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Liu Q, Ilčíková T, Radchenko M, Junková M, Špinka M. Effects of reduced kinematic and social play experience on affective appraisal of human-rat play in rats. Front Zool 2023; 20:34. [PMID: 37821980 PMCID: PMC10568924 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Play is a common and developmentally important behaviour in young mammals. Specifically in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), reduced opportunity to engage in rough-and-tumble (RT) play has been associated with impaired development in social competence. However, RT play is a complex behaviour having both a kinematic aspect (i.e., performing complex 3D manoeuvres during play fights) and a social aspect (interacting with a playful partner). There has been little research so far on disentangling the two aspects in RT play, especially on how these two aspects affect the affective appraisal of the intense physical contact during play. RESULTS To examine the developmental effects of kinematic and social play reduction on affective appraisal in rats, we subjected male Long-Evans rats from 21 days old to RT play experience that was reduced either kinematically (through playing in a low ceiling environment) or socially (through playing with a less playful Fischer-344 rat). Starting at 35 days, we measured their production of positively (50-kHz) and negatively (22-kHz) valenced ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs) in a 2-min standardised human-rat play procedure that mimicked the playful sequences of nape contact, pinning, and belly stimulation ('tickling') for ten days. We hypothesised that the rats with kinematically or socially reduced play would perceive the 'tickling' less positively and thus emit positive ultrasonic vocalisations at lower rates compared to control rats with non-reduced play experience. Our results confirmed that each of the treatments reduced play differently: while the kinematic reduction abolished playful pinnings entirely, the social reduction decreased the pinnings and made play highly asymmetric. During the tickling procedure, rats mostly produced 50 kHz USV, indicating that they appraised the procedure as positive. There was a wide inter individual variance and high individual consistency in rats' USV responses to 'tickling'. Crucially, neither the kinematically nor the socially reduced play experience affected either type of USV production when rats were 'tickled'. CONCLUSIONS This finding indicates that the ability to appraise play-like interactions as positive remains unaffected even when the kinematic or the social aspect of play experience was substantially curtailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxiao Liu
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia.
| | - Tereza Ilčíková
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Mariia Radchenko
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Markéta Junková
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marek Špinka
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Bigelow LJ, Pope EK, MacDonald DS, Rock JE, Bernard PB. Getting a handle on rat familiarization: The impact of handling protocols on classic tests of stress in Rattus norvegicus. Lab Anim 2023; 57:259-269. [PMID: 36604974 PMCID: PMC10288167 DOI: 10.1177/00236772221142687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimenter familiarization with laboratory rodents through handling prior to experimentation is an important practice in neurobehavioral research and is implicated in stress, study variability, and replicability. Unfortunately, different handling protocols have not been thoroughly examined. Determining optimal experimenter familiarization protocols is expected to reduce animal stress and thus improve welfare and data consistency. The impact of different handling protocols was determined through behavioral assessments (i.e. elevated plus maze, light/dark box, open field) as well as via analysis of fecal boli counts, ultrasonic vocalizations, and blood corticosterone. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were distributed among three groups: never handled, picked-up, and handled for 5 min once daily over five days. Handled and picked-up rats spent more time in open arms and less time in closed arms of the elevated plus maze and more time in the center and less time at the perimeter of the open field compared to rats that were never handled, indicating that handled and picked-up rats were less anxious than those that were never handled. Male rats consistently defecated more frequently throughout the handling process and throughout behavioral testing, whereas females showed greater concentrations of blood corticosterone. Female rats were found to emit more 50-kHz calls and fewer 22-kHz calls compared to males. The results observed suggest that picking animals up may suffice as a handling method compared to time-intensive handling procedures, and that there are significant sex differences in response to handling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Debra S MacDonald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Jessica E Rock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Paul B Bernard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Ruhl T, Christer T, Rhode SC, Beier JP. Time course of functional recovery after 1 cm sciatic nerve resection in rats with or without surgical intervention - measured by grip strength and locomotor activity. Neurosci Res 2023; 190:78-84. [PMID: 36470474 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rat sciatic nerve (SN) is the most frequently used model in experimental research on peripheral nerve injuries. Within the broad range of evaluation methods to determine the experimental outcome, recovery of behavior represents the major criterion to assess functional regeneration. The grasping test indicates when recovery begins and its improvement with time. However, lesions of the SN have yet remained unstudied with this method. Therefore, rats received a SN resection and were divided into experimental groups: 1) control with lesion only, 2) nerve bridge, and 3) autograft. During weekly sessions, the grasping test measured the grip strength, and the locomotor behavior was assessed in the open field. Finally, the nerves were prepared for electrophysiology and histomorphometry. Autograft recovered grasping after 7 weeks with the strongest improvement afterwards. Nerve tube allowed grasping by week 12. Control animals did not recover. In the open field, no differences were observed between the groups. Recordings were possible only in the autograft group, which could be explained by higher number of regenerated fibers. This study indicates that grasping data correspond with physiological and anatomical findings. We conclude that the grasping test is a valid method to evaluate functional recovery after SN resection in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ruhl
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery-Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tim Christer
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery-Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (Current affiliation) Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sophie Ch Rhode
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery-Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (Current affiliation) Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Justus P Beier
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery-Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Liiver K, Imbeault S, Školnaja M, Kaart T, Kanarik M, Laugus K, De Wettinck J, Pulver A, Shimmo R, Harro J. Active vs passive novelty-related strategies: Sex differences in exploratory behaviour and monoaminergic systems. Behav Brain Res 2023; 441:114297. [PMID: 36641084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences are apparent in numerous behavioural characteristics. In order to compare and characterise male and female variability of exploratory behaviour, 365 male and 401 female rats were assessed in a task where a bimodal response distribution had previously been established in males. Female rats had significantly higher exploratory activity, and presented normal distribution of the behaviour, very differently from the bimodal distribution of males. No major effect of litter or oestrous cycle was detected. Several differences between male and female rats were found in monoamine metabolism measured ex vivo. Male rats had lower levels of dopamine (DA) in frontal cortex, and higher levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in raphe area; higher levels of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in dorsal striatum but lower levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in locus coeruleus area, 5-HIAA levels were also lower in hippocampus as compared to females. Males had higher noradrenaline (NA) levels in hippocampus and lower normetanephrine (NMN) levels in striatum, in both brain regions male animals had lower NMN/NA ratio. No sex difference was found in accumbens. The only brain region with an interaction between sex and the expression of exploratory activity was raphe: Here 5-HT levels were lower, and DOPAC levels and DOPAC/DA and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios higher in low exploring male but not female rats. Conclusively, female rats not only display higher levels of exploration but the population distribution of this behaviour is distinct; this may be related to differences in the monoaminergic systems between female and male animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Liiver
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva Road 25, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Sophie Imbeault
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva Road 25, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marianna Školnaja
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva Road 25, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia; Laboratory Animal Centre, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Road 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tanel Kaart
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Kanarik
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karita Laugus
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jade De Wettinck
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva Road 25, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Aleksander Pulver
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva Road 25, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ruth Shimmo
