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Liu Q, Wang J, Gu Z, Ouyang T, Gao H, Kan H, Yang Y. Comprehensive Exploration of the Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba Leaves in Treating Neurological Disorders. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024:1-34. [PMID: 38904550 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Neurological disorders (NDs) are diseases that seriously affect the health of individuals worldwide, potentially leading to a significant reduction in the quality of life for patients and their families. Herbal medicines have been widely used in the treatment of NDs due to their multi-target and multi-pathway features. Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBLs), one of the most popular herbal medicines in the world, have been demonstrated to present therapeutic effects on NDs. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of GBLs in the treatment of neurological disorders have not been systematically summarized. This study aimed to summarize the molecular mechanism of GBLs in treating NDs from the cell models, animal models, and clinical trials of studies. Four databases, i.e., PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI, and Web of Science were searched using the following keywords: "Ginkgo biloba", "Ginkgo biloba extract", "Ginkgo biloba leaves", "Ginkgo biloba leaves extract", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological diseases", and "Neurodegenerative diseases". All items meeting the inclusion criteria on the treatment of NDs with GBLs were extracted and summarized. Additionally, PRISMA 2020 was performed to independently evaluate the screening methods. Out of 1385 records in the database, 52 were screened in relation to the function of GBLs in the treatment of NDs; of these 52 records, 39 were preclinical trials and 13 were clinical studies. Analysis of pharmacological studies revealed that GBLs can improve memory, cognition, behavior, and psychopathology of NDs and that the most frequently associated GBLs are depression, followed by Alzheimer's disease, stroke, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Additionally, the clinical studies of depression, AD, and stroke are the most common, and most of the remaining ND data are available from in vitro or in vivo animal studies. Moreover, the possible mechanisms of GBLs in treating NDs are mainly through free radical scavenging, anti-oxidant activity, anti-inflammatory response, mitochondrial protection, neurotransmitter regulation, and antagonism of PAF. This is the first paper to systematically and comprehensively investigate the pharmacological effects and neuroprotective mechanisms of GBLs in the treatment of NDs thus far. All findings contribute to a better understanding of the efficacy and complexity of GBLs in treating NDs, which is of great significance for the further clinical application of this herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Liu
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering
| | - Jinghui Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei, Anhui 230012, P. R. China
| | - Zongyun Gu
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering
| | | | | | - Hongxing Kan
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering
- Anhui Computer Application Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
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Campbell TS, Donoghue K, Roth TL. Unlocking the epigenome: Stress and exercise induced Bdnf regulation in the prefrontal cortex. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2024; 103:107353. [PMID: 38648864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Aversive caregiving in early life is a risk factor for aberrant brain and behavioral development. This outcome is related to epigenetic dysregulation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) gene. The Bdnf gene encodes for BDNF, a neurotrophin involved in early brain development, neural plasticity, learning, and memory. Recent work suggests that exercise may be neuroprotective in part by supporting BDNF protein and gene expression, making it an exciting target for therapeutic interventions. To our knowledge, exercise has never been studied as a therapeutic intervention in preclinical rodent models of caregiver maltreatment. To that end, the current study investigated the effect of an adult voluntary wheel running intervention on Bdnf methylation and expression in the prefrontal cortex of rats who experienced aversive caregiving in infancy. We employed a rodent model (Long Evans rats) wherein rat pups experienced intermittent caregiver-induced stress from postnatal days 1-7 and were given voluntary access to a running wheel (except in the control condition) from postnatal days 70-90 as a young adulthood treatment intervention. Our results indicate that maltreatment and exercise affect Bdnf gene methylation in an exon, CG site, and sex-specific manner. Here we add to a growing body of evidence of the ability for our experiences, including exercise, to permeate the brain. Keywords: Early life stress, Bdnf, exercise, prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor S Campbell
- University of Delaware, Psychological & Brain Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, United States of America.
| | - Katelyn Donoghue
- University of Delaware, Psychological & Brain Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, United States of America
| | - Tania L Roth
- University of Delaware, Psychological & Brain Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, United States of America
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Shafiq MA, Singh J, Khan ZA, Neary JP, Bardutz HA. Effect of exercise on sleep quality in Parkinson's disease: a mini review. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:49. [PMID: 38291381 PMCID: PMC10826022 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing incidence of Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a major burden on the healthcare system. PD is caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and is known for its effects on motor function and sleep. Sleep is vital for maintaining proper homeostasis and clearing the brain of metabolic waste. Adequate time spent in each sleep stage can help maintain homeostatic function; however, patients with PD appear to exhibit sleep impairments. Although medications enhance the function of remaining dopaminergic neurons and reduce motor symptoms, their potential to improve sleep is still under question. Recently, research has shifted towards exercise protocols to help improve sleep in patients with PD. This review aims to provide an overview of how sleep is impaired in patients with PD, such as experiencing a reduction in time spent in slow-wave sleep, and how exercise can help restore normal sleep function. A PubMed search summarized the relevant research on the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on sleep in patients with PD. Both high and low-intensity aerobic and resistance exercises, along with exercises related to balance and coordination, have been shown to improve some aspects of sleep. Neurochemically, sleeping leads to an increase in toxin clearance, including α-synuclein. Furthermore, exercise appears to enhance the concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factors, which has preliminary evidence to suggest correlations to time spent in slow-wave sleep. More research is needed to further elucidate the physiological mechanism pertaining to sleep and exercise in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdullah Shafiq
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Regina Campus, 1440 14 Ave, Regina, SK, S4P 0W5, Canada
| | - Jyotpal Singh
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Pkwy, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Zain A Khan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Pkwy, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - J Patrick Neary
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Pkwy, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Holly A Bardutz
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Pkwy, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada.
