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Jaramillo JCM, Aitken CM, Lawrence AJ, Ryan PJ. Oxytocin-receptor-expressing neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus activate widespread brain regions predominantly involved in fluid satiation. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 137:102403. [PMID: 38452468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Fluid satiation is an important signal and aspect of body fluid homeostasis. Oxytocin-receptor-expressing neurons (OxtrPBN) in the dorsolateral subdivision of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (dl LPBN) are key neurons which regulate fluid satiation. In the present study, we investigated brain regions activated by stimulation of OxtrPBN neurons in order to better characterise the fluid satiation neurocircuitry in mice. Chemogenetic activation of OxtrPBN neurons increased Fos expression (a proxy marker for neuronal activation) in known fluid-regulating brain nuclei, as well as other regions that have unclear links to fluid regulation and which are likely involved in regulating other functions such as arousal and stress relief. In addition, we analysed and compared Fos expression patterns between chemogenetically-activated fluid satiation and physiological-induced fluid satiation. Both models of fluid satiation activated similar brain regions, suggesting that the chemogenetic model of stimulating OxtrPBN neurons is a relevant model of physiological fluid satiation. A deeper understanding of this neural circuit may lead to novel molecular targets and creation of therapeutic agents to treat fluid-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine C M Jaramillo
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Connor M Aitken
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip J Ryan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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2
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Rosin JM, Sinha S, Biernaskie J, Kurrasch DM. A subpopulation of embryonic microglia respond to maternal stress and influence nearby neural progenitors. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1326-1345.e6. [PMID: 33887203 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between hypothalamic neurons and microglia as they integrate stressors to regulate homeostasis is of growing interest. We asked if microglia in the embryonic hypothalamus were likewise stress responsive and, if so, whether their precocious activation perturbs nearby neural stem cell (NSC) programs. We performed single-cell transcriptomics to define embryonic hypothalamic microglia heterogeneity and identified four microglial subsets, including a subpopulation adjacent to NSCs that was responsive to gestational cold stress. Stress exposure elevated CCL3 and CCL4 secretion, but only in male brains, and ex vivo CCL4 treatment of hypothalamic NSCs altered proliferation and differentiation. Concomitantly, gestational stress decreased PVN oxytocin neurons only in male embryos, which was reversed by microglia depletion. Adult offspring exposed to gestational stress displayed altered social behaviors, which was likewise microglia dependent, but only in males. Collectively, immature hypothalamic microglia play an unappreciated role in translating maternal stressors to sexually dimorphic perturbation of neurodevelopmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rosin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sarthak Sinha
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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3
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Zaplatosch ME, Adams WM. The Effect of Acute Hypohydration on Indicators of Glycemic Regulation, Appetite, Metabolism and Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092526. [PMID: 32825404 PMCID: PMC7551868 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence synthesizing the effects of acute body water losses on various markers of glycemic regulation, appetite, metabolism, and stress is lacking. Thus, the purpose of this review was to summarize the response of various hormonal changes involved in these physiologic functions to dehydration. A comprehensive literature search for peer-reviewed research in the databases PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and SportDiscus was conducted. Studies were included if they contained samples of adults (>18 years) and experimentally induced dehydration as measured by acute body mass loss. Twenty-one articles were eligible for inclusion. Findings suggested cortisol is significantly elevated with hypohydration (standard mean difference [SMD] = 1.12, 95% CI [0.583, 1.67], p < 0.0001). Testosterone was significantly lower in studies where hypohydration was accompanied by caloric restriction (SMD= -1.04, 95% CI [-1.93, -0.14], p = 0.02), however, there were no changes in testosterone in studies examining hypohydration alone (SMD = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.51 0.16], p = 0.30). Insulin and ghrelin were unaffected by acute total body water losses. Acute hypohydration increases markers of catabolism but has a negligible effect on markers of glycemic regulation, appetite, anabolism and stress. Given the brevity of existing research, further research is needed to determine the impact of hydration on glucagon, leptin, peptide YY and the subsequent outcomes relevant to both health and performance.
