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Mogil JS, Parisien M, Esfahani SJ, Diatchenko L. Sex differences in mechanisms of pain hypersensitivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105749. [PMID: 38838876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of sex-as-a-biological-variable policies at funding agencies around the world has led to an explosion of very recent observations of sex differences in the biology underlying pain. This review considers evidence of sexually dimorphic mechanisms mediating pain hypersensitivity, derived from modern assays of persistent pain in rodent animal models. Three well-studied findings are described in detail: the male-specific role of spinal cord microglia, the female-specific role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and the female-specific role of prolactin and its receptor. Other findings of sex-specific molecular involvement in pain are subjected to pathway analyses and reveal at least one novel hypothesis: that females may preferentially use Th1 and males Th2 T cell activity to mediate chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Mogil
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | - Marc Parisien
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Sahel J Esfahani
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Luda Diatchenko
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
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2
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Testa L, Dotta S, Vercelli A, Marvaldi L. Communicating pain: emerging axonal signaling in peripheral neuropathic pain. Front Neuroanat 2024; 18:1398400. [PMID: 39045347 PMCID: PMC11265228 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2024.1398400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve damage often leads to the onset of neuropathic pain (NeuP). This condition afflicts millions of people, significantly burdening healthcare systems and putting strain on families' financial well-being. Here, we will focus on the role of peripheral sensory neurons, specifically the Dorsal Root Ganglia neurons (DRG neurons) in the development of NeuP. After axotomy, DRG neurons activate regenerative signals of axons-soma communication to promote a gene program that activates an axonal branching and elongation processes. The results of a neuronal morphological cytoskeleton change are not always associated with functional recovery. Moreover, any axonal miss-targeting may contribute to NeuP development. In this review, we will explore the epidemiology of NeuP and its molecular causes at the level of the peripheral nervous system and the target organs, with major focus on the neuronal cross-talk between intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Specifically, we will describe how failures in the neuronal regenerative program can exacerbate NeuP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Testa
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano (Torino), Torino, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, Torino, Italy
| | - Sofia Dotta
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano (Torino), Torino, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano (Torino), Torino, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, Torino, Italy
| | - Letizia Marvaldi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano (Torino), Torino, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, Torino, Italy
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3
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He WC, Hou SL, Wang KB, Xu N, Li K, Xiong T, Luo J. Treadmill running on neuropathic pain: via modulation of neuroinflammation. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1345864. [PMID: 38989156 PMCID: PMC11233809 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1345864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a type of chronic pain caused by an injury or somatosensory nervous system disease. Drugs and exercise could effectively relieve neuropathic pain, but no treatment can completely stop neuropathic pain. The integration of exercise into neuropathic pain management has attracted considerable interest in recent years, and treadmill training is the most used among exercise therapies. Neuropathic pain can be effectively treated if its mechanism is clarified. In recent years, the association between neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain has been explored. Neuroinflammation can trigger proinflammatory cytokines, activate microglia, inhibit descending pain modulatory systems, and promote the overexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which lead to the generation of neuropathic pain and hypersensitivity. Treadmill exercise can alleviate neuropathic pain mainly by regulating neuroinflammation, including inhibiting the activity of pro-inflammatory factors and over activation of microglia in the dorsal horn, regulating the expression of mu opioid receptor expression in the rostral ventromedial medulla and levels of γ-aminobutyric acid to activate the descending pain modulatory system and the overexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. This article reviews and summarizes research on the effect of treadmill exercise on neuropathic pain and its role in the regulation of neuroinflammation to explore its benefits for neuropathic pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shuang-Long Hou
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Xi’an Physical Education University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kai-Bin Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ting Xiong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Xi’an Physical Education University, Xi’an, China
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4
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Tiwari N, Qiao LY. Sex Differences in Visceral Pain and Comorbidities: Clinical Outcomes, Preclinical Models, and Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. Cells 2024; 13:834. [PMID: 38786056 PMCID: PMC11119472 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism of visceral pain has been documented in clinics and experimental animal models. Aside from hormones, emerging evidence suggests the sex-differential intrinsic neural regulation of pain generation and maintenance. According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) and the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), up to 25% of the population have visceral pain at any one time, and in the United States 10-15 percent of adults suffer from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Here we examine the preclinical and clinical evidence of sex differences in visceral pain focusing on IBS, other forms of bowel dysfunction and IBS-associated comorbidities. We summarize preclinical animal models that provide a means to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms in the sexual dimorphism of visceral pain. Neurons and nonneuronal cells (glia and immune cells) in the peripheral and central nervous systems, and the communication of gut microbiota and neural systems all contribute to sex-dependent nociception and nociplasticity in visceral painful signal processing. Emotion is another factor in pain perception and appears to have sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Tiwari
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Liya Y. Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Balan I, Boero G, Chéry SL, McFarland MH, Lopez AG, Morrow AL. Neuroactive Steroids, Toll-like Receptors, and Neuroimmune Regulation: Insights into Their Impact on Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:582. [PMID: 38792602 PMCID: PMC11122352 DOI: 10.3390/life14050582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnane neuroactive steroids, notably allopregnanolone and pregnenolone, exhibit efficacy in mitigating inflammatory signals triggered by toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, thus attenuating the production of inflammatory factors. Clinical studies highlight their therapeutic potential, particularly in conditions like postpartum depression (PPD), where the FDA-approved compound brexanolone, an intravenous formulation of allopregnanolone, effectively suppresses TLR-mediated inflammatory pathways, predicting symptom improvement. Additionally, pregnane neurosteroids exhibit trophic and anti-inflammatory properties, stimulating the production of vital trophic proteins and anti-inflammatory factors. Androstane neuroactive steroids, including estrogens and androgens, along with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), display diverse effects on TLR expression and activation. Notably, androstenediol (ADIOL), an androstane neurosteroid, emerges as a potent anti-inflammatory agent, promising for therapeutic interventions. The dysregulation of immune responses via TLR signaling alongside reduced levels of endogenous neurosteroids significantly contributes to symptom severity across various neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroactive steroids, such as allopregnanolone, demonstrate efficacy in alleviating symptoms of various neuropsychiatric disorders and modulating neuroimmune responses, offering potential intervention avenues. This review emphasizes the significant therapeutic potential of neuroactive steroids in modulating TLR signaling pathways, particularly in addressing inflammatory processes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. It advances our understanding of the complex interplay between neuroactive steroids and immune responses, paving the way for personalized treatment strategies tailored to individual needs and providing insights for future research aimed at unraveling the intricacies of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Balan
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (I.B.); (S.L.C.); (M.H.M.); (A.G.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Giorgia Boero
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Samantha Lucenell Chéry
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (I.B.); (S.L.C.); (M.H.M.); (A.G.L.)
- Neuroscience Curriculum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Minna H. McFarland
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (I.B.); (S.L.C.); (M.H.M.); (A.G.L.)
- Neuroscience Curriculum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alejandro G. Lopez
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (I.B.); (S.L.C.); (M.H.M.); (A.G.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - A. Leslie Morrow
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (I.B.); (S.L.C.); (M.H.M.); (A.G.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Brown B, Chen I, Miliano C, Murdaugh LB, Dong Y, Eddinger KA, Yaksh TL, Burton MD, Buczynski MW, Gregus AM. 12/15-Lipoxygenases mediate neuropathic-like pain hypersensitivity in female mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.588153. [PMID: 38644994 PMCID: PMC11030227 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
It is estimated that chronic neuropathic pain conditions exhibit up to 10% prevalence in the general population, with increased incidence in females. However, nonsteroidal inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are ineffective, and currently indicated prescription treatments such as opioids, anticonvulsants, and antidepressants provide only limited therapeutic benefit. In the current work, we extended previous studies in male rats utilizing a paradigm of central Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent, NSAID-unresponsive neuropathic-like pain hypersensitivity to male and female C57BL/6N mice, uncovering an unexpected hyperalgesic phenotype in female mice following intrathecal (IT) LPS. In contrast to previous reports in female C57BL/6J mice, female C57BL/6N mice displayed tactile and cold allodynia, grip force deficits, and locomotor hyperactivity in response to IT LPS. Congruent with our previous observations in male rats, systemic inhibition of 12/15-Lipoxygenases (12/15-LOX) in female B6N mice with selective inhibitors - ML355 (targeting 12-LOX-p) and ML351 (targeting 15-LOX-1) - completely reversed allodynia and grip force deficits. We demonstrate here that 12/15-LOX enzymes also are expressed in mouse spinal cord and that 12/15-LOX metabolites produce tactile allodynia when administered spinally (IT) or peripherally (intraplantar in the paw, IPLT) in a hyperalgesic priming model, similar to others observations with the cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolite Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ). Surprisingly, we did not detect hyperalgesic priming following IT administration of LPS, indicating that this phenomenon likely requires peripheral activation of nociceptors. Collectively, these data suggest that 12/15-LOX enzymes contribute to neuropathic-like pain hypersensitivity in rodents, with potential translatability as druggable targets across sexes and species using multiple reflexive and non-reflexive outcome measures.