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Numakawa T, Kajihara R. An Interaction between Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Stress-Related Glucocorticoids in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1596. [PMID: 38338875 PMCID: PMC10855648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Both the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glucocorticoids (GCs) play multiple roles in various aspects of neurons, including cell survival and synaptic function. BDNF and its receptor TrkB are extensively expressed in neurons of the central nervous system (CNS), and the contribution of the BDNF/TrkB system to neuronal function is evident; thus, its downregulation has been considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). GCs, stress-related molecules, and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are also considered to be associated with AD in addition to mental disorders such as depression. Importantly, a growing body of evidence suggests a close relationship between BDNF/TrkB-mediated signaling and the GCs/GR system in the CNS. Here, we introduce the current studies on the interaction between the neurotrophic system and stress in CNS neurons and discuss their involvement in the pathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Numakawa
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kajihara
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Life Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
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Elbeltagy M, Al-Horani RA, Alsharaeh TS, Alkhatib AH, Alawaisheh I, Abuhani AA, Salman A. The Counter Effect of Exercise on Cisplatin-Induced Cognitive and Proliferation Impairments. Cureus 2024; 16:e52526. [PMID: 38371164 PMCID: PMC10874300 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cisplatin, a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, offers therapeutic benefits for cancer treatment but often leads to adverse effects on neurogenesis and oxidative stress, causing cognitive impairment. Concurrent physical activity has been proposed as a potential strategy to counteract these side effects. This study aimed to investigate the impact of physical exercise on cisplatin-induced cognitive impairment in a mouse model. Methods Adult male mice (n=45) were divided into three groups: control, cisplatin-treated (2.3 mg/kg), and exercise/cisplatin. Cisplatin was administered intraperitoneally over one month, while the exercise/cisplatin group underwent moderate-intensity exercise alongside cisplatin treatment. Spatial memory was evaluated using the novel object recognition (NOR) task, and hippocampal proliferation and oxidative stress were examined using Ki-67 and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism 4.0 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). Results The cisplatin-treated mice exhibited significantly lower preference index (PI) scores in the NOR task compared to the control (p<0.001) and exercise/cisplatin (p<0.001) groups. IHC staining revealed impaired hippocampal proliferation and increased oxidative stress in the cisplatin-treated group relative to the control and exercise/cisplatin groups. The introduction of a moderate-intensity exercise protocol appeared to mitigate the decline in hippocampal proliferation and oxidative damage induced by cisplatin. Additionally, cisplatin-treated mice experienced weight loss, while exercise attenuated this effect. Conclusion Cisplatin treatment resulted in decreased memory, hippocampal proliferation, and weight loss in mice. Concurrent moderate-intensity exercise seemed to alleviate these effects, suggesting a potential role for physical activity in ameliorating cisplatin-induced cognitive decline. This study underscores the importance of incorporating exercise as a complementary strategy to enhance cognitive outcomes in cancer patients undergoing cisplatin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Elbeltagy
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, JOR
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom, EGY
| | | | - Tala S Alsharaeh
- Department of General Medicine, University of Jordan Hospital, Amman, JOR
| | - Amro H Alkhatib
- Department of General Medicine, University of Jordan Hospital, Amman, JOR
| | - Ibrahim Alawaisheh
- Department of General Medicine, University of Jordan Hospital, Amman, JOR
| | - Ahmad A Abuhani
- Department of General Medicine, University of Jordan Hospital, Amman, JOR
| | - Ahmed Salman
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, JOR
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom, EGY
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Carrick FR, Hernandez LSAV, Sugaya K. Amelioration of Motor Performance and Nigrostriatal Dopamine Cell Volume Using a Novel Far-Infrared Ceramic Blanket in an A53T Alpha-Synuclein Transgenic Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9823-9837. [PMID: 38132459 PMCID: PMC10742635 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We had attended a Parkinson's Disease (PD) patient for a non-healing wound who reported a marked decrease in his hand tremor and freezing of gait when his wound was exposed to a ceramic far-field infrared (cFIR) blanket. PD is the most frequent motor disorder and the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The tremor, rigidity, and slowness of movement associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) affect up to 10 million people throughout the world, and the major contributing factor to the pathogenesis of PD is the accumulation and propagation of pathological α-synuclein (α-Syn) and the death of dopaminergic cells in the Nigrostriatal system. Efforts to slow or stop its spreading have resulted in the development and use of dopaminergic drug replacement therapy. Unfortunately, there is a loss of about 70-80% of substantia nigral dopaminergic neurons in patients by the time they are diagnosed with PD, and various dopaminergic drugs provide only temporary relief of their motor symptoms. There are limitations in treating PD with many conventional medications, necessitating a combination of pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological therapy as an essential adjunct to better address the health and welfare of PD patients. We used male adult A53T alpha-synuclein transgenic mice exposed to a ceramic far-infrared blanket. Motor activity was assessed using the rotarod apparatus, and mouse brains were examined to quantify the fluorescence intensities of the immunostained samples. A53T alpha-synuclein transgenic mice had a significantly shorter time stay on the rotating bar than the wild-type mice (B6C3H). The rotarod performance was significantly improved in A53T alpha-synuclein transgenic mice exposed to cFIR as well as B6C3H healthy wild mice exposed to cFIR. There was a significant statistical and substantive increase in the cellular composition of the Striatum and substantia nigra of cFIR-treated mice. Improvement in motor performance is seen in PD mice and wild mice and is associated with increases in cell volume in the substantia nigra and striatum after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Robert Carrick
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA;
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA;
- MGH Institute for Health Professions, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Centre for Mental Health Research in Association, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
- Department of Neurology, Carrick Institute, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920, USA
| | | | - Kiminobu Sugaya
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA;
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA;
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Mehta N, Luthra NS, Corcos DM, Fantuzzi G. C-reactive protein as the biomarker of choice to monitor the effects of exercise on inflammation in Parkinson's disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178448. [PMID: 37251392 PMCID: PMC10213511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a heterogeneous disease with no disease-modifying treatments available, is the fastest growing neurological disease worldwide. Currently, physical exercise is the most promising treatment to slow disease progression, with evidence suggesting it is neuroprotective in animal models. The onset, progression, and symptom severity of PD are associated with low grade, chronic inflammation which can be quantified by measuring inflammatory biomarkers. In this perspective, we argue that C-reactive protein (CRP) should be used as the primary biomarker for monitoring inflammation and therefore disease progression and severity, particularly in studies examining the impact of an intervention on the signs and symptoms of PD. CRP is the most studied biomarker of inflammation, and it can be detected using relatively well-standardized assays with a wide range of detection, allowing for comparability across studies while generating robust data. An additional advantage of CRP is its ability to detect inflammation irrespective of its origin and specific pathways, an advantageous characteristic when the cause of inflammation remains unknown, such as PD and other chronic, heterogeneous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Mehta
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nijee S. Luthra
- Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daniel M. Corcos
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Giamila Fantuzzi
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Niiranen L, Stenbäck V, Tulppo M, Herzig KH, Mäkelä KA. Interplay between Learning and Voluntary Wheel Running in Male C57BL/6NCrl Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054259. [PMID: 36901690 PMCID: PMC10001624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is shown to improve cognitive function in various human and animal studies. Laboratory mice are often used as a model to study the effects of physical activity and running wheels provide a voluntary and non-stressful form of exercise. The aim of the study was to analyze whether the cognitive state of a mouse is related to its wheel-running behavior. Twenty-two male C57BL/6NCrl mice (9.5 weeks old) were used in the study. The cognitive function of group-housed mice (n = 5-6/group) was first analyzed in the IntelliCage system followed by individual phenotyping with the PhenoMaster with access to a voluntary running wheel. The mice were divided into three groups according to their running wheel activity: low, average, and high runners. The learning trials in the IntelliCage showed that the high-runner mice exhibited a higher error rate at the beginning of learning trials but improved their outcome and learning performance more compared to the other groups. The high-runner mice ate more compared to the other groups in the PhenoMaster analyses. There were no differences in the corticosterone levels between the groups, indicating similar stress responses. Our results demonstrate that high-runner mice exhibit enhanced learning capabilities prior to access to voluntary running wheels. In addition, our results also show that individual mice react differently when introduced to running wheels, which should be taken into consideration when choosing animals for voluntary endurance exercise studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Niiranen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ville Stenbäck
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikko Tulppo
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Institute, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60572 Poznan, Poland
- Medical Research Center (MRC), Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-94485274
| | - Kari A. Mäkelä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