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva Road 25, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva Road 25, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia; Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5D, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Kwarteng F, Wang R, Micov V, Hausknecht KA, Turk M, Ishiwari K, Oubraim S, Wang AL, Richards JB, Haj-Dahmane S, Shen RY. Adolescent chronic unpredictable stress leads to increased anxiety and attention deficit/hyperactivity-like symptoms in adulthood. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3779-3791. [PMID: 36348027 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life adversities during development (e.g., child abuse and neglect) are linked to multiple behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorders, which have high comorbidity. However, the impact of adversities during adolescence, a crucial period in early life for these disorders, is understudied. Using a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model in rats, we investigated whether adversities in adolescence could lead to increased anxiety and ADHD-like symptoms in adulthood. METHODS Mid- to late-adolescent (5-7-week-old) male and female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a mild CUS procedure for 2 weeks. Various stressors were applied in an unpredictable way. Rats of both sexes were then trained with a 2-choice reaction time (2-CRT) task during adulthood, which are designed to detect ADHD-like symptoms, including increased impulsivity and lapse of attention. In addition, an open field test was conducted to examine if CUS resulted in a persistent increase in anxiety-like behavior during adulthood. RESULTS Both male and female rats with CUS exposure travelled shorter distances in the open field and spent less time in the center zone, indicating increased anxiety. In the 2-CRT task, rats of both sexes with CUS exposure showed increased impulsivity. Augmented lapses of attention were observed in female but not male rats. CONCLUSION Chronic unpredictable stress during adolescence increases anxiety and leads to ADHD-like symptoms in both male and female rats in adulthood. The deficits are more severe in females than in males. These observations support that adversities during adolescence persistently increase anxiety, which is comorbid with attention deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Kwarteng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Ruixiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Veronika Micov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Kathryn A Hausknecht
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Marisa Turk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Keita Ishiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Saida Oubraim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - An-Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jerry B Richards
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Samir Haj-Dahmane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Roh-Yu Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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Exercise on Striatal Dopamine Level and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Male Rats after 2-VO Cerebral Ischemia. Behav Neurol 2022; 2022:2243717. [PMID: 36147220 PMCID: PMC9489419 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2243717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to discuss the effect of voluntary wheel running on striatal dopamine levels and anxiety-like behavior in rats with global cerebral ischemia. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were signed on in this study and randomly divided into following 4 groups: Control group (C group), Sham group (S group), ischemia group (I group), and 3 weeks physical exercise before ischemia group (3RI group). The rats in the 3RI group were placed in a voluntary running wheel for three weeks to exercise. Then, the rats in I and 3RI groups received bilateral carotid artery ligation (2-VO) operation. The C and S group did not perform voluntary running exercise and the bilateral common carotid arteries of S group were exposed without ligation. In vivo microdialysis was used in conjunction with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrochemical detection to ascertain the level of dopamine in the striatum. Elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) were used to test anxiety status at 24 hours and 7days after 2-VO cerebral ischemia. Meanwhile, gait and motor coordination evaluations were carried out to eliminate the influence of non-specific motor problems. The results indicated that cerebral ischemia instigate the increase of striatal dopamine in I group rats during acute cerebral ischemia. A 3-week voluntary wheel running significantly enhances the striatal dopamine before ischemia and obstructs a further increase of dopamine during acute cerebral ischemia in 3RI group rats. At 24 hours after ischemia, striatal dopamine returned to pre-ischemic levels in 3RI group. Striatal dopamine in I group were less than pre-ischemic levels at 7 days. Behavioral data indicated that 3-week voluntary wheel running promoted recovery of anxiety-like behavior and gait were not affected by 2-VO cerebral ischemia at 24 hours post-ischemia rats. Therefore, it can be concluded that 3-week physical exercise significantly increased the striatal dopamine and improved anxiety-like behavior by inhibiting the increase of dopamine during acute cerebral ischemia and suppressing the decrease of dopamine after 24 hours and 7 days cerebral ischemia.
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Améndola L, Weary D, Zobel G. Effects of personality on assessments of anxiety and cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104827. [PMID: 35970418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Individual variation in responses to commonly used tests of anxiety and spatial memory is often reported. While this variation is frequently considered to be 'noise', evidence suggests that it is, at least partially, related to consistent individual differences in behavioral responses (i.e., personality). The same tests used to assess anxiety are often used to profile personality traits, but personality differences are rarely considered when testing treatment differences in anxiety. Focusing on the rat literature, we describe fundamental principles involved in anxiety and spatial memory tests and we discuss how personality differences and housing conditions can influence behavioral responses in these tests. We propose that an opportunity exists to increase stress resiliency in environmentally sensitive individuals by providing environmental enrichment. We conclude by discussing different approaches to incorporating personality measures into the design and analysis of future studies; given the potential that variation masks research outcomes, we suggest that a strategy which considers the individual and its housing can contribute to improving research reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Améndola
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Daniel Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Gosia Zobel
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Team, AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand.
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Chronic rapid eye movement sleep restriction during juvenility has long-term effects on anxiety-like behaviour and neurotransmission of male Wistar rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 217:173410. [PMID: 35662652 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modernity imposes a toll on the sleep time of young population, with concomitant increase in symptoms of anxiety and depression. Whether there is a causal relationship between these events are only now being experimentally tested in humans and rodents. In a previous study, we showed that chronic sleep deprivation in juvenile-adolescent male rats led to increased anxiety-like behaviour and changes in noradrenaline and serotonin in the amygdala and hippocampus. In the present study we investigated whether early chronic sleep restriction affects emotional behaviour, stress response and neurochemistry in adulthood. From 21 to 42 days of age, Wistar male rats were submitted to sleep restriction by the multiple platform method or allowed to sleep freely. Forty-five days after this period, rats were tested in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and blood samples were collected from non-tested rats or 30 and 60 min after the EPM for determination of plasma corticosterone levels. Levels of monoamines were determined in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus 60 min after the EPM. Sleep restriction resulted in increased anxiety-like behaviour, decreased noradrenaline levels in the amygdala and dopamine levels in the ventral hippocampus. Anxiety index was positively correlated with increased serotonin metabolism in the frontal cortex and greater dopamine metabolism in the ventral hippocampus, and negatively correlated with dopamine levels in the ventral hippocampus. These results suggest that sleep restriction in juvenility and adolescence induces persistent changes in emotional behaviour in adult male rats and that levels of anxiety are correlated with increased serotonin and dopamine metabolism in specific brain areas.
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Kaplan G, Xu H, Abreu K, Feng J. DNA Epigenetics in Addiction Susceptibility. Front Genet 2022; 13:806685. [PMID: 35145550 PMCID: PMC8821887 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.806685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Addiction is a chronically relapsing neuropsychiatric disease that occurs in some, but not all, individuals who use substances of abuse. Relatively little is known about the mechanisms which contribute to individual differences in susceptibility to addiction. Neural gene expression regulation underlies the pathogenesis of addiction, which is mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA modifications. A growing body of work has demonstrated distinct DNA epigenetic signatures in brain reward regions that may be associated with addiction susceptibility. Furthermore, factors that influence addiction susceptibility are also known to have a DNA epigenetic basis. In the present review, we discuss the notion that addiction susceptibility has an underlying DNA epigenetic basis. We focus on major phenotypes of addiction susceptibility and review evidence of cell type-specific, time dependent, and sex biased effects of drug use. We highlight the role of DNA epigenetics in these diverse processes and propose its contribution to addiction susceptibility differences. Given the prevalence and lack of effective treatments for addiction, elucidating the DNA epigenetic mechanism of addiction vulnerability may represent an expeditious approach to relieving the addiction disease burden.
