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Liu W, Man X, Wang Y, Wang Q, Wang Z, Qi J, Qin Q, Han B, Sun J. Tirofiban mediates neuroprotective effects in acute ischemic stroke by reducing inflammatory response. Neuroscience 2024; 555:32-40. [PMID: 39025399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is a critical driver of the development, worsening, and cell death observed in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). While prior research has demonstrated that tirofiban enhances functional recovery in AIS patients by suppressing platelet aggregation, its impact and underlying mechanisms in AIS-related neuroinflammation remain elusive. The current study established an AIS mouse model employing photochemical techniques and assessed neurological function and brain infarct size using the modified neurological severity scale (mNSS) and 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, respectively. Tirofiban significantly reduced the volume of cerebral infarction in AIS mice, accompanied by an enhancement in their neurological functions. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays along with experiments assessing oxidative stress showed that tirofiban mitigated oxidative damage and apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra post-AIS. Additionally, DNA microarray analysis revealed alterations in gene expression patterns in the ischemic penumbra after tirofiban treatment. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that most gene-level downregulated signaling pathways were closely related to the inflammatory response. Moreover, the protein microarray analysis revealed that tirofiban diminished the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in the ischemic penumbra. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining showed that tirofiban regulated inflammatory responses by altering the state and phenotype of microglia. In conclusion, this study suggests that tirofiban reduces inflammatory response by regulating microglial state and phenotype and lowering the levels of inflammatory factors, providing neuroprotection in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xu Man
- Department of Integrative Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yongbin Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jianjiao Qi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qiaoji Qin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ban Han
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Jinping Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Shen B, Yang L, Jia X, Kong D, Jing L, Gao Y, Gao S, Chen R, Chen F, Zhao C, Li Y, Tan R, Zhao X. Contribution of platelets to disruption of the blood-brain barrier during arterial baroreflex dysfunction. Microvasc Res 2024; 154:104681. [PMID: 38493885 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2024.104681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial baroreflex dysfunction, like many other central nervous system disorders, involves disruption of the blood-brain barrier, but what causes such disruption in ABR dysfunction is unclear. Here we explored the potential role of platelets in this disruption. METHODS ABR dysfunction was induced in rats using sinoaortic denervation, and the effects on integrity of the blood-brain barrier were explored based on leakage of Evans blue or FITC-dextran, while the effects on expression of CD40L in platelets and of key proteins in microvascular endothelial cells were explored using immunohistochemistry, western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Similar experiments were carried out in rat brain microvascular endothelial cell line, which we exposed to platelets taken from rats with ABR dysfunction. RESULTS Sinoaortic denervation permeabilized the blood-brain barrier and downregulated zonula occludens-1 and occludin in rat brain, while upregulating expression of CD40L on the surface of platelets and stimulating platelet aggregation. Similar effects of permeabilization and downregulation were observed in healthy rats that received platelets from animals with ABR dysfunction, and in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells, but only in the presence of lipopolysaccharide. These effects were associated with activation of NF-κB signaling and upregulation of matrix metalloprotease-9. These effects of platelets from animals with ABR dysfunction were partially blocked by neutralizing antibody against CD40L or the platelet inhibitor clopidogrel. CONCLUSION During ABR dysfunction, platelets may disrupt the blood-brain barrier when CD40L on their surface activates NF-kB signaling within cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, leading to upregulation of matrix metalloprotease-9. Our findings imply that targeting CD40L may be effective against cerebral diseases involving ABR dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Shen
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Xiaoli Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Liaocheng People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Liao'cheng 252000, China
| | - Deping Kong
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Lei Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongping People's Hospital, Tai'an 271500, China
| | - Yongfeng Gao
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Ruimin Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Fengbao Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Rui Tan
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China.
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Beura SK, Sahoo G, Yadav S, Yadav P, Panigrahi AR, Singh SK. Investigating the role of rotenone on human blood platelets: Molecular insights into abnormal platelet functions in Parkinson's disease. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23747. [PMID: 38800879 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a predominant neuromotor disorder characterized by the selective death of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. The majority of PD cases are sporadic or idiopathic, with environmental toxins and pollutants potentially contributing to its development or exacerbation. However, clinical PD patients are often associated with a reduced stroke frequency, where circulating blood platelets are indispensable. Although platelet structural impairment is evident in PD, the platelet functional alterations and their underlying molecular mechanisms are still obscure. Therefore, we investigated rotenone (ROT), an environmental neurotoxin that selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons mimicking PD, on human blood platelets to explore its impact on platelet functions, thus replicating PD conditions in vitro. Our study deciphered that ROT decreased thrombin-induced platelet functions, including adhesion, activation, secretion, and aggregation in human blood platelets. As ROT is primarily responsible for generating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ROS is a key player regulating the platelet functional parameters, we went on to check the effect of ROT on platelet ROS production. In our investigation, it became evident that ROT treatment resulted in the stimulation of ROS production in human blood platelets. Additionally, we discovered that ROT induced ROS production by augmenting Ca2+ mobilization from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. Apart from this, the treatment of ROT triggers protein kinase C associated NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production in platelets. In summary, this research, for the first time, highlights ROT-induced abnormal platelet functions and may provide a mechanistic insight into the altered platelet activities observed in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kumar Beura
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurahari Sahoo
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sonika Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | | | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Li H, Ju D, Tao Z, Wang J, Nguyen TN, Saver JL, Nogueira RG, Liu C, Yang Q, Qiu Z, Yin C, Sun D, Liu S. Adjunct Intraarterial or Intravenous Tirofiban Versus No Tirofiban After Successful Recanalization of Basilar Artery Occlusion Stroke: The BASILAR Registry. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032326. [PMID: 38390817 PMCID: PMC10944024 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately half of patients who achieve successful reperfusion do not achieve functional independence. The present study sought to investigate the clinical outcomes and safety of intraarterial or intravenous tirofiban as adjunct therapy in patients with acute basilar artery occlusion who had achieved successful recanalization with endovascular treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS In the national, prospective BASILAR (Endovascular Treatment for Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion Study) registry, 458 patients who met inclusion criteria were divided into 3 groups based on tirofiban administration (no tirofiban, n=262; intravenous tirofiban, n=101; intraarterial+intravenous tirofiban, n=95). Their clinical outcomes were compared with 90-day modified Rankin Scale scores. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% CIs were obtained by logistic regression models and propensity score matching. Safety outcomes included any intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), symptomatic ICH, and mortality. Among 458 included patients, 184 (40.2%) achieved a favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 0-3). There were no differences between the intravenous tirofiban group and the no tirofiban group in terms of safety and clinical outcomes (all P>0.05). Compared with the no tirofiban group, the intraarterial+intravenous tirofiban group had higher odds of 90-day modified Rankin Scale score 0 to 3 (aOR, 2.44 [95% CI, 1.30-4.64], P=0.006) and lower 3-month mortality (aOR, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.19-0.71], P=0.002) without an increase in any ICH (aOR, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.09-1.01], P=0.07) or symptomatic ICH (aOR, 0.23 [95% CI, 0.03-0.90], P=0.05). Similar results of intraarterial+intravenous tirofiban on improving clinical outcomes were detected in novel cohorts constructed by propensity score matching. CONCLUSIONS Intraarterial+intravenous rather than intravenous tirofiban improved clinical outcomes without increasing the frequency of symptomatic ICH among patients with basilar artery occlusion after successful endovascular treatment. Further studies are needed to delineate the roles of intraarterial+intravenous tirofiban in patients with basilar artery occlusion receiving endovascular treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huagang Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan HospitalWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Dongsheng Ju
- Department of NeurologySongyuan Jilin Oilfield HospitalSongyuanChina
| | - Zhaojun Tao
- Department of NeurologyThe 903rd Hospital of The People’s Liberation ArmyHangzhouChina
| | - Jiayin Wang
- Department of NeurologyThe 903rd Hospital of The People’s Liberation ArmyHangzhouChina
| | - Thanh N. Nguyen
- Department of Neurology and RadiologyBoston Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
| | - Jeffrey L. Saver
- Department of NeurologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Raul G. Nogueira
- Department of Neurology, UPMC Stroke InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of NeurologyXinqiao Hospital and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Qingwu Yang
- Department of NeurologyXinqiao Hospital and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Zhongming Qiu
- Department of NeurologyThe 903rd Hospital of The People’s Liberation ArmyHangzhouChina
- Department of NeurologyXinqiao Hospital and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Congguo Yin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan HospitalWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shudong Liu
- Department of NeurologyYongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchChongqingChina