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Boboc IKS, Rotaru-Zavaleanu AD, Calina D, Albu CV, Catalin B, Turcu-Stiolica A. A Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Behavior Testing in Mice Models of Ischemic Stroke. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020567. [PMID: 36836924 PMCID: PMC9964520 DOI: 10.3390/life13020567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains one of the most important causes of death and disability. Preclinical research is a powerful tool for understanding the molecular and cellular response to stroke. However, a lack of standardization in animal evaluation does not always ensure reproducible results. In the present study, we wanted to identify the best strategy for evaluating animal behavior post-experimental stroke. As such, a meta-analysis was made, evaluating behavioral tests done on male C57BL/6 mice subjected to stroke or sham surgery. Overall, fifty-six studies were included. Our results suggest that different types of tests should be used depending on the post-stroke period one needs to analyze. In the hyper-acute, post-stroke period, the best quantifier will be animal examination scoring, as it is a fast and inexpensive way to identify differences between groups. When evaluating stoke mice in the acute phase, a mix of animal examination and motor tests that focus on movement asymmetry (foot-fault and cylinder testing) seem to have the best chance of picking up differences between groups. Complex tasks (the rotarod test and Morris water maze) should be used within the chronic phase to evaluate differences between the late-subacute and chronic phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianis Kevyn Stefan Boboc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Experimental Research Centre for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- U.M.F. Doctoral School Craiova, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Alexandra Daniela Rotaru-Zavaleanu
- Experimental Research Centre for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Carmen Valeria Albu
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Hospital of Neuropsychiatry, 200473 Craiova, Romania
| | - Bogdan Catalin
- Experimental Research Centre for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Adina Turcu-Stiolica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Management and Marketing, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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Guo L, Yang X, Zhang Y, Xu X, Li Y. Effect of exercise on cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's disease models: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1077732. [PMID: 36704501 PMCID: PMC9872519 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1077732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive decline is a central manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its process is inseparable from changes in synaptic plasticity. The aim of this review was to summarize and evaluate the effectiveness of exercise on cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in AD animal models. Materials and methods Eligible studies were searched from PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from April to May 2022. The risk of bias was evaluated by Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE). The Morris water maze (MWM) test and synaptic plasticity were considered outcome measures. Data were analyzed using random-effects meta-analyses using the software Stata. Heterogeneity was examined by using I2 test. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also assessed. Results A total of 20 randomized controlled studies were eligible for study inclusion. Compared with controls, exercise decreased escape latency (SMD = -0.86, 95% CI: -1.21 to -0.50, P < 0.001), increased platform crossover numbers (SMD = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.57-2.11, P = 0.001) and time in the target quadrant (SMD = 1.65, 95% CI: 0.95-2.36, P < 0.001) and the expression of PSD95 (SMD = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.25-1.21, P = 0.003) in AD animals. The results of the subgroup analysis showed that exercise before AD had a greater effect on escape latency (SMD = -0.88, 95% CI: -1.25 to -0.52, P < 0.001), platform crossover numbers (SMD = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.23-2.18, P < 0.001), time in the target quadrant (SMD = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.19-2.87, P < 0.001) and the expression of PSD95 (SMD = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.19-1.69, P = 0.014) than exercise after AD. The results of the subgroup analysis also showed that treadmill running might be an appropriate exercise type. Conclusion Our findings suggested that exercise had a potential effect on improving cognitive function and synaptic plasticity. It can play a better neuroprotective role before AD. Systematic review registration PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42022328438.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Guo
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,Postdoctoral Research Station in Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,*Correspondence: Xinyi Xu ✉
| | - Yan Li
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China,*Correspondence: Yan Li ✉
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Guo C, Kong X, Fan Y, Zhang R. Aerobic Treadmill Exercise Upregulates Epidermal Growth Factor Levels and Improves Learning and Memory in d-galactose-Induced Aging in a Mouse Model. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2023; 38:15333175231211082. [PMID: 37977137 PMCID: PMC10657526 DOI: 10.1177/15333175231211082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that exercise improves cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease mice but the exact mechanism needs further studies. This research aimed to study the effects of aerobic treadmill exercise on epidermal growth factor (EGF) levels and learning and memory in d-galactose-induced aging in a mouse model. Forty male Kunming mice were analyzed in this study and randomly divided into 4 groups: control (C group), aerobic exercise (AE group), d-galactose (D-gal group), and d-galactose + aerobic exercise (D-gal + AE group). The C and AE groups received a daily mid-scapular subcutaneous injection of .9% saline for 40 days. Mice in the D-gal and D-gal + AE groups were subcutaneously injected with d-galactose (1.25 mg/kg) once daily for 40 days. The mice in the AE group and D-gal + AE group completed 40 days of aerobic treadmill exercise. Learning and memory were evaluated by step-down tests. Specifically, 24 h after the behavioral test, blood was collected and brain tissue was extracted, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acetylcholinesterase activities were detected. The neurons in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus were counted by Nissl staining. The number of EGF-positive cells was observed by immunohistochemical methods. In the learning test, the reaction time in the D-gal group increased significantly (P < .05), while the error numbers in the D-gal group tended to decrease compared with AE, D-gal + AE, and C groups. In the memory test, the latency of mice in the D-gal group was lower, while the error in this group was higher than in the other groups (P < .05). The activities of SOD and acetylcholinesterase were lower in the D-gal group than in the other groups (P < .05). The number of EGF-positive cells and neurons in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions in the D-gal + AE group was higher compared to those in the D-gal group (P < .05), and lower in groups with mice that were not injected with d-galactose. Aerobic treadmill exercise inhibited SOD activity, increased EGF-positive cells, and decreased neuronal death and apoptosis, thereby improving learning and memory in the mouse model of d-galactose-induced aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Guo
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Kong
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhao Fan
- Department of Physical Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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Wang D, Li L, Pan H, Huang L, Sun X, He C, Wei Q. Comparison of the Effects of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy and Unconstraint Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Limb Function-A Study on Human Patients and Rats with Cerebral Infarction. Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010004. [PMID: 36671986 PMCID: PMC9856592 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most conventional post-stroke rehabilitation treatments do not involve imposed constraints of the unaffected limb. In contrast, Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) is comprised of massed task practice with the affected limb and constraint of the unaffected limb. CIMT is a promising rehabilitation technique used for motor recovery of affected limbs after stroke, but its effectiveness and mechanism are not fully understood. We compared the effects of the two exercise modes on limb function post-stroke in animal models and human subjects, and investigated whether oxidative stress response was involved in regulating the effects. We first conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT), in which 84 subjects with cerebral infarction were assigned to dose-matched constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), or unconstraint exercise (UE), or conventional rehabilitation treatment. Motor functions of the limb are primary outcomes of the RCT measured using Brief Fugl-Meyer upper extremity score (FMA-UE), Ashworth score, and Barthel scale. Psychological influence of CIMT and UE was also examined using Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Next, we investigated the effects of CIMT and UE in rats undergoing middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R). Motor function, infarct volume, and pathohistological changes were investigated by mNSS, MRI, and histological studies. The role of Keap1-Nrf2-ARE was investigated using qRT-PCR, Western blot, immunochemistry, immunofluorescence, and ELISA experiments. In RCT, patients taking CIMT had a higher score in FMA-UE, Barthel index, and SDS, and a lower score in modified Ashworth, compared to those taking UE. In rats receiving CIMT, motor function was increased, and infarct volume was decreased compared to those receiving UE. The expression of Keap1 protein and mRNA in the peri-infarct tissue was decreased, and Nrf2 and ARE protein and mRNA were increased in rats receiving CIMT compared with UE. Nrf2 agonist t-BHQ increased the benefits of CIMT. In conclusion, CIMT is more effective than UE in improving upper limb motor function, reducing muscle spasm in patients with cerebral infarction compared to UE, but patients receiving CIMT may feel depressed. Moreover, both CIMT and UE are beneficial to limb function recovery and limit the infarct expansion in MCAO/R rats, but CIMT was more effective than UE. Oxidative stress reaction has an essential role in regulating the CIMT induced benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
| | - Hongxia Pan
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
| | - Liyi Huang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
| | - Chengqi He
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
| | - Quan Wei
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-2885422847
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Characteristics of the Protocols Used in Electrical Pulse Stimulation of Cultured Cells for Mimicking In Vivo Exercise: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113446. [PMID: 36362233 PMCID: PMC9657802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
While exercise benefits a wide spectrum of diseases and affects most tissues and organs, many aspects of its underlying mechanistic effects remain unsolved. In vitro exercise, mimicking neuronal signals leading to muscle contraction in vitro, can be a valuable tool to address this issue. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched EMBASE and PubMed (from database inception to 4 February 2022) for relevant studies assessing in vitro exercise using electrical pulse stimulation to mimic exercise. Meta-analyses of mean differences and meta-regression analyses were conducted. Of 985 reports identified, 41 were eligible for analysis. We observed variability among existing protocols of in vitro exercise and heterogeneity among protocols of the same type of exercise. Our analyses showed that AMPK, Akt, IL-6, and PGC1a levels and glucose uptake increased in stimulated compared to non-stimulated cells, following the patterns of in vivo exercise, and that these effects correlated with the duration of stimulation. We conclude that in vitro exercise follows motifs of exercise in humans, allowing biological parameters, such as the aforementioned, to be valuable tools in defining the types of in vitro exercise. It might be useful in transferring obtained knowledge to human research.