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Djurišić M. Immune receptors and aging brain. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20222267. [PMID: 38299364 PMCID: PMC10866841 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging brings about a myriad of degenerative processes throughout the body. A decrease in cognitive abilities is one of the hallmark phenotypes of aging, underpinned by neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration occurring in the brain. This review focuses on the role of different immune receptors expressed in cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems. We will discuss how immune receptors in the brain act as sentinels and effectors of the age-dependent shift in ligand composition. Within this 'old-age-ligand soup,' some immune receptors contribute directly to excessive synaptic weakening from within the neuronal compartment, while others amplify the damaging inflammatory environment in the brain. Ultimately, chronic inflammation sets up a positive feedback loop that increases the impact of immune ligand-receptor interactions in the brain, leading to permanent synaptic and neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Djurišić
- Departments of Biology, Neurobiology, and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
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Whitaker EE, Mecum NE, Cott RC, Goode DJ. Expression of MHC II in DRG neurons attenuates paclitaxel-induced cold hypersensitivity in male and female mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298396. [PMID: 38330029 PMCID: PMC10852343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is often a life-saving treatment, but the development of intractable pain caused by chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major dose-limiting toxicity that restricts cancer survival rates. Recent reports demonstrate that paclitaxel (PTX) robustly increases anti-inflammatory CD4+ T cells in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and that T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines are protective against CIPN. However, the mechanism by which CD4+ T cells are activated, and the extent cytokines released by CD4+ T cells target DRG neurons are unknown. Here, we are the first to detect major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) protein in mouse DRG neurons and to find CD4+ T cells breaching the satellite glial cell barrier to be in close proximity to neurons, together suggesting CD4+ T cell activation and targeted cytokine release. MHCII protein is primarily expressed in small nociceptive neurons in male and female mouse DRG but increased after PTX in small nociceptive neurons in only female DRG. Reducing one copy of MHCII in small nociceptive neurons decreased anti-inflammatory IL-10 and IL-4 producing CD4+ T cells in naïve male DRG and increased their hypersensitivity to cold. Administration of PTX to male and female mice that lacked one copy of MHCII in nociceptive neurons decreased anti-inflammatory CD4+ T cells in the DRG and increased the severity of PTX-induced cold hypersensitivity. Collectively, our results demonstrate expression of MHCII protein in mouse DRG neurons, which modulates cytokine producing CD4+ T cells in the DRG and attenuates cold hypersensitivity during homeostasis and after PTX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Whitaker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, United States of America
| | - Neal E. Mecum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, United States of America
| | - Riley C. Cott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, United States of America
| | - Diana J. Goode
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, United States of America
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de Souza S, Rosario Claudio J, Sim J, Inyang KE, Dagenais A, Monahan K, Lee B, Ramakrishnan H, Parmar V, Geron M, Scherrer G, Folger JK, Laumet G. Interleukin-10 signaling in somatosensory neurons controls CCL2 release and inflammatory response. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:193-202. [PMID: 38081433 PMCID: PMC10843623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate regulation of the inflammatory response is essential for survival. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a well-known anti-inflammatory cytokine, plays a major role in controlling inflammation. In addition to immune cells, we previously demonstrated that the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R1) is expressed in dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons. There is emerging evidence that these sensory neurons contribute to immunoregulation, and we hypothesized that IL-10 signaling in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons facilitates the regulation of the inflammatory response. We showed that mice that lack IL-10R1 specifically on advillin-positive neurons have exaggerated blood nitric oxide levels, spinal microglia activation, and cytokine upregulation in the spinal cord, liver, and gut compared to wild-type (WT) counterparts in response to systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Lack of IL-10R1 in DRG and trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons also increased circulating and DRG levels of proinflammatory C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). Interestingly, analysis of published scRNA-seq data revealed that Ccl2 and Il10ra are expressed by similar types of DRG neurons; nonpeptidergic P2X purinoceptor (P2X3R + ) neurons. In primary cultures of DRG neurons, we demonstrated that IL-10R1 inhibits the production of CCL2, but not that of the neuropeptides substance P and calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP). Furthermore, our data indicate that ablation of Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)1 + neurons does not impact the regulation of CCL2 production by IL-10. In conclusion, we showed that IL-10 binds to its receptor on sensory neurons to downregulate CCL2 and contribute to immunoregulation by reducing the attraction of immune cells by DRG neuron-derived CCL2. This is the first evidence that anti-inflammatory cytokines limit inflammation through direct binding to receptors on sensory neurons. Our data also add to the growing literature that sensory neurons have immunomodulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina de Souza
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Jaewon Sim
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Andrew Dagenais
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Karli Monahan
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Beenhwa Lee
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Visha Parmar
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matan Geron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; New York Stem Cell Foundation - Robertson Investigator, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph K Folger
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Geoffroy Laumet
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Building, 766 Service Rd, East Lansing, MI 48826, USA.
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Michot B, Casey SM, Lee CS, Erdogan O, Basu H, Chiu I, Gibbs JL. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced TRPA1 Upregulation in Trigeminal Neurons is Dependent on TLR4 and Vesicular Exocytosis. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6731-6744. [PMID: 37643860 PMCID: PMC10552941 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0162-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain from bacterial infection was believed to be the consequence of inflammation induced by bacterial products. However recent studies have shown that bacterial products can directly activate sensory neurons and induce pain. The mechanisms by which bacteria induce pain are poorly understood, but toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) receptors are likely important integrators of pain signaling induced by bacteria. Using male and female mice we show that sensory neuron activation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is mediated by both TRPA1 and TLR4 and involves the mobilization of extracellular and intracellular calcium. We also show that LPS induces neuronal sensitization in a process dependent on TLR4 receptors. Moreover, we show that TLR4 and TRPA1 are both involved in sensory neurons response to LPS stimulation. Activation of TLR4 in a subset of sensory neurons induces TRPA1 upregulation at the cell membrane through vesicular exocytosis, contributing to the initiation of neuronal sensitization and pain. Collectively these data highlight the importance of sensory neurons to pathogen detection, and their activation by bacterial products like LPS as potentially important to early immune and nociceptive responses.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Bacterial infections are often painful and the recent discovery that bacteria can directly stimulate sensory neurons leading to pain sensation and modulation of immune system have highlighted the importance of nervous system in the response to bacterial infection. Here, we showed that lipopolysaccharide, a major bacterial by-product, requires both toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) receptors for neuronal activation and acute spontaneous pain, but only TLR4 mediates sensory neurons sensitization. Moreover, we showed for the first time that TLR4 sensitize sensory neurons through a rapid upregulation of TRPA1 via vesicular exocytosis. Our data highlight the importance of sensory neurons to pathogen detection and suggests that TLR4 would be a potential therapeutic target to modulate early stage of bacteria-induced pain and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Michot
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Endodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010
| | - Sharon M Casey
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Endodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010
| | - Caroline S Lee
- Department of Endodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010
| | - Ozge Erdogan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Himanish Basu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Isaac Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Jennifer L Gibbs
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Endodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010
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11
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Whitaker EE, Mecum NE, Cott RC, Goode DJ. Novel expression of major histocompatibility complex II in dorsal root ganglion neurons attenuates paclitaxel-induced cold hypersensitivity in male and female mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.31.535136. [PMID: 37066176 PMCID: PMC10103942 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.31.535136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is often a life-saving treatment, but the development of intractable pain caused by chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major dose-limiting toxicity that restricts survival rates. Recent reports demonstrate that paclitaxel (PTX) robustly increases anti-inflammatory CD4+ T cells in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and that T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines are protective against CIPN. However, the mechanism by which CD4+ T cells are activated, and the extent cytokines released by CD4+ T cells target DRG neurons are unknown. Here, we found novel expression of functional major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) protein in DRG neurons, and CD4+ T cells in close proximity to DRG neurons, together suggesting CD4+ T cell activation and targeted cytokine release. MHCII protein is primarily expressed in small nociceptive neurons in male mouse DRG regardless of PTX, while MHCII is induced in small nociceptive neurons in female DRG after PTX. Accordingly, reducing MHCII in small nociceptive neurons increased hypersensitivity to cold only in naive male mice, but increased severity of PTX-induced cold hypersensitivity in both sexes. Collectively, our results demonstrate expression of MHCII on DRG neurons and a functional role during homeostasis and inflammation.
