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André-Lévigne D, Pignel R, Boet S, Jaquet V, Kalbermatten DF, Madduri S. Role of Oxygen and Its Radicals in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: From Hypoxia to Physoxia to Hyperoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2030. [PMID: 38396709 PMCID: PMC10888612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is compulsory for mitochondrial function and energy supply, but it has numerous more nuanced roles. The different roles of oxygen in peripheral nerve regeneration range from energy supply, inflammation, phagocytosis, and oxidative cell destruction in the context of reperfusion injury to crucial redox signaling cascades that are necessary for effective axonal outgrowth. A fine balance between reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant activity draws the line between physiological and pathological nerve regeneration. There is compelling evidence that redox signaling mediated by the Nox family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases plays an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration. Further research is needed to better characterize the role of Nox in physiological and pathological circumstances, but the available data suggest that the modulation of Nox activity fosters great therapeutic potential. One of the promising approaches to enhance nerve regeneration by modulating the redox environment is hyperbaric oxygen therapy. In this review, we highlight the influence of various oxygenation states, i.e., hypoxia, physoxia, and hyperoxia, on peripheral nerve repair and regeneration. We summarize the currently available data and knowledge on the effectiveness of using hyperbaric oxygen therapy to treat nerve injuries and discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik André-Lévigne
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigue Pignel
- Subaquatic and Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Boet
- Subaquatic and Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Department of Innovation in Medical Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- READS Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F. Kalbermatten
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Bioengineering and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Srinivas Madduri
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Bioengineering and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Nibuya M, Kezuka D, Kanno Y, Wakamatsu S, Suzuki E. Behavioral stress and antidepressant treatments altered hippocampal expression of Nogo signal-related proteins in rats. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 170:207-216. [PMID: 38157668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Some immune molecules including neurite outgrowth inhibitor (Nogo) ligands and their receptor(Nogo receptor-1: NgR1)are expressed at the neuronal synaptic sites. Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) is another Nogo receptor that also binds to major histocompatibility complex I and β-amyloid and suppresses dendritic immune cell functions and neuronal plasticity in the central nervous system. Augmenting structural and functional neural plasticity by manipulating the Nogo signaling pathway is a novel promising strategy for treating brain ischemia and degenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease. In recent decades psychiatric research using experimental animals has focused on the attenuation of neural plasticity by stress loadings and on the enhanced resilience by psychopharmacological treatments. In the present study, we examined possible expressional alterations in Nogo signal-related proteins in the rat hippocampus after behavioral stress loadings and antidepressant treatments. To validate the effectiveness of the procedures, previously reported increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by ECS or ketamine administration and decrease of BDNF by stress loadings are also shown in the present study. Significant increases in hippocampal NgR1 and PirB expression were observed following chronic variable stress, and a significant increase in NgR1 expression was observed under a single prolonged stress paradigm. These results indicate a possible contribution of enhanced Nogo signaling to the attenuation of neural plasticity in response to stressful experiences. Additionally, the suppression of hippocampal NgR1 expression using electroconvulsive seizure treatment and administration of subanesthetic dose of ketamine supported the increased neural plasticity induced by the antidepressant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Nibuya
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan.
| | - Dai Kezuka
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kanno
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Shunosuke Wakamatsu
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Eiji Suzuki
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
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Zhao H, Liu ZD, Zhang YB, Gao XY, Wang C, Liu Y, Wang XF. NEP1‑40 promotes myelin regeneration via upregulation of GAP‑43 and MAP‑2 expression after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:844. [PMID: 34643252 PMCID: PMC8524407 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration after lesions to the central nervous system (CNS) is largely limited by the presence of growth inhibitory molecules expressed in myelin. Nogo‑A is a principal inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, and blocking the activity of Nogo‑A can induce axonal sprouting and functional recovery. However, there are limited data on the expression of Nogo‑A after CNS lesions, and the mechanism underlying its influences on myelin growth remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to observe the time course of Nogo‑A after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats using immunohistochemistry and western blot techniques, and to test the effect of its inhibitor Nogo extracellular peptide 1‑40 (NEP1‑40) on neural plasticity proteins, growth‑associated binding protein 43 (GAP‑43) and microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP‑2), as a possible mechanism underlying myelin suppression. A classic model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established in Sprague‑Dawley rats, which were divided into three groups: i) MCAO model group; ii) MCAO + saline group; and iii) MCAO + NEP1‑40 group. Rats of each group were divided into five subgroups by time points as follows: days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28. Animals that only received sham operation were used as controls. The Nogo‑A immunoreactivity was located primarily in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes. The number of Nogo‑A immunoreactive cells significantly increased from day 1 to day 3 after MCAO, nearly returning to the control level at day 7, increased again at day 14 and decreased at day 28. Myelin basic protein (MBP) immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral striatum gradually decreased from day 1 to day 28 after ischemia, indicating myelin loss appeared at early time points and continuously advanced during ischemia. Then, intracerebroventricular infusion of NEP1‑40, which is a Nogo‑66 receptor antagonist peptide, was administered at days 1, 3 and 14 after MCAO. It was observed that GAP‑43 considerably increased from day 1 to day 7 and then decreased to a baseline level at day 28 compared with the control. MAP‑2 expression across days 1‑28 significantly decreased after MCAO. Administration of NEP1‑40 attenuated the reduction of MBP, and upregulated GAP‑43 and MAP‑2 expression at the corresponding time points after MCAO compared with the MCAO + saline group. The present results indicated that NEP1‑40 ameliorated myelin damage and promoted regeneration by upregulating the expression of GAP‑43 and MAP‑2 related to neuronal and axonal plasticity, which may aid with the identification of a novel molecular mechanism of restriction in CNS regeneration mediated by Nogo‑A after ischemia in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Hong Zhao, Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, 826 Xi Nan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Zhen-Dong Liu
- Department of General Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Xun-Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
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Wu Q, Zhang H, Nie H, Zeng Z. Anti‑Nogo‑A antibody promotes brain function recovery after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rats by reducing apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:77-88. [PMID: 31746353 PMCID: PMC6896331 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain injury after cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the main cause of neurological dysfunction and death in cardiac arrest. To assess the effect of Nogo-A antibody on brain function in rats following CPR and to explore the underlying mechanisms, CA/CPR (ventricular fibrillation) rats were divided into the CPR+Nogo-A, CPR+saline and sham groups. Hippocampal caspase-3 levels were detected by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Next, Nogo-A, glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-12 (casapse-12), Bcl-2 and Bax protein levels in the hippocampus were detected by immunoblotting. Coronal brain sections were analyzed by TUNEL assay to detect apoptosis at 72 h, while Nissl staining and electron microscopy were performed to detect Nissl bodies and microstructure at 24 h, respectively. Finally, rats were assessed for neurologic deficits at various times. Nissl staining revealed morphological improvement after Nogo-A antibody treatment. Sub-organelle structure was preserved as assessed by electron microscopy in model animals post-antibody treatment; neurological function was improved as well (P<0.05), while the apoptosis index was decreased (26.2±9.85 vs. 46.6±12.95%; P<0.05). Hippocampal caspase-3 mRNA and protein, Nogo-A protein levels were significantly decreased after antibody treatment (P<0.05). Hippocampal Nogo-A expression was positively correlated with caspase-3 (Pearson's correlation; r=0.790, P=0.000). Hippocampal GRP78 and Bcl-2 protein levels were higher after antibody treatment than these levels noted in the model animals (P<0.05), while CHOP, caspase-12 and Bax levels were reduced (P<0.05). Nogo-A antibody ameliorates neurological function after restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), possibly by suppressing apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Wu
- Emergency Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Wuhou, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- Emergency Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Wuhou, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hu Nie