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Mezheritskiy MI, Dyakonova VE. Direct and Inherited Epigenetic Changes in the Nervous System Caused by Intensive Locomotion: Possible Adaptive Significance. Russ J Dev Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360422050058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This review is devoted to the analysis of works that investigated the long-term effects of species-specific forms of intensive locomotion on the cognitive functions of animals and humans, which can be transmitted to the next generation. To date, the anxiolytic and cognitive-enhancing long-term effects of intensive locomotion have been demonstrated in humans, rodents, fish, insects, mollusks, and nematodes. In rodents, changes in the central nervous system caused by intense locomotion can be transmitted through the maternal and paternal line to the descendants of the first generation. These include reduced anxiety, improved spatial learning and memory, increased levels of brain neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. The shift of the balance of histone acetylation in the hippocampus of rodents towards hyperacetylation, and the balance of DNA methylation towards demethylation manifests itself both as a direct and as a first-generation inherited effect of motor activity. The question about the mechanisms that link locomotion with an increase in the plasticity of a genome in the brain of descendants remains poorly understood, and invertebrate model organisms can be an ideal object for its study. Currently, there is a lack of a theoretical model explaining why motor activity leads to long-term improvement of some cognitive functions that can be transmitted to the next generation and why such an influence could have appeared in evolution. The answer to these questions is not only of fundamental interest, but it is necessary for predicting therapeutic and possible side effects of motor activity in humans. In this regard, the article pays special attention to the review of ideas on the evolutionary aspects of the problem. We propose our own hypothesis, according to which the activating effect of intensive locomotion on the function of the nervous system could have been formed in evolution as a preadaptation to a possible entry into a new environment.
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Chen B, Fu Y, Song G, Zhong W, Guo J. Research trends and hotspots of exercise for Alzheimer’s disease: A bibliometric analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:984705. [PMID: 36158544 PMCID: PMC9490271 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.984705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a socially significant neurodegenerative disorder among the elderly worldwide. An increasing number of studies have revealed that as a non-pharmacological intervention, exercise can prevent and treat AD. However, information regarding the research status of this field remains minimal. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze trends and topics in exercise and AD research by using a bibliometric method. Methods We systematically searched the Web of Science Core Collection for published papers on exercise and AD. The retrieved data regarding institutions, journals, countries, authors, journal distribution, and keywords were analyzed using CiteSpace software. Meanwhile, the co-occurrence of keywords was constructed. Results A total of 1,104 papers were ultimately included in accordance with our specified inclusion criteria. The data showed that the number of published papers on exercise and AD is increasing each year, with papers published in 64 countries/regions and 396 academic journals. The Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease published the most papers (73 publications). Journals are concentrated in the fields of neuroscience and geriatrics gerontology. The University of Kansas and the United States are the major institution and country, respectively. The cited keywords show that oxidative stress, amyloid beta, and physical exercise are the research hotspots in recent years. After analysis, the neuroprotective effect of exercise was identified as the development trend in this field. Conclusions Based on a bibliometric analysis, the number of publications on exercise and AD has been increasing rapidly, especially in the past 10 years. “Amyloid beta,” “oxidative stress,” and “exercise program” trigger the most interest among researchers in this field. The study of exercise program and mechanism of exercise in AD is still the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiquan Zhong
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiabao Guo
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiabao Guo,
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Dyakonova V, Mezheritskiy M, Boguslavsky D, Dyakonova T, Chistopolsky I, Ito E, Zakharov I. Exercise and the Brain: Lessons From Invertebrate Studies. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:928093. [PMID: 35836487 PMCID: PMC9275788 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.928093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefits of physical exercise for brain functions are well documented in mammals, including humans. In this review, we will summarize recent research on the effects of species-specific intense locomotion on behavior and brain functions of different invertebrates. Special emphasis is made on understanding the biological significance of these effects as well as underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. The results obtained in three distantly related clades of protostomes, Nematodes, Molluscs and Artropods, suggest that influence of intense locomotion on the brain could have deep roots in evolution and wide adaptive significance. In C. elegans, improved learning, nerve regeneration, resistance to neurodegenerative processes were detected after physical activity; in L. stagnalis—facilitation of decision making in the novel environment, in Drosophila—increased endurance, improved sleep and feeding behavior, in G. bimaculatus—improved orientation in conspecific phonotaxis, enhanced aggressiveness, higher mating success, resistance to some disturbing stimuli. Many of these effects have previously been described in mammals as beneficial results of running, suggesting certain similarity between distantly-related species. Our hypothesis posits that the above modulation of cognitive functions results from changes in the organism’s predictive model. Intense movement is interpreted by the organism as predictive of change, in anticipation of which adjustments need to be made. Identifying the physiological and molecular mechanisms behind these adjustments is easier in experiments in invertebrates and may lead to the discovery of novel neurobiological mechanisms for regulation and correction of cognitive and emotional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Dyakonova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Varvara Dyakonova
| | - Maxim Mezheritskiy
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitri Boguslavsky
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Taisia Dyakonova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Chistopolsky
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Igor Zakharov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Zhao J, Zhao D, Wang J, Luo X, Guo R. Inflammation—Cause or consequence of late onset Alzheimer’s disease or both? A review of the evidence. EUR J INFLAMM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x221095383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation is involved in the development of late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). However, it is not clear whether inflammation is a cause or consequence, or both. The aim of this paper is to review the relationship between inflammation and LOAD. We also review the effect of anti-inflammation on the risk of LOAD to further elucidate the relationship between inflammation and LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Zhao
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Jinpei Wang
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoe Luo
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
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18
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Zhuo W, Lundquist AJ, Donahue EK, Guo Y, Phillips D, Petzinger GM, Jakowec MW, Holschneider DP. A mind in motion: Exercise improves cognitive flexibility, impulsivity and alters dopamine receptor gene expression in a Parkinsonian rat model. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Ferrer-Uris B, Ramos MA, Busquets A, Angulo-Barroso R. Can exercise shape your brain? A review of aerobic exercise effects on cognitive function and neuro-physiological underpinning mechanisms. AIMS Neurosci 2022; 9:150-174. [PMID: 35860684 PMCID: PMC9256523 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2022009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that physical exercise can be used as a tool for the prevention and treatment of various diseases or disorders. In addition, in the recent years, exercise has also been successfully used to enhance people's cognition. There is a large amount of research that has supported the benefits of physical exercise on human cognition, both in children and adults. Among these studies, some have focused on the acute or transitory effects of exercise on cognition, while others have focused on the effects of regular physical exercise. However, the relation between exercise and cognition is complex and we still have limited knowledge about the moderators and mechanisms underlying this relation. Most of human studies have focused on the behavioral aspects of exercise-effects on cognition, while animal studies have deepened in its possible neuro-physiological mechanisms. Even so, thanks to advances in neuroimaging techniques, there is a growing body of evidence that provides valuable information regarding these mechanisms in the human population. This review aims to analyze the effects of regular and acute aerobic exercise on cognition. The exercise-cognition relationship will be reviewed both from the behavioral perspective and from the neurophysiological mechanisms. The effects of exercise on animals, adult humans, and infant humans will be analyzed separately. Finally, physical exercise intervention programs aiming to increase cognitive performance in scholar and workplace environments will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blai Ferrer-Uris