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Armario A. The forced swim test: Historical, conceptual and methodological considerations and its relationship with individual behavioral traits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:74-86. [PMID: 34118295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The forced swim test (FST), developed by Porsolt and collaborators in 1977 to evaluate antidepressant (AD) treatments in rodents, has become extensively used for this purpose and to evaluate depression-like states. Despite its popularity, studies have raised important concerns regarding its theoretical and predictive validity. In my view and that of others, the FST mainly evaluates coping strategies in an inescapable situation. Although it is reasonable to assume that ADs act favoring active coping whereas negative affective states would favor passive coping, this does not mean that only ADs should enhance active coping or that a depression state has developed, respectively. Given its simplicity, proper interpretation of the FST behavior is critically dependent on how FST behavior relates to other behavioral traits. Unfortunately, this issue has been poorly discussed previously. Then, the present review, using a historical perspective, offers information needed to better understand the meaning and limitations of the FST, discusses critical methodological aspects and analyzes the relationship of FST behavior with classical behavioral traits in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Armario
- Institut de Neurociències, Animal Physiology Unit (Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology), Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Campus Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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Effect of Neuropeptide S Administration on Ultrasonic Vocalizations and Behaviour in Rats with Low vs. High Exploratory Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060524. [PMID: 34070724 PMCID: PMC8229755 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a peptide neurotransmitter that in animal studies promotes wakefulness and arousal with simultaneous anxiety reduction, in some inconsistency with results in humans. We examined the effect of NPS on rat ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) as an index of affective state and on behaviour in novel environments in rats with persistent inter-individual differences in exploratory activity. Adult male Wistar rats were categorised as of high (HE) or low (LE) exploratory activity and NPS was administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) at a dose of 1.0 nmol/5 µL, after which USVs were recorded in the home-cage and a novel standard housing cage, and behaviour evaluated in exploration/anxiety tests. NPS induced a massive production of long and short 22 kHz USVs in the home cage that continued later in the novel environment; no effect on 50 kHz USVs were found. In LE-rats, the long 22 kHz calls were emitted at lower frequencies and were louder. The effects of NPS on behaviour appeared novelty- and test-dependent. NPS had an anxiolytic-like effect in LE-rats only in the elevated zero-maze, whereas in HE-rats, locomotor activity in the zero-maze and in a novel standard cage was increased. Thus NPS appears as a psychostimulant peptide but with a complex effect on dimensions of affect.
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Ali SB, Mahmood K, Saeed R, Salman T, Choudhary MI, Haleem DJ. Elevated anxiety, hypoactivity, memory deficits, decreases of brain serotonin and 5-HT-1A receptors expression in rats treated with omeprazole. Toxicol Res 2021; 37:237-248. [PMID: 33868980 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-020-00060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Omeprazole (OM) is one of the most prescribed drugs worldwide for the treatment of hyperacidity and gastric reflux. However, concerns regarding its safety have emerged recently, and the drug is reported to enhance the risk for anxiety and cognitive deficits, particularly in elderly patients. The present study investigated these adverse effects, if any, in adult male rats. Associated changes in brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and dopamine metabolism and the expression of 5-HT-1A receptors in the raphe and hippocampus were also determined. The drug was injected i.p. in doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg for 15 days. Both doses of OM decreased motor activity in an open field and impaired learning and memory in the Morris water maze test. Anxiety monitored in an elevated plus maze test was enhanced in rats treated with 20 mg/kg OM only. The levels of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and of homovanillic acid, a metabolite of dopamine, determined by HPLC-EC, were decreased in the brain of OM treated rats. The expression of 5-HT-1A receptor, determined by qRT-PCR, was reduced markedly in the hippocampus and moderately in the raphe. Our results provide evidence that OM use can reduce raphe hippocampal serotonin neurotransmission to lead to anxiety/depression and cognitive impairment. There is a need for increased awareness and prescription guidelines for therapeutic use of OM and possibly also other proton pump inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Basharat Ali
- Present Address: Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Present Address: Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Raheel Saeed
- Present Address: Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Tabinda Salman
- Present Address: Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- Present Address: Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
- Present Address: Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
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De Serrano AR, Hughes KA, Rodd FH. Paternal exposure to a common pharmaceutical (Ritalin) has transgenerational effects on the behaviour of Trinidadian guppies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3985. [PMID: 33597600 PMCID: PMC7889922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence is emerging that paternal effects, the nongenetic influence of fathers on their offspring, can be transgenerational, spanning several generations. Methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH; e.g. Ritalin) is a dopaminergic drug that is highly prescribed to adolescent males for the treatment of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. It has been suggested that MPH could cause transgenerational effects because MPH can affect the male germline in rodents and because paternal effects have been observed in individuals taking similar drugs (e.g. cocaine). Despite these concerns, the transgenerational effects of paternal MPH exposure are unknown. Therefore, we exposed male and female Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to a low, chronic dose of MPH and observed that MPH affected the anxiety/exploratory behaviour of males, but not females. Because of this male-specific effect, we investigated the transgenerational effects of MPH through the paternal line. We observed behavioural effects of paternal MPH exposure on offspring and great-grandoffspring that were not directly administered the drug, making this the first study to demonstrate that paternal MPH exposure can affect descendants. These effects were not due to differential mortality or fecundity between control and MPH lines. These results highlight the transgenerational potential of MPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R De Serrano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.
| | - Kimberly A Hughes
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Dr, Tallahassee, FL, 32304, USA
| | - F Helen Rodd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
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Chamera K, Trojan E, Kotarska K, Szuster-Głuszczak M, Bryniarska N, Tylek K, Basta-Kaim A. Role of Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid-Induced Maternal Immune Activation and Subsequent Immune Challenge in the Behaviour and Microglial Cell Trajectory in Adult Offspring: A Study of the Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041558. [PMID: 33557113 PMCID: PMC7913889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence support the pathogenic role of maternal immune activation (MIA) in the occurrence of the schizophrenia-like disturbances in offspring. While in the brain the homeostatic role of neuron-microglia protein systems is well documented, the participation of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R dyads in the adverse impact of MIA often goes under-recognized. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effect of MIA induced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) on the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R axes, microglial trajectory (MhcII, Cd40, iNos, Il-1β, Tnf-α, Il-6, Arg1, Igf-1, Tgf-β and Il-4), and schizophrenia-like behaviour in adult male offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats. Additionally, according to the “two-hit” hypothesis of schizophrenia, we evaluated the influence of acute challenge with Poly I:C in adult prenatally MIA-exposed animals on the above parameters. In the present study, MIA evoked by Poly I:C injection in the late period of gestation led to the appearance of schizophrenia-like disturbances in adult offspring. Our results revealed the deficits manifested as a diminished number of aggressive interactions, presence of depressive-like episodes, and increase of exploratory activity, as well as a dichotomy in the sensorimotor gating in the prepulse inhibition (PPI) test expressed as two behavioural phenotypes (MIAPPI-low and MIAPPI-high). Furthermore, in the offspring rats subjected to a prenatal challenge (i.e., MIA) we noticed the lack of modulation of behavioural changes after the additional acute immune stimulus (Poly I:C) in adulthood. The important finding reported in this article is that MIA affects the expression and levels of the neuron-microglia proteins in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of adult offspring. We found that the changes in the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis could affect microglial trajectory, including decreased hippocampal mRNA level of MhcII and elevated cortical expression of Igf-1 in the MIAPPI-high animals and/or could cause the up-regulation of an inflammatory response (Il-6, Tnf-α, iNos) after the “second hit” in both examined brain regions and, at least in part, might differentiate behavioural disturbances in adult offspring. Consequently, the future effort to identify the biological background of these interactions in the Poly I:C-induced MIA model in Sprague-Dawley rats is desirable to unequivocally clarify this issue.