- Emergency Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Wuhou, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Emergency Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Wuhou, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Li X, Li J, Yang X, Sun Z, Zhang J, Zhao W, Dong S, Li C, Ye Y, Chen J, Li Y, Xiang Y, Mao J, Li G, Guo H, Zhang W, Guo H, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Zhang W, Xu Z, Zhao B, Wei J, Zhao G, Ma R, Shen X, Ge C, Zheng C, Li S, Wang Y. Hyperbaric-Oxygen Therapy Improves Survival and Functional Outcome of Acute Severe Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Arch Med Res 2018; 48:638-652. [PMID: 29548729 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognosis of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains poor worldwide. AIMS OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect and optimal protocol for hyperbaric-oxygen therapy (HBOT), and reduce incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in ICH. METHODS This prospective, randomized, controlled trial included 565 patients with acute severe ICH. Participants were randomly assigned to a sham-control group (Group A) and four intervention groups: Groups B and C with 2.0 atmospheres absolute (ATA) pressure and HBOT exposure for 60 or 90 sessions, respectively; and Groups D and E with 1.5 ATA for 60 or 90 sessions, respectively. All patients received emergency craniotomy with hematoma evacuation. Outcome measures were modified Barthel Index (MBI) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores, mortality rates at follow-up six months. UGIB rates were assessed as potential side effect. RESULTS In four intervention groups, MBI and mRS scores were all significantly improved, and mortality rates were all significantly decreased compared with Group A (all p < 0.005). UGIB rates were 39.25, 60.00, 64.49, 36.79, and 34.26% in Groups A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. UGIB rates in Groups B and C were significantly increased compared with Groups A, D and E (all p < 0.005). None of UGIB were clinically significant. CONCLUSIONS HBOT significantly improves survival and functional outcomes of ICH. HBOT at 1.5 and 2.0 ATA had the same beneficial effect. A pressure of 1.5 ATA and 60 HBOT exposures represents an optimal protocol for HBOT. Further studies are needed to optimize the protocol per specific patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingze Li
- Clinical Medicine Specialty of the First Clinical Medical College, Hebei North University, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaosheng Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinrong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangmiao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhi Dong
- Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiao Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangjie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhe Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanzeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanyi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoshuai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gengshui Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghua Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuzhi Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunling Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital (Hengshui City People's Hospital), Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renmin East Road, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
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Expression of RGMb in brain tissue of MCAO rats and its relationship with axonal regeneration. J Neurol Sci 2017; 383:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Takase H, Kurihara Y, Yokoyama TA, Kawahara N, Takei K. LOTUS overexpression accelerates neuronal plasticity after focal brain ischemia in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184258. [PMID: 28880879 PMCID: PMC5589167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nogo receptor-1 (NgR1) and its ligands inhibit neuronal plasticity and limit functional recovery after brain damage such as ischemic stroke. We have previously shown that lateral olfactory tract usher substance (LOTUS) antagonizes NgR1-mediated signaling. Here, we investigated whether LOTUS enhances neuronal plasticity and functional recovery after brain focal ischemia in adult mice. Focal ischemic infarcts were induced in wild-type and LOTUS-overexpressing transgenic mice via middle cerebral artery occlusion. Endogenous LOTUS expression was increased in brain and cervical spinal cord of the contralateral side of ischemia in the chronic phase after brain ischemia. LOTUS overexpression accelerated midline-crossing axonal sprouting from the contralateral side to the ipsilateral side of ischemia in the medullar reticular formation and gray matter of denervated cervical spinal cord. Importantly, LOTUS overexpression improved neurological score highly correlated with laterality ratio of corticoreticular fibers of the medulla oblongata, indicating that LOTUS overexpression may overcome the inhibitory environment induced by NgR1 signaling for damaged motor pathway reconstruction after ischemic stroke. Thus, our data suggest that LOTUS overexpression accelerates neuronal plasticity in the brainstem and cervical spinal cord after stroke and LOTUS administration is useful for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Takase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Molecular Medical Bioscience Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuji Kurihara
- Molecular Medical Bioscience Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Taka-akira Yokoyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Molecular Medical Bioscience Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Kawahara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail: (KT); (NK)
| | - Kohtaro Takei
- Molecular Medical Bioscience Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail: (KT); (NK)
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Boghdadi AG, Teo L, Bourne JA. The Involvement of the Myelin-Associated Inhibitors and Their Receptors in CNS Plasticity and Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1831-1846. [PMID: 28229330 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The limited capacity for the central nervous system (CNS) to repair itself was first described over 100 years ago by Spanish neuroscientist Ramon Y. Cajal. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this failure in neuronal regeneration remain unclear and, as such, no effective therapeutics yet exist. Numerous studies have attempted to elucidate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that inhibit neuronal repair with increasing evidence suggesting that several inhibitory factors and repulsive guidance cues active during development actually persist into adulthood and may be contributing to the inhibition of repair. For example, in the injured adult CNS, there are various inhibitory factors that impede the outgrowth of neurites from damaged neurons. One of the most potent of these neurite outgrowth inhibitors is the group of proteins known as the myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs), present mainly on the membranes of oligodendroglia. Several studies have shown that interfering with these proteins can have positive outcomes in CNS injury models by promoting neurite outgrowth and improving functional recovery. As such, the MAIs, their receptors, and downstream effectors are valid drug targets for the treatment of CNS injury. This review will discuss the current literature on MAIs in the context of CNS development, plasticity, and injury. Molecules that interfere with the MAIs and their receptors as potential candidates for the treatment of CNS injury will additionally be introduced in the context of preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Boghdadi
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Leon Teo
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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9
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Cui HJ, He HY, Yang AL, Zhou HJ, Tang T, Luo JK. Hyperbaric oxygen for experimental intracerebral haemorrhage: Systematic review and stratified meta-analysis. Brain Inj 2017; 31:456-465. [PMID: 28426381 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2017.1279752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jin Cui
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Lab of Chinese Gan of SATCM, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao-Yu He
- Institute of Mental Health, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - A-Li Yang
- Institute of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hua-Jun Zhou
- Institute of Neurology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Lab of Chinese Gan of SATCM, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie-Kun Luo
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Lab of Chinese Gan of SATCM, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Shi X, Yu W, Yang T, Liu W, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Chai L, Gao Y, Dong B, Zhu L. Panax notoginseng saponins provide neuroprotection by regulating NgR1/RhoA/ROCK2 pathway expression, in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 190:301-312. [PMID: 27288754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) extracted from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. Chen (Araliaceae), which has been extensively used in treating coronary heart disease, ischemic cerebrovascular disease and hemorrhagic disorders in China over hundreds of years. AIMS OF THE STUDY This study explored whether panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) provided neuroprotective effects by inhibiting the expressions of NgR1, RhoA, and ROCK2 following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury in SH-SY5Y cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to determine successful middle cerebral artery occlusion establishment in sham-operated and operated Sprague-Dawley rats 1 day after injury. The rats were randomly separated into sham, model, NEP1-40, PNS, and NEP1-40 plus PNS (N+P) groups. After 7 days of treatment, body mass and neurological deficit scores were analyzed. Tissues were harvested and analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis, western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The optimal drug concentration of NEP1-40 and PNS on SH-SY5Y cells exposed to OGD/R injury was determined by CCK8 analysis. qRT-PCR was used to measure mRNA expression profiles of NgR1, RhoA, and ROCK2 in SH-SY5Y cells subjected to OGD/R. RESULTS The results showed that MCAO surgery successfully produced an infarct, and the PNS, NEP1-40, and N+P groups exhibited increased body mass and ameliorated neurological deficits compared with the model group. NEP1-40 treatment markedly reduced NgR1 and RhoA overexpression when compared to the model group, although there was no significant difference in ROCK2 expression. PNS and N+P treatment significantly decreased NgR1, RhoA, and ROCK2 overexpression compared with the model group. However, N+P treatment did not result in a synergistic effect, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and qRT-PCR. Following optimal administration of PNS (160μg/ml) and NEP1-40 (10ng/ml) on SH-SY5Y cells exposed to OGD/R injury, cell viability in the NEP1-40, PNS, and N+P groups significantly increased compared with the model group, as assessed by CCK8 analysis. Additionally, NgR1, RhoA, and ROCK2 mRNA expression profiles were significantly less in the NEP1-40, PNS, and N+P groups compared with the model group. CONCLUSION PNS provided neuroprotective effects in a rat model of cerebral ischemia and SH-SY5Y cells exposed to oxygen/glucose deprivation injury by inhibiting the overexpression of NgR1, RhoA, and ROCK2.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/enzymology