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Ramos
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Busquets
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Angulo-Barroso
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, CA, United States
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20
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Chaturvedi S, Khan S, Bhunia RK, Kaur K, Tiwari S. Metabolic engineering in food crops to enhance ascorbic acid production: crop biofortification perspectives for human health. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:871-884. [PMID: 35464783 PMCID: PMC9016690 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01172-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA) also known as vitamin C is considered as an essential micronutrient in the diet of humans. The human body is unable to synthesize AsA, thus solely dependent on exogenous sources to accomplish the nutritional requirement. AsA plays a crucial role in different physiological aspects of human health like bone formation, iron absorption, maintenance and development of connective tissues, conversion of cholesterol to bile acid and production of serotonin. It carries antioxidant properties and is involved in curing various clinical disorders such as scurvy, viral infection, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, anemia, and diabetes. It also plays a significant role in COVID-19 prevention and recovery by improving the oxygen index and enhancing the production of natural killer cells and T-lymphocytes. In plants, AsA plays important role in floral induction, seed germination, senescence, ROS regulation and photosynthesis. AsA is an essential counterpart of the antioxidant system and helps to defend the plants against abiotic and biotic stresses. Surprisingly, the deficiencies of AsA are spreading in both developed and developing countries. The amount of AsA in the major food crops such as wheat, rice, maize, and other raw natural plant foods is inadequate to fulfill its dietary requirements. Hence, the biofortification of AsA in staple crops would be feasible and cost-effective means of delivering AsA to populations that may have limited access to diverse diets and other interventions. In this review, we endeavor to provide information on the role of AsA in plants and human health, and also perused various biotechnological and agronomical approaches for elevating AsA content in food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant Chaturvedi
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, National Agri-
Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), Sector-81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306 India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Shahirina Khan
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, National Agri-
Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), Sector-81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306 India
- Department of Botany, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001 India
| | - Rupam Kumar Bhunia
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, National Agri-
Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), Sector-81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306 India
| | - Karambir Kaur
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, National Agri-
Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), Sector-81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306 India
| | - Siddharth Tiwari
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, National Agri-
Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), Sector-81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306 India
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Wang ZX, Su R, Li H, Dang P, Zeng TA, Chen DM, Wu JG, Zhang DL, Ma HL. Changes in Hippocampus and Amygdala Volume with Hypoxic Stress Related to Cardiorespiratory Fitness under a High-Altitude Environment. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030359. [PMID: 35326315 PMCID: PMC8946638 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphology of the hippocampus and amygdala can be significantly affected by a long-term hypoxia-induced inflammatory response. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has a significant effect on the neuroplasticity of the hippocampus and amygdala by countering inflammation. However, the role of CRF is still largely unclear at high altitudes. Here, we investigated brain limbic volumes in participants who had experienced long-term hypoxia exposure in Tibet (3680 m), utilizing high-resolution structural images to allow the segmentation of the hippocampus and amygdala into their constituent substructures. We recruited a total of 48 participants (48 males; aged = 20.92 ± 1.03 years) to undergo a structural 3T MRI, and the levels of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were measured using a cardiorespiratory function test. Inflammatory biomarkers were also collected. The participants were divided into two groups according to the levels of median VO2max, and the analysis showed that the morphological indexes of subfields of the hippocampus and amygdala of the lower CRF group were decreased when compared with the higher CRF group. Furthermore, the multiple linear regression analysis showed that there was a higher association with inflammatory factors in the lower CRF group than that in the higher CRF group. This study suggested a significant association of CRF with hippocampus and amygdala volume, which may be related to hypoxic stress in high-altitude environments. A better CRF reduced physiological stress and a decrease in the inflammatory response was observed, which may be related to the increased oxygen transport capacity of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xin Wang
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850012, China; (Z.-X.W.); (R.S.); (H.L.); (P.D.); (T.-A.Z.); (D.-M.C.)
| | - Rui Su
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850012, China; (Z.-X.W.); (R.S.); (H.L.); (P.D.); (T.-A.Z.); (D.-M.C.)
| | - Hao Li
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850012, China; (Z.-X.W.); (R.S.); (H.L.); (P.D.); (T.-A.Z.); (D.-M.C.)
| | - Peng Dang
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850012, China; (Z.-X.W.); (R.S.); (H.L.); (P.D.); (T.-A.Z.); (D.-M.C.)
| | - Tong-Ao Zeng
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850012, China; (Z.-X.W.); (R.S.); (H.L.); (P.D.); (T.-A.Z.); (D.-M.C.)
| | - Dong-Mei Chen
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850012, China; (Z.-X.W.); (R.S.); (H.L.); (P.D.); (T.-A.Z.); (D.-M.C.)
| | - Jian-Guo Wu
- Management Department, Tibet Police College, Lhasa 850012, China;
| | - De-Long Zhang
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850012, China; (Z.-X.W.); (R.S.); (H.L.); (P.D.); (T.-A.Z.); (D.-M.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Correspondence: (D.-L.Z.); (H.-L.M.)
| | - Hai-Lin Ma
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850012, China; (Z.-X.W.); (R.S.); (H.L.); (P.D.); (T.-A.Z.); (D.-M.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.-L.Z.); (H.-L.M.)
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22
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Gao L, Zhang Y, Sterling K, Song W. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Alzheimer's disease and its pharmaceutical potential. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:4. [PMID: 35090576 PMCID: PMC8796548 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic abnormalities are a cardinal feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that are known to arise as the disease progresses. A growing body of evidence suggests that pathological alterations to neuronal circuits and synapses may provide a mechanistic link between amyloid β (Aβ) and tau pathology and thus may serve as an obligatory relay of the cognitive impairment in AD. Brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNFs) play an important role in maintaining synaptic plasticity in learning and memory. Considering AD as a synaptic disorder, BDNF has attracted increasing attention as a potential diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutical molecule for AD. Although depletion of BDNF has been linked with Aβ accumulation, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, the exact mechanisms underlying the effect of impaired BDNF signaling on AD are still unknown. Here, we present an overview of how BDNF genomic structure is connected to factors that regulate BDNF signaling. We then discuss the role of BDNF in AD and the potential of BDNF-targeting therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gao
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yun Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Keenan Sterling
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China.
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325001, Zhejiang, China.