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Lv W, Jiang X, Zhang Y. The role of platelets in the blood-brain barrier during brain pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1298314. [PMID: 38259501 PMCID: PMC10800710 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1298314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelets play critical roles in maintaining hemostasis. The blood brain barrier (BBB), a significant physical and metabolic barrier, helps maintain physiological stability by limiting transportations between the blood and neural tissues. When the brain undergoes inflammation, tumor, trauma, or bleeding, the platelet responses to help with maintaining BBB homeostasis. In the traditional point of view, activated platelets aggregate to form thrombi which cover the gaps of the blood vessels to protect BBB. However, increasing evidences indicate that platelets may harm BBB by enhancing vascular permeability. Hereby, we reviewed recently published articles with a special focus on the platelet-mediated damage of BBB. Factors released by platelets can induce BBB permeability, which involve platelet-activating factors (PAF), P-selectin, ADP, platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) superfamily proteins, especially PDGF-AA and PDGF-CC, etc. Platelets can also secrete Amyloid-β (Aβ), which triggers neuroinflammation and downregulates the expression of tight junction molecules such as claudin-5 to damage BBB. Additionally, platelets can form aggregates with neutrophils to release reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can destroy the DNA, proteins, and lipids of endothelial cells (ECs). Moreover, platelets participate in neuroinflammation to affect BBB. Conversely, some of the platelet released factors such as PDGF-BB, protects BBB. In summary, platelets play dual roles in BBB integrity and the related mechanisms are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaofan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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Hu Y, Yang Z, Yan F, Huang S, Wang R, Han Z, Fan J, Zheng Y, Liu P, Luo Y, Li S. CCA repair or ECA ligation-Which middle cerebral artery occlusion is better in the reperfusion mouse model? IBRAIN 2023; 9:258-269. [PMID: 37786756 PMCID: PMC10527786 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
A reliable animal model is essential for ischemic stroke research. The implications of the external carotid artery (ECA) transection or common carotid artery (CCA) ligation have been described. Thus, a modified animal model, the CCA-repair model, has been established, and studies have shown that the CCA-repair model has potential advantages over the CCA-ligation model. However, whether the CCA-repair model is superior to the ECA-ligation model remains unclear. Sixty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to establish the CCA-repair (n = 34) or ECA-ligation (n = 26) models. Cerebral blood flow before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), immediately after MCAO and reperfusion were monitored and the operation duration, postoperative body weight, and food intake within 7 days, and the number of intraoperative and postoperative deaths within 7 days were recorded in the two models. Modified neurological severity scores and Bederson (0-5) scores were used to evaluate postoperative neurological function deficits on Days 1/3/5/7. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to quantify lesion volume on Day 7 after the operation. We found the establishment of the CCA-repair model required a longer total operation duration (p = 0.0175), especially the operation duration of reperfusion (p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference in body weight and food intake development, lesion volume and intragroup variability, neurological function deficits, mortality, and survival probability between the two groups. The CCA-repair model has no significant advantage over the ECA-ligation model. The ECA-ligation model is still a better choice for focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhen‐Hong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shuang‐Feng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Emergency, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Rong‐Liang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zi‐Ping Han
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jun‐Fen Fan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yang‐Min Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yu‐Min Luo
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Emergency, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Si‐Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Emergency, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Wang Y, Qin WY, Wang Q, Liu XN, Li XH, Ye XQ, Bai Y, Zhang Y, Liu P, Wang XL, Zhou YH, Shao ZB, Yuan HP. Young Sca-1 + bone marrow stem cell-derived exosomes preserve visual function via the miR-150-5p/MEKK3/JNK/c-Jun pathway to reduce M1 microglial polarization. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:194. [PMID: 37322478 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01944-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polarization of microglia, the resident retinal immune cells, plays important roles in mediating both injury and repair responses post-retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is one of the main pathological mechanisms behind ganglion cell apoptosis. Aging could perturb microglial balances, resulting in lowered post-I/R retinal repair. Young bone marrow (BM) stem cell antigen 1-positive (Sca-1+) cells have been demonstrated to have higher reparative capabilities post-I/R retinal injury when transplanted into old mice, where they were able to home and differentiate into retinal microglia. METHODS Exosomes were enriched from young Sca-1+ or Sca-1- cells, and injected into the vitreous humor of old mice post-retinal I/R. Bioinformatics analyses, including miRNA sequencing, was used to analyze exosome contents, which was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Western blot was then performed to examine expression levels of inflammatory factors and underlying signaling pathway proteins, while immunofluorescence staining was used to examine the extent of pro-inflammatory M1 microglial polarization. Fluoro-Gold labelling was then utilized to identify viable ganglion cells, while H&E staining was used to examine retinal morphology post-I/R and exosome treatment. RESULTS Sca-1+ exosome-injected mice yielded better visual functional preservation and lowered inflammatory factors, compared to Sca-1-, at days 1, 3, and 7 days post-I/R. miRNA sequencing found that Sca-1+ exosomes had higher miR-150-5p levels, compared to Sca-1- exosomes, which was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Mechanistic analysis found that miR-150-5p from Sca-1+ exosomes repressed the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3)/JNK/c-Jun axis, leading to IL-6 and TNF-α downregulation, and subsequently reduced microglial polarization, all of which contributes to reduced ganglion cell apoptosis and preservation of proper retinal morphology. CONCLUSION This study elucidates a potential new therapeutic approach for neuroprotection against I/R injury, via delivering miR-150-5p-enriched Sca-1+ exosomes, which targets the miR-150-5p/MEKK3/JNK/c-Jun axis, thereby serving as a cell-free remedy for treating retinal I/R injury and preserving visual functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wan-Yun Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Na Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang-Hui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Qi Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Lin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheng-Bo Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Hui-Ping Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Sun X, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Xu X, Lu W, Li Y, Bian F, Xiang L, Zhou L. Activation of the Epac/Rap1 signaling pathway alleviates blood-brain barrier disruption and brain damage following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:110014. [PMID: 36931001 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Blood brain barrier (BBB) destruction plays a key role in ischemia stroke, including promoting BBB leakage and brain edema, and leads to unfavorable patient prognosis. Epac/Rap1 signaling pathway is important in mediating endothelial cell barrier function. This study will investigate the regulatory role of Epac/Rap1 signaling pathway in BBB disruption after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R) injury. CI/R model was induced by 90 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in male C57BL/6J mice. Injection of Epac/Rap1 signaling pathway agonist was performed half an hour before the MCAO operation. The results showed that CI/R injured the tight connection of BBB and evoked the suppression of the Epac/Rap1 signaling pathway. Based on Epac activation with a cAMP analogue, 8-CPT could improve BBB disfunction by increasing the expression of tight junction protein and reducing the formation of stress fibers. In addition, 8-CPT could ameliorate neurobehavioral disorders, cerebral edema, and cerebral infarction volume in MCAO mice. Moreover, inhibition of Epac pathway with Rap1 inhibitor GGTI298 and Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 could aggravate the damage of BBB and cerebral injury accordingly. Our results indicate that, the activation of Epac/Rap1 signaling pathway has neuroprotective effects on CI/R damaged brain, through the recovery of BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Sun
- School of Medical Technology and Nursing, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Yingnan Wang
- School of Medical Technology and Nursing, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuchen Zhao
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xinyi Xu
- School of Medical Technology and Nursing, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenjie Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuying Li
- School of Medical Technology and Nursing, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fei Bian
- School of Medical Technology and Nursing, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lan Xiang
- School of Medical Technology and Nursing, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- School of Medical Technology and Nursing, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Low-dose intravenous tirofiban infusion after endovascular recanalization for non-acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12354. [PMID: 36619459 PMCID: PMC9813718 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Endovascular recanalization for patients with symptomatic non-acute middle cerebral artery occlusion still remines challenging. Postoperative treatment is still controversial. This study aims to investigate the safety and effectiveness of tirofiban after elective angioplasty in patients with non-acute middle cerebral artery occlusion related ischemic stroke. Methods Our study is a retrospective case series study of 48 stroke patients who received elective endovascular recanalization for middle cerebral artery occlusion. Patients who received EVT without hemorrhage were divided into 2 groups: those who did not receive intravenous tirofiban treatment (control group, n = 25); those who received continuous intravenous infusion of 0.2-0.3 mg/h tirofiban for 48 h after endovascular recanalization (intravenous tirofiban group, n = 23). Early reocclusion of treated arteries, symptomatic hemorrhage, and 90-day functional outcome of the 2 groups were compared. Results The 90-day mRS score and NIHSS score after endovascular recanalization showed no significantly different between the two groups. However, the rate of mRS score reverse (≥1) was significantly higher in the intravenous tirofiban group than the control (73.9% versus 24.0%, P = 0.001), and the rate of NIHSS score reverse (≥3) in the intravenous tirofiban group was also higher (43.5% verse 16.0%, P = 0.037). The rate of early reocclusion, symptomatic hemorrhage (4.3% versw 4%, P = 0.734), showed no difference between the two groups. Conclusions Low-dose intravenous tirofiban infusion (0.2-0.3 mg/h for 48 h) after endovascular treatment seems to be safe and potentially effective for non-acute middle cerebral artery occlusion patients.