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Lizarbe B, Fernández-Pérez A, Caz V, Largo C, Vallejo M, López-Larrubia P, Cerdán S. Systemic Glucose Administration Alters Water Diffusion and Microvascular Blood Flow in Mouse Hypothalamic Nuclei - An fMRI Study. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:921. [PMID: 31551685 PMCID: PMC6733885 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is the principal regulator of global energy balance, enclosing additionally essential neuronal centers for glucose-sensing and osmoregulation. Disturbances in these tightly regulated neuronal networks are thought to underlie the development of severe pandemic syndromes, including obesity and diabetes. In this work, we investigate in vivo the response of individual hypothalamic nuclei to the i.p. administration of glucose or vehicle solutions, using two groups of adult male C57BL6/J fasted mice and a combination of non-invasive T2∗-weighted and diffusion-weighted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approaches. MRI parameters were assessed in both groups of animals before, during and in a post-stimulus phase, following the administration of glucose or vehicle solutions. Hypothalamic nuclei depicted different patterns of activation characterized by: (i) generalized glucose-induced increases of neuronal activation and perfusion-markers in the lateral hypothalamus, arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei, (ii) cellular shrinking events and decreases in microvascular blood flow in the dorsomedial, ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus, following the administration of vehicle solutions and (iii) increased neuronal activity markers and decreased microperfusion parameters in the ARC nuclei of vehicle-administered animals. Immunohistochemical studies performed after the post-stimulus phase confirmed the presence of c-Fos immunoreactive neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) from both animal groups, with significantly higher numbers in the glucose-treated animals. Together, our results reveal that fMRI methods are able to detect in vivo diverse patterns of glucose or vehicle-induced effects in the different hypothalamic nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Lizarbe
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Caz
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz - IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Largo
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz - IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Vallejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sebastián Cerdán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Rosin JM, Kurrasch DM. Emerging roles for hypothalamic microglia as regulators of physiological homeostasis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 54:100748. [PMID: 31059719 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a crucial brain region that responds to external stressors and functions to maintain physiological homeostatic processes, such as core body temperature and energy balance. The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis by producing hormones that thereby influence the production of other hormones that then control the internal milieu of the body. Microglia are resident macrophages and phagocytic immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), classically known for surveying the brain's environment, responding to neural insults, and disposing of cellular debris. Recent evidence has shown that microglia are also responsive to external stressors and can influence both the development and function of the hypothalamus in a sex-dependent manner. This emerging microglia-hypothalamic interaction raises the intriguing notion that microglia might play an unappreciated role in hypothalamic control of physiological homeostasis. In this review, we briefly outline how the hypothalamus regulates physiological homeostasis and then describe how this literature overlaps with our understanding of microglia's role in the CNS. We also outline the current literature demonstrating how microglia loss or activation affects the hypothalamus, and ultimately homeostasis. We conclude by proposing how microglia could be key regulators of homeostatic processes by sensing cues external to the CNS and transmitting them through the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rosin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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6
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Chang EH, Chavan SS, Pavlov VA. Cholinergic Control of Inflammation, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Obesity-Associated Disorders: Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:263. [PMID: 31024226 PMCID: PMC6460483 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and obesity-associated disorders have become world-wide epidemics, substantially increasing the risk of debilitating morbidity and mortality. A characteristic feature of these disorders, which include the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes, is chronic low-grade inflammation stemming from metabolic and immune dysregulation. Inflammation in the CNS (neuroinflammation) and cognitive impairment have also been associated with obesity-driven disorders. The nervous system has a documented role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and immune function, and recent studies have indicated the important role of vagus nerve and brain cholinergic signaling in this context. In this review, we outline relevant aspects of this regulation with a specific focus on obesity-associated conditions. We outline accumulating preclinical evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of cholinergic stimulation in alleviating obesity-associated inflammation, neuroinflammation, and metabolic derangements. Recently demonstrated beneficial effects of galantamine, a centrally acting cholinergic drug and cognitive enhancer, in patients with MetS are also summarized. These studies provide a rationale for further therapeutic developments using pharmacological and bioelectronic cholinergic modulation for clinical benefit in obesity-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H. Chang
- Center for Bioelectronic Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Sangeeta S. Chavan
- Center for Bioelectronic Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Valentin A. Pavlov
- Center for Bioelectronic Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
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7
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Li S, Yip A, Bird J, Seok BS, Chan A, Godden KE, Tam LD, Ghelardoni S, Balaban E, Martinez-Gonzalez D, Pompeiano M. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons in the developing chick brain. Brain Res 2018; 1700:19-30. [PMID: 30420052 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken because no previous developmental studies exist on MCH neurons in any avian species. After validating a commercially-available antibody for use in chickens, immunohistochemical examinations first detected MCH neurons around embryonic day (E) 8 in the posterior hypothalamus. This population increased thereafter, reaching a numerical maximum by E20. MCH-positive cell bodies were found only in the posterior hypothalamus at all ages examined, restricted to a region showing very little overlap with the locations of hypocretin/orexin (H/O) neurons. Chickens had fewer MCH than H/O neurons, and MCH neurons also first appeared later in development than H/O neurons (the opposite of what has been found in rodents). MCH neurons appeared to originate from territories within the hypothalamic periventricular organ that partially overlap with the source of diencephalic serotonergic neurons. Chicken MCH fibers developed exuberantly during the second half of embryonic development, and they became abundant in the same brain areas as in rodents, including the hypothalamus (by E12), locus coeruleus (by E12), dorsal raphe nucleus (by E20) and septum (by E20). These observations suggest that MCH cells may play different roles during development in chickens and rodents; but once they have developed, MCH neurons exhibit similar phenotypes in birds and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- SiHan Li
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Alissa Yip
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Jaimie Bird
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Bong Soo Seok
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Aimee Chan
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Kyle E Godden
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Laurel D Tam
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | | | - Evan Balaban
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | | | - Maria Pompeiano
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada.