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23
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Bareiss SK, Johnston T, Lu Q, Tran TD. The effect of exercise on early sensorimotor performance alterations in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Res 2022; 178:60-68. [PMID: 35033583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function; however, recent evidence suggests that non-cognitive sensorimotor and psychomotor symptoms accompany early stages of the disease in humans and AD models. Although exercise is emerging as an important therapeutic to combat AD progression, little is known about the effect of exercise on sensorimotor domain functions. The purpose of this study was to determine if early sensorimotor symptoms accompany deficits in Morris water maze (MWM) performance in the 3xTg-AD model, and investigate if exercise could protect against early behavioral decline. 3xTg-AD and wild-type (WT) control mice were subjected to 12 weeks of moderate intensity wheel running or remained sedentary. At 6 months of age, animals underwent a series of sensorimotor and MWM testing. 3xTg-AD mice displayed deficits in sensorimotor function (beam traversal, spontaneous activity, and adhesive removal) and MWM performance. Interestingly, 3xTg-AD animals exhibited increased freezing and unusual shaking/tremoring behaviors not displayed by WT controls. Exercise improved beam traversal, adhesive removal, and reduced the unusual motor-related behaviors in 3xTg-AD mice. Our study shows that sensorimotor symptoms coincide with deficits in MWM performance, and suggest that exercise may mitigate deficits associated with early disease in 3xTg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja K Bareiss
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation and Movement Sciences, Bellarmine University, Louisville, KY 40205, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, United States; The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, East Carolina University, United States.
| | - Tyler Johnston
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, United States; The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, East Carolina University, United States.
| | - Tuan D Tran
- The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, East Carolina University, United States; Department of Psychology East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
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24
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Miguel ZD, Khoury N, Betley MJ, Lehallier B, Willoughby D, Olsson N, Yang AC, Hahn O, Lu N, Vest RT, Bonanno LN, Yerra L, Zhang L, Saw NL, Fairchild JK, Lee D, Zhang H, McAlpine PL, Contrepois K, Shamloo M, Elias JE, Rando TA, Wyss-Coray T. Exercise plasma boosts memory and dampens brain inflammation via clusterin. Nature 2021; 600:494-499. [PMID: 34880498 PMCID: PMC9721468 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise is generally beneficial to all aspects of human and animal health, slowing cognitive ageing and neurodegeneration1. The cognitive benefits of physical exercise are tied to an increased plasticity and reduced inflammation within the hippocampus2-4, yet little is known about the factors and mechanisms that mediate these effects. Here we show that 'runner plasma', collected from voluntarily running mice and infused into sedentary mice, reduces baseline neuroinflammatory gene expression and experimentally induced brain inflammation. Plasma proteomic analysis revealed a concerted increase in complement cascade inhibitors including clusterin (CLU). Intravenously injected CLU binds to brain endothelial cells and reduces neuroinflammatory gene expression in a mouse model of acute brain inflammation and a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Patients with cognitive impairment who participated in structured exercise for 6 months had higher plasma levels of CLU. These findings demonstrate the existence of anti-inflammatory exercise factors that are transferrable, target the cerebrovasculature and benefit the brain, and are present in humans who engage in exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurine De Miguel
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Present address: Psychology Department, California State University, Monterey Bay, CA, USA
| | - Nathalie Khoury
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,These authors contributed equally: Nathalie Khoury, Michael J. Betley
| | - Michael J. Betley
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,These authors contributed equally: Nathalie Khoury, Michael J. Betley
| | - Benoit Lehallier
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Present address: Alkahest Inc, San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - Drew Willoughby
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Niclas Olsson
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Present address: Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew C. Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Hahn
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nannan Lu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ryan T. Vest
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Liana N. Bonanno
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Yerra
- The Veterans Affairs Palo Alto HealthCare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Nay Lui Saw
- Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J. Kaci Fairchild
- The Veterans Affairs Palo Alto HealthCare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Davis Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patrick L. McAlpine
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Research Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua E. Elias
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A. Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,The Veterans Affairs Palo Alto HealthCare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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25
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Yu F, Mathiason MA, Han S, Gunter JL, Jones D, Botha H, Jack C. Mechanistic Effects of Aerobic Exercise in Alzheimer's Disease: Imaging Findings From the Pilot FIT-AD Trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:703691. [PMID: 34690736 PMCID: PMC8530186 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.703691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite strong evidence from animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) supporting aerobic exercise as a disease-modifying treatment for AD, human mechanistic studies are limited with mixed findings. The objective of this pilot randomized controlled trial was to examine the effects of 6-month aerobic exercise on hippocampal volume, temporal meta-regions of interest (ROI) cortical thickness, white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume, and network failure quotient (NFQ), measured with MRI, in community-dwelling older adults with AD dementia. Additionally, the relationships between 6- and 12-month changes in MRI biomarkers and the AD Assessment Scale-Cognition (ADAS-Cog) were examined. Sixty participants were randomized, but one was excluded because baseline MRI failed quality control: 38 randomized to cycling and 21 to stretching. The intervention was moderate-intensity cycling for 20–50 mins, three times a week for 6 months. Control was low-intensity stretching. The study outcomes include hippocampal volume, temporal meta-ROI cortical thickness, WMH volume, and NFQ. Outcomes were measured at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. The sample averaged 77.3 ± 6.3 years old with 15.6 ± 2.9 years of education and 53% men. Both groups experienced significant declines over 6 months in hippocampal volume (2.64% in cycling vs. 2.89% in stretching) and temporal meta-ROI cortical thickness (0.94 vs. 1.54%), and over 12 months in hippocampal volume (4.47 vs. 3.84%) and temporal meta-ROI cortical thickness (2.27 vs. 1.79%). These declines did not differ between groups. WMH volume increased significantly with the cycling group increasing less (10.9%) than stretching (24.5%) over 6 months (f = 4.47, p = 0.04) and over 12 months (12.1 vs. 27.6%, f = 5.88, p = 0.02). NFQ did not change significantly over time. Pairwise correlational analyses showed a significant negative correlation between 6-month changes in hippocampal volume and ADAS-Cog (r = −0.34, p < 0.05). To conclude, aerobic exercise may reduce the decline in hippocampal volume and temporal meta-ROI cortical thickness during the intervention period, but the effect sizes are likely to be very small and dose-dependent and reverse once the intervention stops. Aerobic exercise is effective on slowing down WMH progression but has no effect on NFQ. Hippocampal atrophy was associated with cognitive decline during the intervention period. Clinical Trial Registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01954550.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Arizona State University Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - SeungYong Han
- Arizona State University Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Gunter
- Mayo Clinic Department of Radiology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - David Jones
- Mayo Clinic Department of Radiology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Hugo Botha
- Mayo Clinic Department of Radiology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Clifford Jack
- Mayo Clinic Department of Radiology, Rochester, MN, United States
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26
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A novel knockout mouse model of the noncoding antisense Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ( Bdnf) gene displays increased endogenous Bdnf protein and improved memory function following exercise. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07570. [PMID: 34377851 PMCID: PMC8327352 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) expression is tightly controlled at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Previously, we showed that inhibition of noncoding Bdnf antisense (Bdnf-AS) RNA upregulates Bdnf protein. Here, we generated a Bdnf-antisense knockout (Bdnf-AS KO) mouse model by deleting 6 kilobases upstream of Bdnf-AS. After verifying suppression of Bdnf-AS, baseline behavioral tests indicated no significant difference in knockout and wild type mice, except for enhanced cognitive function in the knockout mice in the Y-maze. Following acute involuntary exercise, Bdnf-AS KO mice were re-assessed and a significant increase in Bdnf mRNA and protein were observed. Following long-term involuntary exercise, we observed a significant increase in nonspatial and spatial memory in novel object recognition and Barnes maze tests in young and aged Bdnf-AS KO mice. Our data provides evidence for the beneficial effects of endogenous Bdnf upregulation and the synergistic effect of Bdnf-AS knockout on exercise and memory retention.