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Hypoxia
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Glucose/deficiency
- Humans
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/enzymology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/genetics
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/prevention & control
- Male
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/enzymology
- Neurons/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/isolation & purification
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Nogo Receptor 1/genetics
- Nogo Receptor 1/metabolism
- Panax notoginseng/chemistry
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plants, Medicinal
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Saponins/isolation & purification
- Saponins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
- rho-Associated Kinases/genetics
- rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Department of pediatrics, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhou Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yikun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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11
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Ostrowski RP, Stępień K, Pucko E, Matyja E. Hyperbaric oxygen modalities are differentially effective in distinct brain ischemia models. Med Gas Res 2016; 6:39-47. [PMID: 27826422 PMCID: PMC5075682 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.179344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness and efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) preconditioning and post-treatment modalities have been demonstrated in experimental models of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, including global brain ischemia, transient focal and permanent focal cerebral ischemia, and experimental neonatal hypoxia-ischemia encephalopathy. In general, early and repetitive post-treatment of HBO appears to create enhanced protection against brain ischemia whereas delayed HBO treatment after transient focal ischemia may even aggravate brain injury. This review advocates the level of injury reduction upon HBO as an important component for translational evaluation of HBO based treatment modalities. The combined preconditioning and HBO post-treatment that would provide synergistic effects is also worth considering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Ostrowski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, M. Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stępień
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, M. Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emanuela Pucko
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, M. Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Matyja
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, M. Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Upregulated expression of Nogo-A and NgR in an experimental model of focal microgyria regulates the migration, proliferation and self-renewal of subventricular zone neural progenitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:482-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Apigenin protects blood–brain barrier and ameliorates early brain injury by inhibiting TLR4-mediated inflammatory pathway in subarachnoid hemorrhage rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Huang L, Applegate PM, Gatling JW, Mangus DB, Zhang J, Applegate RL. A systematic review of neuroprotective strategies after cardiac arrest: from bench to bedside (part II-comprehensive protection). Med Gas Res 2014; 4:10. [PMID: 25671079 PMCID: PMC4322492 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive deficits remain a significant source of morbidity in survivors of cardiac arrest. We conducted a literature review of treatment protocols designed to evaluate neurologic outcome and survival following global cerebral ischemia associated with cardiac arrest. The search was limited to investigational therapies that were implemented either during cardiopulmonary resuscitation or after return of spontaneous circulation in studies that included assessment of impact on neurologic outcome. Given that complex pathophysiology underlies global brain hypoxic ischemia following cardiac arrest, neuroprotective strategies targeting multiple stages of neuropathologic cascades should promise to improve survival and neurologic outcomes in cardiac arrest victims. In Part II of this review, we discuss several approaches that can provide comprehensive protection against global brain injury associated with cardiac arrest, by modulating multiple targets of neuropathologic cascades. Pharmaceutical approaches include adenosine and growth factors/hormones including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor-1 and glycine-proline-glutamate, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and estrogen. Preclinical studies of these showed some benefit but were inconclusive in models of global brain injury involving systemic ischemia. Several medical gases that can mediate neuroprotection have been evaluated in experimental settings. These include hydrogen sulfide, hyperbaric oxygen and molecular hydrogen. Hyperbaric oxygen and molecular hydrogen showed promising results; however, further investigation is required prior to clinical application of these agents in cardiac arrest patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology and Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Patricia M Applegate
- Department of Cardiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jason W Gatling
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Dustin B Mangus
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology and Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA ; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Richard L Applegate
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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15
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Abstract
This article presents a pilot study to determine the value of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO₂) in the acute management of neonatal hypoxia (hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy) and necrotizing enterocolitis. Neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and NE were treated in a Sechrist monoplace chamber. Electroencephalogram, evoked potential, ophthalmic evaluation, ultrasonograph, laboratory exams, and radiographs were obtained before and after HBO₂. Treatment protocol was 2.0 atm abs/45 minutes. Preventive myringotomies were conducted in all patients. A follow-up was done at 3 and 6 months. All patients (n = 8) were ventilator-dependent and required bag-valve-mask ventilation by a neonatologist during the treatment. All showed a resolution after HBO₂. There was also a dramatic improvement (P < .05) in hemoglobin, hematocrit, total proteins, serum sodium, triglycerides, and pH. There were favorable changes in all other studies although they did not meet statistical significance. There was a marked reduction of the morbidity and mortality. There were no adverse effects on the ophthalmologic or Central Nervous System. When used promptly, HBO₂ can modify the local and systemic inflammatory response caused by intestinal inflammation or cerebral or systemic hypoxia. It helps to preserve the marginal tissue and recover the ischemic and metabolic penumbra. This pilot study suggests that HBO₂ could be a safe and effective treatment in the acute management of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis or hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. There is a need for a prospective, randomized, controlled, and double-blinded study to determine the real use of HBO₂ in these cases.
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16
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Deng J, Lei C, Chen Y, Fang Z, Yang Q, Zhang H, Cai M, Shi L, Dong H, Xiong L. Neuroprotective gases – Fantasy or reality for clinical use? Prog Neurobiol 2014; 115:210-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Espinosa-García C, Aguilar-Hernández A, Cervantes M, Moralí G. Effects of progesterone on neurite growth inhibitors in the hippocampus following global cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2014; 1545:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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18
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Celik O, Bay HH, Arslanhan A, Oroğlu B, Bozkurt SU, Sehirli US, Ziyal Mİ. Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on cerebral vasospasm: a vascular morphometric study in an experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage model. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:593-600. [PMID: 24228831 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.865619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the preventive or therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on cerebral vasospasm following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Twenty rabbits were assigned randomly to one of four groups. Animals in Group I were not subjected to SAH or sham operation (control group, n = 5). Animals in Group II were subjected to sham operation and received no treatment after the procedure (sham group, n = 5). Animals in Group III were subjected to SAH and received no treatment after SAH induction (SAH group, n = 5). Animals in Group IV were subjected to SAH and received five sessions of HBOT at 2.4 atmospheres absolute (ATA) for 2 h (treatment group, n = 5). Animals were euthanized by perfusion and fixation 72 h after procedures. Basilar artery vasospasm indices, arterial wall thicknesses, and cross-sectional luminal areas were evaluated. Statistical comparisons were performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Mean basilar artery vasospasm index in the treatment group was significantly smaller than in the SAH group. Mean basilar artery wall thickness in the treatment group was significantly smaller than in the SAH group. Mean basilar artery cross-sectional luminal area in the treatment group showed an increase relative to the SAH group, but this difference remained statistically insignificant. Our results demonstrated that repeated application of HBOT at 2.4 ATA for 2 h attenuated vasospastic changes such as increased vasospasm index and arterial wall thickness. HBOT is thus a promising candidate for SAH-induced vasospasm. Further studies are needed to evaluate maximal effect and optimal application regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgür Celik
