1
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Bhat AM, Mohapatra BC, Luan H, Mushtaq I, Chakraborty S, Kumar S, Wu W, Nolan B, Dutta S, Storck MD, Schott M, Meza JL, Lele SM, Lin MF, Cook LM, Corey E, Morrissey C, Coulter DW, Rowley MJ, Natarajan A, Datta K, Band V, Band H. GD2 and its biosynthetic enzyme GD3 synthase promote tumorigenesis in prostate cancer by regulating cancer stem cell behavior. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13523. [PMID: 38866755 PMCID: PMC11169677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
While better management of loco-regional prostate cancer (PC) has greatly improved survival, advanced PC remains a major cause of cancer deaths. Identification of novel targetable pathways that contribute to tumor progression in PC could open new therapeutic options. The di-ganglioside GD2 is a target of FDA-approved antibody therapies in neuroblastoma, but the role of GD2 in PC is unexplored. Here, we show that GD2 is expressed in a small subpopulation of PC cells in a subset of patients and a higher proportion of metastatic tumors. Variable levels of cell surface GD2 expression were seen on many PC cell lines, and the expression was highly upregulated by experimental induction of lineage progression or enzalutamide resistance in CRPC cell models. GD2high cell fraction was enriched upon growth of PC cells as tumorspheres and GD2high fraction was enriched in tumorsphere-forming ability. CRISPR-Cas9 knockout (KO) of the rate-limiting GD2 biosynthetic enzyme GD3 Synthase (GD3S) in GD2high CRPC cell models markedly impaired the in vitro oncogenic traits and growth as bone-implanted xenograft tumors and reduced the cancer stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker expression. Our results support the potential role of GD3S and its product GD2 in promoting PC tumorigenesis by maintaining cancer stem cells and suggest the potential for GD2 targeting in advanced PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaqib M Bhat
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Bhopal C Mohapatra
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Haitao Luan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
| | - Insha Mushtaq
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Sukanya Chakraborty
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Siddhartha Kumar
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
| | - Wangbin Wu
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
| | - Ben Nolan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Samikshan Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Matthew D Storck
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
| | - Micah Schott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jane L Meza
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Subodh M Lele
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ming-Fong Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Leah M Cook
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Donald W Coulter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - M Jordan Rowley
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Vimla Band
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Hamid Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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2
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Bhat AM, Mohapatra BC, Luan H, Mushtaq I, Chakraborty S, Kumar S, Wu W, Nolan B, Dutta S, Stock MD, Schott M, Meza JL, Lele SM, Lin MF, Cook LM, Corey E, Morrissey C, Coulter DW, Rowley J, Natarajan A, Datta K, Band V, Band H. GD2 and its biosynthetic enzyme GD3 synthase promote tumorigenesis in prostate cancer by regulating cancer stem cell behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.18.533299. [PMID: 36993422 PMCID: PMC10055271 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.18.533299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
While better management of loco-regional prostate cancer (PC) has greatly improved survival, advanced PC remains a major cause of cancer deaths. Identification of novel targetable pathways that contribute to tumor progression in PC could open new therapeutic options. The di-ganglioside GD2 is a target of FDA-approved antibody therapies in neuroblastoma, but the role of GD2 in PC is unexplored. Here, we show that GD2 is expressed in a small subpopulation of PC cells in a subset of patients and a higher proportion of metastatic tumors. Variable levels of cell surface GD2 expression were seen on many PC cell lines, and the expression was highly upregulated by experimental induction of lineage progression or enzalutamide resistance in CRPC cell models. GD2high cell fraction was enriched upon growth of PC cells as tumorspheres and GD2high fraction was enriched in tumorsphere-forming ability. CRISPR-Cas9 knockout (KO) of the rate-limiting GD2 biosynthetic enzyme GD3 Synthase (GD3S) in GD2high CRPC cell models markedly impaired the in vitro oncogenic traits and growth as bone-implanted xenograft tumors and reduced the cancer stem cell (CSC) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression. Our results support the potential role of GD3S and its product GD2 in promoting PC tumorigenesis by maintaining cancer stem cells and suggest the potential for GD2 targeting in advanced PC.