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12
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Wei H, Chen Z, Lei J, You HJ, Pertovaara A. Sex-related correspondence between mechanical hypersensitivity and the discharge of medullary pain control neurons in neuropathic rats. Neurosci Lett 2023; 813:137415. [PMID: 37544582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we studied whether the sex-related difference in mechanical hypersensitivity induced by neuropathy is associated with the discharge rate of medullary pain control neurons. We performed experiments in male and female rats with spared nerve injury (SNI) model of peripheral neuropathy. Mechanical hypersensitivity was assessed behaviorally by monofilaments. Discharge rates of pain-control neurons were determined using in vivo single unit recordings under light anesthesia. Recording targets were two medullary nuclei involved in descending pain control: the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) and the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt). Based on the response to peripheral noxious stimulus, neurons were classified as pronociceptive RVM ON-like or DRt neurons, or antinociceptive RVM OFF-like neurons. Behavioral results indicated that the mechanical hypersensitivity induced by SNI was significantly stronger in females than males. The ongoing discharge rates of pronociceptive RVM ON-like neurons were higher and those of antinociceptive RVM OFF-like neurons lower in SNI females than SNI males. Ongoing discharge rates of pronociceptive DRt neurons were not significantly different between SNI females and males. The results suggest that a sex difference in the discharge rate of pain control neurons in the RVM but not DRt may contribute to the maintenance of stronger neuropathic hypersensitivity in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zuyue Chen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medical Imaging, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Jing Lei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Center for Translational Medicine Research on Sensory-Motor Diseases, Yan'an University, Yan'an, PR China
| | - Hao-Jun You
- Center for Translational Medicine Research on Sensory-Motor Diseases, Yan'an University, Yan'an, PR China
| | - Antti Pertovaara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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Pavlenko D, Todurga Seven Z, Bystrom L, Markan A, Verpile R, Ishida H, Akiyama T. Crisaborole Inhibits Itch and Pain by Preventing Neutrophil Infiltration in a Mouse Model of Atopic Dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 2023; 103:adv13382. [PMID: 37605895 PMCID: PMC10461178 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v103.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Crisaborole, a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis is often associated with increased pain. Using a mouse model, this study investigated whether crisaborole suppresses pain associated with atopic dermatitis and the potential mechanisms underlying it. The mouse model for atopic dermatitis was developed by repeatedly applying MC903. MC903-treated mice had increased spontaneous scratching (itch-related behaviour) and wiping behaviour (pain-related behaviour). Crisaborole was topically applied to the cheek skin of MC903-treated mice, and it reduced both itch- and pain-related behaviours in these mice. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that crisaborole reduced neutrophil infiltration and interaction of neutrophils with sensory neurones. Intradermal injection of S100A8/A9, proinflammatory neutrophil mediator, enhanced not only itch-related behaviours evoked by histamine or chloroquine, but also pain-related behaviours evoked by capsaicin. Calcium imaging of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurones revealed that pretreatment with S100A8/A9 significantly increased calcium responses to histamine and capsaicin, and the proportion of chloroquine-sensitive neurones. These findings suggest that the PDE4 inhibitor reduces itch and pain, in part by inhibiting infiltration of S100A8/A9-containing neutrophils in a mouse model of MC903-induced atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Pavlenko
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Zeynep Todurga Seven
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lauren Bystrom
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Anika Markan
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Rebecca Verpile
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Hirotake Ishida
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Tasuku Akiyama
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
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14
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Plumb AN, Lesnak JB, Berardi G, Hayashi K, Janowski AJ, Smith AF, Bailey D, Kerkman C, Kienenberger Z, Martin B, Patterson E, Van Roekel H, Vance CGT, Sluka KA. Standing on the shoulders of bias: lack of transparency and reporting of critical rigor characteristics in pain research. Pain 2023; 164:1775-1782. [PMID: 36877823 PMCID: PMC10356741 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rigorous experimental design with transparent reporting in biomedical science reduces risk of bias and allows for scientists to judge the quality of the research. Basic factors of rigor such as blinding, randomization, power analysis, and inclusion of both sexes impact the reproducibility by reducing experimental bias. We designed a systematic study to analyze basic factors of rigor, inclusion of sex, and whether data were analyzed or disaggregated by sex over the past 10 years in the journal PAIN . Studies that included humans reported randomization in 81%, blinding in 48%, and the use of a power analysis calculation in 27% over the past 10 years. Studies that included mice reported randomization in 35%, blinding in 70%, and the use of a power analysis in 9%. Studies that included rats reported randomization in 38%, blinding in 63%, and the use of power analysis in 12%. This study also found that human studies consistently included both sexes over the past decade, but less than 20% of data were disaggregated or analyzed for sex differences. Although mouse and rat studies predominately used males only, there has been a slight increase in inclusion of both sexes over the past few years. Justification for single-sex studies was below 50% in both human and rodent data. In both human and animal studies, transparency in reporting of experimental design and inclusion of both sexes should be considered standard practice and will result in improved quality and reproducibility of published research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Plumb
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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15
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Inyang KE, Sim J, Clark KB, Matan G, Monahan K, Evans C, Beng P, Ma JV, Heijnen CJ, Dantzer R, Scherrer G, Kavelaars A, Bernard M, Aldhamen Y, Folger JK, Laumet G. Tonic Meningeal Interleukin-10 Upregulates Delta Opioid Receptor to Prevent Relapse to Pain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.08.544200. [PMID: 37333074 PMCID: PMC10274865 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain often alternates between transient remission and relapse of severe pain. While most research on chronic pain has focused on mechanisms maintaining pain, there is a critical unmet need to understand what prevents pain from re-emerging in those who recover from acute pain. We found that interleukin (IL)-10, a pain resolving cytokine, is persistently produced by resident macrophages in the spinal meninges during remission from pain. IL-10 upregulated expression and analgesic activity of δ-opioid receptor (δOR) in the dorsal root ganglion. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of IL-10 signaling or δOR triggered relapse to pain in both sexes. These data challenge the widespread assumption that remission of pain is simply a return to the naïve state before pain was induced. Instead, our findings strongly suggest a novel concept that: remission is a state of lasting pain vulnerability that results from a long-lasting neuroimmune interactions in the nociceptive system.
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16
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Yaksh TL, Santos GGD, Borges Paes Lemes J, Malange K. Neuraxial drug delivery in pain management: An overview of past, present, and future. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2023; 37:243-265. [PMID: 37321769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Activation of neuraxial nociceptive linkages leads to a high level of encoding of the message that is transmitted to the brain and that can initiate a pain state with its attendant emotive covariates. As we review here, the encoding of this message is subject to a profound regulation by pharmacological targeting of dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn systems. Though first shown with the robust and selective modulation by spinal opiates, subsequent work has revealed the pharmacological and biological complexity of these neuraxial systems and points to several regulatory targets. Novel therapeutic delivery platforms, such as viral transfection, antisense and targeted neurotoxins, point to disease-modifying approaches that can selectively address the acute and chronic pain phenotype. Further developments are called for in delivery devices to enhance local distribution and to minimize concentration gradients, as frequently occurs with the poorly mixed intrathecal space. The field has advanced remarkably since the mid-1970s, but these advances must always address the issues of safety and tolerability of neuraxial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology University of California, San Diego, San Diego CA, 92103, USA.