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Marmara University Pendik Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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19
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Ostrowski RP, Zhang JH. Hyperbaric oxygen for cerebral vasospasm and brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 2:316-27. [PMID: 23060945 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The impact of acute brain injury and delayed neurological deficits due to cerebral vasospasm (CVS) are major determinants of outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Although hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) had been used to treat patients with SAH, the supporting evidence and underlying mechanisms have not been systematically reviewed. In the present paper, the overview of studies of HBO for cerebral vasospasm is followed by a discussion of HBO molecular mechanisms involved in the protection against SAH-induced brain injury and even, as hypothesized, in attenuating vascular spasm alone. Faced with the paucity of information as to what degree HBO is capable of antagonizing vasospasm after SAH, the authors postulate that the major beneficial effects of HBO in SAH include a reduction of acute brain injury and combating brain damage caused by CVS. Consequently, authors reviewed the effects of HBO on SAH-induced hypoxic signaling and other mechanisms of neurovascular injury. Moreover, authors hypothesize that HBO administered after SAH may "precondition" the brain against the detrimental sequelae of vasospasm. In conclusion, the existing evidence speaks in favor of administering HBO in both acute and delayed phase after SAH; however, further studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and to establish the optimal regimen of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Ostrowski
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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20
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Abstract
Oxygen treatment has been a cornerstone of acute medical care for numerous pathological states. Initially, this was supported by the assumed need to avoid hypoxaemia and tissue hypoxia. Most acute treatment algorithms, therefore, recommended the liberal use of a high fraction of inspired oxygen, often without first confirming the presence of a hypoxic insult. However, recent physiological research has underlined the vasoconstrictor effects of hyperoxia on normal vasculature and, consequently, the risk of significant blood flow reduction to the at-risk tissue. Positive effects may be claimed simply by relief of an assumed local tissue hypoxia, such as in acute cardiovascular disease, brain ischaemia due to, for example, stroke or shock or carbon monoxide intoxication. However, in most situations, a generalized hypoxia is not the problem and a risk of negative hyperoxaemia-induced local vasoconstriction effects may instead be the reality. In preclinical studies, many important positive anti-inflammatory effects of both normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen have been repeatedly shown, often as surrogate end-points such as increases in gluthatione levels, reduced lipid peroxidation and neutrophil activation thus modifying ischaemia-reperfusion injury and also causing anti-apoptotic effects. However, in parallel, toxic effects of oxygen are also well known, including induced mucosal inflammation, pneumonitis and retrolental fibroplasia. Examining the available 'strong' clinical evidence, such as usually claimed for randomized controlled trials, few positive studies stand up to scrutiny and a number of trials have shown no effect or even been terminated early due to worse outcomes in the oxygen treatment arm. Recently, this has led to less aggressive approaches, even to not providing any supplemental oxygen, in several acute care settings, such as resuscitation of asphyxiated newborns, during acute myocardial infarction or after stroke or cardiac arrest. The safety of more advanced attempts to deliver increased oxygen levels to hypoxic or ischaemic tissues, such as with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, is therefore also being questioned. Here, we provide an overview of the present knowledge of the physiological effects of oxygen in relation to its therapeutic potential for different medical conditions, as well as considering the potential for harm. We conclude that the medical use of oxygen needs to be further examined in search of solid evidence of benefit in many of the current clinical settings in which it is routinely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sjöberg
- Departments of Hand and Plastic Surgery and Intensive Care, Burn Center, Linköping County Council, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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21
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Miyazaki K, Nagai M, Ohta Y, Morimoto N, Kurata T, Murakami T, Takehisa Y, Ikeda Y, Kamiya T, Abe K. Changes of Nogo-A and receptor NgR in the lumbar spinal cord of ALS model mice. Neurol Res 2013; 31:316-21. [DOI: 10.1179/174313208x325173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Neuroprotective drugs have so far failed clinical trials, at high cost, and intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (i.v. tPA) remains the only FDA-approved acute stroke therapy. Hyperoxia, acting via multiple direct and indirect mechanisms, may be a powerful neuroprotective strategy to salvage acutely ischemic brain tissue and extend the time window for acute stroke treatment. Of the available oxygen delivery methods, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) appears to be the most potent, while even normobaric oxygen therapy (NBO) may be effective if started promptly after stroke onset. HBO has so far failed to show efficacy in three clinical trials. The failure of these trials is probably attributable to factors such as delayed time to therapy, inadequate sample size and use of excessive chamber pressures. Previous trials did not assess long-term benefit in patients with tissue reperfusion. In this modern era of stroke thrombolysis and advanced neuroimaging, oxygen therapy may have renewed significance. If applied within the first few hours after stroke onset or in patients with imaging evidence of salvageable brain tissue, oxygen therapy could be used to 'buy time' for the administration of thrombolytic or neuroprotective drugs. This article reviews the history and current rationale for using oxygen therapy in stroke, the mechanisms of action of HBO and the results of animal and human studies of hyperoxia in cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh B Singhal
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Wu C, Hu Q, Chen J, Yan F, Li J, Wang L, Mo H, Gu C, Zhang P, Chen G. Inhibiting HIF-1α by 2ME2 ameliorates early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:469-74. [PMID: 23850688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) has been extensively studied in brain injury following hypoxia-ischemia, the role of HIF-1α in early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains unclear. The present study was under taken to investigate a potential role of HIF-1α in EBI after SAH. Rats (n=60) were randomly divided into sham+vehicle, SAH+2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2), and SAH+vehicle groups. The SAH model was induced by endovascular perforation and all the rats were subsequently sacrificed at 24h after SAH. We found that treatment with 2ME2 suppressed the expression of HIF-1α, BNIP3 and VEGF and reduced cell apoptosis, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, brain edema, and neurologic scores. Double fluorescence labeling revealed that HIF-1α was expressed predominantly in the nuclei of neurons and TUNEL-positive cells. Our work demonstrated that HIF-1α may play a role in EBI after SAH, causing cell apoptosis, BBB disruption, and brain edema by up-regulating its downstream targets, BNIP3 and VEGF. These effects were blocked by the HIF-1α inhibitor, 2ME2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang road, Hangzhou 310009, China
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Changes in expression of Nogo receptor 1 in hippocampus and cortex after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rats. Am J Emerg Med 2012; 31:353-9. [PMID: 23158614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate changes in Nogo receptor 1 (NgR(1)) expression in the cerebrum after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in rats. Cardiac arrest was induced by alternating current in 50 SD rats through transcutaneous electrical epicardium stimulation, and CPR was performed with the Utstein mode 6 minutes after cardiac arrest. Rats were killed 1, 3, and 7 days after CPR. We performed immunofluorescence with antibodies against NgR(1) to map the distribution of NgR(1) in the rat cerebrum, whereas quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed for quantitative analysis of NgR(1) messenger RNA (mRNA). There was a striking transient up-regulation of the NgR(1) protein and mRNA in both the hippocampus and cortex in response to CPR. Nogo receptor 1 proteins were strongly expressed in hippocampal neurons 1 and 3 days after CPR (P < .001 for 1 day and P < .05 for 3 days, vs the control group, respectively), which returned to the basal level 7 days after CPR. In the cortex, staining moderately increased 1 day after CPR and got the peak level after 3 days (P < .001), returning to normal expression levels on day 7. The levels of NgR(1) mRNA in the hippocampus and cerebral cortical cortex showed the same trend with staining. The changes were significantly different between day 3 and baseline in both the hippocampus and cortex (P < .05, respectively). Furthermore, there were significant differences between the hippocampus and cerebral cortical cortex at 1 day and 3 days after the CPR (P < .05, respectively). There was a transient increase in NgR(1) in the vulnerable areas of the rat brain after CPR. Blockade of NgR(1) may be important in maintaining the high regenerative capacity of neurons during the time window when NgR(1) expression increases.