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3
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Miwa N, Hanaue M, Aoba K, Saito R, Takamatsu K. Dicalcin suppresses invasion and metastasis of mammalian ovarian cancer cells by regulating the ganglioside-Erk1/2 axis. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1015. [PMID: 37803211 PMCID: PMC10558574 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis, a multistep process including cancer cell migration and invasion, is the major cause of mortality in patients with cancer. Here, we investigated the effect of dicalcin, a Ca2+-binding protein, on the invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer (OC) cells. Extracellularly administered dicalcin bound to the membrane of OV2944 cells, mouse OC cells, and suppressed their migration in vitro; however, cell viability or proliferation were unaffected. Repeated intraperitoneal injection of a partial peptide of dicalcin (P6) prolonged the survival, and reduced the number of microcolonies in the livers of cancer-bearing mice. P6 bound to the ganglioside GM1b in a solid-phase assay; treatment with P6 inhibited the constitutive activation of Erk1/2 in OC cells, whereas excess administration of GM1b augmented Erk activity and cancer cell migration in vitro. Thus, dicalcin, a novel suppressor of invasion and metastasis of OC cells, acts via the GM1b-Erk1/2 axis to regulate their migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Miwa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Mayu Hanaue
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kayo Aoba
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Ryohei Saito
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Ken Takamatsu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
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4
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Butler W, Huang J. Glycosylation Changes in Prostate Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:809170. [PMID: 35004332 PMCID: PMC8739790 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.809170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men. With the use of next generation sequencing and proteomic platforms, new biomarkers are constantly being developed to both improve diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and help stratify patients into different risk groups for optimal management. In recent years, it has become well accepted that altered glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer progression and that the glycan structures resulting from these mechanisms show tremendous promise as both diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In PCa, a wide range of structural alterations to glycans have been reported such as variations in sialylation and fucosylation, changes in branching, altered levels of Lewis and sialyl Lewis antigens, as well as the emergence of high mannose "cryptic" structures, which may be immunogenic and therapeutically relevant. Furthermore, aberrant expression of galectins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans have also been reported and associated with PCa cell survival and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the findings from various studies that have explored altered N- and O-linked glycosylation in PCa tissue and body fluids. We further discuss changes in O-GlcNAcylation as well as altered expression of galectins and glycoconjugates and their effects on PCa progression. Finally, we emphasize the clinical utility and potential impact of exploiting glycans as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve our ability to diagnose clinically relevant tumors as well as expand treatment options for patients with advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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5
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Costa-Pinheiro P, Heher A, Raymond MH, Jividen K, Shaw JJ, Paschal BM, Walker SJ, Fox TE, Kester M. Role of SPTSSB-Regulated de Novo Sphingolipid Synthesis in Prostate Cancer Depends on Androgen Receptor Signaling. iScience 2020; 23:101855. [PMID: 33313495 PMCID: PMC7721643 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-androgens are a common therapy in prostate cancer (PCa) targeting androgen receptor (AR) signaling. However, these therapies fail due to selection of highly aggressive AR-negative cancer cells that have no therapeutic options available. We demonstrate that elevating endogenous ceramide levels with administration of exogenous ceramide nanoliposomes (CNLs) was efficacious in AR-negative cell lines with limited efficacy in AR-positive cells. This effect is mediated through reduced de novo sphingolipid synthesis in AR-positive cells. We show that anti-androgens elevate de novo generation of sphingolipids via SPTSSB, a rate-limiting mediator of sphingolipid generation. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of AR increases the efficacy of CNL in AR-positive cells through de novo synthesis, while SPTSSB knockdown limited CNL's efficacy in AR-negative cells. Alluding to clinical relevance, SPTSSB is upregulated in patients with advanced PCa after anti-androgens treatment. These findings emphasize the relevance of AR regulation upon sphingolipid metabolism and the potential of CNL as a PCa therapeutic. AR-negative PCa cells are more susceptible to CNL than AR-positive cells Combination of anti-androgens and CNL results in enhanced efficacy for AR-positive PCa AR negatively regulates the de novo synthesis of sphingolipids through SPTSSB SPTSSB is crucial for CNL effect in AR-negative PCa and is upregulated in neuroendocrine tumors