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15
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Milic M, Schmitt U, Lutz B, Müller MB. Individual baseline behavioral traits predict the resilience phenotype after chronic social defeat. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 14:100290. [PMID: 33457472 PMCID: PMC7797906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic social defeat (CSD) has been widely used as a psychosocial stress model in mice, with the magnitude of CSD-induced social avoidance as the major behavioral hallmark of the resilient and susceptible groups. Despite significant progress in the study of the neurobiology of resilient and susceptible mice, the nature and ethological relevance of CSD-induced social avoidance and social approach, particularly measured using a CD1 mouse, needs conceptual clarification. Based on the findings of a recent study revealing substantial individuality in genetically homogeneous inbred mice, we investigated whether certain baseline individual characteristics of male C57BL/6J mice predict the resilient outcome after CSD. We focused on two well-studied individual traits that seem to have heritable underpinnings—approach to novelty and avoidance of harm, which are essential for the expression of the exploratory drive. Our results showed that the exploration levels and the approach to novelty and harm were different before and after CSD in resilient and susceptible mice. Before the stress, resilient mice had higher horizontal activity in a novel environment, shorter approach latencies, and higher exploration times for social and non-social targets than susceptible mice. However, susceptible mice performed better in the passive avoidance task than resilient mice as they were more successful in learning to avoid potential adversity by suppressing the spontaneous exploratory drive. Our findings challenge the validity of the current selection criteria for the susceptible and resilient groups and encourage comprehensive assessment of both baseline and stress-induced individual behavioral signatures of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Milic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ulrich Schmitt
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marianne B. Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
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16
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Experimentally altered male mating behaviour affects offspring exploratory behaviour via nongenetic paternal effects. Behav Brain Res 2020; 401:113062. [PMID: 33316325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is emerging that fathers can have nongenetic effects on the phenotypes of their offspring. Most studies have focused on the role that nongenetic modifications to sperm can have on offspring phenotype; however, fathers can also have nongenetic effects on offspring through their interactions with females, called female-mediated paternal effects. These effects can occur in situations where male phenotype, e.g. behaviour or morphology, affects female stress and/or provisioning of offspring. These effects are potentially widespread, but few studies have explicitly investigated the role of female-mediated paternal effects on offspring phenotype. Here, we asked if male mating interactions can affect offspring via female mediated paternal effects in the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata. To do this, we manipulated mating behaviour by: (i) administering a drug known to affect the neurotransmitter dopamine, and (ii) varying the familiarity of potential mates, which affects attractiveness in this species. With these treatments, we successfully manipulated the mating behaviour of male guppies and female preference for those males. Further, we found significant effects of sire mating behaviour, sire drug treatment, and parental familiarity status on behavioural measures of offspring anxiety in response to a novel object. Because Control offspring of 'familiar' and 'unfamiliar' pairs differed in their behaviour, our results cannot be solely attributed to potential nongenetic modifications to sperm caused by the drug. These results emphasize the importance of female-mediated paternal effects, including those caused by altered male mating behaviour, in shaping offspring phenotype.
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17
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Shao X, Sun D, Zhang B, Cheng L, Yan C, Zhu G. Association between GPx-1 polymorphisms and personality traits in healthy Chinese-Han subjects. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01897. [PMID: 33070477 PMCID: PMC7749609 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cloninger developed the three-dimensional personality theory and Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), which shows that some dimensions of personality traits are heritable and related to neurotransmitters including dopamine. glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) plays an important role in metabolic dopamine change and closely relates to neurological and psychiatric disorders. The impact of GPx-1 polymorphisms has been rarely explored in the field of personality traits. We decide to explore the relationships between them in healthy Chinese-Han subjects by using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). METHODS In our study, 493 healthy Chinese-Han participants (male = 234, female = 259) were recruited. 2 ml of EDTA-treated blood from each volunteer was taken; meanwhile, personality traits were assessed by TPQ. We detected the genotypes of selected two polymorphisms through PCR-RFLP after extracting DNA. Finally, the association between different genotypes and TPQ scores was performed using SPSS, p < .05 is seen as significant statistical significance. RESULTS Our data found a correlation between rs1800668 and novelty seeking (NS) subscale NS2 (X2 = 7.392, p = .025). While the results showed the rs1050450 was significantly associated with NS4 (X2 = 6.059, p = .048). Regarding sex stratification, there was a significant difference in the NS2 score (X2 = 8.232, p = .016) among women for rs1800668. No sex effect was observed for either genotype for rs1050450. CONCLUSION GPx-1polymorphism is related to personality traits in healthy Chinese-Han subjects. Our results suggested that GPx-1 may be involved in the biological mechanisms and be a potential gene that influenced personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Shao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongxue Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bihui Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingfei Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ci Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Maternal Immune Activation Sensitizes Male Offspring Rats to Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Microglial Deficits Involving the Dysfunction of CD200-CD200R and CX3CL1-CX3CR1 Systems. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071676. [PMID: 32664639 PMCID: PMC7407118 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life challenges resulting from maternal immune activation (MIA) may exert persistent effects on the offspring, including the development of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Recent evidence has suggested that the adverse effects of MIA may be mediated by neuron-microglia crosstalk, particularly CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R dyads. Therefore, the present study assessed the behavioural parameters resembling schizophrenia-like symptoms in the adult male offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats that were exposed to MIA and to an additional acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in adulthood, according to the "two-hit" hypothesis of schizophrenia. Simultaneously, we aimed to clarify the role of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R axes and microglial reactivity in the brains of adult offspring subjected to MIA and the "second hit" wit LPS. In the present study, MIA generated a range of behavioural changes in the adult male offspring, including increased exploratory activity and anxiety-like behaviours. The most intriguing finding was observed in the prepulse inhibition (PPI) test, where the deficit in the sensorimotor gating was age-dependent and present only in part of the rats. We were able to distinguish the occurrence of two groups: responsive and non-responsive (without the deficit). Concurrently, based on the results of the biochemical studies, MIA disrupted mainly the CD200-CD200R system, while the changes of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis were less evident in the frontal cortex of adult non-responsive offspring. MIA markedly affected the immune regulators of the CD200-CD200R pathway as we observed an increase in cortical IL-6 release in the responsive group and IL-4 in the non-responsive offspring. Importantly, the "second hit" generated disturbances at the behavioural and biochemical levels mostly in the non-responsive adult animals. Those offspring were characterized both by disturbed PPI and "priming" microglia. Altogether, the exposure to MIA altered the immunomodulatory mechanisms, including the CD200-CD200R axis, in the brain and sensitized animals to subsequent immunological challenges, leading to the manifestation of schizophrenia-like alterations.