| | | | | | - Kaue Malange
- Department of Anesthesiology University of California, San Diego, San Diego CA, 92103, USA
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17
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Thomas S, Enders J, Kaiser A, Rovenstine L, Heslop L, Hauser W, Chadwick A, Wright D. Abnormal intraepidermal nerve fiber density in disease: A scoping review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1161077. [PMID: 37153658 PMCID: PMC10157176 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1161077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) has become an important biomarker for neuropathy diagnosis and research. The consequences of reduced IENFD can include sensory dysfunction, pain, and a significant decrease in quality of life. We examined the extent to which IENFD is being used as a tool in human and mouse models and compared the degree of fiber loss between diseases to gain a broader understanding of the existing data collected using this common technique. Methods We conducted a scoping review of publications that used IENFD as a biomarker in human and non-human research. PubMed was used to identify 1,004 initial articles that were then screened to select articles that met the criteria for inclusion. Criteria were chosen to standardize publications so they could be compared rigorously and included having a control group, measuring IENFD in a distal limb, and using protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5). Results We analyzed 397 articles and collected information related to publication year, the condition studied, and the percent IENFD loss. The analysis revealed that the use of IENFD as a tool has been increasing in both human and non-human research. We found that IENFD loss is prevalent in many diseases, and metabolic or diabetes-related diseases were the most studied conditions in humans and rodents. Our analysis identified 73 human diseases in which IENFD was affected, with 71 reporting IENFD loss and an overall average IENFD change of -47%. We identified 28 mouse and 21 rat conditions, with average IENFD changes of -31.6% and -34.7%, respectively. Additionally, we present data describing sub-analyses of IENFD loss according to disease characteristics in diabetes and chemotherapy treatments in humans and rodents. Interpretation Reduced IENFD occurs in a surprising number of human disease conditions. Abnormal IENFD contributes to important complications, including poor cutaneous vascularization, sensory dysfunction, and pain. Our analysis informs future rodent studies so they may better mirror human diseases impacted by reduced IENFD, highlights the breadth of diseases impacted by IENFD loss, and urges exploration of common mechanisms that lead to substantial IENFD loss as a complication in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Douglas Wright
- Sensory Nerve Disorder Lab, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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18
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Yang C, Yamaki S, Jung T, Kim B, Huyhn R, McKemy DD. Endogenous Inflammatory Mediators Produced by Injury Activate TRPV1 and TRPA1 Nociceptors to Induce Sexually Dimorphic Cold Pain That Is Dependent on TRPM8 and GFRα3. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2803-2814. [PMID: 36898840 PMCID: PMC10089246 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2303-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of environmental temperatures is critical for survival, yet inappropriate responses to thermal stimuli can have a negative impact on overall health. The physiological effect of cold is distinct among somatosensory modalities in that it is soothing and analgesic, but also agonizing in the context of tissue damage. Inflammatory mediators produced during injury activate nociceptors to release neuropeptides, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P, inducing neurogenic inflammation, which further exasperates pain. Many inflammatory mediators induce sensitization to heat and mechanical stimuli but, conversely, inhibit cold responsiveness, and the identity of molecules inducing cold pain peripherally is enigmatic, as are the cellular and molecular mechanisms altering cold sensitivity. Here, we asked whether inflammatory mediators that induce neurogenic inflammation via the nociceptive ion channels TRPV1 (vanilloid subfamily of transient receptor potential channel) and TRPA1 (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1) lead to cold pain in mice. Specifically, we tested cold sensitivity in mice after intraplantar injection of lysophosphatidic acid or 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, finding that each induces cold pain that is dependent on the cold-gated channel transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8). Inhibition of CGRP, substance P, or toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling attenuates this phenotype, and each neuropeptide produces TRPM8-dependent cold pain directly. Further, the inhibition of CGRP or TLR4 signaling alleviates cold allodynia differentially by sex. Last, cold pain induced by both inflammatory mediators and neuropeptides requires TRPM8, as well as the neurotrophin artemin and its receptor GDNF receptor α3 (GFRα3). These results are consistent with artemin-induced cold allodynia requiring TRPM8, demonstrating that neurogenic inflammation alters cold sensitivity via localized artemin release that induces cold pain via GFRα3 and TRPM8.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The cellular and molecular mechanisms that generate pain are complex with a diverse array of pain-producing molecules generated during injury that act to sensitize peripheral sensory neurons, thereby inducing pain. Here we identify a specific neuroinflammatory pathway involving the ion channel TRPM8 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8) and the neurotrophin receptor GFRα3 (GDNF receptor α3) that leads to cold pain, providing select targets for potential therapies for this pain modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Yang
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
- Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Shanni Yamaki
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
- Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Tyler Jung
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Brian Kim
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Ryan Huyhn
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - David D McKemy
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
- Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
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19
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Lv J, Zhu J, Wang P, Liu T, Yuan J, Yin H, Lan Y, Sun Q, Zhang Z, Ding G, Zhou C, Wang H, Wang Z, Wang Y. Artemisinin exerts a protective effect in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease by inhibiting microglial activation via the TLR4/Myd88/NF-KB pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1012-1023. [PMID: 36691817 PMCID: PMC10018080 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We performed cell and animal experiments to explore the therapeutic effect of artemisinin on Parkinson's disease (PD) and the TLR4/Myd88 signaling pathway. METHODS C57 mice were randomly divided into the blank, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced and artemisinin-treated groups. Clinical symptoms, the number of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra, and microglial cell activation were compared among the three groups. Subsequently, BV-2 cell activation and TLR4/Myd88 pathway component expression were compared among the blank, MPP+ -treated, artemisinin-treated, and TLR4 activator-treated groups. RESULTS Behavioral symptoms were improved, the number of DAergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain was increased, and microglial cell activation was decreased in artemisinin-treated MPTP-induced PD model mice compared with control-treated MPTP-induced PD model mice (p < 0.05). The cell experiments revealed that artemisinin treatment reduced MPP+ -induced BV-2 cell activation and inhibited the TLR4/Myd88 signaling pathway. Moreover, the effect of artemisinin on the BV-2 cell model was inhibited by the TLR4 activator LPS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Artemisinin may reduce damage to DAergic neurons in a PD mouse model by decreasing microglial activation through the TLR4-mediated MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. However, this finding cannot explain the relationship between microglia and DAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lv
- Department of Neurology, Graduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Medical College, Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Peihan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Tongyu Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jiang Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Huan Yin
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yiran Lan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Guoda Ding
- Department of Neurology, Graduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Medical College, Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China
| | - Chenxi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Graduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Medical College, Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China
| | - Huajie Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yunfu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Graduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Medical College, Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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20
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Lenert ME, Burton MD. Sensory neuron LKB1 mediates ovarian and reproductive function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.28.534533. [PMID: 37034663 PMCID: PMC10081243 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.28.534533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Treatments for reproductive disorders in women primarily consist of hormone replacement therapy, which can have negative health impacts. Bidirectional communication between sensory neurons and innervated organs is an emerging area of interest in tissue physiology with potential relevance for reproductive disorders. Indeed, the metabolic activity of sensory neurons can have profound effects on reproductive phenotypes. To investigate this phenomenon, we utilized a murine model with conditional deletion in sensory neurons of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), a serine/threonine kinase that regulates cellular metabolism. Female mice with this LKB1 deletion (Nav1.8cre;LKB1fl/fl) had significantly more pups per litter compared to wild-type females. Interestingly, the LKB1 genotype of male breeders had no effect on fertility outcomes, thus indicating a female-specific role of sensory neuron metabolism in fertility. LKB1 deletion in sensory neurons resulted in reduced ovarian innervation from dorsal root ganglia neurons and increased follicular turnover compared to littermate controls. In summary, LKB1 expression in peripheral sensory neurons plays an important role in modulating fertility of female mice via ovarian sensory innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Lenert
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Michael D Burton
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
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21
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Wang SH, Huang SH, Hsieh MC, Lu IC, Chou PR, Tai MH, Wu SH. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Alleviates Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Involving Suppressing TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065379. [PMID: 36982452 PMCID: PMC10049379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PAC) results in long-term chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). The coexpression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the nervous system plays an essential role in mediating CIPN. In this study, we used a TLR4 agonist (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and a TLR4 antagonist (TAK-242) in the CIPN rat model to investigate the role of TLR4-MyD88 signaling in the antinociceptive effects of hyper-baric oxygen therapy (HBOT). All rats, except a control group, received PAC to induce CIPN. Aside from the PAC group, four residual groups were treated with either LPS or TAK-242, and two of them received an additional one-week HBOT (PAC/LPS/HBOT and PAC/TAK-242/HBOT group). Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were then assessed. The expressions of TRPV1, TLR4 and its downstream signaling molecule, MyD88, were investigated. The mechanical and thermal tests revealed that HBOT and TAK-242 alleviated behavioral signs of CIPN. Immunofluorescence in the spinal cord dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion revealed that TLR4 overexpression in PAC- and PAC/LPS-treated rats was significantly downregulated after HBOT and TAK-242. Additionally, Western blots showed a significant reduction in TLR4, TRPV1, MyD88 and NF-κB. Therefore, we suggest that HBOT may alleviate CIPN by modulating the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hung Wang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hung Huang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chien Hsieh