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abigail Heher
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Michael H Raymond
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Kasey Jividen
- Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Jeremy Jp Shaw
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Bryce M Paschal
- Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Susan J Walker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Todd E Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Mark Kester
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.,nanoSTAR Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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6
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Scott E, Munkley J. Glycans as Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1389. [PMID: 30893936 PMCID: PMC6470778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men, claiming over350,000 lives worldwide annually. Current diagnosis relies on prostate-specific antigen (PSA)testing, but this misses some aggressive tumours, and leads to the overtreatment of non-harmfuldisease. Hence, there is an urgent unmet clinical need to identify new diagnostic and prognosticbiomarkers. As prostate cancer is a heterogeneous and multifocal disease, it is likely that multiplebiomarkers will be needed to guide clinical decisions. Fluid-based biomarkers would be ideal, andattention is now turning to minimally invasive liquid biopsies, which enable the analysis oftumour components in patient blood or urine. Effective diagnostics using liquid biopsies willrequire a multifaceted approach, and a recent high-profile review discussed combining multipleanalytes, including changes to the tumour transcriptome, epigenome, proteome, and metabolome.However, the concentration on genomics-based paramaters for analysing liquid biopsies ispotentially missing a goldmine. Glycans have shown huge promise as disease biomarkers, anddata suggests that integrating biomarkers across multi-omic platforms (including changes to theglycome) can improve the stratification of patients with prostate cancer. A wide range ofalterations to glycans have been observed in prostate cancer, including changes to PSAglycosylation, increased sialylation and core fucosylation, increased O-GlcNacylation, theemergence of cryptic and branched N-glyans, and changes to galectins and proteoglycans. In thisreview, we discuss the huge potential to exploit glycans as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkersfor prostate cancer, and argue that the inclusion of glycans in a multi-analyte liquid biopsy test forprostate cancer will help maximise clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Scott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
| | - Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
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7
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Tamadon-Nejad S, Ouliass B, Rochford J, Ferland G. Vitamin K Deficiency Induced by Warfarin Is Associated With Cognitive and Behavioral Perturbations, and Alterations in Brain Sphingolipids in Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:213. [PMID: 30061825 PMCID: PMC6054920 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially discovered for its role in blood coagulation, there is now convincing evidence that vitamin K (VK) has important actions in the nervous system. In brain, VK is present in the form of menaquinone-4 (MK-4), a byproduct of the main dietary source, phylloquinone. It contributes to the biological activation of various proteins (i.e., Gas6), and participates in the synthesis of sphingolipids, a class of lipids widely present in brain cell membranes with important cell signaling functions. In a previous study, we reported that lifetime consumption of a low VK diet resulted in mild cognitive impairment in aged rats, a finding associated with an alteration of the sphingolipid profile. To confirm the role of VK as it relates to sphingolipids, cognition, and behavior outside the context of aging, we conducted a study of acute VK deficiency using a pharmacological model of VK deficiency in brain. In this procedure, rats (8 weeks) are maintained on a ratio of warfarin (a VK antagonist) to VK whereby coagulation is maintained while inducing VK deficiency in extrahepatic tissues. After 10 weeks of treatment, rats who were subjected to the warfarin plus phylloquinone protocol (WVK) exhibited longer latencies in the Morris water maze test as well as lower locomotor activity and exploratory behavior in the open field test, when compared to control rats. The WVK treatment resulted in a dramatic decrease in MK-4 level in all brain regions despite the presence of high local concentrations of phylloquinone, which suggests an inhibition of the biosynthetic MK-4 pathway in the presence of warfarin. Additionally, WVK treatment affected sphingolipid concentrations in key brain regions, notably those of the ganglioside family. Finally, brain MK-4 was correlated with performances in the open field test. This study confirms the modulatory role of VK in cognition and behavior and the implication of sphingolipids, notably those of the ganglioside family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bouchra Ouliass