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19
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Vaher K, Anier K, Jürgenson M, Harro J, Kalda A. Cocaine-induced changes in behaviour and DNA methylation in rats are influenced by inter-individual differences in spontaneous exploratory activity. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:680-692. [PMID: 32338111 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120916137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual differences in behavioural traits influence susceptibility to addictive disorders. Drug addiction involves changes in gene expression, proposed to occur via DNA methylation (DNAm). AIMS To investigate DNAm changes in reward-related brain structures (nucleus accumbens (NAc), lateral habenula (LHb)) in response to cocaine exposure in rats differing in spontaneous exploratory activity. METHODS Rats were observed in the exploration box and categorised as high- (HE) or low explorers (LE). Rats were administered vehicle or cocaine (12 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 days, followed by a 14-day withdrawal period and cocaine challenge (7 mg/kg); horizontal locomotor activity was recorded. Brain tissue was dissected after 24 h; we analysed messenger RNA (mRNA) and activity levels of epigenetic DNA modifiers (DNMTs and TETs) as well as mRNA and promoter methylation levels at selected genes previously linked to addictive behaviours. RESULTS The cocaine challenge dose stimulated locomotor activity in both LE- and HE rats only when administered after a repeated cocaine schedule, suggesting development of behavioural sensitisation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated higher basal expression of Dnmt3a, Tet2 and Tet3 in the LHb of HE- vs. LE rats, and we observed differential effects of cocaine exposure on the expression and activity of epigenetic DNA modifiers in the NAc and LHb of HE- and LE rats. Furthermore, cocaine exposure differentially altered promoter methylation levels of A2AR, Ppp1cc, and Taar7b in the NAc and LHb of HE- and LE rats. CONCLUSIONS DNAm might play a role in the HE- and LE phenotypes as well as mediate behavioural effects of LE- and HE rats in response to drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadi Vaher
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaili Anier
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Jaanus Harro
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anti Kalda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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20
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Fang JL, Luo Y, Jin SH, Yuan K, Guo Y. Ameliorative effect of anthocyanin on depression mice by increasing monoamine neurotransmitter and up-regulating BDNF expression. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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21
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Demin KA, Lakstygal AM, Volgin AD, de Abreu MS, Genario R, Alpyshov ET, Serikuly N, Wang D, Wang J, Yan D, Wang M, Yang L, Hu G, Bytov M, Zabegalov KN, Zhdanov A, Harvey BH, Costa F, Rosemberg DB, Leonard BE, Fontana BD, Cleal M, Parker MO, Wang J, Song C, Amstislavskaya TG, Kalueff AV. Cross-species Analyses of Intra-species Behavioral Differences in Mammals and Fish. Neuroscience 2020; 429:33-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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22
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Hiew LF, Khairuddin S, Aquili L, Koh J, Fung ML, Lim WL, Lim LW. Behavioural responses of anxiety in aversive and non-aversive conditions between young and aged Sprague-Dawley rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 385:112559. [PMID: 32097707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Measures of anxiety in behavioural tests remain largely unclear even decades after their establishment. Differences in the severity of anxiety measured by anxiety tests is an important issue that must be addressed. To test the hypothesis that the addition of light as an aversive stimulus will elicit a difference in behaviour between aged and young animals, we compared the responses of aged and young animals in the home cage emergence test (HCET) and elevated plus maze (EPM), in high aversive bright light and low aversive dim light conditions. In the HCET, our results demonstrated that young animals escaped with shorter latency and greater frequency than aged animals in both bright and dim light conditions, indicating that young animals display greater exploratory tendencies than aged animals. In the EPM, bright light conditions induced anxiogenic effects in both age groups. Interestingly, two-way ANOVA showed a significant interaction effect of age and light on the number of entries into the open arms of the EPM as well as frequency of escape in the HCET. These results show that the addition of light as an aversive stimulus in the EPM and HCET produced different responses in aged versus young animals in each test. In conclusion, significant interactions between age and light affected aged and young animals differently in the HCET and EPM, indicating that the two tests measure different aspects of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih Fhung Hiew
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sharafuddin Khairuddin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luca Aquili
- School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Junhao Koh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Malaysia
| | - Man-Lung Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Malaysia.
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Malaysia.
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23
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Lima CNDC, da Silva FER, Chaves Filho AJM, Queiroz AIDG, Okamura AMNC, Fries GR, Quevedo J, de Sousa FCF, Vasconcelos SMM, de Lucena DF, Fonteles MMDF, Macedo DS. High Exploratory Phenotype Rats Exposed to Environmental Stressors Present Memory Deficits Accompanied by Immune-Inflammatory/Oxidative Alterations: Relevance to the Relationship Between Temperament and Mood Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:547. [PMID: 31428001 PMCID: PMC6689823 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-exploratory (LE) and high-exploratory (HE) rodents mimic human depressive and hyperthymic temperaments, respectively. Mood disorders (MD) may be developed by the exposure of these temperaments to environmental stress (ES). Psychiatric symptoms severity in MD patients is related to the magnitude of memory impairment. Thus, we aimed at studying the consequences of the exposure of LE and HE male Wistar rats, during periadolescence, to a combination of ES, namely, paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and unpredictable stress (US), on anxiety-related behavior in the plus maze test, working (WM) and declarative memory (DM) performance. We also evaluated hippocampal immune-inflammatory/oxidative, as consequences of ES, and prevention of ES-induced alterations by the mood-stabilizing drugs, lithium and valproate. Medium exploratory (ME) control rats were used for comparisons with HE- and LE-control rats. We observed that HE-controls presented increased anxiolytic behavior that was significantly increased by ES exposure, whereas LE-controls presented increased anxiety-like behavior relative to ME-controls. Lithium and valproate prevented anxiolytic alterations in HE+ES rats. HE+ES- and LE+ES-rats presented WM and DM deficits. Valproate and lithium prevented WM deficits in LE-PSD+US rats. Lithium prevented DM impairment in HE+ES-rats. Hippocampal levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) increased four-fold in HE+ES-rats, being prevented by valproate and lithium. All groups of LE+ES-rats presented increased levels of GSH in relation to controls. Increments in lipid peroxidation in LE+ES- and HE+ES-rats were prevented by valproate in HE+ES-rats and by both drugs in LE+ES-rats. Nitrite levels were increased in HE+ES- and LE+ES-rats (five-fold increase), which was prevented by both drugs in LE+ES-rats. HE+ES-rats presented a two-fold increase in the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression that was prevented by lithium. HE+ES-rats showed increased hippocampal and plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-4. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) was increased in HE+ES- and LE+ES-rats, while tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) was increased only in HE+ES-rats. Altogether, our results showed that LE- and HE-rats exposed to ES present distinct anxiety-related behavior and similar memory deficits. Furthermore, HE+ES-rats presented more brain and plasma inflammatory alterations that were partially prevented by the mood-stabilizing drugs. These alterations in HE+ES-rats may possibly be related to the development of mood symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Nayane de Carvalho Lima
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
| | - Francisco Eliclécio Rodrigues da Silva
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Adriano José Maia Chaves Filho
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ana Isabelle de Gois Queiroz
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Adriana Mary Nunes Costa Okamura
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigo Fries
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
| | - Francisca Cléa F de Sousa
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Silvania Maria Mendes Vasconcelos
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - David F de Lucena
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Marta Maria de França Fonteles
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Macedo
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.,National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Neurosciences and Behavior Department, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Animals, anxiety, and anxiety disorders: How to measure anxiety in rodents and why. Behav Brain Res 2018; 352:81-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Hodges TE, Baumbach JL, McCormick CM. Predictors of social instability stress effects on social interaction and anxiety in adolescent male rats. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 60:651-663. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cheryl M. McCormick
- Department of Psychology; Brock University; Ontario Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience; Brock University; Ontario Canada
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26