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10
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Cheng B, Du M, He S, Yang L, Wang X, Gao H, Chang H, Gao W, Li Y, Wang Q, Li Y. Inhibition of platelet activation suppresses reactive enteric glia and mitigates intestinal barrier dysfunction during sepsis. Mol Med 2022; 28:137. [PMID: 36401163 PMCID: PMC9673322 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00562-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal barrier dysfunction, which is associated with reactive enteric glia cells (EGCs), is not only a result of early sepsis but also a cause of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Inhibition of platelet activation has been proposed as a potential treatment for septic patients because of its efficacy in ameliorating the organ damage and barrier dysfunction. During platelet activation, CD40L is translocated from α granules to the platelet surface, serving as a biomarker of platelet activation a reliable predictor of sepsis prognosis. Given that more than 95% of the circulating CD40L originate from activated platelets, the present study aimed to investigate if inhibiting platelet activation mitigates intestinal barrier dysfunction is associated with suppressing reactive EGCs and its underlying mechanism. Methods Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed to establish the sepsis model. 24 h after CLP, the proportion of activated platelets, the level of sCD40L, the expression of tight-junction proteins, the intestinal barrier function and histological damage of septic mice were analyzed. In vitro, primary cultured EGCs were stimulated by CD40L and LPS for 24 h and EGCs-conditioned medium were collected for Caco-2 cells treatment. The expression of tight-junction proteins and transepithelial electrical resistance of Caco-2 cell were evaluated. Results In vivo, inhibiting platelet activation with cilostazol mitigated the intestinal barrier dysfunction, increased the expression of ZO-1 and occludin and improved the survival rate of septic mice. The efficacy was associated with reduced CD40L+ platelets proportion, decreased sCD40L concentration, and suppressed the activation of EGCs. Comparable results were observed upon treatment with compound 6877002, a blocker of CD40L-CD40-TRAF6 signaling pathway. Also, S-nitrosoglutathione supplement reduced intestinal damage both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, CD40L increased release of TNF-α and IL-1β while suppressed the release of S-nitrosoglutathione from EGCs. These EGCs-conditioned medium reduced the expression of ZO-1 and occludin on Caco-2 cells and their transepithelial electrical resistance, which could be reversed by CD40-siRNA and TRAF6-siRNA transfection on EGCs. Conclusions The inhibition of platelet activation is related to the suppression of CD40L-CD40-TRAF6 signaling pathway and the reduction of EGCs activation, which promotes intestinal barrier function and survival in sepsis mice. These results might provide a potential therapeutic strategy and a promising target for sepsis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-022-00562-w.
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11
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Cheng B, Du M, He S, Yang L, Wang X, Gao H, Chang H, Gao W, Li Y, Wang Q, Li Y. Inhibition of platelet activation suppresses reactive enteric glia and mitigates intestinal barrier dysfunction during sepsis. Mol Med 2022; 28:127. [PMID: 36303116 PMCID: PMC9615156 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00556-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal barrier dysfunction, which is associated with reactive enteric glia cells (EGCs), is not only a result of early sepsis but also a cause of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Inhibition of platelet activation has been proposed as a potential treatment for septic patients because of its efficacy in ameliorating the organ damage and barrier dysfunction. During platelet activation, CD40L is translocated from α granules to the platelet surface, serving as a biomarker of platelet activation a reliable predictor of sepsis prognosis. Given that more than 95% of the circulating CD40L originate from activated platelets, the present study aimed to investigate if inhibiting platelet activation mitigates intestinal barrier dysfunction is associated with suppressing reactive EGCs and its underlying mechanism. Methods Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed to establish the sepsis model. 24 h after CLP, the proportion of activated platelets, the level of sCD40L, the expression of tight-junction proteins, the intestinal barrier function and histological damage of septic mice were analyzed. In vitro, primary cultured EGCs were stimulated by CD40L and LPS for 24 h and EGCs-conditioned medium were collected for Caco-2 cells treatment. The expression of tight-junction proteins and transepithelial electrical resistance of Caco-2 cell were evaluated. Results In vivo, inhibiting platelet activation with cilostazol mitigated the intestinal barrier dysfunction, increased the expression of ZO-1 and occludin and improved the survival rate of septic mice. The efficacy was associated with reduced CD40L+ platelets proportion, decreased sCD40L concentration, and suppressed the activation of EGCs. Comparable results were observed upon treatment with compound 6,877,002, a blocker of CD40L–CD40–TRAF6 signaling pathway. Also, S-nitrosoglutathione supplement reduced intestinal damage both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, CD40L increased release of TNF-α and IL-1β while suppressed the release of S-nitrosoglutathione from EGCs. These EGCs-conditioned medium reduced the expression of ZO-1 and occludin on Caco-2 cells and their transepithelial electrical resistance, which could be reversed by CD40-siRNA and TRAF6-siRNA transfection on EGCs. Conclusions The inhibition of platelet activation is related to the suppression of CD40L-CD40-TRAF6 signaling pathway and the reduction of EGCs activation, which promotes intestinal barrier function and survival in sepsis mice. These results might provide a potential therapeutic strategy and a promising target for sepsis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-022-00556-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengyu Du
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuxuan He
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiqing Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yansong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Steubing RD, Szepanowski F, David C, Mohamud Yusuf A, Mencl S, Mausberg AK, Langer HF, Sauter M, Deuschl C, Forsting M, Fender AC, Hermann DM, Casas AI, Langhauser F, Kleinschnitz C. Platelet depletion does not alter long-term functional outcome after cerebral ischaemia in mice. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 24:100493. [PMID: 35928516 PMCID: PMC9343933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are key mediators of thrombus formation and inflammation during the acute phase of ischaemic stroke. Particularly, the platelet glycoprotein (GP) receptors GPIbα and GPVI have been shown to mediate platelet adhesion and activation in the ischaemic brain. GPIbα and GPVI blockade could reduce infarct volumes and improve functional outcome in mouse models of acute ischaemic stroke, without concomitantly increasing intracerebral haemorrhage. However, the functional role of platelets during long-term stroke recovery has not been elucidated so far. Thus, we here examined the impact of platelet depletion on post-stroke recovery after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in adult male mice. Platelet depleting antibodies or isotype control were applied from day 3–28 after tMCAO in mice matched for infarct size. Long-term functional recovery was assessed over the course of 28 days by behavioural testing encompassing motor and sensorimotorical functions, as well as anxiety-like or spontaneous behaviour. Whole brain flow cytometry and light sheet fluorescent microscopy were used to identify resident and infiltrated immune cell types, and to determine the effects of platelet depletion on the cerebral vascular architecture, respectively. We found that delayed platelet depletion does not improve long-term functional outcome in the tMCAO stroke model. Immune cell abundance, the extent of thrombosis and the organisation of the cerebral vasculature were also comparable between platelet-depleted and control mice. Our study demonstrates that, despite their critical role in the acute stroke setting, platelets appear to contribute only marginally to tissue reorganisation and functional recovery at later stroke stages. Stable and safe global platelet depletion can be achieved for a prolonged period. Platelets only play a minor role in neurological recovery during the chronic phase. Platelet depletion after infarct maturation does not alter inflammatory response. Cerebral architecture after stroke is not influenced by delayed platelet depletion.