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan
| | - I-Cheng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ruey Chou
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Tai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hua Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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22
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Walters ET, Crook RJ, Neely GG, Price TJ, Smith ESJ. Persistent nociceptor hyperactivity as a painful evolutionary adaptation. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:211-227. [PMID: 36610893 PMCID: PMC9974896 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain caused by injury or disease of the nervous system (neuropathic pain) has been linked to persistent electrical hyperactivity of the sensory neurons (nociceptors) specialized to detect damaging stimuli and/or inflammation. This pain and hyperactivity are considered maladaptive because both can persist long after injured tissues have healed and inflammation has resolved. While the assumption of maladaptiveness is appropriate in many diseases, accumulating evidence from diverse species, including humans, challenges the assumption that neuropathic pain and persistent nociceptor hyperactivity are always maladaptive. We review studies indicating that persistent nociceptor hyperactivity has undergone evolutionary selection in widespread, albeit selected, animal groups as a physiological response that can increase survival long after bodily injury, using both highly conserved and divergent underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar T Walters
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Robyn J Crook
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - G Gregory Neely
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Theodore J Price
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Ewan St John Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
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Alexander SN, Jeong HS, Szabo-Pardi TA, Burton MD. Sex-specific differences in alcohol-induced pain sensitization. Neuropharmacology 2023; 225:109354. [PMID: 36460082 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Pain sensitization is a phenomenon that occurs to protect tissues from damage and recent studies have shown how a variety of non-noxious stimuli included in our everyday lives can lead to pain sensitization. Consumption of large amounts of alcohol over a long period of time invokes alcohol use disorder (AUD), a complex pathological state that has many manifestations, including alcohol peripheral neuropathy (neuropathic pain). We asked if 'non-pathological' alcohol consumption can cause pain sensitization in the absence of other pathology? Studies have pointed to glia and other immune cells and their role in pain sensitization that results in cell and sex-specific responses. Using a low-dose and short-term ethanol exposure model, we investigated whether this exposure would sensitize mice to a subthreshold dose of an inflammatory mediator that normally does not induce pain. We observed female mice exhibited specific mechanical and higher thermal sensitivity than males. We also observed an increase in CD68+ macrophages in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and Iba1+ microglia in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn of animals that were exposed to ethanol and injected with subthreshold inflammatory prostaglandin E2. Our findings suggest that short-term ethanol exposure stimulates peripheral and central, immune and glial activation, respectively to induce pain sensitization. This work begins to reveal a possible mechanism behind the development of alcoholic peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shevon N Alexander
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Lab (NIB), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Science, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Han S Jeong
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Lab (NIB), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Science, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Thomas A Szabo-Pardi
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Lab (NIB), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Science, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Burton
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Lab (NIB), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Science, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
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24
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Wickramasinghe PB, Qian S, Langley LE, Liu C, Jia L. Hepatocyte Toll-Like Receptor 4 Mediates Alcohol-Induced Insulin Resistance in Mice. Biomolecules 2023; 13:454. [PMID: 36979389 PMCID: PMC10046504 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the association between alcohol overconsumption and the development of insulin resistance. However, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. To investigate the requirement and sufficiency of hepatocyte toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in alcohol-induced insulin resistance, we used two mouse models (Tlr4fl/fl and Tlr4LoxTB) that allow ablation of TLR4 only in hepatocytes (Tlr4LKO) and restoration of endogenous TLR4 expression in hepatocytes on a TLR4-null background (Tlr4LoxTB × Alb-Cre), respectively. A Lieber-DeCarli feeding model was used to induce glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in mice. Glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, and insulin signaling experiments were performed to examine systemic and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity. We found that alcohol-fed hepatocyte TLR4 deficient mice (Tlr4LKO) had lower blood glucose levels in response to intraperitoneal injection of insulin. Moreover, increased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) was observed in the liver of Tlr4LKO mice after chronic alcohol intake. In contrast, when hepatic TLR4 was reactivated in mice (Tlr4LoxTB × Alb-Cre), alcohol feeding caused glucose intolerance in these mice compared with littermate controls (Tlr4LoxTB). In addition, AKT phosphorylation was dramatically reduced in the liver and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) of alcohol-fed Tlr4LoxTB × Alb-Cre mice, which was similar to that of mice with whole-body TLR4 reactivation (Tlr4LoxTB × Zp3-Cre). Collectively, these findings suggest that hepatocyte TLR4 is both required and sufficient in the development of insulin resistance induced by alcohol overconsumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piumi B. Wickramasinghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Shuwen Qian
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lyndsey E. Langley
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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25
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Lenert ME, Szabo-Pardi TA, Burton MD. Regulatory T-cells and IL-5 mediate pain outcomes in a preclinical model of chronic muscle pain. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069221110691. [PMID: 35712872 PMCID: PMC9926397 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221110691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic musculoskeletal pain disorder primarily diagnosed in women. Historically, clinical literature focusing on cytokines and immune cells has been inconsistent. However, recent key studies show several layers of immune system dysfunction in FM. Preclinically, studies of the immune system have focused on monocytes with little focus on other immune cells. Importantly, T-cells are implicated in the development and resolution of chronic pain states, particularly in females. Our previous work showed that monocytes from women with FM produced more interleukin 5 (IL-5) and systemic treatment of IL-5 reversed mechanical hypersensitivity in a preclinical model of FM. Typically, IL-5 is produced by TH2-cells, so in this study we assessed T-cell populations and cytokine production in female mice using the acid-induced chronic muscle pain model of FM before and after treatment with IL-5. Two unilateral injections of pH4.0 saline, five days apart, into the gastrocnemius muscle induce long-lasting widespread pain. We found that peripheral (blood) regulatory Thelper-cells (CD4+ FOXP3+) are downregulated in pH4.0-injected mice, with no differences in tissue (lymph nodes) or CD8+ T-cell populations. We tested the analgesic properties of IL-5 using a battery of spontaneous and evoked pain measures. Interestingly, IL-5 treatment induced place preference in mice previously injected with pH4.0 saline. Mice treated with IL-5 show limited changes in T-cell populations compared to controls, with a rescue in regulatory T-cells which positively correlates with improved mechanical hypersensitivity. The experiments in this study provide novel evidence that downregulation of regulatory T-cells play a role in chronic muscle pain pathology in the acidic saline model of FM and that IL-5 signaling is a promising target for future development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael D Burton
- Michael D Burton, Neuroimmunology and Behavior Lab, Department of Neuroscience, School of Brain and Behavioral Science, Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., BSB 10.546, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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26
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Abnormal Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Density in Disease: A Scoping Review. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.08.23285644. [PMID: 36798392 PMCID: PMC9934806 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.08.23285644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) has become an important biomarker for neuropathy diagnosis and research. The consequences of reduced IENFD can include sensory dysfunction, pain, and a significant decrease in quality of life. We examined the extent to which IENFD is being used as a tool in human and mouse models and compared the degree of fiber loss between diseases to gain a broader understanding of the existing data collected using this common technique. Methods We conducted a scoping review of publications that used IENFD as a biomarker in human and non-human research. PubMed was used to identify 1,004 initial articles that were then screened to select articles that met the criteria for inclusion. Criteria were chosen to standardize publications so they could be compared rigorously and included having a control group, measuring IENFD in a distal limb, and using protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5). Results We analyzed 397 articles and collected information related to publication year, the condition studied, and the percent IENFD loss. The analysis revealed that the use of IENFD as a tool has been increasing in both human and non-human research. We found that IENFD loss is prevalent in many diseases, and metabolic or diabetes-related diseases were the most studied conditions in humans and rodents. Our analysis identified 74 human diseases in which IENFD was affected, with 71 reporting IENFD loss and an overall average IENFD change of -47%. We identified 28 mouse and 21 rat conditions, with average IENFD changes of -31.6 % and - 34.7% respectively. Additionally, we present data describing sub-analyses of IENFD loss according to disease characteristics in diabetes and chemotherapy treatments in humans and rodents. Interpretation Reduced IENFD occurs in a surprising number of human disease conditions. Abnormal IENFD contributes to important complications, including poor cutaneous vascularization, sensory dysfunction, and pain. Our analysis informs future rodent studies so they may better mirror human diseases impacted by reduced IENFD, highlights the breadth of diseases impacted by IENFD loss, and urges exploration of common mechanisms that lead to substantial IENFD loss as a complication in disease.