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Robbins TW. Opinion on monoaminergic contributions to traits and temperament. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170153. [PMID: 29483339 PMCID: PMC5832679 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article critically reviews evidence relating temperamental traits and personality factors to the monoamine neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and serotonin. The genetic evidence is not yet considered to be conclusive and it is argued that basic neuroscience research on the neural basis of behaviour in experimental animals should be taken more into account. While questionnaire and lexical methodology including the 'Five Factor' theory has been informative (mostly for the traits relevant to social functioning, i.e. personality), biologically oriented approaches should be employed with more objective, theoretically grounded measures of cognition and behaviour, combined with neuroimaging and psychopharmacology, where appropriate. This strategy will enable specific functions of monoamines and other neuromodulators such as acetylcholine and neuropeptides (such as orexin) to be defined with respect to their roles in modulating activity in specific neural networks-leading to a more realistic definition of their interactive roles in complex, biologically based traits (i.e. temperament).This article is part of the theme issue 'Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
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LaFollette MR, O’Haire ME, Cloutier S, Blankenberger WB, Gaskill BN. Rat tickling: A systematic review of applications, outcomes, and moderators. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175320. [PMID: 28384364 PMCID: PMC5383284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rats initially fear humans which can increase stress and impact study results. Additionally, studying positive affective states in rats has proved challenging. Rat tickling is a promising habituation technique that can also be used to model and measure positive affect. However, current studies use a variety of methods to achieve differential results. Our objective was to systematically identify, summarize, and evaluate the research on tickling in rats to provide direction for future investigation. Our specific aims were to summarize current methods used in tickling experiments, outcomes from tickling, and moderating factors. Methods We systematically evaluated all articles about tickling identified from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsychInfo. Our inclusion criteria were publication in a peer-reviewed journal and collection of original, empirical data on rats using the handling method of tickling. One researcher extracted information from each article. Bias was assessed by 2 investigators using the SYRCLE bias assessment tool. Results We identified 32 articles (56 experiments) published in peer-reviewed journals about rat tickling for inclusion. A wide variety of strains, sexes, and ages of rats were included. The most common method used for tickling was cycling through 15 seconds of tickling and 15 seconds of rest for 2 minutes for 3 to 5 days. Experiments with a control for tickling (N = 22) showed that tickling increases positive vocalization, approach behavior, decreases anxiety measures, improves handling, and in some cases decreases stress hormones. Tickling juvenile, individually housed rats with a trait predisposition to respond more positively to tickling, results in the most positive outcomes. Methods to reduce bias were insufficiently reported. Conclusions We conclude that tickling is a promising method for improving rat welfare and investigating positive affect. However, the establishment of tickling best practices is essential as the outcomes from tickling can be moderated by several factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. LaFollette
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Animal Welfare Science, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Marguerite E. O’Haire
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Center for the Human-Animal Bond, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Canadian Council on Animal Care, Assessment and Accreditation Section, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Whitney B. Blankenberger
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Brianna N. Gaskill
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Animal Welfare Science, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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Carreira MB, Cossio R, Britton GB. Individual and sex differences in high and low responder phenotypes. Behav Processes 2017; 136:20-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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O’Leary A, Kõiv K, Raudkivi K, Harro J. Antidepressants differentially affect striatal amphetamine-stimulated dopamine and serotonin release in rats with high and low novelty-oriented behaviour. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:739-746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Middle-range exploratory activity in adult rats suggests higher resilience to chronic social defeat. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2016; 28:125-40. [PMID: 26669552 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2015.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stressful life events play an important role in the aetiology of human mood disorders and are frequently modelled by chronic social defeat (SD) in rodents. Exploratory phenotype in rats is a stable trait that is likely related to inter-individual differences in reactivity to stress. The aim of the study was to confirm that low levels of exploratory activity (LE) are, in rodents, a risk factor for passive stress coping, and to clarify the role of medium (ME) and high (HE) exploratory disposition in the sensitivity to SD. METHODS We examined the effect of SD on male Wistar rats with LE, ME, and HE activity levels as measured in the exploration box. After SD, the rats were evaluated in social preference, elevated zero maze, and open-field tests. Brain tissue levels of monoamines were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Rats submitted to SD exhibited lower weight gain, higher sucrose consumption, showed larger stress-induced hyperthermia, lower levels of homovanillic acid in the frontal cortex, and higher levels of noradrenaline in the amygdala and hippocampus. Open-field, elevated zero maze, and social preference tests revealed the interaction between stress and phenotype, as only LE-rats were further inhibited by SD. ME-rats exhibited the least reactivity to stress in terms of changes in body weight, stress-induced hyperthermia, and sucrose intake. CONCLUSION Both low and high novelty-related activity, especially the former, are associated with elevated sensitivity to social stress. This study shows that both tails of a behavioural dimension can produce stress-related vulnerability.
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Effects of methylphenidate on responses to novelty in a teleost fish (Poecilia reticulata). Behav Brain Res 2016; 302:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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De Santis M, Lian J, Huang XF, Deng C. Early antipsychotic treatment in childhood/adolescent period has long-term effects on depressive-like, anxiety-like and locomotor behaviours in adult rats. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:204-14. [PMID: 26577063 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115616383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Childhood/adolescent antipsychotic drug (APD) use is exponentially increasing worldwide, despite limited knowledge of the long-term effects of early APD treatment. Whilst investigations have found that early treatment has resulted in some alterations to dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission systems (essential to APD efficacy), there have only been limited studies into potential long-term behavioural changes. This study, using an animal model for childhood/adolescent APD treatment, investigated the long-term effects of aripiprazole, olanzapine and risperidone on adult behaviours of male and female rats. Open-field/holeboard, elevated plus maze (EPM), social interaction and forced swim (FS) tests were then conducted in adult rats. Our results indicated that in the male cohort, early risperidone and olanzapine treatment elicited long-term hyper-locomotor effects (open-field/holeboard and FS tests), whilst a decrease in depressive-like behaviour (in FS test) was observed in response to olanzapine treatment. Furthermore, anxiolytic-like behaviours were found following testing in the open-field/holeboard and EPM in response to all three drug treatments. Effects in the female cohort, however, were to a far lesser extent, with behavioural attributes indicative of an increased depressive-like behaviour and hypo-locomotor activity exhibited in the FS test following early risperidone and olanzapine treatment. These results suggest that various APDs have different long-term effects on the behaviours of adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael De Santis
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jiamei Lian
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Yildirim BO, Derksen JJL. Mesocorticolimbic dopamine functioning in primary psychopathy: A source of within-group heterogeneity. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:633-77. [PMID: 26277034 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite similar emotional deficiencies, primary psychopathic individuals can be situated on a continuum that spans from controlled to disinhibited. The constructs on which primary psychopaths are found to diverge, such as self-control, cognitive flexibility, and executive functioning, are crucially regulated by dopamine (DA). As such, the goal of this review is to examine which specific alterations in the meso-cortico-limbic DA system and corresponding genes (e.g., TH, DAT, COMT, DRD2, DRD4) might bias development towards a more controlled or disinhibited expression of primary psychopathy. Based on empirical data, it is argued that primary psychopathy is generally related to a higher tonic and population activity of striatal DA neurons and lower levels of D2-type DA receptors in meso-cortico-limbic projections, which may boost motivational drive towards incentive-laden goals, dampen punishment sensitivity, and increase future reward-expectancy. However, increasingly higher levels of DA activity in the striatum (moderate versus pathological elevations), lower levels of DA functionality in the prefrontal cortex, and higher D1-to-D2-type receptor ratios in meso-cortico-limbic projections may lead to increasingly disinhibited and impetuous phenotypes of primary psychopathy. Finally, in order to provide a more coherent view on etiological mechanisms, we discuss interactions between DA and serotonin that are relevant for primary psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariş O Yildirim