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Endothelial caveolin-1 regulates cerebral thrombo-inflammation in acute ischemia/reperfusion injury. EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104275. [PMID: 36152520 PMCID: PMC9508414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombo-inflammation is an important checkpoint that orchestrates infarct development in ischemic stroke. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we explored the role of endothelial Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in cerebral thrombo-inflammation. METHODS The correlation between serum Cav-1 level and clinical outcome was analyzed in acute ischemic stroke patients with successful recanalization. Genetic manipulations by endothelial-specific adeno-associated virus (AAV) and siRNA were applied to investigate the effects of Cav-1 in thrombo-inflammation in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model. Thrombo-inflammation was analyzed by microthrombosis formation, myeloid cell infiltration, and endothelial expression of adhesion molecules as well as inflammatory factors. FINDINGS Reduced circulating Cav-1, with the potential to predict microembolic signals, was more frequently detected in recanalized stroke patients without early neurological improvement. At 24 h after tMCAO, serum Cav-1 was consistently reduced in mice. Endothelial Cav-1 was decreased in the peri-infarct region. Cav-1-/- endothelium, with prominent barrier disruption, displayed extensive microthrombosis, accompanied by increased myeloid cell inflammatory infiltration after tMCAO. Specific enhanced expression of endothelial Cav-1 by AAV-Tie1-Cav-1 remarkably reduced infarct volume, attenuated vascular hyper-permeability and alleviated thrombo-inflammation in both wild-type and Cav-1-/- tMCAO mice. Transcriptome analysis after tMCAO further designated Rxrg as the most significantly changed molecule resulting from the knockdown of Cav-1. Supplementation of RXR-γ siRNA reversed AAV-Tie1-Cav-1-induced amelioration of thrombo-inflammation without affecting endothelial tight junction. INTERPRETATION Endothelial Cav-1/RXR-γ may regulate infarct volume and neurological impairment, possibly through selectively controlling thrombo-inflammation coupling, in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. FUNDING This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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14
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De Meyer SF, Langhauser F, Haupeltshofer S, Kleinschnitz C, Casas AI. Thromboinflammation in Brain Ischemia: Recent Updates and Future Perspectives. Stroke 2022; 53:1487-1499. [PMID: 35360931 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.038733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of promising preclinical validation and clinical translation, ischemic stroke still remains as one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Within its complex pathophysiological signatures, thrombosis and inflammation, that is, thromboinflammation, are highly interconnected processes leading to cerebral vessel occlusion, inflammatory responses, and severe neuronal damage following the ischemic event. Hence, we here review the most recent updates on thromboinflammatory-dependent mediators relevant after stroke focusing on recent discoveries on platelet modulation, a potential regulation of the innate and adaptive immune system in thromboinflammation, utterly providing a thorough up-to-date overview of all therapeutic approaches currently undergoing clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon F De Meyer
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Belgium (S.F.D.M.)
| | - Friederike Langhauser
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Germany (F.L., S.H., C.K., A.I.C.)
| | - Steffen Haupeltshofer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Germany (F.L., S.H., C.K., A.I.C.)
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Germany (F.L., S.H., C.K., A.I.C.)
| | - Ana I Casas
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Germany (F.L., S.H., C.K., A.I.C.).,Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (A.I.C.)
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15
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Wu S, Liao D, Li X, Liu Z, Zhang L, Mo FM, Hu S, Xia J, Yang X. Endogenous Oleoylethanolamide Crystals Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles with Enhanced Hydrophobic Drug Loading Capacity for Efficient Stroke Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 16:8103-8115. [PMID: 34992362 PMCID: PMC8710526 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s344318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although the preparation of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) achieves great success, their retention of highly hydrophobic drugs is still problematic. Methods Herein, we report a novel strategy for efficiently loading hydrophobic drugs to LNPs for stroke therapy. Oleoylethanolamide (OEA), an endogenous highly hydrophobic molecule with outstanding neuroprotective effect, was successfully loaded to OEA-SPC&DSPE-PEG lipid nanoparticles (OSDP LNPs) with a drug loading of 15.9 ± 1.2 wt%. Efficient retention in OSDP LNPs greatly improved the pharmaceutical property and enhanced the neuroprotective effect of OEA. Results Through the data of positron emission tomography (PET) and TTC-stained brain slices, it could be clearly visualized that the acute ischemic brain tissues were preserved as penumbral tissues and bounced back with reperfusion. The in vivo experiments stated that OSDP LNPs could significantly improve the survival rate, the behavioral score, the cerebral infarct volume, the edema degree, the spatial learning and memory ability of the MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion) rats. Discussion These results suggest that the OSDP LNPs have a great chance to develop hydrophobic OEA into a potential anti-stroke formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (PET Center), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Liao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center for Cerebrovascular Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center for Cerebrovascular Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center for Cerebrovascular Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center for Cerebrovascular Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Fong Ming Mo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (PET Center), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (PET Center), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center for Cerebrovascular Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (PET Center), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
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Yang X, Wu S. N-oleoylethanolamine - phosphatidylcholine complex loaded, DSPE-PEG integrated liposomes for efficient stroke. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:2525-2533. [PMID: 34842016 PMCID: PMC8635618 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.2008058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Causing more and more deaths, stroke has been a leading cause of death worldwide. However, success in clinical stroke trials has remained elusive. N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) was an endogenous highly hydrophobic molecule with outstanding neuroprotective effect. In this article, hydrogen bonds were successfully formed between OEA and soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC). The synthetic OEA-SPC complex and DSPE-PEG were self-assembled into liposomes (OEA NPs), with OEA-SPC loaded in the core and PEG formed a hydrophilic shell. Hence, highly hydrophobic OEA was loaded into liposomes as amorphous state with a drug loading of 8.21 ± 0.18 wt%. With fairly uniform size and well-distributed character, the OEA NPs were systemically assessed as an intravenous formulation for stroke therapy. The results indicated that the administration of OEA NPs could significantly improve the survival rate and the Garcia score of the MCAO rats compared with free OEA. The TTC-stained brain slices declared that the cerebral infarct volume and the edema degree induced by MCAO could be decreased to an extremely low level via the administration of OEA NPs. The Morris water maze (MWM) test suggested that the spatial learning and memory of the MCAO rats could also be ameliorated by OEA NPs. The immunofluorescence assay stated that the apoptosis of the neurons and the inflammation within the brain were greatly inhibited. The results suggest that the OEA NPs have a great chance to develop OEA as a potential anti-stroke formulation for clinic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (PET Center), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Shichao Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (PET Center), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
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17
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Xu D, Kong T, Shao Z, Liu M, Zhang R, Zhang S, Kong Q, Chen J, Cheng B, Wang C. Orexin-A alleviates astrocytic apoptosis and inflammation via inhibiting OX1R-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166230. [PMID: 34358627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A (OXA) is a neuropeptide with neuroprotective effect by reducing cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). Inflammation and apoptosis mediated by astrocyte activation are the key pathological mechanisms for CIRI. We thus attempted to confirm neuroprotective effects of OXA on astrocytic inflammation and apoptosis in CIRI and clarify the relative mechanisms. A middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat model and U251 glioma cells model subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) were established, with or without OXA treatment. Neurological deficit score was determined, and cerebral infarct volume was evaluated by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Western Blot was used to detect the expressions of NF-κB p65, p-p65, p-ERK, p-p38, GFAP, OX1R, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, Bcl-2, Bax, CytC, cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3 in vivo and in vitro. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in cell supernatant IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 were determined by ELISA. Hoechst 33342 staining was used to detect the apoptosis of astrocyte. Immunofluorescent staining was performed to assess the nuclear translocation of p65 and the expression of GFAP. The results showed that OXA significantly improved neurological deficit score and decreased the volume of infarct area in brain. OXA decreased inflammatory mediators, inhibited astrocyte activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB and phosphorylation of NF-κB, MAPK/ERK and MAPK/p38. Besides, OXA suppressed apoptosis via upregulating the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and downregulating cytochrome C, cleaved-caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3. Overall, it was concluded that OXA exerts neuroprotective effect during CIRI through attenuating astrocytes apoptosis, astrocytes activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines production, by Inhibiting OX1R-mediated NF-κB, MAPK/ERK and MAPK/p38 signaling pathways. The progress in our study is helpful to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of OXA neuroprotection, which could lead to the development of new treatment strategies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | | | - Ziqi Shao
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Minghui Liu
- Basic Medical Sciences, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Qingxia Kong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Baohua Cheng
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China.