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27
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Yang C, Yamaki S, Jung T, Kim B, Huyhn R, McKemy DD. Endogenous inflammatory mediators produced by injury activate TRPV1 and TRPA1 nociceptors to induce sexually dimorphic cold pain that is dependent on TRPM8 and GFRα3. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.23.525238. [PMID: 36747719 PMCID: PMC9900806 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The detection of environmental temperatures is critical for survival, yet inappropriate responses to thermal stimuli can have a negative impact on overall health. The physiological effect of cold is distinct among somatosensory modalities in that it is soothing and analgesic, but also agonizing in the context of tissue damage. Inflammatory mediators produced during injury activate nociceptors to release neuropeptides, such as CGRP and substance P, inducing neurogenic inflammation which further exasperates pain. Many inflammatory mediators induce sensitization to heat and mechanical stimuli but, conversely, inhibit cold responsiveness, and the identity of molecules inducing cold pain peripherally is enigmatic, as are the cellular and molecular mechanisms altering cold sensitivity. Here, we asked if inflammatory mediators that induce neurogenic inflammation via the nociceptive ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1 lead to cold pain in mice. Specifically, we tested cold sensitivity in mice after intraplantar injection of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) or 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE), finding each induces cold pain that is dependent on the cold-gated channel TRPM8. Inhibition of either CGRP, substance P, or toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling attenuates this phenotype, and each neuropeptide produces TRPM8-dependent cold pain directly. Further, the inhibition of CGRP or TLR4 signaling alleviates cold allodynia differentially by sex. Lastly, we find that cold pain induced by inflammatory mediators and neuropeptides requires the neurotrophin artemin and its receptor GFRα3. These results demonstrate that tissue damage alters cold sensitivity via neurogenic inflammation, likely leading to localized artemin release that induces cold pain via GFRα3 and TRPM8. Significance Statement The cellular and molecular mechanisms that generate pain are complex with a diverse array of pain-producing molecules generated during injury that act to sensitize peripheral sensory neurons, thereby inducing pain. Here we identify a specific neuroinflammatory pathway involving the ion channel TRPM8 and the neurotrophin receptor GFRα3 that leads to cold pain, providing select targets for potential therapies for this pain modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Yang
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.,Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Shanni Yamaki
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.,Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Tyler Jung
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Brian Kim
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Ryan Huyhn
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - David D McKemy
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.,Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
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28
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Millet A, Jendzjowsky N. Pathogen recognition by sensory neurons: hypotheses on the specificity of sensory neuron signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184000. [PMID: 37207232 PMCID: PMC10189129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons cooperate with barrier tissues and resident immune cells to form a significant aspect of defensive strategies in concert with the immune system. This assembly of neuroimmune cellular units is exemplified across evolution from early metazoans to mammalian life. As such, sensory neurons possess the capability to detect pathogenic infiltrates at barrier surfaces. This capacity relies on mechanisms that unleash specific cell signaling, trafficking and defensive reflexes. These pathways exploit mechanisms to amplify and enhance the alerting response should pathogenic infiltration seep into other tissue compartments and/or systemic circulation. Here we explore two hypotheses: 1) that sensory neurons' potential cellular signaling pathways require the interaction of pathogen recognition receptors and ion channels specific to sensory neurons and; 2) mechanisms which amplify these sensing pathways require activation of multiple sensory neuron sites. Where possible, we provide references to other apt reviews which provide the reader more detail on specific aspects of the perspectives provided here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Millet
- Respiratory & Exercise Physiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas Jendzjowsky
- Respiratory & Exercise Physiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Nicholas Jendzjowsky,
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29
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Nimbalkar S, Guo X, Colón A, Jackson M, Akanda N, Patel A, Grillo M, Hickman JJ. Development of a functional human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived nociceptor MEA system as a pain model for analgesic drug testing. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1011145. [PMID: 36936691 PMCID: PMC10014464 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1011145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of severe or chronic pain has relied heavily on opioids and opioid abuse and addiction have recently become a major global health crisis. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new pain therapeutics which have comparable efficacy for pain suppression but lack of the harmful effects of opioids. Due to the nature of pain, any in vivo experiment is undesired even in animals. Recent developments in stem cell technology has enabled the differentiation of nociceptors from human induced pluripotent stem cells. This study sought to establish an in vitro functional induced pluripotent stem cells-derived nociceptor culture system integrated with microelectrode arrays for nociceptive drug testing. Nociceptors were differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells utilizing a modified protocol and a medium was designed to ensure prolonged and stable nociceptor culture. These neurons expressed nociceptor markers as characterized by immunocytochemistry and responded to the exogenous toxin capsaicin and the endogenous neural modulator ATP, as demonstrated with patch clamp electrophysiology. These cells were also integrated with microelectrode arrays for analgesic drug testing to demonstrate their utilization in the preclinical drug screening process. The neural activity was induced by ATP to mimic clinically relevant pathological pain and then the analgesics Lidocaine and the opioid DAMGO were tested individually and both induced immediate silencing of the nociceptive activity. This human-based functional nociceptive system provides a valuable platform for investigating pathological pain and for evaluating effective analgesics in the search of opioid substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Nimbalkar
- Hybrid Systems Lab, University of Central Florida, NanoScience Technology Center, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Xiufang Guo
- Hybrid Systems Lab, University of Central Florida, NanoScience Technology Center, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Alisha Colón
- Hybrid Systems Lab, University of Central Florida, NanoScience Technology Center, Orlando, FL, United States
| | | | - Nesar Akanda
- Hybrid Systems Lab, University of Central Florida, NanoScience Technology Center, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Aakash Patel
- Hybrid Systems Lab, University of Central Florida, NanoScience Technology Center, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Marcella Grillo
- Hybrid Systems Lab, University of Central Florida, NanoScience Technology Center, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - James J. Hickman
- Hybrid Systems Lab, University of Central Florida, NanoScience Technology Center, Orlando, FL, United States
- Hesperos Inc., Orlando, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: James J. Hickman,
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30
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Malange KF, Navia-Pelaez JM, Dias EV, Lemes JBP, Choi SH, Dos Santos GG, Yaksh TL, Corr M. Macrophages and glial cells: Innate immune drivers of inflammatory arthritic pain perception from peripheral joints to the central nervous system. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:1018800. [PMID: 36387416 PMCID: PMC9644179 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1018800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people suffer from arthritis worldwide, consistently struggling with daily activities due to debilitating pain evoked by this disease. Perhaps the most intensively investigated type of inflammatory arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis (RA), where, despite considerable advances in research and clinical management, gaps regarding the neuroimmune interactions that guide inflammation and chronic pain in this disease remain to be clarified. The pain and inflammation associated with arthritis are not isolated to the joints, and inflammatory mechanisms induced by different immune and glial cells in other tissues may affect the development of chronic pain that results from the disease. This review aims to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art research on the roles that innate immune, and glial cells play in the onset and maintenance of arthritis-associated pain, reviewing nociceptive pathways from the joint through the dorsal root ganglion, spinal circuits, and different structures in the brain. We will focus on the cellular mechanisms related to neuroinflammation and pain, and treatments targeting these mechanisms from the periphery and the CNS. A comprehensive understanding of the role these cells play in peripheral inflammation and initiation of pain and the central pathways in the spinal cord and brain will facilitate identifying new targets and pathways to aide in developing therapeutic strategies to treat joint pain associated with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaue Franco Malange
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Elayne Vieira Dias
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Soo-Ho Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
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31
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Lenert ME, Gomez R, Lane BT, Dailey DL, Vance CGT, Rakel BA, Crofford LJ, Sluka KA, Merriwether EN, Burton MD. Translating Outcomes from the Clinical Setting to Preclinical Models: Chronic Pain and Functionality in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain. PAIN MEDICINE (MALDEN, MASS.) 2022; 23:1690-1707. [PMID: 35325207 PMCID: PMC9527603 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain disorder characterized by chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (CWP), resting pain, movement-evoked pain (MEP), and other somatic symptoms that interfere with daily functioning and quality of life. In clinical studies, this symptomology is assessed, while preclinical models of CWP are limited to nociceptive assays. The aim of the study was to investigate the human-to-model translatability of clinical behavioral assessments for spontaneous (or resting) pain and MEP in a preclinical model of CWP. For preclinical measures, the acidic saline model of FM was used to induce widespread muscle pain in adult female mice. Two intramuscular injections of acidic or neutral pH saline were administered following baseline measures, 5 days apart. An array of adapted evoked and spontaneous pain measures and functional assays were assessed for 3 weeks. A novel paradigm for MEP assessment showed increased spontaneous pain following activity. For clinical measures, resting and movement-evoked pain and function were assessed in adult women with FM. Moreover, we assessed correlations between the preclinical model of CWP and in women with fibromyalgia to examine whether similar relationships between pain assays that comprise resting and MEP existed in both settings. For both preclinical and clinical outcomes, MEP was significantly associated with mechanical pain sensitivity. Preclinically, it is imperative to expand how the field assesses spontaneous pain and MEP when studying multi-symptom disorders like FM. Targeted pain assessments to match those performed clinically is an important aspect of improving preclinical to clinical translatability of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Lenert
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Rachelle Gomez
- Inclusive and Translational Research in Pain Lab, Department of Physical Therapy, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brandon T Lane
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Dana L Dailey
- Neurobiology of Pain Lab, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Health Sciences, St. Ambrose University, Davenport, Iowa, USA
| | - Carol G T Vance
- Neurobiology of Pain Lab, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Barbara A Rakel
- College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Leslie J Crofford
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kathleen A Sluka
- Neurobiology of Pain Lab, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ericka N Merriwether
- Inclusive and Translational Research in Pain Lab, Department of Physical Therapy, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael D Burton
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
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32
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High-fat diet causes mechanical allodynia in the absence of injury or diabetic pathology. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14840. [PMID: 36050326 PMCID: PMC9437006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between diet, obesity, and diabetes is important to tease out mechanisms in painful pathology. Western diet is rich in fats, producing high amounts of circulating bioactive metabolites. However, no research has assessed how a high-fat diet (HFD) alone may sensitize an individual to non-painful stimuli in the absence of obesity or diabetic pathology. To investigate this, we tested the ability of a HFD to stimulate diet-induced hyperalgesic priming, or diet sensitization in male and female mice. Our results revealed that 8 weeks of HFD did not alter baseline pain sensitivity, but both male and female HFD-fed animals exhibited robust mechanical allodynia when exposed to a subthreshold dose of intraplantar Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) compared to mice on chow diet. Furthermore, calcium imaging in isolated primary sensory neurons of both sexes revealed HFD induced an increased percentage of capsaicin-responsive neurons compared to their chow counterparts. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed a HFD-induced upregulation of ATF3, a neuronal marker of injury, in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG). This suggests that a HFD induces allodynia in the absence of a pre-existing condition or injury via dietary components. With this new understanding of how a HFD can contribute to the onset of pain, we can understand the dissociation behind the comorbidities associated with obesity and diabetes to develop pharmacological interventions to treat them more efficiently.