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8
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Abstract
Along with the well-known rewarding effects, activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) can also relieve pain, and some nicotinic agonists have analgesic efficacy similar to opioids. A major target of analgesic drugs is the descending pain modulatory pathway, including the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) and the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). Although activating nAChRs within this circuitry can be analgesic, little is known about the subunit composition and cellular effects of these receptors, particularly within the vlPAG. Using electrophysiology in brain slices from adult male rats, we examined nAChR effects on vlPAG neurons that project to the RVM. We found that 63% of PAG-RVM projection neurons expressed functional nAChRs, which were exclusively of the α7-subtype. Interestingly, the neurons that express α7 nAChRs were largely nonoverlapping with those expressing μ-opioid receptors (MOR). As nAChRs are excitatory and MORs are inhibitory, these data suggest distinct roles for these neuronal classes in pain modulation. Along with direct excitation, we also found that presynaptic nAChRs enhanced GABAergic release preferentially onto neurons that lacked α7 nAChRs. In addition, presynaptic nAChRs enhanced glutamatergic inputs onto all PAG-RVM projection neuron classes to a similar extent. In behavioral testing, both systemic and intra-vlPAG administration of the α7 nAChR-selective agonist, PHA-543,613, was antinociceptive in the formalin assay. Furthermore, intra-vlPAG α7 antagonist pretreatment blocked PHA-543,613-induced antinociception via either administration method. Systemic administration of submaximal doses of the α7 agonist and morphine produced additive antinociceptive effects. Together, our findings indicate that the vlPAG is a key site of action for α7 nAChR-mediated antinociception.
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Xu L, Wang H, Gong Y, Pang M, Sun X, Guo F, Gao S. Nesfatin-1 regulates the lateral hypothalamic area melanin-concentrating hormone-responsive gastric distension-sensitive neurons and gastric function via arcuate nucleus innervation. Metabolism 2017; 67:14-25. [PMID: 28081774 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1, a recently discovered neuropeptide involved in satiety. Recent studies have revealed that central nesfatin-1 inhibits gastric emptying and gastric acid secretion, though the mechanisms involved in these processes are not known. We aim to explore the effects of nesfatin-1 on a population of gastric distension (GD)-sensitive neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LHA), gastric motility, and gastric secretion and the role for an arcuate nucleus (Arc)-LHA neural pathway in these processes. Single unit extracellular discharge recordings were made in of LHA. Further, gastric motility and gastric secretion in rats were monitored. Retrograde tracing and fluorescent immunohistochemical staining were used to explore nesfatin-1 neuron projection. The results revealed that administration of nesfatin-1 to the LHA or electric stimulation of the Arc could alter the neuronal activity of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-responsive, GD-responsive neurons in LHA, which could be blocked by pretreatment with MCH receptor-1 antagonist PMC-3881-PI or weakened by pretreatment of a nesfatin-1 antibody in LHA. Administration of nesfatin-1 into LHA could inhibit gastric motility and gastric secretion, and these effects could be enhanced by administration of PMC-3881-PI. Electrical stimulation of Arc promoted the gastric motility and gastric secretion. Nesfatin-1 antibody or PMC-3881-PI pretreatment to LHA had no effect on Arc stimulation-induced gastric motility, but these pretreatments did alter Arc stimulation-induced effects on gastric secretion. Our findings suggest that nesfatin-1 signaling in LHA participates in the regulation of efferent information from the gastrointestinal tract and gastric secretion which also involve MCH signaling. Further, they show that a nesfatin-1-positive Arc to LHA pathway is critical for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jimo People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yanling Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Mingjie Pang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital (Group), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangrong Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shengli Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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10
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Nesan D, Kurrasch DM. Genetic programs of the developing tuberal hypothalamus and potential mechanisms of their disruption by environmental factors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 438:3-17. [PMID: 27720896 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a critical regulator of body homeostasis, influencing the autonomic nervous system and releasing trophic hormones to modulate the endocrine system. The developmental mechanisms that govern formation of the mature hypothalamus are becoming increasingly understood as research in this area grows, leading us to gain appreciation for how these developmental programs are susceptible to disruption by maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals or other environmental factors in utero. These vulnerabilities, combined with the prominent roles of the various hypothalamic nuclei in regulating appetite, reproductive behaviour, mood, and other physiologies, create a window whereby early developmental disruption can have potent long-term effects. Here we broadly outline our current understanding of hypothalamic development, with a particular focus on the tuberal hypothalamus, including what is know about nuclear coalescing and maturation. We finish by discussing how exposure to environmental or maternally-derived factors can perhaps disrupt these hypothalamic developmental programs, and potentially lead to neuroendocrine disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinushan Nesan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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11
