function and quality of life in individuals with a history of TBI. In order to fully understand the relationship between TBI and executive dysfunction, including brain mechanisms that may account for this, experimental models are clearly needed. However, to date, there have been a lack of preclinical studies systematically comparing the effect of injury severity on executive function, particularly at long-term timepoints post-injury. Furthermore, many previous studies have not used behavioural measures that are sensitive to the full range of executive function impairments that may manifest after injury, particularly in models of diffuse axonal injury (Lv et al.). The current study aimed to investigate the temporal profile, up to 12 months post-injury, of the evolution of executive dysfunction following different severities of injury in an experimental model of DAI. In order to do so, we utilised a rodent touchscreen paradigm to administer the 5 Choice- Continuous Performance Task (5C-CPT), an extension of the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRT). Interestingly, there were no differences in learning, motivation, attention, response time or impulsivity at 1 month, 6 months or 12 months post-injury in any of the TBI groups compared to sham, regardless of the initial severity of the injury. Instead, most of the effects on executive function seen at the 12 month timepoint appeared to be a result of ageing, not injury. As even the 12-month timepoint represents middle age in the rat, future studies will be needed to further probe these effects, in order to determine whether DAI may influence the presentation of executive dysfunction in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Arulsamy
- Cognition, Ageing and Neurodegenerative Disease Lab, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - Lyndsey E Collins-Praino
- Cognition, Ageing and Neurodegenerative Disease Lab, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia.
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26
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Shi H, Hua X, Kong D, Stein D, Hua F. Role of Toll-like receptor mediated signaling in traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:259-267. [PMID: 30075158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying secondary brain damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain unclear. A great many studies have demonstrated that inflammatory cascades contribute to brain damage through the activation of immune/inflammatory responses, including the increased release of cytokines and chemokines, and the recruitment of leukocytes. The cells and tissues damaged by primary mechanical injury release a number of endogenous factors acting as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which initiate and perpetuate noninfectious inflammatory responses through transduction signaling pathways. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a transmembrane receptor family that can recognize the specific DAMPs released from damaged cells and recruit a set of adaptors leading to the activation of downstream kinases and nuclear factors which regulate the expression of inflammatory genes. The activation of inflammatory responses mediated by TLR signaling is closely associated with brain tissue damage and neurological dysfunction following TBI. TLRs and their downstream protein kinases may be potential targets for the treatment of TBI. Modulation of TLR-mediated signaling may attenuate brain damage and improve TBI outcome. In this review, we briefly discuss the role of TLR-mediated signaling in TBI and the new treatments targeting TLR signaling. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Novel Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury".
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Xiaodong Hua
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA, 30606, USA; Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Delian Kong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Donald Stein
- Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30032, USA
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
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27
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Semple BD, Zamani A, Rayner G, Shultz SR, Jones NC. Affective, neurocognitive and psychosocial disorders associated with traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 123:27-41. [PMID: 30059725 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI) often develop chronic neurological, neurocognitive, psychological, and psychosocial deficits that can have a profound impact on an individual's wellbeing and quality of life. TBI is also a common cause of acquired epilepsy, which is itself associated with significant behavioral morbidity. This review considers the clinical and preclinical evidence that post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) acts as a 'second-hit' insult to worsen chronic behavioral outcomes for brain-injured patients, across the domains of emotional, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning. Surprisingly, few well-designed studies have specifically examined the relationship between seizures and behavioral outcomes after TBI. The complex mechanisms underlying these comorbidities remain incompletely understood, although many of the biological processes that precipitate seizure occurrence and epileptogenesis may also contribute to the development of chronic behavioral deficits. Further, the relationship between PTE and behavioral dysfunction is increasingly recognized to be a bidirectional one, whereby premorbid conditions are a risk factor for PTE. Clinical studies in this arena are often challenged by the confounding effects of anti-seizure medications, while preclinical studies have rarely examined an adequately extended time course to fully capture the time course of epilepsy development after a TBI. To drive the field forward towards improved treatment strategies, it is imperative that both seizures and neurobehavioral outcomes are assessed in parallel after TBI, both in patient populations and preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Genevieve Rayner
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Alfred Health, Australia.