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China.
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18
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Qiu YM, Zhang CL, Chen AQ, Wang HL, Zhou YF, Li YN, Hu B. Immune Cells in the BBB Disruption After Acute Ischemic Stroke: Targets for Immune Therapy? Front Immunol 2021; 12:678744. [PMID: 34248961 PMCID: PMC8260997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) disruption is an important pathophysiological process of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), resulting in devastating malignant brain edema and hemorrhagic transformation. The rapid activation of immune cells plays a critical role in BBB disruption after ischemic stroke. Infiltrating blood-borne immune cells (neutrophils, monocytes, and T lymphocytes) increase BBB permeability, as they cause microvascular disorder and secrete inflammation-associated molecules. In contrast, they promote BBB repair and angiogenesis in the latter phase of ischemic stroke. The profound immunological effects of cerebral immune cells (microglia, astrocytes, and pericytes) on BBB disruption have been underestimated in ischemic stroke. Post-stroke microglia and astrocytes can adopt both an M1/A1 or M2/A2 phenotype, which influence BBB integrity differently. However, whether pericytes acquire microglia phenotype and exert immunological effects on the BBB remains controversial. Thus, better understanding the inflammatory mechanism underlying BBB disruption can lead to the identification of more promising biological targets to develop treatments that minimize the onset of life-threatening complications and to improve existing treatments in patients. However, early attempts to inhibit the infiltration of circulating immune cells into the brain by blocking adhesion molecules, that were successful in experimental stroke failed in clinical trials. Therefore, new immunoregulatory therapeutic strategies for acute ischemic stroke are desperately warranted. Herein, we highlight the role of circulating and cerebral immune cells in BBB disruption and the crosstalk between them following acute ischemic stroke. Using a robust theoretical background, we discuss potential and effective immunotherapeutic targets to regulate BBB permeability after acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ya-nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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19
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Li BX, Dai X, Xu XR, Adili R, Neves MAD, Lei X, Shen C, Zhu G, Wang Y, Zhou H, Hou Y, Ni T, Pasman Y, Yang Z, Qian F, Zhao Y, Gao Y, Liu J, Teng M, Marshall AH, Cerenzia EG, Li ML, Ni H. In vitro assessment and phase I randomized clinical trial of anfibatide a snake venom derived anti-thrombotic agent targeting human platelet GPIbα. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11663. [PMID: 34083615 PMCID: PMC8175443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of platelet GPIbα with von Willebrand factor (VWF) is essential to initiate platelet adhesion and thrombosis, particularly under high shear stress conditions. However, no drug targeting GPIbα has been developed for clinical practice. Here we characterized anfibatide, a GPIbα antagonist purified from snake (Deinagkistrodon acutus) venom, and evaluated its interaction with GPIbα by surface plasmon resonance and in silico modeling. We demonstrated that anfibatide interferds with both VWF and thrombin binding, inhibited ristocetin/botrocetin- and low-dose thrombin-induced human platelet aggregation, and decreased thrombus volume and stability in blood flowing over collagen. In a single-center, randomized, and open-label phase I clinical trial, anfibatide was administered intravenously to 94 healthy volunteers either as a single dose bolus, or a bolus followed by a constant rate infusion of anfibatide for 24 h. Anfibatide inhibited VWF-mediated platelet aggregation without significantly altering bleeding time or coagulation. The inhibitory effects disappeared within 8 h after drug withdrawal. No thrombocytopenia or anti-anfibatide antibodies were detected, and no serious adverse events or allergic reactions were observed during the studies. Therefore, anfibatide was well-tolerated among healthy subjects. Interestingly, anfibatide exhibited pharmacologic effects in vivo at concentrations thousand-fold lower than in vitro, a phenomenon which deserves further investigation.Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01588132.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Xiaoyi Li
- Lee's Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, 1/F, Building 20E, Phase 3, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, N.T. Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Zhaoke Pharmaceutical Co. Limited, Hefei, China.
| | - Xiangrong Dai
- Lee's Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, 1/F, Building 20E, Phase 3, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, N.T. Hong Kong SAR, China.,Zhaoke Pharmaceutical Co. Limited, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaohong Ruby Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Reheman Adili
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, Canada
| | - Miguel Antonio Dias Neves
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xi Lei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chuanbin Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Guangheng Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yan Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tiffany Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yfke Pasman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Fang Qian
- Zhaoke Pharmaceutical Co. Limited, Hefei, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Wannan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Maikun Teng
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Alexandra H Marshall
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric G Cerenzia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mandy Lokyee Li
- Lee's Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, 1/F, Building 20E, Phase 3, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, N.T. Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Heyu Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,St. Michael's Hospital, Room 421, LKSKI-Keenan Research Centre, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
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20
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Platelets as drivers of ischemia/reperfusion injury after stroke. Blood Adv 2021; 5:1576-1584. [PMID: 33687431 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and, despite reperfusion either via thrombolysis or thrombectomy, stroke patients often suffer from lifelong disabilities. These persistent neurological deficits may be improved by treating the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury that occurs following ischemic stroke. There are currently no approved therapies to treat I/R injury, and thus it is imperative to find new targets to decrease the burden of ischemic stroke and related diseases. Platelets, cell fragments from megakaryocytes, are primarily known for their role in hemostasis. More recently, investigators have studied the nonhemostatic role of platelets in inflammatory pathologies, such as I/R injury after ischemic stroke. In this review, we seek to provide an overview of how I/R can lead to platelet activation and how activated platelets, in turn, can exacerbate I/R injury after stroke. We will also discuss potential mechanisms by which platelets may ameliorate I/R injury.
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21
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Chu W, Sun X, Zhu X, Zhao YC, Zhang J, Kong Q, Zhou L. Blockade of platelet glycoprotein receptor Ib ameliorates blood-brain barrier disruption following ischemic stroke via Epac pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111698. [PMID: 34029954 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein (GP) Ib is a platelet membrane receptor complex exposed to vascular injury, proposed as an effective target for stroke therapy. Previously, we have observed that the GPIb antagonist anfibatide (ANF) could mitigate blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R) injury. The current study was designed to investigate whether the amelioration of the BBB by ANF is mediated via the Epac signaling pathway. A murine model of CI/R injury was induced following 90 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). ANF (4 μg/kg) was intravenously injected 1 h after reperfusion. Herein, ANF ameliorated BBB disruption, increased the expression of tight junction proteins, suppressed F-actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, decreased the permeability of the ischemic brain tissue, and relieved brain edema. ANF-treated mice had smaller infarct volumes and less severe neurological deficits than the MCAO mice. Moreover, the effects of ANF and Epac1 agonists were very similar in the MCAO mice. Epac activation with a cAMP analog, 8-CPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP, mitigated the breakdown of BBB function and CI/R injury. The Epac specific antagonist, ESI-09, worsened barrier damage and cerebral impairment, antagonizing the protective effects afforded by ANF. In addition, ANF upregulated the expression of Epac1 protein in the ischemic cerebral cortex. Collectively, our results indicate that the protective effect of ANF on the BBB after CI/R could be attributed to the activation of the Epac pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China; Department of Medical College, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China; Department of Medical College, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China; Department of Medical College, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yu Chen Zhao
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jingcheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Qin Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China; Department of Medical College, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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22
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Fan L, Zhou L. Anti-IL-23 exerted protective effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3475-3484. [PMID: 33904141 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion frequently occurs in ischemic cerebral vascular disease, during which the inflammatory signaling plays essential roles. The aim of this study was to discover the efficacy of the antibody to a key immune cytokine IL-23 (anti-IL-23) for the therapy of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. We established the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Anti-IL-23 injection attenuated lesions indicated by histology study. RT-PCR and Western blot were employed to detect the mRNA and protein expression of JAK2 and STAT3 after anti-IL-23 treatment. ELISA was utilized to measure the levels of MDA (malondialdehyde) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, curcumin and IL-6 were implicated in the endogenous intervention of IL-23 signaling in vivo. Our data demonstrated that the treatment of anti-IL-23 might transcriptionally activate the classic immune pathway in the brain. Anti-IL-23 augmented phosphorylation levels of both JAK2 and STAT3, suggesting the amplification signaling of JAK/STAT after exogenous IL-23 intervention. Anti-IL-23 reduced ROS molecules of STAT downstream in the serum and brain. It also alleviated the injury by bringing down levels of MDA and SOD in the serum. JAK2 inhibitor could abolish the effect of anti-IL-23 whereas JAK3 ameliorated the injury. The combination of anti-IL-23 and JAK3i could reduce infarct volume more effectively. In summary, this study indicated that anti-IL-23 had protective effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by targeting the immune specific JAK2-STAT3 in JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Fan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Jingyuan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Lichun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Jingyuan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100043, China.