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, De Kluyskamp 1002, 6545 JD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan J L Derksen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Room: A.07.04B, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Raudkivi K, Alttoa A, Leito I, Harro J. Differences in extracellular glutamate levels in striatum of rats with high and low exploratory activity. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:858-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dias V, Trevizol F, Roversi K, Kuhn F, Roversi K, Pase C, Barcelos R, Emanuelli T, Bürger M. Trans-fat supplementation over two generations of rats exacerbates behavioral and biochemical damages in a model of mania: Co-treatment with lithium. Life Sci 2015; 132:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Morland RH, Novejarque A, Huang W, Wodarski R, Denk F, Dawes JD, Pheby T, McMahon SB, Rice AS. Short-term effect of acute and repeated urinary bladder inflammation on thigmotactic behaviour in the laboratory rat. F1000Res 2015; 4:109. [PMID: 27158443 PMCID: PMC4850861 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6255.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the non-sensory components of the pain experience is crucial to developing effective treatments for pain conditions. Chronic pain is associated with increased incidence of anxio-depressive disorders, and patients often report feelings of vulnerability which can decrease quality of life. In animal models of pain, observation of behaviours such as thigmotaxis can be used to detect such affective disturbances by exploiting the influence of nociceptive stimuli on the innate behavioural conflict between exploration of a novel space and predator avoidance behaviour. This study investigates whether acute and repeated bladder inflammation in adult female Wistar rats increases thigmotactic behaviour in the open field paradigm, and aims to determine whether this correlates with activation in the central amygdala, as measured by c-Fos immunoreactivity. Additionally, up-regulation of inflammatory mediators in the urinary bladder was measured using RT-qPCR array featuring 92 transcripts to examine how local mediators change under experimental conditions. We found acute but not repeated turpentine inflammation of the bladder increased thigmotactic behaviour (decreased frequency of entry to the inner zone) in the open field paradigm, a result that was also observed in the catheter-only instrumentation group. Decreases in locomotor activity were also observed in both models in turpentine and instrumentation groups. No differences were observed in c-Fos activation, although a general increased in activation along the rostro-caudal axis was seen. Inflammatory mediator up-regulation was greatest following acute inflammation, with CCL12, CCL7, and IL-1β significantly up-regulated in both conditions when compared to naïve tissue. These results suggest that acute catheterisation, with or without turpentine inflammation, induces affective alterations detectable in the open field paradigm accompanied by up-regulation of multiple inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary H Morland
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Amparo Novejarque
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Rachel Wodarski
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Franziska Denk
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Disease, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John D Dawes
- The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Pheby
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Stephen B McMahon
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Disease, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Sc Rice
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
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Magara S, Holst S, Lundberg S, Roman E, Lindskog M. Altered explorative strategies and reactive coping style in the FSL rat model of depression. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:89. [PMID: 25954168 PMCID: PMC4404828 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Modeling depression in animals is based on the observation of behaviors interpreted as analog to human symptoms. Typical tests used in experimental depression research are designed to evoke an either-or outcome. It is known that explorative and coping strategies are relevant for depression, however these aspects are generally not considered in animal behavioral testing. Here we investigate the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL), a rat model of depression, compared to the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat in three independent tests where the animals are allowed to express a more extensive behavioral repertoire. The multivariate concentric square field™ (MCSF) and the novel cage tests evoke exploratory behaviors in a novel environment and the home cage change test evokes social behaviors in the re-establishment of a social hierarchy. In the MCSF test, FSL rats exhibited less exploratory drive and more risk-assessment behavior compared to SD rats. When re-exposed to the arena, FSL, but not SD rats, increased their exploratory behavior compared to the first trial and displayed risk-assessment behavior to the same extent as SD rats. Thus, the behavior of FSL rats was more similar to that of SDs when the rats were familiar with the arena. In the novel cage test FSL rats exhibited a reactive coping style, consistent with the reduced exploration observed in the MCSF. Reactive coping is associated with less aggressive behavior. Accordingly, FSL rats displayed less aggressive behavior in the home cage change test. Taken together, our data show that FSL rats express altered exploratory behavior and reactive coping style. Reduced interest is a core symptom of depression, and individuals with a reactive coping style are more vulnerable to the disease. Our results support the use of FSL rats as an animal model of depression and increase our understanding of the FSL rat beyond the behavioral dimensions targeted by the traditional depression-related tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Magara
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Holst
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stina Lundberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Roman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Lindskog
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Determination of motor activity and anxiety-related behaviour in rodents: methodological aspects and role of nitric oxide. Interdiscip Toxicol 2014; 6:126-35. [PMID: 24678249 PMCID: PMC3967438 DOI: 10.2478/intox-2013-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In various areas of the bio-medical, pharmacological and psychological research a multitude of behavioural tests have been used to investigate the effects of environmental, genetic and epi-genetic factors as well as pharmacological substances or diseased states on behaviour and thus on the physiological and psycho-social status of experimental subjects. This article is reviewing the most frequently used behavioural tests in animal research (open field, elevated plus maze, zero maze, and black and white box). It provides a summary of common characteristics as well as differences in the methods used in various studies to determine motor activity, anxiety and emotionality. Additionally to methodological aspects, strain, sex and stress-related differences as well as the involvement of nitric oxide in modulation of motor activity and anxiety of rodents were briefly reviewed.
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Ravenelle R, Santolucito HB, Byrnes EM, Byrnes JJ, Donaldson ST. Housing environment modulates physiological and behavioral responses to anxiogenic stimuli in trait anxiety male rats. Neuroscience 2014; 270:76-87. [PMID: 24713371 PMCID: PMC4047719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment can modulate mild and chronic stress, responses to anxiogenic stimuli as well as drug vulnerability in a number of animal models. The current study was designed to examine the impact of postnatal environmental enrichment on selectively bred 4th generation high- (HAn) and low-anxiety (LAn) male rats. After weaning, animals were placed in isolated (IE), social (SE) and enriched environments (EE) (e.g., toys, wheels, ropes, changed weekly). We measured anxiety-like behavior (ALB) on the elevated plus maze (EPM; trial 1 at postnatal day (PND) 46, trial 2 at PND 63), amphetamine (AMPH) (0.5mg/kg, IP)-induced locomotor behavior, basal and post anxiogenic stimuli changes in (1) plasma corticosterone, (2) blood pressure and (3) core body temperature. Initially, animals showed consistent trait differences on EPM with HAn showing more ALB but after 40 days in select housing, HAn rats reared in an EE showed less ALB and diminished AMPH-induced activity compared to HAn animals housed in IE and SE. In the physiological tests, animals housed in EE showed elevated adrenocortical responses to forced novel object exposure but decreased body temperature and blood pressure changes after an air puff stressor. All animals reared in EE and SE had elevated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-positive cells in the central amygdala (CeA), CA1 and CA2 hippocampal regions and the caudate putamen, but these differences were most pronounced in HAn rats for CeA, CA1 and CA2. Overall, these findings suggest that environmental enrichment offers benefits for trait anxiety rats including a reduction in behavioral and physiological responses to anxiogenic stimuli and AMPH sensitivity, and these responses correlate with changes in BDNF expression in the central amygdala, hippocampus and the caudate putamen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ravenelle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Rose Hill Campus Bronx, NY 10458, United States
| | - H B Santolucito
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, United States
| | - E M Byrnes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Grafton, MA 01536, United States
| | - J J Byrnes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Grafton, MA 01536, United States
| | - S T Donaldson
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, United States.