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25
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Nogo-A is associated with secondary degeneration of substantia nigra in hypertensive rats with focal cortical infarction. Brain Res 2012; 1469:153-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Li Y, Xia ZL, Chen LB. HIF-1-α and survivin involved in the anti-apoptotic effect of 2ME2 after global ischemia in rats. Neurol Res 2012; 33:583-92. [PMID: 21708067 DOI: 10.1179/1743132810y.0000000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Survivin is an anti-apoptotic gene that decreases the apoptosis by depressing the expression of caspase-3. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1-alpha (HIF-1-alpha) is a transcription factor specifically activated by hypoxia. 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) is an estradiol derivative and a known HIF-1-alpha inhibitor. 2ME2 decreased apoptosis by inhibiting HIF-1-alpha. The aim of the present study was to investigate if survivin is involved in the anti-apoptotic effect of 2ME2. Male adult rats were used to make the global ischemia (GI) model. Ten minutes after GI, 2ME2 was injected intraperitoneally (16 mg/kg weight). Rats were killed at 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 96 hours, and 7 days. GI produced a marked increase in HIF-1-alpha expressions in the hippocampus at 6 hours and peaked at 48-96 hours. The expressions of survivin and caspase-3 were increased lightly in a similar time course. These molecular changes were accompanied by massive cell loss and apoptosis in the hippocampal regions. 2ME2 treatment reduced the expression of HIF-1-alpha, increased survivin expression, and decreased the expression of caspase-3. These results indicate that survivin and HIF-1-alpha were involved in the anti-apoptotic effect of 2ME2 treated following GI. 2ME2 may decrease the HIF-1-alpha expression, up-regulate the survivin expression, inhibit the expression of caspase-3, and finally reduce apoptosis after GI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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27
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Cincioglu M, Kismali G, Ugur SA, Kelicen-Ugur P. Indinavir inhibits the expression of cytoplasmic aromatase and nuclear SREBP in the hippocampus of reperfusion injury-induced ischemic rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 130:81-9. [PMID: 22342839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury due to insults, such as stroke, is a leading cause of severe neurological and neurobehavioral deficits and death. Neurodegeneration can be prevented by local aromatase expression, and estrogen synthesis can be neuroprotective in ischemia/reperfusion. Therefore, aromatase, the enzyme that transforms androgens to estrogens, may be a potential target for the study of reperfusion injury after brain ischemia. We investigated the expression of aromatase and sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) using Western blotting in the rat hippocampus after transient global ischemia plus hypotension. After 10 min of ischemia, aromatase and SREBP expression was observed in cytosolic extracts after 1, 4 and 10 weeks of reperfusion. Previous immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the highest aromatase expression appeared in damaged hippocampi after 1 week. In this study, SREBP expression was increased at 1 week in the nuclear extracts of damaged hippocampi. The aromatase inhibitor megestrol acetate (20 mg/kg/day; 21 days) and the SREBP inhibitor indinavir (15 mg/kg/day; 30 days) suppressed aromatase levels in ischemic hippocampi. Our findings indicate that ischemia, as well as chronic neurodegenerative processes, leads to an increase in cytoplasmic aromatase and nuclear SREBP. Thus, it is possible to hypothesize that an interaction between this enzyme gene and the transcription factor exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Cincioglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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VanGuilder HD, Bixler GV, Sonntag WE, Freeman WM. Hippocampal expression of myelin-associated inhibitors is induced with age-related cognitive decline and correlates with deficits of spatial learning and memory. J Neurochem 2012; 121:77-98. [PMID: 22269040 PMCID: PMC3341628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of cognitive functions including hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory affects nearly half of the aged population. Age-related cognitive decline is associated with synaptic dysfunction that occurs in the absence of neuronal cell loss, suggesting that impaired neuronal signaling and plasticity may underlie age-related deficits of cognitive function. Expression of myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) of synaptic plasticity, including the ligands myelin-associated glycoprotein, neurite outgrowth inhibitor A, and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein, and their common receptor, Nogo-66 receptor, was examined in hippocampal synaptosomes and Cornu ammonis area (CA)1, CA3 and dentate gyrus subregions derived from adult (12-13 months) and aged (26-28 months) Fischer 344 × Brown Norway rats. Rats were behaviorally phenotyped by Morris water maze testing and classified as aged cognitively intact (n = 7-8) or aged cognitively impaired (n = 7-10) relative to adults (n = 5-7). MAI protein expression was induced in cognitively impaired, but not cognitively intact, aged rats and correlated with cognitive performance in individual rats. Immunohistochemical experiments demonstrated that up-regulation of MAIs occurs, in part, in hippocampal neuronal axons and somata. While a number of pathways and processes are altered with brain aging, we report a coordinated induction of myelin-associated inhibitors of functional and structural plasticity only in cognitively impaired aged rats. Induction of MAIs may decrease stimulus-induced synaptic strengthening and structural remodeling, ultimately impairing synaptic mechanisms of spatial learning and memory and resulting in cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D. VanGuilder
- Department of Pharmacology, R130, Hershey Center for Applied Research, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Georgina V. Bixler
- Department of Pharmacology, R130, Hershey Center for Applied Research, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - William E. Sonntag
- Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC-1303, Oklahoma City OK 73104 USA
| | - Willard M. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology, R130, Hershey Center for Applied Research, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
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Liu W, Khatibi N, Sridharan A, Zhang JH. Application of medical gases in the field of neurobiology. Med Gas Res 2011; 1:13. [PMID: 22146102 PMCID: PMC3231869 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-1-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical gases are pharmaceutical molecules which offer solutions to a wide array of medical needs. This can range from use in burn and stroke victims to hypoxia therapy in children. More specifically however, gases such as oxygen, helium, xenon, and hydrogen have recently come under increased exploration for their potential theraputic use with various brain disease states including hypoxia-ischemia, cerebral hemorrhages, and traumatic brain injuries. As a result, this article will review the various advances in medical gas research and discuss the potential therapeutic applications and mechanisms with regards to the field of neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA.
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Peng Y, Zhang QL, Xu D, Wang YP, Qin XY. Small hairpin RNA interference of the Nogo receptor inhibits oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced damage in rat hippocampal slice cultures. Neuropathology 2011; 30:565-73. [PMID: 20337950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2010.01102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In adult mammals, CNS damage does not repair well spontaneously. The Nogo receptor (NgR) signaling pathway prevents axonal regrowth and promotes neuronal apoptosis. This pathway, and pathways like it, may be part of the reason why nerves do not regrow. A number of preclinical experiments inhibiting portions of the NgR pathway have yielded limited induction of nerve repair. Here, we developed a small hairpin RNA (shRNA) to knock down NgR expression. With the use of rat hippocampal slices in tissue culture, we induced neuronal damage similar to that of ischemia-reperfusion injury by exposing the cultured tissues to oxygen-glucose deprivation. We then assayed the effect of NgR knockdown in this model system. Adenovirally delivered NgR shRNA decreased NgR mRNA and protein expression. Thirty minutes of oxygen-glucose deprivation resulted in widespread tissue damage, including apoptosis and loss of neurite extension, 72 h after termination of oxygen-glucose deprivation. The NgR shRNA knockdown reduced, but did not eliminate, the effects of oxygen-glucose deprivation. Thus, NgR shRNA shows promise as a potential tool for the treatment of nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering and First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Yuanjiagang, Chongqing City, China
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Michalski D, Härtig W, Schneider D, Hobohm C. Use of normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen in acute focal cerebral ischemia - a preclinical and clinical review. Acta Neurol Scand 2011; 123:85-97. [PMID: 20456243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High socioeconomic burden is attributed to acute ischemic stroke, but treatment strategies are still limited. Normobaric (NBO) and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) were frequently investigated in preclinical studies following acute focal cerebral ischemia with predominantly beneficial effects in different outcome measurements. Best results were achieved in transient cerebral ischemia, starting HBO early after artery occlusion, and by using relatively high pressures. On molecular level, oxygen application leads to blood-brain barrier stabilization, reduction of excitotoxic metabolites, and inhibition of inflammatory processes. Therefore, NBO and HBO appear excessively hopeful in salvaging impaired brain cells during ischemic stroke. However, harmful effects have been noted contributing to damaging properties, for example, vasoconstriction and free oxygen radicals. In the clinical setting, NBO provided positive results in a single clinical trial, but HBO failed to show efficacy in three randomized trials. To date, the translation of numerous evidentiary experimental results into clinical implementation remains open. Recently, oxygen became interesting as an additional therapy to neuroprotective or recanalization drugs to combine positive effects. Further preclinical research is needed exploring interactions between NBO, HBO, and key factors with multiphasic roles in acute damaging and delayed inflammatory processes after cerebral ischemia, for example, matrix-metalloproteinases and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michalski
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Germany.
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Kelicen Ugur P, Lule S, Cincioglu M, Pekiner C, Gursoy-Ozdemir Y. Megestrol acetate inhibits the expression of cytoplasmic aromatase through nuclear C/EBPβ in reperfusion injury-induced ischemic rat hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 654:217-25. [PMID: 21114983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Global ischemia after cardiac arrest, intraoperative hypoxia/hypotension, and hemorrhagic shock causes brain injury resulting in severe neurological and neurobehavioral deficits. Neurodegeneration can be prevented by local aromatase expression, and estrogen synthesis can be neuroprotective in ischemia/reperfusion. Therefore, aromatase, the enzyme that transforms androgens to estrogens, may be a potential target for the study of reperfusion injury after brain ischemia. We investigated the expression of aromatase and C/EBPβ using western blotting in rat hippocampus after transient global ischemia plus hypotension. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed for aromatase. After 10min of ischemia, aromatase and C/EBPβ expression in cytosolic extracts were observed after 10min and 24h of reperfusion. The expression of both proteins was similar in control and damaged tissues. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the highest aromatase expression appeared in damaged hippocampi after 1week and was gradually reduced after 2-10weeks. C/EBPβ expression increased at 1week in nuclear extracts of damaged hippocampi. The aromatase inhibitor megestrol acetate (20mg/kg/day) suppressed aromatase and nuclear C/EBPβ levels in ischemic hippocampi. Our findings indicate that ischemia as well as chronic neurodegenerative processes leads to an increase in cytoplasmic aromatase and nuclear C/EBPβ. Thus, it is possible to hypothesize an interaction between this enzyme gene and transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Kelicen Ugur
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
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Wang T, Wang J, Yin C, Liu R, Zhang JH, Qin X. Down-regulation of Nogo receptor promotes functional recovery by enhancing axonal connectivity after experimental stroke in rats. Brain Res 2010; 1360:147-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Allen C, Srivastava K, Bayraktutan U. Small GTPase RhoA and Its Effector Rho Kinase Mediate Oxygen Glucose Deprivation-Evoked In Vitro Cerebral Barrier Dysfunction. Stroke 2010; 41:2056-63. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.574939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Enhanced vascular permeability attributable to disruption of blood–brain barrier results in the development of cerebral edema after stroke. Using an in vitro model of the brain barrier composed of human brain microvascular endothelial cells and human astrocytes, this study explored whether small GTPase RhoA and its effector protein Rho kinase were involved in permeability changes mediated by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), key pathological phenomena during ischemic stroke.