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23
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Wang Y, Liu F, Liu P. 23-Hydroxytormentic acid reduces cerebral ischemia/reperfusion damage in rats through anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:1045-1054. [PMID: 33394135 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-02038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
23-Hydroxytormentic acid (23-HTA) is an important herbal medicine purified from immature fruits of African Rubus aceae (Rosaceae). This study was carried out to examine the protection properties and potential mechanisms of 23-HTA against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage. Rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) 2/24 h. All animals were euthanized 24 h after reperfusion. Rats were injected with various concentrations of 23-HTA intraperitoneally. Evaluations of infarct volumes, neurological deficit, and brain water contents were carried out to assess the outcome of 23-HTA treatment. The results showed that 23-HTA reduced infarct volumes, brain water content, and neurological deficit in a dosage-dependent manner. 23-HTA can also significantly reduce the numbers of TUNEL-positive cells, the expression levels of Bax, caspase-3, lipid peroxidation, Sod 1, Sod 2, catalase, and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1β and increase the expression levels of Bcl-2 and p-Akt. 23-HTA has a neuroprotective effect due to its anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The 80th Army Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, No.256 Beigong West Street, Weicheng District, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Fengrong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The 80th Army Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, No.256 Beigong West Street, Weicheng District, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The 80th Army Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, No.256 Beigong West Street, Weicheng District, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, China.
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24
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Huang Y, Chen S, Luo Y, Han Z. Crosstalk between Inflammation and the BBB in Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:1227-1236. [PMID: 32562523 PMCID: PMC7770647 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200620230321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is located at the interface between the central nervous system (CNS) and the circulatory system, is instrumental in establishing and maintaining the microenvironmental homeostasis of the CNS. BBB disruption following stroke promotes inflammation by enabling leukocytes, T cells and other immune cells to migrate via both the paracellular and transcellular routes across the BBB and to infiltrate the CNS parenchyma. Leukocytes promote the removal of necrotic tissues and neuronal recovery, but they also aggravate BBB injury and exacerbate stroke outcomes, especially after late reperfusion. Moreover, the swelling of astrocyte endfeet is thought to contribute to the ‘no-reflow’ phenomenon observed after cerebral ischemia, that is, blood flow cannot return to capillaries after recanalization of large blood vessels. Pericyte recruitment and subsequent coverage of endothelial cells (ECs) alleviate BBB disruption, which causes the transmigration of inflammatory cells across the BBB to be a dynamic process. Furthermore, interneurons and perivascular microglia also make contacts with ECs, astrocytes and pericytes to establish the neurovascular unit. BBB-derived factors after cerebral ischemia triggered microglial activation. During the later stage of injury, microglia remain associated with brain ECs and contribute to repair mechanisms, including postinjury angiogenesis, by acquiring a protective phenotype, which possibly occurs through the release of microglia-derived soluble factors. Taken together, we reviewed dynamic and bidirectional crosstalk between inflammation and the BBB during stroke and revealed targeted interventions based on the crosstalk between inflammation and the BBB, which will provide novel insights for developing new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyou Huang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical
University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengpan Chen
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical
University, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical
University, Beijing, China,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziping Han
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical
University, Beijing, China,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
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25
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Li L, Huang J. Rapamycin Pretreatment Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Dose-Response Manner Through Inhibition of the Autophagy and NFκB Pathways in Rats. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820946194. [PMID: 32874166 PMCID: PMC7436792 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820946194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although rapamycin can attenuate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, the potential roles of rapamycin on cerebral I/R injury remain largely controversial. The present work aims to evaluate underlying molecular mechanisms of rapamycin pretreatment on I/R injury. In total, 34 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly grouped to 3 groups: sham group (n = 2), vehicle group (n = 16), and rapamycin-pretreatment group (n = 16). Before the focal cerebral ischemia was induced, those rats in the pretreatment group were intraperitoneally injected rapamycin (1 mg/kg body) for 20 hours, while rats in the vehicle group received same-volume saline. Then, rats in these 2 groups received focal cerebral ischemia for 3 and 6 hours, respectively (n = 8 in each group), which was followed by the application of reperfusion for 4, 24, 72 hours, and 1 week (n = 2 in each group). The results showed that the rapamycin pretreatment improved the memory functions of rats after I/R injury, which was evaluated using a Y-maze test. Rapamycin pretreatment significantly reduced the size of triphenyltetrazolium chloride infarction and decreased the expression of I/R injury markers. Moreover, the expression of LC-3 and NFκB was also significantly reduced after rapamycin pretreatment. Taken together, rapamycin pretreatment may alleviate cerebral I/R injury partly through inhibiting autophagic activities and NFκB pathways in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liru Li
- Department of emergency medicine, Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
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26
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Role of the Platelets and Nitric Oxide Biotransformation in Ischemic Stroke: A Translative Review from Bench to Bedside. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2979260. [PMID: 32908630 PMCID: PMC7474795 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2979260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke remains the fifth cause of death, as reported worldwide annually. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) manifesting with lower nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability leads to increased vascular tone, inflammation, and platelet activation and remains among the major contributors to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Moreover, temporal fluctuations in the NO bioavailability during ischemic stroke point to its key role in the cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation, and some data suggest that they may be responsible for the maintenance of CBF within the ischemic penumbra in order to reduce infarct size. Several years ago, the inhibitory role of the platelet NO production on a thrombus formation has been discovered, which initiated the era of extensive studies on the platelet-derived nitric oxide (PDNO) as a platelet negative feedback regulator. Very recently, Radziwon-Balicka et al. discovered two subpopulations of human platelets, based on the expression of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS-positive or eNOS-negative platelets, respectively). The e-NOS-negative ones fail to produce NO, which attenuates their cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway and-as result-promotes adhesion and aggregation while the e-NOS-positive ones limit thrombus formation. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a competitive NOS inhibitor, is an independent cardiovascular risk factor, and its expression alongside with the enzymes responsible for its synthesis and degradation was recently shown also in platelets. Overproduction of ADMA in this compartment may increase platelet activation and cause endothelial damage, additionally to that induced by its plasma pool. All the recent discoveries of diverse eNOS expression in platelets and its role in regulation of thrombus formation together with studies on the NOS inhibitors have opened a new chapter in translational medicine investigating the onset of acute cardiovascular events of ischemic origin. This translative review briefly summarizes the role of platelets and NO biotransformation in the pathogenesis and clinical course of ischemic stroke.