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joseph Rochford
- Douglas Institute Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guylaine Ferland
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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8
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Munkley J, Mills IG, Elliott DJ. The role of glycans in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2016; 13:324-33. [PMID: 27091662 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2016.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a unique and heterogeneous disease. Currently, a major unmet clinical need exists to develop biomarkers that enable indolent disease to be distinguished from aggressive disease. The prostate is an abundant secretor of glycoproteins of all types, and alterations in glycans are, therefore, attractive as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Despite progress over the past decade in profiling the genome and proteome, the prostate cancer glycoproteome remains relatively understudied. A wide range of alterations in the glycoproteins on prostate cancer cells can occur, including increased sialylation and fucosylation, increased O-β-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) conjugation, the emergence of cryptic and high-mannose N-glycans and alterations to proteoglycans. Glycosylation can alter protein function and has a key role in many important biological processes in cancer including cell adhesion, migration, interactions with the cell matrix, immune surveillance, cell signalling and cellular metabolism; altered glycosylation in prostate cancer might modify some, or all of these processes. In the past three years, powerful tools such as glycosylation-specific antibodies and glycosylation gene signatures have been developed, which enable detailed analyses of changes in glycosylation. Thus, emerging data on these often overlooked modifications have the potential to improve risk stratification and therapeutic strategies in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospitals, Forskningsparken, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital HE - Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Movember/Prostate Cancer UK Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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9
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Mahata B, Biswas S, Rayman P, Chahlavi A, Ko J, Bhattacharjee A, Li YT, Li Y, Das T, Sa G, Raychaudhuri B, Vogelbaum MA, Tannenbaum C, Finke JH, Biswas K. GBM Derived Gangliosides Induce T Cell Apoptosis through Activation of the Caspase Cascade Involving Both the Extrinsic and the Intrinsic Pathway. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26226135 PMCID: PMC4520498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that human glioblastoma cell lines induce apoptosis in peripheral blood T cells through partial involvement of secreted gangliosides. Here we show that GBM-derived gangliosides induce apoptosis through involvement of the TNF receptor and activation of the caspase cascade. Culturing T lymphocytes with GBM cell line derived gangliosides (10-20μg/ml) demonstrated increased ROS production as early as 18 hrs as indicated by increased uptake of the dye H2DCFDA while western blotting demonstrated mitochondrial damage as evident by cleavage of Bid to t-Bid and by the release of cytochrome-c into the cytosol. Within 48-72 hrs apoptosis was evident by nuclear blebbing, trypan blue positivity and annexinV/7AAD staining. GBM-ganglioside induced activation of the effector caspase-3 along with both initiator caspases (-9 and -8) in T cells while both the caspase-8 and -9 inhibitors were equally effective in blocking apoptosis (60% protection) confirming the role of caspases in the apoptotic process. Ganglioside-induced T cell apoptosis did not involve production of TNF-α since anti-human TNFα antibody was unable to protect T cells from nuclear blebbing and subsequent cell death. However, confocal microscopy demonstrated co-localization of GM2 ganglioside with the TNF receptor and co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed recruitment of death domains FADD and TRADD with the TNF receptor post ganglioside treatment, suggesting direct interaction of gangliosides with the TNF receptor. Further confirmation of the interaction between GM2 and TNFR1 was obtained from confocal microscopy data with wild type and TNFR1 KO (TALEN mediated) Jurkat cells, which clearly demonstrated co-localization of GM2 and TNFR1 in the wild type cells but not in the TNFR1 KO clones. Thus, GBM-ganglioside can mediate T cell apoptosis by interacting with the TNF receptor followed by activation of both the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathway of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Mahata