Methods and Results—
OGD increased RhoA and Rho kinase protein expressions in human brain microvascular endothelial cells and human astrocytes while increasing or unaffecting that of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in respective cells. Reperfusion attenuated the expression and activity of RhoA and Rho kinase in both cell types compared to their counterparts exposed to equal periods of OGD alone while selectively increasing human brain microvascular endothelial cells endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein levels. OGD compromised the barrier integrity as confirmed by decreases in transendothelial electric resistance and concomitant increases in flux of permeability markers sodium fluorescein and Evan’s blue albumin across cocultures. Transfection of cells with constitutively active RhoA also increased flux and reduced transendothelial electric resistance, whereas inactivation of RhoA by anti-RhoA Ig electroporation exerted opposite effects. In vitro cerebral barrier dysfunction was accompanied by myosin light chain overphosphorylation and stress fiber formation. Reperfusion and treatments with a Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 significantly attenuated barrier breakdown without profoundly altering actin structure.
Conclusions—
Increased RhoA/Rho kinase/myosin light chain pathway activity coupled with changes in actin cytoskeleton account for OGD-induced endothelial barrier breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Allen
- From the Division of Stroke, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Ulvi Bayraktutan
- From the Division of Stroke, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Devine JM, Zafonte RD. Physical exercise and cognitive recovery in acquired brain injury: a review of the literature. PM R 2009; 1:560-75. [PMID: 19627946 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical exercise has been shown to play an ever-broadening role in the maintenance of overall health and has been implicated in the preservation of cognitive function in both healthy elderly and demented populations. Animal and human studies of acquired brain injury (ABI) from trauma or vascular causes also suggest a possible role for physical exercise in enhancing cognitive recovery. DATA SOURCES A review of the literature was conducted to explore the current understanding of how physical exercise impacts the molecular, functional, and neuroanatomic status of both intact and brain-injured animals and humans. STUDY SELECTION Searches of the MEDLINE, CINHAL, and PsychInfo databases yielded an extensive collection of animal studies of physical exercise in ABI. Animal studies strongly tie physical exercise to the upregulation of multiple neural growth factor pathways in brain-injured animals, resulting in both hippocampal neurogenesis and functional improvements in memory. DATA EXTRACTION A search of the same databases for publications involving physical exercise in human subjects with ABI yielded 24 prospective and retrospective studies. DATA SYNTHESIS Four of these evaluated cognitive outcomes in persons with ABI who were involved in physical exercise. Three studies cited a positive association between exercise and improvements in cognitive function, whereas one observed no effect. Human exercise interventions varied greatly in duration, intensity, and level of subject supervision, and tools for assessing neurocognitive changes were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS There is strong evidence in animal ABI models that physical exercise facilitates neurocognitive recovery. Physical exercise interventions are safe in the subacute and rehabilitative phases of recovery for humans with ABI. In light of strong evidence of positive effects in animal studies, more controlled, prospective human interventions are warranted to better explore the neurocognitive effects of physical exercise on persons with ABI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Devine
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Jiang W, Xia F, Han J, Wang J. Patterns of Nogo-A, NgR, and RhoA expression in the brain tissues of rats with focal cerebral infarction. Transl Res 2009; 154:40-8. [PMID: 19524873 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nogo-A and its Nogo receptor (NgR) have been shown to inhibit plasticity after central nervous system lesions. Therefore, we hypothesized that Nogo-A and its receptor NgR will be upregulated and will activate RhoA, and thus, they play a role in the damage in the infarction developed. To test this hypothesis, a focal cerebral infarction model was created by coagulation of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) and ipsilateral common carotid artery (CCA), as well as the simultaneous transient occlusion of the contralateral CCA for 30 min in 60 adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The rat brains were treated at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 96 h, and 7 d after cerebral infarction. Sham controls were collected to determine histopathologic damage and Nogo-A, NgR, and RhoA expression using hematoxylin-eosin, immunohistochemical staining, Western blot analysis, and fluorimeter-based quantitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The results indicate that cerebral infarction produced damage and edema on nerve cells in the infarction area, becoming most prominent at 24h after modeling. Meanwhile, a marked increase of Nogo-A, NgR, and RhoA expression was found at 6h in model groups compared with the sham controls, which peaked at 24 h after the operation. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis also showed upregulated Nogo-A located in the myelin sheath of the infarction area, NgR expressed on the surface of neurons and their processes, and RhoA expressed inside the cytoplasm of neurons in infarction brain. In conclusion, the upregulation of Nogo-A, NgR, and RhoA in the infarction area may be an important feature of cerebral infarction and may play a role in the pathologic progression of this lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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37
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Matchett GA, Martin RD, Zhang JH. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and cerebral ischemia: neuroprotective mechanisms. Neurol Res 2009; 31:114-21. [PMID: 19298750 DOI: 10.1179/174313209x389857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have demonstrated a protective effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in experimental ischemic brain injury, and many physiological and molecular mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen therapy-related neuroprotection have been identified. METHODS Review of articles pertaining to hyperbaric oxygen therapy and cerebral ischemia in the National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health database, emphasizing mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen therapy-related neuroprotection. RESULTS Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been shown to ameliorate brain injury in a variety of animal models including focal cerebral ischemia, global cerebral ischemia, neonatal hypoxia-ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Small human trials of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in focal ischemia have not shown benefit, although one trial of hyperbaric oxygen therapy before cardiopulmonary bypass demonstrated improved neuropsychological and inflammatory outcomes with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is associated with improved cerebral oxygenation, reduced blood-brain barrier breakdown, decreased inflammation, reduced cerebral edema, decreased intracranial pressure, reduced oxidative burden, reduced metabolic derangement, decreased apoptotic cell death and increased neural regeneration. CONCLUSION On a molecular level, hyperbaric oxygen therapy leads to activation of ion channels, inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha, up-regulation of Bcl-2, inhibition of MMP-9, decreased cyclooxygenase-2 activity, decreased myeloperoxidase activity, up-regulation of superoxide dismutase and inhibition of Nogo-A (an endogenous growth-inhibitory factor). Ongoing research will continue to describe the mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen therapy-related neuroprotection, and possibly expand hyperbaric oxygen therapy use clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Matchett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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38
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Abstract
Oxygen is frequently administered to patients with suspected stroke. However, the role of oxygen therapy in ischemic stroke remains controversial in light of the failure of three clinical trials of hyperbaric oxygen therapy to show efficacy, and the fear of exacerbating oxygen free radical injury. The previous trials had several shortcomings, perhaps because they were designed on basis of anecdotal case reports and little preclinical data. Most animal studies concerning oxygen therapy in stroke have been conducted over the last 6 years. Emerging data suggests that hyperbaric and even normobaric oxygen therapy can be effective if used appropriately, and raises the tantalizing possibility that hyperoxia can be used to extend the narrow therapeutic time window for stroke thrombolysis. This article reviews the history, rationale, mechanisms of action and adverse effects of hyperoxia, the key results of previous hyperoxia studies, and the potential role of oxygen therapy in contemporary stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh B Singhal
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Stroke Research Center, 175 Cambridge Street, Suite 300, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Funahashi S, Hasegawa T, Nagano A, Sato K. Differential expression patterns of messenger RNAs encoding Nogo receptors and their ligands in the rat central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2008; 506:141-60. [PMID: 17990276 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nogo receptors (NgR1, -2, and -3) and their ligands, i.e., myelin-derived neurite outgrowth inhibitor (Nogo)-A, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), have been considered to play pivotal roles in controlling axonal regeneration and neuronal plasticity. We show here that NgR1-3 mRNAs were differentially expressed exclusively in neurons situated in the telencephalon, diencephalons, and cerebellum, whereas we could not detect any NgR1-3 mRNA expression in the mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord. On the other hand, Nogo-A mRNA was abundantly expressed in both neurons and oligodendrocytes throughout the central nervous system (CNS). MAG and OMgp mRNAs were also abundantly expressed in oligodendrocytes throughout the CNS. Interestingly, we did not detect NgR1-3 mRNAs in monoaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, locus caeruleus, and raphe nuclei, which are known to have high regenerative capacity. In addition, although neurons in the reticular thalamus and cerebellar nuclei are also known to show high capacity for regeneration, NgR1-3 mRNAs were not detected there. These data indicate that NgR1-3, Nogo-A, MAG, and OMgp mRNAs are differentially expressed in the rat CNS and suggest that the level of NgR1-3 expression in a neuron might determine its regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Funahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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40