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27
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Schrottmaier WC, Mussbacher M, Salzmann M, Assinger A. Platelet-leukocyte interplay during vascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2020; 307:109-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Guan X, Zhang H, Qin H, Chen C, Hu Z, Tan J, Zeng L. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated whole genomic wide knockout screening identifies mitochondrial ribosomal proteins involving in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion resistance. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:9313-9322. [PMID: 32618081 PMCID: PMC7417733 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recanalization therapy by intravenous thrombolysis or endovascular therapy is critical for the treatment of cerebral infarction. However, the recanalization treatment will also exacerbate acute brain injury and even severely threatens human life due to the reperfusion injury. So far, the underlying mechanisms for cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury are poorly understood and effective therapeutic interventions are yet to be discovered. Therefore, in the research, we subjected SK-N-BE(2) cells to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGDR) insult and performed a pooled genome-wide CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) knockout screen to discover new potential therapeutic targets for cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury. We used Metascape to identify candidate genes which might involve in OGDR resistance. We found that the genes contributed to OGDR resistance were primarily involved in neutrophil degranulation, mitochondrial translation, and regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process and response to oxidative stress. We then knocked down some of the identified candidate genes individually. We demonstrated that MRPL19, MRPL32, MRPL52 and MRPL51 inhibition increased cell viability and attenuated OGDR-induced apoptosis. We also demonstrated that OGDR down-regulated the expression of MRPL19 and MRPL51 protein. Taken together, our data suggest that genome-scale screening with Cas9 is a reliable tool to analyse the cellular systems that respond to OGDR injury. MRPL19 and MRPL51 contribute to OGDR resistance and are supposed to be promising targets for the treatment of cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Guan
- Center for Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Model for Human DiseasesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Hainan Zhang
- Department of NeurologySecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Haiyun Qin
- Department of NeurologySecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Chunli Chen
- Department of NeurologySecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of NeurologySecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Center for Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Model for Human DiseasesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Liuwang Zeng
- Department of NeurologySecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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Zhang J, Ding Y, Jiang D, Xie J, Liu Y, Ma J, Mu Y, Zhang X, Yu C, Zhang Y, Yi X, Zhou Z, Fang L, Shen S, Yang Y, Cheng K, Zhuang R, Zhang Y. Deficiency of platelet adhesion molecule CD226 causes megakaryocyte development and platelet hyperactivity. FASEB J 2020; 34:6871-6887. [PMID: 32248623 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902142r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study used constitutive CD226 gene knockout (KO) mice as a model to investigate the functions and mechanisms of CD226 in megakaryocyte (MK) maturation and platelet activation. Although CD226 deficiency did not cause MK polyploidization or platelet granule abnormalities, increased MK counts were detected in the femora bone marrow (BM) and spleen of CD226 KO mice. Particularly, CD226 KO mice have a more extensive membrane system in MKs and platelets than wild-type (WT) mice. We also demonstrated that CD226 KO mice displayed increased platelet counts, shortened bleeding time, and enhanced platelet aggregation. CD226 KO platelets had an increased mature platelet ratio compared to the control platelets. In addition, the observed reduction in bleeding time may be due to decreased nitric oxide (NO) production in the platelets. Platelet-specific CD226-deficient mice showed similar increased MK counts, shortened bleeding time, enhanced platelet aggregation, and decreased NO production in platelets. Furthermore, we performed middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion surgery on WT and CD226 KO mice to explore the potential effect of CD226 on acute ischemia-reperfusion injury; the results revealed that CD226 deficiency led to significantly increased infarct area. Thus, CD226 is a promising candidate for the treatment of thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxue Zhang
- Orthopedic Department of Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Ding
- Orthopedic Department of Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dongxu Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiangang Xie
- Department of Emergency, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongming Liu
- Orthopedic Department of Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingchang Ma
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Mu
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuexin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaoping Yu
- Department of Emergency, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Orthopedic Department of Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ziqing Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shen Shen
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yixin Yang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Cheng
- Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ran Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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Le Chapelain O, Jadoui S, Boulaftali Y, Ho-Tin-Noé B. The reversed passive Arthus reaction as a model for investigating the mechanisms of inflammation-associated hemostasis. Platelets 2020; 31:455-460. [PMID: 32105152 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1732325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, accumulating evidence has indicated that platelets continuously repair vascular damage at sites of inflammation and/or infection. Studies in mouse models of inflammation have highlighted the fact that the mechanisms underlying bleeding prevention by platelets in inflamed organs can substantially differ from those supporting primary hemostasis following tail tip transection or thrombus formation in models of thrombosis. As a consequence, exploration of the hemostatic function of platelets in inflammation, as well as assessment of the risk of inflammation-induced bleeding associated with a platelet deficit and/or the use of anti-thrombotic drugs, require the use of dedicated experimental models. In the present review, we present the pros and cons of the cutaneous reversed passive Arthus reaction, a model of inflammation which has been instrumental in studying how inflammation causes vascular injury and how platelets continuously intervene to repair it. The limitations and common issues encountered when working with mouse models of inflammation for investigating platelet functions in inflammation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumaya Jadoui
- Université de Paris, LVTS, Inserm U1148, F-75018 Paris, France
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31
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Ni JS, Li Y, Yue W, Liu B, Li K. Nanoparticle-based Cell Trackers for Biomedical Applications. Theranostics 2020; 10:1923-1947. [PMID: 32042345 PMCID: PMC6993224 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous or real-time tracking of biological processes using biocompatible contrast agents over a certain period of time is vital for precise diagnosis and treatment, such as monitoring tissue regeneration after stem cell transplantation, understanding the genesis, development, invasion and metastasis of cancer and so on. The rationally designed nanoparticles, including aggregation-induced emission (AIE) dots, inorganic quantum dots (QDs), nanodiamonds, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), and semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs), have been explored to meet this urgent need. In this review, the development and application of these nanoparticle-based cell trackers for a variety of imaging technologies, including fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic particle imaging, positron emission tomography and single photon emission computing tomography are discussed in detail. Moreover, the further therapeutic treatments using multi-functional trackers endowed with photodynamic and photothermal modalities are also introduced to provide a comprehensive perspective in this promising research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Shyang Ni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yaxi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Wentong Yue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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32
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Lu Z, Zhang D, Cui K, Fu X, Man J, Lu H, Yu L, Gao Y, Liu X, Liao L, Li X, Liu C, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang J. Neuroprotective Action of Teriflunomide in a Mouse Model of Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Neuroscience 2019; 428:228-241. [PMID: 31887363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Teriflunomide has been reported to inhibit microglial activation in experimental models of traumatic brain injury. However, its roles in ischemic stroke and underlying mechanisms of action are still undiscovered. In this study, we investigated the effects of teriflunomide on brain edema, neurologic deficits, infarct volume, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and neurogenesis in a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). tMCAO mice treated with teriflunomide showed lower brain water content on day 3, milder neurologic deficits and smaller infarct volume on day 7 than those treated with vehicle. Additionally, mice received teriflunomide had fewer activated Iba-1-positive microglia and lower protein levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and 3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT) compared with those received vehicle on day 3. Further, teriflunomide alleviated Evans blue dye leakage, increased pericyte coverage and protein levels of platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB), platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) and Bcl2, and decreased the number of PDGFRβ/matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9)-positive cells. Moreover, teriflunomide reduced the loss of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. Finally, teriflunomide significantly upregulated the number of 5-bromo-20-deoxyuridine (BrdU)/doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells and expression of mammalian achaete-scute homolog 1 (Mash1), DCX and Pbx1 in subventricular zone (SVZ) on day 7 after stroke. Our results indicate that teriflunomide exhibits protective roles in ischemic stroke by inhibiting neuroinflammation, alleviating BBB disruption and enhancing neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfang Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Kefei Cui
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaojie Fu
- Department of Neurointervention, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Jiang Man
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Lie Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Yufeng Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Xianliang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Linghui Liao
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China.
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Denorme F, Vanhoorelbeke K, De Meyer SF. von Willebrand Factor and Platelet Glycoprotein Ib: A Thromboinflammatory Axis in Stroke. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2884. [PMID: 31921147 PMCID: PMC6928043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
von Willebrand factor (VWF) and platelets are key mediators of normal hemostasis. At sites of vascular injury, VWF recruits platelets via binding to the platelet receptor glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα). Over the past decades, it has become clear that many hemostatic factors, including VWF and platelets, are also involved in inflammatory processes, forming intriguing links between hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation. The so-called “thrombo-inflammatory” nature of the VWF-platelet axis becomes increasingly recognized in different cardiovascular pathologies, making it a potential therapeutic target to interfere with both thrombosis and inflammation. In this review, we discuss the current evidence for the thrombo-inflammatory activity of VWF with a focus on the VWF-GPIbα axis and discuss its implications in the setting of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Denorme
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Simon F De Meyer
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven, Kortrijk, Belgium
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Peyravian N, Dikici E, Deo S, Toborek M, Daunert S. Opioid antagonists as potential therapeutics for ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 182:101679. [PMID: 31398359 PMCID: PMC6814577 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic use of prescription opioids exacerbates risk and severity of ischemic stroke. Annually, 6 million people die from stroke worldwide and there are no neuroprotective or neurorestorative agents to improve stroke outcomes and promote recovery. Prescribed opioids such as morphine have been shown to alter tight junction protein expression, resulting in the disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB), ultimately leading to stroke pathogenesis. Consequently, protection of the BBB has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. This perspective addresses the deficiency in stroke pharmacological options and examines a novel application and repurposing of FDA-approved opioid antagonists as a prospective neuroprotective therapeutic strategy to minimize BBB damage, reduce stroke severity, and promote neural recovery. Future directions discuss potential drug design and delivery methods to enhance these novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Peyravian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA; Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute of the University of Miami, USA
| | - Emre Dikici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA; Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute of the University of Miami, USA
| | - Sapna Deo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA; Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute of the University of Miami, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA; Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute of the University of Miami, USA.