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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28
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Zhang X, Lu Y, Wu Q, Dai H, Li W, Lv S, Zhou X, Zhang X, Hang C, Wang J. Astaxanthin mitigates subarachnoid hemorrhage injury primarily by increasing sirtuin 1 and inhibiting the Toll‐like receptor 4 signaling pathway. FASEB J 2018; 33:722-737. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800642rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of MedicineNanjing University Nanjing China
- Department of AnesthesiologyCritical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of NeurosurgeryNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of MedicineNanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of NeurosurgeryJinling HospitalSchool of MedicineNanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Haibin Dai
- Department of NeurosurgeryNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of MedicineNanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of MedicineNanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Shengyin Lv
- Department of NeurosurgeryJinling HospitalSchool of MedicineNanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of NeurosurgeryChangzheng HospitalSchool of MedicineSecond Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologyCritical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Chunhua Hang
- Department of NeurosurgeryNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of MedicineNanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyCritical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
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29
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Kokiko-Cochran ON, Godbout JP. The Inflammatory Continuum of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:672. [PMID: 29686672 PMCID: PMC5900037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-injury inflammatory response is a key mediator in long-term recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Moreover, the immune response to TBI, mediated by microglia and macrophages, is influenced by existing brain pathology and by secondary immune challenges. For example, recent evidence shows that the presence of beta-amyloid and phosphorylated tau protein, two hallmark features of AD that increase during normal aging, substantially alter the macrophage response to TBI. Additional data demonstrate that post-injury microglia are “primed” and become hyper-reactive following a subsequent acute immune challenge thereby worsening recovery. These alterations may increase the incidence of neuropsychiatric complications after TBI and may also increase the frequency of neurodegenerative pathology. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize experimental studies examining the relationship between TBI and development of AD-like pathology with an emphasis on the acute and chronic microglial and macrophage response following injury. Furthermore, studies will be highlighted that examine the degree to which beta-amyloid and tau accumulation as well as pre- and post-injury immune stressors influence outcome after TBI. Collectively, the studies described in this review suggest that the brain’s immune response to injury is a key mediator in recovery, and if compromised by previous, coincident, or subsequent immune stressors, post-injury pathology and behavioral recovery will be altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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30
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Different effects of immune stimulation on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors depending on timing of stimulation. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 58:48-56. [PMID: 29549719 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stressful life events are thought to be triggering factors of numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. However, the interactions between chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and immune stimulation have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge at different time points on CUMS-induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. At 1 day before, 18 or 35 days following the initial of CUMS, mice were intraperitoneally given a single LPS (0.1 mg/kg). Neurobehavioral and biochemical studies were performed at the indicated time points. LPS challenge had different effects on CUMS-induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors depending on the timing of stimulation. When given 1 day before CUMS, LPS restored brain-derived neurotrophic factor level and reversed anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. When given at 18 days after the initial of CUMS, LPS seemed to promote the immune response and even induce a slight exacerbation of neurobehavioral performance, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. Intriguingly, when given at the end of CUMS, LPS reversed some of the anxiety- and depression-like behavior. Taken together, our study highlights the complex interaction between stress and immune challenge, suggesting therapies that modulate immune responses should be tailored to the immune status of the individual.
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31
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Sun M, McDonald SJ, Brady RD, O'Brien TJ, Shultz SR. The influence of immunological stressors on traumatic brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:618-628. [PMID: 29355823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and typically involves a robust immune response. Although a great deal of preclinical research has been conducted to identify an effective treatment, all phase III clinical trials have been unsuccessful to date. These translational shortcomings are in part due to a failure to recognize and account for the heterogeneity of TBI, including how extracranial factors can influence the aftermath of TBI. For example, most preclinical studies have utilized isolated TBI models in young adult males, while clinical trials typically involve highly heterogeneous patient populations (e.g., different mechanisms of injury, a range of ages, presence of polytrauma or infection). This paper will review the current, albeit limited literature related to how TBI is affected by common concomitant immunological stressors. In particular, discussion will focus on whether extracranial trauma (i.e., polytrauma), infection, and age/immunosenescence can influence TBI pathophysiology, and thereby may result in a different brain injury than what would have occurred in an isolated TBI. It is concluded that these immunological stressors are all likely to be TBI modifiers that should be further studied and could impact translational treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujun Sun
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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The effect of an acute systemic inflammatory insult on the chronic effects of a single mild traumatic brain injury. Behav Brain Res 2018; 336:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chen X, Wu S, Chen C, Xie B, Fang Z, Hu W, Chen J, Fu H, He H. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation attenuates microglial-induced inflammation by inhibiting the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway following experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:143. [PMID: 28738820 PMCID: PMC5525354 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglial activation and the subsequent inflammatory response in the central nervous system play important roles in secondary damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, an important mediator in late inflammatory responses, interacts with transmembrane receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) to activate downstream signaling pathways, such as the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway, leading to a cascade amplification of inflammatory responses, which are related to neuronal damage after TBI. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) is a commonly used clinical immunonutrient, which has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effects of ω-3 PUFA on HMGB1 expression and HMGB1-mediated activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway are not clear. Methods The Feeney DM TBI model was adopted to induce brain injury in rats. Modified neurological severity scores, brain water content, and Nissl staining were employed to determine the neuroprotective effects of ω-3 PUFA supplementation. Assessment of microglial activation in lesioned sites and protein markers for proinflammatory, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, and HMGB1 were used to evaluate neuroinflammatory responses and anti-inflammation effects of ω-3 PUFA supplementation. Immunofluorescent staining and western blot analysis were used to detect HMGB1 nuclear translocation, secretion, and HMGB1-mediated activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway to evaluate the effects of ω-3 PUFA supplementation and gain further insight into the mechanisms underlying the development of the neuroinflammatory response after TBI. Results It was found that ω-3 PUFA supplementation inhibited TBI-induced microglial activation and expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ), reduced brain edema, decreased neuronal apoptosis, and improved neurological functions after TBI. We further demonstrated that ω-3 PUFA supplementation inhibited HMGB1 nuclear translocation and secretion and decreased expression of HMGB1 in neurons and microglia in the lesioned areas. Moreover, ω-3 PUFA supplementation inhibited microglial activation and the subsequent inflammatory response by regulating HMGB1 and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that microglial activation and the subsequent neuroinflammatory response as well as the related HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway play essential roles in secondary injury after TBI. Furthermore, ω-3 PUFA supplementation inhibited TBI-induced microglial activation and the subsequent inflammatory response by regulating HMGB1 nuclear translocation and secretion and also HMGB1-mediated activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shukai Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chunnuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Baoyuan Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhongning Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Weipeng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Junyan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Huangde Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of YouJiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi Province, China.
| | - Hefan He
- Department of Anesthesia, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China.
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