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Chytrova G, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Exercise normalizes levels of MAG and Nogo-A growth inhibitors after brain trauma. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 27:1-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Yatsushige H, Ostrowski RP, Tsubokawa T, Colohan A, Zhang JH. Role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:1436-48. [PMID: 17410600 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is induced by cerebral ischemia and injurious blood components acutely after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We hypothesized that inhibition of JNK will prevent damage to the neurovascular unit in the early brain injury period after SAH. Ninety-nine male SD rats (300-350 g) were randomly assigned to sham, SAH, and SAH treated with JNK inhibitor groups. SAH was induced by endovascular perforation. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 was administered intraperitoneally at 1 hr before and 6 hr after SAH. At 24 hr after SAH, we observed increased phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun. Signs of neurovascular damage were observed in the hemorrhagic brains; these included the increases of aquaporin (AQP)-1 expression and brain water content as well as enhanced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity, vascular collagen IV loss, increased VEGF tissue level, and Evans blue extravasation. The appearances of cleaved caspase-3 expression, TUNEL-positive cells, and apoptotic morphology in cerebral tissues were associated with neurological deficit after SAH. JNK inhibition prevented c-Jun phosphorylation and suppressed AQP1, MMP-9, VEGF, and caspase-3 activation, with concomitant diminution of neuronal injury, blood-brain barrier preservation, reduced brain swelling, and improved neurological deficit in rats after SAH. This study demonstrates a multitude of beneficial effects of JNK inhibition, including protection of the neurovascular unit in early brain injury after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yatsushige
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA
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Abstract
Peripheral nerves are essential connections between the central nervous system and muscles, autonomic structures and sensory organs. Their injury is one of the major causes for severe and longstanding impairment in limb function. Acute peripheral nerve lesion has an important inflammatory component and is considered as ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Surgical repair has been the standard of care in peripheral nerve lesion. It has reached optimal technical development but the end results still remain unpredictable and complete functional recovery is rare. Nevertheless, nerve repair is not primarily a mechanical problem and microsurgery is not the only key to success. Lately, there have been efforts to develop alternatives to nerve graft. Work has been carried out in basal lamina scaffolds, biologic and non-biologic structures in combination with neurotrophic factors and/or Schwann cells, tissues, immunosuppressive agents, growth factors, cell transplantation, principles of artificial sensory function, gene technology, gangliosides, implantation of microchips, hormones, electromagnetic fields and hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO). HBO appears to be a beneficial adjunctive treatment for surgical repair in the acute peripheral nerve lesion, when used at lower pressures and in a timely fashion (<6 hours).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cuauhtemoc Sanchez
- Hyperbaric Medicine Department, Hospital Angeles del Pedregal, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
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Chen C, Hu Q, Yan J, Lei J, Qin L, Shi X, Luan L, Yang L, Wang K, Han J, Nanda A, Zhou C. Multiple effects of 2ME2 and D609 on the cortical expression of HIF-1alpha and apoptotic genes in a middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced focal ischemia rat model. J Neurochem 2007; 102:1831-1841. [PMID: 17532791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) and tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) having multiple effects on cancer cells, mechanistically, both of them down-regulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We hypothesize HIF-1alpha plays an essential role in cerebral ischemia as a pro-apoptosis regulator; 2ME2 and D609 decrease the levels of HIF-1alpha and VEGF, that might contribute to protecting brain from ischemia injury. A total of 102 male Sprague-Dawley rats were split into five groups: sham, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), MCAO + dimethyl sulfoxide, MCAO + 2ME2, and MCAO + D609. 2ME2 and D609 were injected intraperitoneally 1 h after reperfusion. Rats were killed at 24 h and 7 days. At 24 h, 2ME2 and D609 reduce the levels of HIF-1alpha and VEGF (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), depress the expression of HIF-1alpha, VEGF, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) and cleaved caspase 3 (western blot and immunohistochemistry) in the brain infarct area. Double fluorescence labeling shows HIF-1alpha positive immunoreactive materials are co-localized with BNIP3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling inside the nuclei of neurons. At 7 days, 2ME2 and D609 reduce the infarct volume (2,3,7-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) and blood-brain barrier extravasation, decrease the mortality and improve the neurological deficits. In conclusion, 2ME2 and D609 are powerful agents to protect brain from cerebral ischemic injury by inhibiting HIF-1alpha expression, attenuating the superfluous expression of VEGF to avoid blood-brain barrier disruption and suppressing neuronal apoptosis via BNIP3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Tasly Microcirculation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center in Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Qin Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Tasly Microcirculation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center in Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Junhao Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Tasly Microcirculation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center in Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jiliang Lei
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Tasly Microcirculation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center in Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lihua Qin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Tasly Microcirculation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center in Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xianzhong Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Tasly Microcirculation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center in Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Liju Luan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Tasly Microcirculation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center in Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Tasly Microcirculation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center in Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Tasly Microcirculation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center in Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jingyan Han
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Tasly Microcirculation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center in Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Anil Nanda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Tasly Microcirculation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center in Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Changman Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Tasly Microcirculation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center in Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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Wang F, Liang Z, Hou Q, Xing S, Ling L, He M, Pei Z, Zeng J. Nogo-A is involved in secondary axonal degeneration of thalamus in hypertensive rats with focal cortical infarction. Neurosci Lett 2007; 417:255-60. [PMID: 17382469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigate whether Nogo-A is involved in the secondary axonal degeneration in the thalamus after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats (RHRSP). The expression of Nogo-A in ipsilateral ventroposterior nucleus (VPN) of the thalamus in RHRSP was observed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after distal MCAO. In addition, intracerebroventricular infusion of NEP1-40, a Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) antagonist peptide, was administered starting 24 h after MCAO and continued for 1, 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Axonal damage and regeneration were evaluated by analysis of the immunoreactivity (IR) of amyloid betaA4 precursor protein (APP), growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) and microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP-2) in ipsilateral VPN of the thalamus at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after distal MCAO. Following ischemia, the expression of Nogo-A in oligodendrocytes increased persistently and its localization became redistributed around damaged axons and dendrites. Administration of NEP1-40 downregulated the expression of Nogo-A, reduced axonal injury and enhanced axonal regeneration. Our data suggest that Nogo-A is involved in secondary axonal degeneration and that inhibition of Nogo-A can reduce neuronal damage in the thalamus after distal MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Onoue H, Satoh JI, Ogawa M, Tabunoki H, Yamamura T. Detection of anti-Nogo receptor autoantibody in the serum of multiple sclerosis and controls. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 115:153-60. [PMID: 17295709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A myelin-associated neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo-A plays a key role in inhibition of axonal regeneration. Axonal damage beginning at the early stage of multiple sclerosis (MS) is responsible for permanent neurological deficits, although its molecular mechanism remains unknown. The aim was to study the prevalence of autoantibodies against Nogo-A and Nogo receptor (NgR) in the serum of MS. METHODS The antibodies were identified in the serum of 30 MS patients, 22 patients with non-MS other neurological diseases (OND), and 22 healthy control (HC) subjects by Western blot using recombinant human Nogo-A-specific segment (NAS), the shared segment of Nogo-A and -B (NAB), Nogo-66 (N66), the non-glycosylated form of NgR, the glycosylated NgR (NgR-Fc), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). RESULTS None showed immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against NAS or NAB. In contrast, 30% of MS, 23% of OND and 32% of HC subjects exhibited anti-N66 IgG, while 27% of MS, 27% of OND and 18% of HC showed anti-MOG IgG. None of HC but 33% of MS and 14% of OND showed anti-non-glycosylated NgR IgG. Furthermore, 60% of MS, 18% of OND and 14% of HC showed anti-NgR-Fc IgG. CONCLUSIONS Because IgG autoantibodies against N66, NgR and MOG are often detected in the serum of MS and controls, they do not serve as an MS-specific marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Onoue