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Bojanowska E, Ciosek J. Can We Selectively Reduce Appetite for Energy-Dense Foods? An Overview of Pharmacological Strategies for Modification of Food Preference Behavior. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:118-42. [PMID: 26549651 PMCID: PMC4825944 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666151109103147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive intake of food, especially palatable and energy-dense carbohydrates and fats, is
largely responsible for the growing incidence of obesity worldwide. Although there are a number of
candidate antiobesity drugs, only a few of them have been proven able to inhibit appetite for palatable
foods without the concurrent reduction in regular food consumption. In this review, we discuss the
interrelationships between homeostatic and hedonic food intake control mechanisms in promoting
overeating with palatable foods and assess the potential usefulness of systemically administered pharmaceuticals that
impinge on the endogenous cannabinoid, opioid, aminergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic systems in the modification of
food preference behavior. Also, certain dietary supplements with the potency to reduce specifically palatable food intake
are presented. Based on human and animal studies, we indicate the most promising therapies and agents that influence the
effectiveness of appetite-modifying drugs. It should be stressed, however, that most of the data included in our review
come from preclinical studies; therefore, further investigations aimed at confirming the effectiveness and safety of the
aforementioned medications in the treatment of obese humans are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bojanowska
- Department of Behavioral Pathophysiology, Institute of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Lodz, 60 Narutowicza Street, 90-136 Lodz, Poland.
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12
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Schneider NY, Piccin C, Datiche F, Coureaud G. Spontaneous brain processing of the mammary pheromone in rabbit neonates prior to milk intake. Behav Brain Res 2016; 313:191-200. [PMID: 27418440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemical signals play a critical role in interindividual communication, including mother-young relationships. Detecting odor cues released by the mammary area is vital to the newborn's survival. European rabbit females secret a mammary pheromone (MP) in their milk, which releases sucking-related orocephalic movements in newborns. Pups spontaneously display these typical movements at birth, independently of any perinatal learning. Our previous Fos mapping study (Charra et al., 2012) performed in 4-day-old rabbits showed that the MP activated a network of brain regions involved in osmoregulation, odor processing and arousal in comparison with a control odor. However, at this age, the predisposed appetitive value of the MP might be reinforced by previous milk intake. Here, the brain activation induced by the MP was examined by using Fos immunocytochemistry and compared to a neutral control odor in just born pups (day 0) that did not experienced milk intake. Compared to the control odor, the MP induced an increased Fos expression in the posterior piriform cortex. In the lateral hypothalamus, Fos immunostaining was combined with orexin detection since this peptide is involved in arousal/food-seeking behavior. The number of double-labeled cells was not different between MP and control odor stimulations but the total number of Fos stained cells was increased after MP exposure. Our results indicate that the MP does not activate the same regions in 0- vs. 4-day-old pups. This difference between the two ages may reflect a changing biological value of the MP in addition to its constant predisposed releasing value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette Y Schneider
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (Research Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior), UMR 6265 CNRS/1324 INRA/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Coralie Piccin
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (Research Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior), UMR 6265 CNRS/1324 INRA/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Frédérique Datiche
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (Research Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior), UMR 6265 CNRS/1324 INRA/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
| | - Gérard Coureaud
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (Lyon Neuroscience Research Center) INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR 5292/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