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33
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Balogh M, Zhang J, Gaffney CM, Kalakuntla N, Nguyen NT, Trinh RT, Aguilar C, Pham HV, Milutinovic B, Nichols JM, Mahalingam R, Shepherd AJ. Sensory neuron dysfunction in orthotopic mouse models of colon cancer. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:204. [PMID: 35962398 PMCID: PMC9375288 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of neurological sequelae related to colon cancer are largely restricted to rare instances of paraneoplastic syndromes, due to autoimmune reactions. Systemic inflammation associated with tumor development influences sensory neuron function in other disease models, though the extent to which this occurs in colorectal cancer is unknown. We induced orthotopic colorectal cancer via orthotopic injection of two colorectal cancer cell lines (MC38 and CT26) in two different mouse strains (C57BL/6 and Balb/c, respectively). Behavioral tests of pain sensitivity and activity did not detect significant alterations in sensory sensitivity or diminished well-being throughout tumor development. However, immunohistochemistry revealed widespread reductions in intraepidermal nerve fiber density in the skin of tumor-bearing mice. Though loss of nerve fiber density was not associated with increased expression of cell injury markers in dorsal root ganglia, lumbar dorsal root ganglia neurons of tumor-bearing animals showed deficits in mitochondrial function. These neurons also had reduced cytosolic calcium levels in live-cell imaging and reduced spontaneous activity in multi-electrode array analysis. Bulk RNA sequencing of DRGs from tumor-bearing mice detected activation of gene expression pathways associated with elevated cytokine and chemokine signaling, including CXCL10. This is consistent with the detection of CXCL10 (and numerous other cytokines, chemokines and growth factors) in MC38 and CT26 cell-conditioned media, and the serum of tumor-bearing mice. Our study demonstrates in a pre-clinical setting that colon cancer is associated with latent sensory neuron dysfunction and implicates cytokine/chemokine signaling in this process. These findings may have implications for determining risk factors and treatment responsiveness related to neuropathy in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Balogh
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jixiang Zhang
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Caitlyn M Gaffney
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Neha Kalakuntla
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas T Nguyen
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ronnie T Trinh
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Clarissa Aguilar
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Hoang Vu Pham
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bojana Milutinovic
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James M Nichols
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rajasekaran Mahalingam
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew J Shepherd
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Pottorf TS, Rotterman TM, McCallum WM, Haley-Johnson ZA, Alvarez FJ. The Role of Microglia in Neuroinflammation of the Spinal Cord after Peripheral Nerve Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132083. [PMID: 35805167 PMCID: PMC9265514 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries induce a pronounced immune reaction within the spinal cord, largely governed by microglia activation in both the dorsal and ventral horns. The mechanisms of activation and response of microglia are diverse depending on the location within the spinal cord, type, severity, and proximity of injury, as well as the age and species of the organism. Thanks to recent advancements in neuro-immune research techniques, such as single-cell transcriptomics, novel genetic mouse models, and live imaging, a vast amount of literature has come to light regarding the mechanisms of microglial activation and alluding to the function of microgliosis around injured motoneurons and sensory afferents. Herein, we provide a comparative analysis of the dorsal and ventral horns in relation to mechanisms of microglia activation (CSF1, DAP12, CCR2, Fractalkine signaling, Toll-like receptors, and purinergic signaling), and functionality in neuroprotection, degeneration, regeneration, synaptic plasticity, and spinal circuit reorganization following peripheral nerve injury. This review aims to shed new light on unsettled controversies regarding the diversity of spinal microglial-neuronal interactions following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tana S. Pottorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
| | - Travis M. Rotterman
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA;
| | - William M. McCallum
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
| | - Zoë A. Haley-Johnson
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
| | - Francisco J. Alvarez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
- Correspondence:
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35
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Xu Z, Xie W, Feng Y, Wang Y, Li X, Liu J, Xiong Y, He Y, Chen L, Liu G, Wu Q. Positive interaction between GPER and β-alanine in the dorsal root ganglion uncovers potential mechanisms: mediating continuous neuronal sensitization and neuroinflammation responses in neuropathic pain. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:164. [PMID: 35729568 PMCID: PMC9215054 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and the reasons for the prolonged unhealing remain unknown. Increasing evidence suggests that sex oestrogen differences play a role in pain sensitivity, but few studies have focused on the oestrogen receptor which may be an important molecular component contributing to peripheral pain transduction. We aimed to investigate the impact of oestrogen receptors on the nociceptive neuronal response in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal dorsal horn using a spared nerve injury (SNI) rat model of chronic pain. Methods We intrathecally (i.t.) administered a class of oestrogen receptor antagonists and agonists intrathecal (i.t.) administrated to male rats with SNI or normal rats to identify the main receptor. Moreover, we assessed genes identified through genomic metabolic analysis to determine the key metabolism point and elucidate potential mechanisms mediating continuous neuronal sensitization and neuroinflammatory responses in neuropathic pain. The excitability of DRG neurons was detected using the patch-clamp technique. Primary culture was used to extract microglia and DRG neurons, and siRNA transfection was used to silence receptor protein expression. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting, RT-PCR and behavioural testing were used to assess the expression, cellular distribution, and actions of the main receptor and its related signalling molecules. Results Increasing the expression and function of G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER), but not oestrogen receptor-α (ERα) and oestrogen receptor-β (ERβ), in the DRG neuron and microglia, but not the dorsal spinal cord, contributed to SNI-induced neuronal sensitization. Inhibiting GPER expression in the DRG alleviated SNI-induced pain behaviours and neuroinflammation by simultaneously downregulating iNOS, IL-1β and IL-6 expression and restoring GABAα2 expression. Additionally, the positive interaction between GPER and β-alanine and subsequent β-alanine accumulation enhances pain sensation and promotes chronic pain development. Conclusion GPER activation in the DRG induces a positive association between β-alanine with iNOS, IL-1β and IL-6 expression and represses GABAα2 involved in post-SNI neuropathic pain development. Blocking GPER and eliminating β-alanine in the DRG neurons and microglia may prevent neuropathic pain development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02524-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wanli Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yiqi Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yue Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuyao He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guoyang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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36
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Valdrighi N, Vago JP, Blom AB, van de Loo FA, Blaney Davidson EN. Innate Immunity at the Core of Sex Differences in Osteoarthritic Pain? Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:881500. [PMID: 35662714 PMCID: PMC9160873 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.881500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive whole-joint disease; no disease-modifying drugs are currently available to stop or slow its process. Symptoms alleviation is the only treatment option. OA is the major cause of chronic pain in adults, with pain being the main symptom driving patients to seek medical help. OA pathophysiology is closely associated with the innate immune system, which is also closely linked to pain mediators leading to joint pain. Pain research has shown sex differences in the biology of pain, including sexually dimorphic responses from key cell types in the innate immune system. Not only is OA more prevalent in women than in men, but women patients also show worse OA outcomes, partially due to experiencing more pain symptoms despite having similar levels of structural damage. The cause of sex differences in OA and OA pain is poorly understood. This review provides an overview of the involvement of innate immunity in OA pain in joints and in the dorsal root ganglion. We summarize the emerging evidence of sex differences regarding innate immunity in OA pain. Our main goal with this review was to provide a scientific foundation for future research leading to alternative pain relief therapies targeting innate immunity that consider sex differences. This will ultimately lead to a more effective treatment of pain in both women and men.