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27
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Huang H, Li W, Qin Z, Shen H, Li X, Wang W. Physical exercise increases peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factors in patients with cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2021; 39:159-171. [PMID: 33998558 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-201060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise can improve cognitive dysfunction. Its specific mechanism remains unknown. Recent studies have indicated that elevating or peripherally overexpressing brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) improve cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether physical exercise improves cognitive performance in patients with cognitive dysfunction, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD), by increasing peripheral BDNF. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched up to June 2020 for studies that assayed the changes in peripheral BDNF levels in MCI and AD patients after exercise training. RESULTS Peripheral BDNF levels were significantly elevated after a single exercise session (SMD = 0.469, 95% CI: 0.150-0.787, P = 0.004) or regular exercise interventions (SMD = 0.418, 95% CI: 0.105-0.731, P = 0.009). Subgroup analysis showed that only regular aerobic exercise interventions (SMD = 0.543, 95% CI: 0.038-1.049, P = 0.035) and intervention duration of 16 weeks or greater (SMD = 0.443, 95% CI: 0.154 -0.733, P = 0.003) significantly increased peripheral BDNF levels. Only plasma BDNF levels (SMD = 0.365, 95% CI:0.066-0.664, P = 0.017) were significantly increased after exercise interventions. CONCLUSIONS Acute and chronic physical exercises may improve cognitive impairment by increasing peripheral BDNF levels. Aerobic exercises and a longer duration of exercising increased BDNF levels. These findings also suggest that BDNF may be a suitable biomarker for evaluating the effect of exercise in patients with cognitive impairment, such as AD or MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang
- Institute of Respiratory and Critical Care, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenyang Li
- Institute of Respiratory and Critical Care, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng Qin
- Institute of Respiratory and Critical Care, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Institute of Respiratory and Critical Care, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- Institute of Respiratory and Critical Care, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Respiratory and Critical Care, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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28
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Kawao N, Iemura S, Kawaguchi M, Mizukami Y, Takafuji Y, Kaji H. Role of irisin in effects of chronic exercise on muscle and bone in ovariectomized mice. J Bone Miner Metab 2021; 39:547-557. [PMID: 33566209 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-020-01201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise is beneficial for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Skeletal muscle affects other tissues via myokines, the release of which is regulated by acute exercise. However, the effects of chronic exercise on myokines linking muscle to bone have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the effects of chronic exercise on bone and myokines using ovariectomized (OVX) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Treadmill exercise with moderate intensity was performed for 8 weeks after OVX or sham surgery. We measured bone mineral density (BMD) at the femurs and tibias of mice by quantitative computed tomography and myokine mRNA levels in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. RESULTS Treadmill exercise ameliorated decreases in trabecular and cortical BMD in the femurs of OVX mice. Irisin is a proteolytic product of fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 (Fndc5). Among the myokines examined, treadmill exercise increased irisin protein and Fndc5 mRNA levels in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of sham and OVX mice. Treadmill exercise increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α mRNA levels in the gastrocnemius muscles of mice. Fndc5 mRNA levels in the gastrocnemius muscles positively correlated with trabecular BMD, but not with cortical BMD, at the femurs and tibias of mice in simple regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that chronic exercise elevated irisin expression in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of estrogen-deficient mice. Irisin might be related to increases in trabecular BMD in mice; however, further studies are needed to clarify the involvement of irisin in the effects of chronic exercise on muscle/bone interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kawao
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Shunki Iemura
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Miku Kawaguchi
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yuya Mizukami
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takafuji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kaji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
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29
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Lee B, Shin M, Park Y, Won SY, Cho KS. Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115795. [PMID: 34071457 PMCID: PMC8198301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatments for most NDs. Meanwhile, numerous studies conducted on human and animal models over the past decades have showed that exercises had beneficial effects on NDs. Inter-tissue communication by myokine, a peptide produced and secreted by skeletal muscles during exercise, is thought to be an important underlying mechanism for the advantages. Here, we reviewed studies about the effects of myokines regulated by exercise on NDs and their mechanisms. Myokines could exert beneficial effects on NDs through a variety of regulatory mechanisms, including cell survival, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, proteostasis, oxidative stress, and protein modification. Studies on exercise-induced myokines are expected to provide a novel strategy for treating NDs, for which there are no adequate treatments nowadays. To date, only a few myokines have been investigated for their effects on NDs and studies on mechanisms involved in them are in their infancy. Therefore, future studies are needed to discover more myokines and test their effects on NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banseok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Myeongcheol Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Youngjae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
| | - Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
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30
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Wang J, Chen X, Bai W, Wang Z, Xiao W, Zhu J. Study on Mechanism of Ginkgo biloba L. Leaves for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases Based on Network Pharmacology. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1881-1894. [PMID: 33988813 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. leaves (GBLs), as widely used plant extract sources, significantly improve cognitive, learning and memory function in patients with dementia. However, few studies have been conducted on the specific mechanism of Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). In this study, network pharmacology was employed to elucidate potential mechanism of GBLs in the treatment of NDs. Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) was used to obtain the chemical components in accordance with the screening principles of oral availability and drug-like property. Potential targets of GBLs were integrated with disease targets, and intersection targets were exactly the potential action targets of GBLs for treating NDs; these key targets were enriched and analyzed by the protein protein interaction (PPI) analysis and molecular docking verification. Key genes were ultimately used to find the biological pathway and explain the therapeutic mechanism by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Twenty-seven active components of GBLs may affect biological processes such as oxidative reactions and activate transcription factor activities. These components may also affect 120 metabolic pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway, by regulating 147 targets, including AKT1, ALB, HSP90AA1, PTGS2, MMP9, EGFR and APP. By using the software iGEMDOCK, the main target proteins were found to bind well to the main active components of GBLs. GBLs have the characteristics of multi-component and multi-target synergistic effect on the treatment of NDs, which preliminarily predicted its possible molecular mechanism of action, and provided the basis for the follow-up study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Chemistry and Applications of Plant Resources, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xialin Chen
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Weirong Bai
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingbo Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Chemistry and Applications of Plant Resources, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Shamsipour S, Sharifi G, Taghian F. Impact of interval training with probiotic (L. plantarum / Bifidobacterium bifidum) on passive avoidance test, ChAT and BDNF in the hippocampus of rats with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 756:135949. [PMID: 33974953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that gut microbiota dysbiosis can lead to Alzheimer's disease (AD), inducing the production of many AD-related pre-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, daily probiotic administration and regular exercise training are assumed to improve clinical AD-related symptoms. To take this line of research further, this study was aimed at investigating the impact of moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) with a combined administration of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium bifidum (probiotic, BROB) on the passive avoidance test (Shuttle Box), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of a rat model of AD. Forty male Wistar rats (280 ± 20 g) were divided into five groups (n = 8 in each) of control, amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), Aβ + MIIT (AD rats undergoing MIIT), Aβ + PROB (AD rats fed Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium bifidum), and Aβ + MIIT + PROB (AD rats receiving both treatments). AD was induced by the intra-cerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-42 peptide. MIIT was performed on rodent treadmill for 8 weeks (5 days per week). The probiotic was also fed daily to the related groups for 8 weeks. BDNF and ChAT in the hippocampus were measured by real time PCR (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Cresyl violet staining of brain tissue was performed to evaluate the dead cells. Results of tissue staining showed that the induction of the Alzheimer's led to the destruction of hippocampal cells and induced neurodegeneration (p = 0.001). Results of the shuttle box test showed that short-term memory was improved in the Aβ + MIIT + PROB group compared to the Aβ group, while death cells (dark cells) were decreased in all the other three groups (MIIT, BROB, and Aβ + MIIT + PROB). Levels of ChAT as well as the BDNF mRNA in the Aβ + MIIT + PROB group showed a significant increase compared to the Aβ group. In conclusion, it seems that the use of the combined administration of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium bifidum with interval aerobic exercise can have neuroprotective effects on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Shamsipour