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
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Yatsushige H, Calvert JW, Cahill J, Zhang JH. Limited Role of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Blood–Brain Barrier Function after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Neurotrauma 2006; 23:1874-82. [PMID: 17184195 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.23.1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) may play a pivotal role in blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We investigated if the inhibition of iNOS could reduce BBB breakdown and cerebral edema, thereby leading to improved outcome 24 h after SAH. Forty male rats were assigned to three groups: control, SAH, and treatment groups. SAH was induced by perforating the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The neurological score and the mortality were evaluated 24 h after the surgery. The expression of iNOS, the concentration of NO metabolites, morphological changes in neuronal cells, water content, and IgG leakage were also evaluated. The expression of iNOS, as well as the concentration of NO metabolites, was elevated after SAH. Treatment with p-Toluenesulfonate decreased both the expression of iNOS and the concentration of NO metabolites. However, there was no significant change in water content, BBB disruption, or morphological findings between the SAH group and the treatment group. Furthermore no significant differences in neurological score or mortality were observed. The iNOS inhibitor failed to reduce BBB breakdown, brain edema, and neuronal cell death and failed to improve the neurological score and the mortality 24 h after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yatsushige
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA
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47
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Eslamboli A, Grundy RI, Irving EA. Time-dependent increase in Nogo-A expression after focal cerebral ischemia in marmoset monkeys. Neurosci Lett 2006; 408:89-93. [PMID: 16982144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nogo-A is a myelin-associated protein that has been shown to inhibit axonal sprouting after lesions to the CNS. Several studies have demonstrated that blocking the activity or expression of this inhibitor can induce structural and functional recovery after CNS lesions. However, there are limited and contradictory data on the expression of Nogo-A after CNS lesions. In the present study, marmoset monkeys received permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo). Two, 3, or 4 months after the onset of injury brain sections were stained for Nogo-A protein. Two sham operated marmosets were included as a control. Nogo-A protein expression was quantified in white matter and grey matter in the areas adjacent to the lesion (or the equivalent areas in the intact side). At 2 months after injury, but not at 3 or 4 months, there was a significant increase in the number of oligodendrocytes that were Nogo-A immunopositive. This increase was observed in white matter structures that were adjacent to the lesion (e.g. corona radiate (CR)); but not in: white matter structures distal to the lesion (e.g. corpus callosum (CC)); cortical regions adjacent to the lesion; contralateral regions or in sham operated marmosets. These data suggest that Nogo-A levels are significantly increased within oligodendrocytes in areas adjacent to the lesion up to 2 months following cerebral ischaemia. Future studies will determine whether this offers the opportunity to promote plasticity by targeting Nogo-A weeks or months following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andisheh Eslamboli
- Neurology and GI CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park North, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, United Kingdom
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48
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Calvert JW, Cahill J, Yamaguchi-Okada M, Zhang JH. Oxygen treatment after experimental hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal rats alters the expression of HIF-1alpha and its downstream target genes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 101:853-65. [PMID: 16728520 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00268.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, mounting evidence has emerged to suggest that hyperbaric oxygenation (HBOT)-induced neuroprotection after experimental global ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhage entails a decrease in the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that oxygen-induced neuroprotection after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia involves alterations in the expression of HIF-1alpha. Seven-day-old rat pups were subjected to unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by 2 h of hypoxia (8% O(2) at 37 degrees C). Pups were then treated with HBOT (2.5 ATA) or normobaric oxygenation treatment (NBOT) for 2 h. The expression and phosphorylation status of HIF-1alpha was evaluated at intervals up to 24 h after the insult, as was the expression of glucose transporter (GLUT)-1, GLUT-3, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aldolase (Ald), and p53. The protein-protein interaction of HIF-1alpha and p53 was also examined. An elevated expression of HIF-1alpha, GLUT-1, GLUT-3, Ald, and LDH was observed after the insult. An increase in the dephosphorylated form of HIF-1alpha was followed by an increase in the association of HIF-1alpha with p53 and an increase in p53 levels. Both HBOT and NBOT reduced the elevated expression of HIF-1alpha and decreased its dephosphorylated form. Furthermore, both treatments promoted a transient increase in the expression of GLUT-1, GLUT-3, LDH, and Ald, while decreasing the HIF-1alpha-p53 interaction and decreasing the expression of p53. Therefore, the alteration of the HIF-1alpha phenotype by a single oxygen treatment may be one of the underlying mechanisms for the observed oxygen-induced neuroprotection seen when oxygen is administered after a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Calvert
- Division of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Wang H, Yao Y, Jiang X, Chen D, Xiong Y, Mu D. Expression of Nogo-A and NgR in the developing rat brain after hypoxia-ischemia. Brain Res 2006; 1114:212-20. [PMID: 16928363 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nogo-A and its receptor, NgR, have been shown to inhibit neurite growth in the adult rat. Therefore, we hypothesized that Nogo-A and NgR will be upregulated and thus play a similar role in the damage in developing rat brain following hypoxia-ischemia (HI). To test this hypothesis, we subjected postnatal day 7 (P7) rats to HI by permanently ligating the right common carotid artery, followed by exposure to 8%O2/92% N2 for 3 h. Rat brains at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 72 h after HI, as well as from sham controls, were collected to determine histopathological damage and expression levels of Nogo-A and NgR using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence immunolabeling, Western blot analysis and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We found neuronal degeneration and edema in the ischemic cortex, becoming most prominent at 24 h following HI in this model. Accordingly, the expression of Nogo-A and NgR protein was significantly upregulated at 24 h compared with the sham controls (p<0.01). The upregulated Nogo-A and NgR immunoreactive cells were mainly located in the core of the ischemic cortex and colocalized to neurons. Meanwhile, we found the expression of both Nogo-A and NgR mRNA was increased at 6 h and peaked at 12 h in the ischemic cortex after HI, compared with sham controls. Our findings of upregulation of neurite growth inhibitor Nogo-A and its receptor NgR in ischemic cortex suggest that Nogo-A and NgR may participate in the pathology seen after HI in neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Schmidt-Kastner R, van Os J, W M Steinbusch H, Schmitz C. Gene regulation by hypoxia and the neurodevelopmental origin of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2006; 84:253-71. [PMID: 16632332 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental changes may underlie the brain dysfunction seen in schizophrenia. While advances have been made in our understanding of the genetics of schizophrenia, little is known about how non-genetic factors interact with genes for schizophrenia. The present analysis of genes potentially associated with schizophrenia is based on the observation that hypoxia prevails in the embryonic and fetal brain, and that interactions between neuronal genes, molecular regulators of hypoxia, such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), and intrinsic hypoxia occur in the developing brain and may create the conditions for complex changes in neurodevelopment. Consequently, we searched the literature for currently hypothesized candidate genes for susceptibility to schizophrenia that may be subject to ischemia-hypoxia regulation and/or associated with vascular expression. Genes were considered when at least two independent reports of a significant association with schizophrenia had appeared in the literature. The analysis showed that more than 50% of these genes, particularly AKT1, BDNF, CAPON, CCKAR, CHRNA7, CNR1, COMT, DNTBP1, GAD1, GRM3, IL10, MLC1, NOTCH4, NRG1, NR4A2/NURR1, PRODH, RELN, RGS4, RTN4/NOGO and TNF, are subject to regulation by hypoxia and/or are expressed in the vasculature. Future studies of genes proposed as candidates for susceptibility to schizophrenia should include their possible regulation by physiological or pathological hypoxia during development as well as their potential role in cerebral vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainald Schmidt-Kastner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Division of Cellular Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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