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37
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Garner KM, Burton MD. The sex-specific role of sensory neuron LKB1 on metabolic stress-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and mitochondrial respiration. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R227-R243. [PMID: 35503781 PMCID: PMC9306793 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00279.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pain disorders induce metabolic stress in peripheral sensory neurons by reducing mitochondrial output, shifting cellular metabolism, and altering energy use. These processes implicate neuronal metabolism as an avenue for creating novel therapeutics. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) mediates the cellular response to metabolic stress by inducing the AMPK pathway. The LKB1-AMPK pathway increases energy producing processes, including mitochondrial output. These processes inhibit pain by directly or indirectly restoring energetic balance within a cell. Although the LKB1-AMPK pathway has been linked to pain relief, it is not yet known which cell is responsible for this property, as well any direct ties to cellular metabolism. To elucidate this, we developed a genetic mouse model where LKB1 is selectively removed from Nav1.8-pain sensory neurons and metabolically stressed them by fasting for 24 hours. We found females, but not males, had neuron-specific, LKB1-dependent restoration of metabolic stress-induced mitochondrial metabolism. This was reflected in mechanical hypersensitivity, where the absence of LKB1 led to hypersensitivity in female, but not male, animals. This discrepancy suggests a sex- and cell-specific contribution to LKB1-depdendent fasting-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. While our data represent a potential role for LKB1 in anti-pain pathways in a metabolic-specific manner, more must be done to investigate these sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Marie Garner
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Michael D Burton
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
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38
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Acioglu C, Heary RF, Elkabes S. Roles of neuronal toll-like receptors in neuropathic pain and central nervous system injuries and diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 102:163-178. [PMID: 35176442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors that are expressed in immune cells as well as glia and neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems. They are best known for their role in the host defense in response to pathogens and for the induction of inflammation in infectious and non-infectious diseases. In the central nervous system (CNS), TLRs modulate glial and neuronal functions as well as innate immunity and neuroinflammation under physiological or pathophysiological conditions. The majority of the studies on TLRs in CNS pathologies investigated their overall contribution without focusing on a particular cell type, or they analyzed TLRs in glia and infiltrating immune cells in the context of neuroinflammation and cellular activation. The role of neuronal TLRs in CNS diseases and injuries has received little attention and remains underappreciated. The primary goal of this review is to summarize findings demonstrating the pivotal and unique roles of neuronal TLRs in neuropathic pain, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and CNS injuries. We discuss how the current findings warrant future investigations to better define the specific contributions of neuronal TLRs to these pathologies. We underline the paucity of information regarding the role of neuronal TLRs in other neurodegenerative, demyelinating, and psychiatric diseases. We draw attention to the importance of broadening research on neuronal TLRs in view of emerging evidence demonstrating their distinctive functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Acioglu
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Robert F Heary
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Mountainside Medical Center, Montclair, NJ 07042, United States
| | - Stella Elkabes
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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39
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Li X, Tao YX. Intrathecal administration of the fat-mass and obesity-associated protein inhibitor mitigates neuropathic pain in female rats. TRANSLATIONAL PERIOPERATIVE AND PAIN MEDICINE 2022; 9:478-487. [PMID: 36545239 PMCID: PMC9764434 DOI: 10.31480/2330-4871/163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several intracellular signals are involved in the sexual dimorphism of chronic pain. Our previous studies demonstrated that the fat-mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), a demethylase of RNA N6-methyladenosine, in the injured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contributed to the development and maintenance of nerve injury-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity in male rats and male mice. However, whether these effects of DRG FTO are in a sex-dependent manner is still unknown. The present study sought to investigate the effect of intrathecal administration of a specific FTO inhibitor, meclofenamic acid (MA), on chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity in female rats. Intrathecal injection of MA attenuated the CCI-induced mechanical allodynia, heat hyperalgesia, and cold hyperalgesia in both the induction and maintenance periods, without changing acute/basal pain and locomotor function, in female rats. Intrathecal MA also blocked the CCI-induced hyperactivations of neurons and astrocytes in the ipsilateral L4 and L5 dorsal horns of female rats. Mechanistically, intrathecal MA prevented the CCI-induced increase in the histone methyltransferase G9a expression and reversed the G9a-controlled downregulation of mu-opioid receptor and Kv1.2 proteins in the ipsilateral L4 and L5 DRGs of female rats. These findings indicate that the effects of the FTO inhibitor on nerve injury-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity in female rats are similar to those in male rats reported previously. Our data also further confirm the role of DRG FTO in neuropathic pain and suggest potential clinical application of the FTO inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of this disorder in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA,Department of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ07103, USA,Departments of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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40
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Hiroki CH, Sarden N, Hassanabad MF, Yipp BG. Innate Receptors Expression by Lung Nociceptors: Impact on COVID-19 and Aging. Front Immunol 2021; 12:785355. [PMID: 34975876 PMCID: PMC8716370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.785355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs are constantly exposed to non-sterile air which carries harmful threats, such as particles and pathogens. Nonetheless, this organ is equipped with fast and efficient mechanisms to eliminate these threats from the airways as well as prevent pathogen invasion. The respiratory tract is densely innervated by sensory neurons, also known as nociceptors, which are responsible for the detection of external stimuli and initiation of physiological and immunological responses. Furthermore, expression of functional innate receptors by nociceptors have been reported; however, the influence of these receptors to the lung function and local immune response is poorly described. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the importance of coordinated and competent pulmonary immunity for the prevention of pathogen spread as well as prevention of excessive tissue injury. New findings suggest that lung nociceptors can be a target of SARS-CoV-2 infection; what remains unclear is whether innate receptor trigger sensory neuron activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection and what is the relevance for the outcomes. Moreover, elderly individuals often present with respiratory, neurological and immunological dysfunction. Whether aging in the context of sensory nerve function and innate receptors contributes to the disorders of these systems is currently unknown. Here we discuss the expression of innate receptors by nociceptors, particularly in the lungs, and the possible impact of their activation on pulmonary immunity. We then demonstrate recent evidence that suggests lung sensory neurons as reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 and possible viral recognition via innate receptors. Lastly, we explore the mechanisms by which lung nociceptors might contribute to disturbance in respiratory and immunological responses during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H. Hiroki
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicole Sarden
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mortaza F. Hassanabad
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan G. Yipp
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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41
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Han D, Li F, Zhang H, Ji C, Shu Q, Wang C, Ni H, Zhu Y, Wang S. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor restores blood-brain barrier integrity of aged mice after ischaemic stroke/reperfusion through anti-inflammation via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. J Drug Target 2021; 30:430-441. [PMID: 34747270 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.2003803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke remains a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide and ageing-associated inflammation for the aged patients specifically leads to worse post-stroke blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption than young subjects. Accordingly, suppression of excessive inflammation can alleviate BBB injury, which provides potential therapeutic treatment for ischaemic stroke of the aged. Prior studies revealed that mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) regulated inflammatory response and alleviated liver injury in ageing. However, it is unclear whether MANF confer similar benefit to BBB of aged mice suffered from ischaemic stroke. Transient cerebral ischaemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was conducted in aged mice (18-20 months old). MANF was injected into the right lateral ventricle 2 h after MCAO. BBB integrity, tight junctional proteins, ultrastructure of microvessels, infarct volume, neurological scores, brain water content, pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil infiltration rate were determined 72 h after MCAO. H2O2-induced senescent bEnd.3 cells were applied in the in vitro study to investigate the possible mechanism. First, we confirmed that ischaemic stroke/reperfusion in senescent condition promoted the over-expression of MANF on brain endothelial cells. Then, MANF supplement could suppress the pro-inflammatory factor production, restore BBB integrity and then alleviate infarct volume, neurological scores, brain water content and neutrophil infiltration rate. In addition, MANF maintained BBB integrity after ischaemic stroke of aged condition dependent on TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway via intervention of pro-inflammatory factors production. In summary, the recognition of MANF in the process of BBB breakdown at aged condition may offer novel therapeutic approaches for ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Medical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengyang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Huanyu Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Siliang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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42
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Mazzone SB, Yang SK, Keller JA, Simanauskaite J, Arikkatt J, Fogarty MJ, Moe AAK, Chen C, Trewella MW, Tian L, Ritchie ME, Chua BY, Phipps S, Short KR, McGovern AE. Modulation of Vagal Sensory Neurons via High Mobility Group Box-1 and Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products: Implications for Respiratory Viral Infections. Front Physiol 2021; 12:744812. [PMID: 34621188 PMCID: PMC8490771 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.744812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vagal sensory neurons contribute to the symptoms and pathogenesis of inflammatory pulmonary diseases through processes that involve changes to their morphological and functional characteristics. The alarmin high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is an early mediator of pulmonary inflammation and can have actions on neurons in a range of inflammatory settings. We hypothesized that HMGB1 can regulate the growth and function of vagal sensory neurons and we set out to investigate this and the mechanisms involved. Culturing primary vagal sensory neurons from wildtype mice in the presence of HMGB1 significantly increased neurite outgrowth, while acute application of HMGB1 to isolated neurons under patch clamp electrophysiological investigation produced inward currents and enhanced action potential firing. Transcriptional analyses revealed the expression of the cognate HMGB1 receptors, Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE) and Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), in subsets of vagal sensory neurons. HMGB1-evoked growth and electrophysiological responses were significantly reduced in primary vagal sensory neurons harvested from RAGE deficient mice and completely absent in neurons from RAGE/TLR4 double deficient mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of vagal sensory neurons collected from mice after intranasal infection with murine pneumovirus or influenza A virus (IAV), or after intratracheal administration with the viral mimetic PolyI:C, revealed a significant increase in nuclear-to-cytoplasm translocation of HMGB1 compared to mock-inoculated mice. Neurons cultured from virus infected wildtype mice displayed a significant increase in neurite outgrowth, which was not observed for neurons from virus infected RAGE or RAGE/TLR4 deficient mice. These data suggest that HMGB1 can enhance vagal sensory neuron growth and excitability, acting primarily via sensory neuron RAGE. Activation of the HMGB1-RAGE axis in vagal sensory neurons could be an important mechanism leading to vagal hyperinnervation and hypersensitivity in chronic pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart B Mazzone
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Seung-Kwon Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Keller
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Juste Simanauskaite
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaisy Arikkatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew J Fogarty
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Aung Aung Kywe Moe
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew W Trewella
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Luyi Tian
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew E Ritchie
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan Y Chua
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alice E McGovern
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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