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA; Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute of the University of Miami, USA; University of Miami Clinical and Translational Science Institute, USA.
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35
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Cheng X, Zhang F, Li J, Wang G. Galuteolin attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats via anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2671-2680. [PMID: 31571883 PMCID: PMC6754329 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s215263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Galuteolin is a substance extracted and purified from honeysuckle. The purpose of this study was to explore the protective effect of galuteolin on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) and reveal its potential molecular mechanism from the perspectives of anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and fifty rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham group, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) group, 50 mg/kg galuteolin group, 100 mg/kg galuteolin group, and 200 mg/kg galuteolin group. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was used to establish a rat CIRI model, different doses of galtenolin were intraperitoneal injected 2 hrs after ischemia, and then reperfusion was performed for 24 hrs. Neurological function and cerebral water content were determined, and cerebral infarct volume was evaluated by TTC staining. TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptosis of nerve cells. Western Blot was used to detect the expressions of Akt, p-Akt, Sod1, Sod2, catalase, caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax. Lipid hydrogen peroxide (LPO) was determined by kit assay. The contents of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α were determined by ELISA. RESULTS The results showed that galuteolin could significantly reduce the cerebral infarction volume, neurologic score, and cerebral water content in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, galuteolin obviously reduced the apoptosis rate of nerve cells and the expression levels of caspase-3 and Bax, meanwhile up-regulated the expression levels of p-Akt and Bcl-2. Furthermore, galuteolin apparently inhibited the levels of LPO, Sod1, Sod2, and catalase in the cerebral infarction tissues. Moreover, galuteolin also significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α in the cerebral infarction tissues. Finally, Galuteolin markedly inhibited the expression of VEGF in cerebral infarction tissues. CONCLUSION Galuteolin exerts neuroprotective effects against CIRI by inhibiting apoptosis, oxidation, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Liaoning Health Industry Group Fuxin Mine General Hospital, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province121001, People’s Republic of China
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Anfibatide Preserves Blood–Brain Barrier Integrity by Inhibiting TLR4/RhoA/ROCK Pathway After Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rat. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 70:71-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Orsini F, Fumagalli S, Császár E, Tóth K, De Blasio D, Zangari R, Lénárt N, Dénes Á, De Simoni MG. Mannose-Binding Lectin Drives Platelet Inflammatory Phenotype and Vascular Damage After Cerebral Ischemia in Mice via IL (Interleukin)-1α. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2678-2690. [PMID: 30354247 PMCID: PMC6221395 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— Circulating complement factors are activated by tissue damage and contribute to acute brain injury. The deposition of MBL (mannose-binding lectin), one of the initiators of the lectin complement pathway, on the cerebral endothelium activated by ischemia is a major pathogenic event leading to brain injury. The molecular mechanisms through which MBL influences outcome after ischemia are not understood yet. Approach and Results— Here we show that MBL-deficient (MBL−/−) mice subjected to cerebral ischemia display better flow recovery and less plasma extravasation in the brain than wild-type mice, as assessed by in vivo 2-photon microscopy. This results in reduced vascular dysfunction as shown by the shift from a pro- to an anti-inflammatory vascular phenotype associated with MBL deficiency. We also show that platelets directly bind MBL and that platelets from MBL−/− mice have reduced inflammatory phenotype as indicated by reduced IL-1α (interleukin-1α) content, as early as 6 hours after ischemia. Cultured human brain endothelial cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and exposed to platelets from MBL−/− mice present less cell death and lower CXCL1 (chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 1) release (downstream to IL-1α) than those exposed to wild-type platelets. In turn, MBL deposition on ischemic vessels significantly decreases after ischemia in mice treated with IL-1 receptor antagonist compared with controls, indicating a reciprocal interplay between MBL and IL-1α facilitating endothelial damage. Conclusions— We propose MBL as a hub of pathogenic vascular events. It acts as an early trigger of platelet IL-1α release, which in turn favors MBL deposition on ischemic vessels promoting an endothelial pro-inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Orsini
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy (F.O., S.F., D.D.B., R.Z., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy (F.O., S.F., D.D.B., R.Z., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Eszter Császár
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (E.C., K.T., N.L., A.D.)
| | - Krisztina Tóth
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (E.C., K.T., N.L., A.D.)
| | - Daiana De Blasio
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy (F.O., S.F., D.D.B., R.Z., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Rosalia Zangari
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy (F.O., S.F., D.D.B., R.Z., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (E.C., K.T., N.L., A.D.)
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (E.C., K.T., N.L., A.D.)
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy (F.O., S.F., D.D.B., R.Z., M.-G.D.S.)
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Ma Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY. Significance of Complement System in Ischemic Stroke: A Comprehensive Review. Aging Dis 2019; 10:429-462. [PMID: 31011487 PMCID: PMC6457046 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an essential part of innate immunity, typically conferring protection via eliminating pathogens and accumulating debris. However, the defensive function of the complement system can exacerbate immune, inflammatory, and degenerative responses in various pathological conditions. Cumulative evidence indicates that the complement system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury, as the depletion of certain complement components or the inhibition of complement activation could reduce ischemic brain injury. Although multiple candidates modulating or inhibiting complement activation show massive potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke, the clinical availability of complement inhibitors remains limited. The complement system is also involved in neural plasticity and neurogenesis during cerebral ischemia. Thus, unexpected side effects could be induced if the systemic complement system is inhibited. In this review, we highlighted the recent concepts and discoveries of the roles of different kinds of complement components, such as C3a, C5a, and their receptors, in both normal brain physiology and the pathophysiology of brain ischemia. In addition, we comprehensively reviewed the current development of complement-targeted therapy for ischemic stroke and discussed the challenges of bringing these therapies into the clinic. The design of future experiments was also discussed to better characterize the role of complement in both tissue injury and recovery after cerebral ischemia. More studies are needed to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of how complement components exert their functions in different stages of ischemic stroke to optimize the intervention of targeting the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- 3Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Eble JA. Structurally Robust and Functionally Highly Versatile-C-Type Lectin (-Related) Proteins in Snake Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030136. [PMID: 30823637 PMCID: PMC6468738 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms contain an astounding variety of different proteins. Among them are numerous C-type lectin family members, which are grouped into classical Ca2+- and sugar-binding lectins and the non-sugar-binding snake venom C-type lectin-related proteins (SV-CLRPs), also called snaclecs. Both groups share the robust C-type lectin domain (CTLD) fold but differ in a long loop, which either contributes to a sugar-binding site or is expanded into a loop-swapping heterodimerization domain between two CLRP subunits. Most C-type lectin (-related) proteins assemble in ordered supramolecular complexes with a high versatility of subunit numbers and geometric arrays. Similarly versatile is their ability to inhibit or block their target molecules as well as to agonistically stimulate or antagonistically blunt a cellular reaction triggered by their target receptor. By utilizing distinct interaction sites differentially, SV-CLRPs target a plethora of molecules, such as distinct coagulation factors and receptors of platelets and endothelial cells that are involved in hemostasis, thrombus formation, inflammation and hematogenous metastasis. Because of their robust structure and their high affinity towards their clinically relevant targets, SV-CLRPs are and will potentially be valuable prototypes to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools in medicine, provided that the molecular mechanisms underlying their versatility are disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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