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Sharifi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Taghian
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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Yu F, Vock DM, Zhang L, Salisbury D, Nelson NW, Chow LS, Smith G, Barclay TR, Dysken M, Wyman JF. Cognitive Effects of Aerobic Exercise in Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:233-244. [PMID: 33523004 PMCID: PMC8075384 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic exercise has shown inconsistent cognitive effects in older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. OBJECTIVE To examine the immediate and longitudinal effects of 6-month cycling on cognition in older adults with AD dementia. METHODS This randomized controlled trial randomized 96 participants (64 to cycling and 32 to stretching for six months) and followed them for another six months. The intervention was supervised, moderate-intensity cycling for 20-50 minutes, 3 times a week for six months. The control was light-intensity stretching. Cognition was assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months using the AD Assessment Scale-Cognition (ADAS-Cog). Discrete cognitive domains were measured using the AD Uniform Data Set battery. RESULTS The participants were 77.4±6.8 years old with 15.6±2.9 years of education, and 55% were male. The 6-month change in ADAS-Cog was 1.0±4.6 (cycling) and 0.1±4.1 (stretching), which were both significantly less than the natural 3.2±6.3-point increase observed naturally with disease progression. The 12-month change was 2.4±5.2 (cycling) and 2.2±5.7 (control). ADAS-Cog did not differ between groups at 6 (p = 0.386) and 12 months (p = 0.856). There were no differences in the 12-month rate of change in ADAS-Cog (0.192 versus 0.197, p = 0.967), memory (-0.012 versus -0.019, p = 0.373), executive function (-0.020 versus -0.012, p = 0.383), attention (-0.035 versus -0.033, p = 0.908), or language (-0.028 versus -0.026, p = 0.756). CONCLUSION Exercise may reduce decline in global cognition in older adults with mild-to-moderate AD dementia. Aerobic exercise did not show superior cognitive effects to stretching in our pilot trial, possibly due to the lack of power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- University of Minnesota Division of Biostatistics, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David M. Vock
- University of Minnesota Division of Biostatistics, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- University of Minnesota Division of Biostatistics, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa S. Chow
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Glenn Smith
- University of Florida Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Maurice Dysken
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jean F. Wyman
- University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Mezheritskiy M, Vorontsov D, Lapshin D, Dyakonova V. Previous flight facilitates partner finding in female crickets. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22328. [PMID: 33339880 PMCID: PMC7749130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, flying occurs soon after the last imaginal molt and precedes the mating behavior in natural conditions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that flying may improve subsequent behavioral performance in a novel environment in female crickets. We developed a behavioral set-up to test female cricket responsiveness to male calling song as well as their ability to locate and find the source of the song. The male song was produced by a loudspeaker hidden behind the fabric wall of a spacious square arena. Forced flight prior to the test promoted female sexual searching behavior in the novel environment. After the flight, more females reached the hidden source zone, spent more time near the source and finally more of them climbed over the wall section immediately in front of the hidden loudspeaker. At the same time, their behavior in the arena did not differ from the control group when the calling song was not delivered, suggesting that flight exerts its behavioral effects by influencing sexual motivation. Our results support the suggestion that preceding intense locomotion facilitates sexual searching behavior of females in a novel environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Mezheritskiy
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 26, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Vorontsov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 26, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Lapshin
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Varvara Dyakonova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 26, 119334, Moscow, Russia.
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Rhea EM, Logsdon AF, Banks WA, Erickson ME. Intranasal Delivery: Effects on the Neuroimmune Axes and Treatment of Neuroinflammation. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111120. [PMID: 33233734 PMCID: PMC7699866 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the pre-clinical and clinical work performed to use intranasal delivery of various compounds from growth factors to stem cells to reduce neuroimmune interactions. We introduce the concept of intranasal (IN) delivery and the variations of this delivery method based on the model used (i.e., rodents, non-human primates, and humans). We summarize the literature available on IN delivery of growth factors, vitamins and metabolites, cytokines, immunosuppressants, exosomes, and lastly stem cells. We focus on the improvement of neuroimmune interactions, such as the activation of resident central nervous system (CNS) immune cells, expression or release of cytokines, and detrimental effects of signaling processes. We highlight common diseases that are linked to dysregulations in neuroimmune interactions, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Rhea
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (A.F.L.); (W.A.B.); (M.E.E.)
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-206-764-2938
| | - Aric F. Logsdon
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (A.F.L.); (W.A.B.); (M.E.E.)
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (A.F.L.); (W.A.B.); (M.E.E.)
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michelle E. Erickson
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (A.F.L.); (W.A.B.); (M.E.E.)
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Stazi M, Wirths O. Physical activity and cognitive stimulation ameliorate learning and motor deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2020; 397:112951. [PMID: 33027669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that physical exercise or cognitive stimulation might contribute to lower the risk of developing dementia disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we used the well-established enrichment environment (EE) paradigm to study the impact of prolonged physical activity and cognitive stimulation in a mouse model of AD overexpressing only Aβ4-42 peptides. These mice display age-dependent memory and motor deficits, in the absence of human amyloid precursor protein (APP) overexpression. We demonstrate that housing under EE conditions leads to an entire preservation of recognition and spatial memory, as well as a rescue of motor deficits in this mouse model. Moreover, we find that Tg4-42hom mice present a typical floating phenotype in the Morris water maze task that could be completely ameliorated upon long-term EE housing. Our findings are in line with epidemiological studies suggesting that physical activity and cognitive stimulation might represent efficient strategies to prevent age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Stazi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
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Cognitive Training as a Potential Activator of Hippocampal Neurogenesis in the Rat Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21196986. [PMID: 32977423 PMCID: PMC7582834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21196986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that interventions like cognitive training or exercises prior to the manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) symptoms may decelerate cognitive decline. Nonetheless, evidence of prevention or a delay of dementia is still insufficient. Using OXYS rats as a suitable model of sporadic AD and Wistar rats as a control, we examined effects of cognitive training in the Morris water maze on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus in presymptomatic (young rats) and symptomatic (adult rats) periods of development of AD signs. Four weeks after the cognitive training, we immunohistochemically estimated densities of quiescent and amplifying neuronal progenitors, neuronal-lineage cells (neuroblasts and immature and mature neurons), and astrocytes in young and adult rats, and the amyloid precursor protein and amyloid-β in adult rats. Reference memory was defective in OXYS rats. The cognitive training did not affect neuronal-lineage cells’ density in either rat strain either at the young or adult age, but activated neuronal progenitors in young rats and increased astrocyte density and downregulated amyloid-β in adult OXYS rats. Thus, to activate adult neurogenesis, cognitive training should be started before first neurodegenerative changes, whereas cognitive training accompanying amyloid-β accumulation affects only astrocytic support.
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