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13
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Sekar R, Chow BKC. Metabolic effects of secretin. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 181:18-24. [PMID: 23246720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Secretin (Sct), traditionally a gastrointestinal hormone backed by a century long research, is now beginning to be recognized also as a neuroactive peptide. Substantiation by recent evidence on the functional role of Sct in various regions of the brain, especially on its potential neurosecretion from the posterior pituitary, has revealed Sct's physiological actions in regulating water homeostasis. Recent advances in understanding the functional roles of central and peripheral Sct has been made possible by the development of Sct and Sct receptor (SctR) knockout animal models which have led to novel approaches in research on the physiology of this brain-gut peptide. While research on the role of Sct in appetite regulation and fatty acid metabolism has been initiated recently, its role in glucose homeostasis is unclear. This review focuses mainly on the metabolic role of Sct by discussing data from the last century and recent discoveries, with emphasis on the need for revisiting and elucidating the role of Sct in metabolism and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Sekar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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14
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A new control center for dopaminergic systems: pulling the VTA by the tail. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:681-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Lerma-Cabrera JM, Carvajal F, de la Torre L, de la Fuente L, Navarro M, Thiele TE, Cubero I. Control of food intake by MC4-R signaling in the lateral hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens shell and ventral tegmental area: interactions with ethanol. Behav Brain Res 2012; 234:51-60. [PMID: 22713514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system is involved in animal models of obesity and anorexia-cachexia and MC4 receptors (MC4-R) are currently a target system for the development of drugs aimed to treat obesity and eating disorders in humans. Previous evidence suggest that feeding peptides might lack their orexigenic activity while stimulate ethanol intake. The present study comparatively evaluated food intake (4-h interval) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats drinking ethanol (6% w/v, 2 bottle choice paradigm) (EE group) and ethanol-naïve (EN) rats in response to bilateral infusion of the selective MC4-R antagonist HS014 (0, 0.02 or 0.05 μg/0.5 μl/site) or the selective MC4-R agonist cyclo(NH-CH(2)-CH(2)-CO-His-d-Phe-Arg-Trp-Glu)-NH(2) (0, 0.75 or 1.5 μg/0.5 μl/site), into the lateral hypothalamus (LH), the nucleus accumbens (NAc), or the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The main findings in the study are: (1) LH-infusions of the MC4-R antagonist increased and the agonist reduced feeding and total calories consumed, while ethanol intake remained unaltered. (2) NAc- and VTA-infusions of the selective agonist reduced food, ethanol and total calories intake. (3) NAc- and VTA-infusions of the MC4-R antagonist increased feeding in EN rats, but not in EE animals which showed a mild increase in ethanol intake, while total calories consumed remained unaltered. Present data show that having ethanol available reduces feeding elicited by NAc and VTA-MC4-R blockade. Additionally, while MC4-R signaling in the LH appears to modulate homeostatic aspects of feeding, it may contribute to non-homeostatic aspects of ingestive behaviors in the VTA and the NAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Lerma-Cabrera
- Departamento de Neurociencia y Ciencias de Salud, Universidad de Almería, Almería, 04120, Spain
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16
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Kis GK, Molnár AH, Daruka L, Gardi J, Rákosi K, László F, László FA, Varga C. The osmotically and histamine-induced enhancement of the plasma vasopressin level is diminished by intracerebroventricularly administered orexin in rats. Pflugers Arch 2012; 463:531-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Van der Zee EA, Platt B, Riedel G. Acetylcholine: future research and perspectives. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:583-6. [PMID: 21295616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the initial description of chemical transmission in the early part of the 20th century and the identification of acetylcholine (ACh) as the first such transmitter, interests grew to define the multiple facets of its functions. This multitude is only partially covered here, but even in the areas preselected for this special issue, research on the cholinergic system is still thriving. Notwithstanding an impressive amount of knowledge that has been accumulated, partly triggered by the cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD [1]), the different reviews in this issue not only summarise our current state of the art, they also highlight that this field has still large potential for future development. Taken from these reviews, we here pinpoint several topics fit for future attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Van der Zee
- University of Groningen, Biological Center, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands.
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