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Individual differences in the forced swimming test and neurochemical kinetics in the rat brain. Physiol Behav 2014; 128:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Harro J, Kanarik M, Kaart T, Matrov D, Kõiv K, Mällo T, Del Río J, Tordera RM, Ramirez MJ. Revealing the cerebral regions and networks mediating vulnerability to depression: oxidative metabolism mapping of rat brain. Behav Brain Res 2014; 267:83-94. [PMID: 24662150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The large variety of available animal models has revealed much on the neurobiology of depression, but each model appears as specific to a significant extent, and distinction between stress response, pathogenesis of depression and underlying vulnerability is difficult to make. Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that depression occurs in biologically predisposed subjects under impact of adverse life events. We applied the diathesis-stress concept to reveal brain regions and functional networks that mediate vulnerability to depression and response to chronic stress by collapsing data on cerebral long term neuronal activity as measured by cytochrome c oxidase histochemistry in distinct animal models. Rats were rendered vulnerable to depression either by partial serotonergic lesion or by maternal deprivation, or selected for a vulnerable phenotype (low positive affect, low novelty-related activity or high hedonic response). Environmental adversity was brought about by applying chronic variable stress or chronic social defeat. Several brain regions, most significantly median raphe, habenula, retrosplenial cortex and reticular thalamus, were universally implicated in long-term metabolic stress response, vulnerability to depression, or both. Vulnerability was associated with higher oxidative metabolism levels as compared to resilience to chronic stress. Chronic stress, in contrast, had three distinct patterns of effect on oxidative metabolism in vulnerable vs. resilient animals. In general, associations between regional activities in several brain circuits were strongest in vulnerable animals, and chronic stress disrupted this interrelatedness. These findings highlight networks that underlie resilience to stress, and the distinct response to stress that occurs in vulnerable subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanus Harro
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Margus Kanarik
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Kaart
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Denis Matrov
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Kõiv
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Mällo
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Joaquin Del Río
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Tordera
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria J Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Anier K, Malinovskaja K, Pruus K, Aonurm-Helm A, Zharkovsky A, Kalda A. Maternal separation is associated with DNA methylation and behavioural changes in adult rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:459-68. [PMID: 23972903 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress is known to promote long-term neurobiological changes, which may underlie the increased risk of psychopathology. Maternal separation (MS) is used as an early life stressor that causes profound neurochemical and behavioural changes in the pups that persist into adulthood. However, the exact mechanism of how MS alters these behavioural changes is not yet understood. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, are critical regulators of persistent gene expression changes and may be related to behavioural disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether early life stress on rats could alter cocaine-induced behavioural sensitisation in adulthood via aberrant DNA methylation. We have three main findings: (1) MS increased DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of infant and adult rats; (2) MS induced DNA hypomethylation on a global level in the NAc, and hypermethylation of the promoter regions of the protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit (PP1C) and adenosine A2Areceptor (A2AR) genes, which was associated with their transcriptional downregulation in the NAc; (3) MS-induced molecular changes paralleled an increased response to cocaine-induced locomotor activity and exploratory behaviour in adult rats. Thus, our results suggest that stressful experiences in early life may create a background, via aberrant DNA methylation, which promotes the development of cocaine-induced behavioural sensitisation in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Anier
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila street, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Kristina Malinovskaja
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila street, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Katrin Pruus
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila street, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Anu Aonurm-Helm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila street, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Alexander Zharkovsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila street, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Anti Kalda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila street, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
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Falco AM, McDonald CG, Bachus SE, Smith RF. Developmental alterations in locomotor and anxiety-like behavior as a function of D1 and D2 mRNA expression. Behav Brain Res 2013; 260:25-33. [PMID: 24239691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The majority of smokers start smoking in adolescence, beginning a potentially lifelong struggle with nicotine use and abuse. In rodent models of the effects of nicotine, the drug has been shown to elicit both locomotor and anxiety-like behavioral effects. Research suggests that these behavioral effects may be due in part to dopamine (DA) receptors D1 and D2 in the mesolimbic system, specifically the nucleus accumbens (NAc). We examined early adolescent (P28), late adolescent (P45), and adult (P80) male Long-Evans rats in the elevated plus maze (EPM) under normal conditions and the open field (OF) post-nicotine in order to test locomotor and anxiety-like behavior. These behavioral findings were then correlated with expression of DA D1 and D2 mRNA levels as determined via in situ hybridization. Nicotine-induced locomotor behavior was found to be significantly different between age groups. After a single injection of nicotine, early adolescents exhibited increases in locomotor behavior, whereas both late adolescents and adults responded with decreases in locomotor behavior. In addition, it was found that among, early adolescents, open arm and center time in the EPM were negatively correlated with D2 mRNA expression. In contrast, among adults, distance traveled in the center and center time in the OF were negatively correlated with D2 mRNA expression. This study suggests that DA D2 receptors play a role in anxiety-like behavior and that the relationship between observed anxiety-like behaviors and D2 receptor expression changes through the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Falco
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, United States.
| | - C G McDonald
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, MSN 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States.
| | - S E Bachus
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, MSN 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States.
| | - R F Smith
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, MSN 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States.
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Sequeira-Cordero A, Mora-Gallegos A, Cuenca-Berger P, Fornaguera-Trías J. Individual differences in the immobility behavior in juvenile and adult rats are associated with monoaminergic neurotransmission and with the expression of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 in the nucleus accumbens. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Webster JP, Kaushik M, Bristow GC, McConkey GA. Toxoplasma gondii infection, from predation to schizophrenia: can animal behaviour help us understand human behaviour? J Exp Biol 2013; 216:99-112. [PMID: 23225872 PMCID: PMC3515034 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.074716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We examine the role of the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii as a manipulatory parasite and question what role study of infections in its natural intermediate rodent hosts and other secondary hosts, including humans, may elucidate in terms of the epidemiology, evolution and clinical applications of infection. In particular, we focus on the potential association between T. gondii and schizophrenia. We introduce the novel term 'T. gondii-rat manipulation-schizophrenia model' and propose how future behavioural research on this model should be performed from a biological, clinical and ethically appropriate perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne P. Webster
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Maya Kaushik
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Greg C. Bristow
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Glenn A. McConkey
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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De la Casa L, Fernandez A, Larrauri J, Mena A, Puentes A, Quintero E, Schmajuk N. Different effects of unexpected changes in environmental conditions on prepulse inhibition in rats and humans. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:542-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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A new three-dimensional model for emotions and monoamine neurotransmitters. Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:341-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
The rapid increase in the number of proposed animal models of depression reflects the dissatisfaction with our current state of knowledge on neurobiology of depression and unsuccessful drug development. Results obtained with even the best validated models can be difficult to compare. Because evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that depression occurs in biologically predisposed subjects under the impact of adverse life events, increasing attempts have been made to use the diathesis-stress concept in animal models. In this way, factors underpinning vulnerability to depression have been identified by measuring behavioural traits analogous to facets of human personality, or created by inducing neurochemical lesions. Stressful interventions administered prenatally, in early life or in adulthood have been combined with other vulnerability factors including genetic changes. As a result, several putative animal models of endophenotypes of depression or depression vulnerability have been proposed. Diathesis-stress models may aid in separating adaptive and maladaptive strategies in coping with stress, and understanding the relevant neurobiology. Studies comparing effects of stress on males and females should reveal to which extent the pathogenetic processes leading to depression can be specific to sex/gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanus Harro
- Unit of Psychophysiology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia.
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Matrov D, Vonk A, Herm L, Rinken A, Harro J. Activating effects of chronic variable stress in rats with different exploratory activity: association with dopamine d(1) receptor function in nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychobiology 2011; 64:110-22. [PMID: 21701229 DOI: 10.1159/000325224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Rats display persistent behavioural phenotypes of low (LE) versus high (HE) exploratory activity in the exploration box paradigm. LE rats that prefer passive coping strategies show differential dopaminergic activity in the striatum. The main hypothesis of this study was that chronic variable stress (CVS) would have a higher impact on LE rats. METHODS Animals were submitted to a CVS regimen lasting 32 days that was followed by a behavioural test battery. The functional states of their dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptors were measured in the striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Cerebral oxidative metabolism was assessed via cytochrome c oxidase histochemistry in 65 brain regions. RESULTS CVS decreased weight gain, to a higher extent in LE rats, and lowered the sucrose preference after the first week, but habituation to the anhedonic effect had developed by the end of the experiment. CVS did not change the behavioural phenotypes initially assigned. No effect of stress on D(2) receptor function was found. Chronically stressed animals exhibited higher levels of social interaction and D(1) receptor-mediated cAMP accumulation in the NAcc, but not in the striatum. CVS was associated with higher oxidative metabolism levels in the anteroventral thalamus, median raphe nuclei and central periaqueductal grey matter. These changes after stress did not depend upon the exploratory phenotype. CONCLUSION This study revealed changes in brain biochemistry after habituation to CVS that might be implicated in successful adaptation to chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Matrov
- Department of Psychology, Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Runke D, McIntyre DC, St-Onge V, Gilby KL. Relation between startle reactivity and sucrose avidity in two rat strains bred for differential seizure susceptibility. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:259-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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