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Soumika Biswas
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Patricia Rayman
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Ali Chahlavi
- Spine and Brain Institute, St. Vincent Medical Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Ko
- Pathology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
| | | | - Yu-Teh Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States of America
| | - Yuntao Li
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Tanya Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Gaurisankar Sa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Baisakhi Raychaudhuri
- Brain Tumor and Neuro-oncology Center in the Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Vogelbaum
- Brain Tumor and Neuro-oncology Center in the Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Charles Tannenbaum
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - James H. Finke
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Kaushik Biswas
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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10
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Drake RR, Jones EE, Powers TW, Nyalwidhe JO. Altered glycosylation in prostate cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 126:345-82. [PMID: 25727153 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is annually the most common newly diagnosed cancer in men. The prostate functions as a major secretory gland for the production of glycoproteins critical to sperm activation and reproduction. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), produced by the prostate, is one of the most commonly assayed glycoproteins in blood, serving as a biomarker for early detection and progression of prostate cancer. The single site of N-glycosylation on PSA has been the target of multiple glycan characterization studies. In this review, the extensive number of studies that have characterized the changes in O-linked and N-linked glycosylations associated with prostate cancer development and progression will be summarized. This includes analysis of the glycosylation of PSA, and other prostate glycoproteins, in tissues, clinical biofluids, and cell line models. Other studies are summarized in the context of understanding the complexities of these glycan changes in order to address the many confounding questions associated with prostate cancer, as well as efforts to improve prostate cancer biomarker assays using targeted glycomic-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
| | - E Ellen Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas W Powers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Julius O Nyalwidhe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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11
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Novak A, Binnington B, Ngan B, Chadwick K, Fleshner N, Lingwood CA. Cholesterol masks membrane glycosphingolipid tumor-associated antigens to reduce their immunodetection in human cancer biopsies. Glycobiology 2013; 23:1230-9. [PMID: 23906628 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are neoplastic and normal/cancer stem cell markers and GSL/cholesterol-containing membrane rafts are increased in cancer cell plasma membranes. We define a novel means by which cancer cells can restrict tumor-associated GSL immunoreactivity. The GSL-cholesterol complex reorients GSL carbohydrate to a membrane parallel, rather than perpendicular conformation, largely unavailable for antibody recognition. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin cholesterol extraction of all primary human tumor frozen sections tested (ovarian, testicular, neuroblastoma, prostate, breast, colon, pheochromocytoma and ganglioneuroma), unmasked previously "invisible" membrane GSLs for immunodetection. In ovarian carcinoma, globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb3), the GSL receptor for the antineoplastic Escherichia coli-derived verotoxin, was increased throughout the tumor. In colon carcinoma, Gb3 detection was vastly increased within the neovasculature and perivascular stroma. In tumors considered Gb3 negative (neuroblastoma, Leydig testicular tumor and pheochromocytoma), neovascular Gb3 was unmasked. Tumor-associated GSL stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-1, SSEA-3, SSEA-4 and globoH were unmasked according to tumor: SSEA-1 in prostate/colon; SSEA-3 in prostate; SSEA-4 in pheochromocytoma/some colon tumors; globoH in prostate/some colon tumors. In colon, anti-SSEA-1 was tumor cell specific. Within the GSL-cholesterol complex, filipin-cholesterol binding was also reduced. These results may relate to the ill-defined benefit of statins on cancer prognosis, for example, prostate carcinoma. We found novel anti-tumor GSL antibodies circulating in 3/5 statin-treated, but not untreated, prostate cancer patients. Lowering tumor membrane cholesterol may permit immune recognition of otherwise unavailable tumor-associated GSL carbohydrate, for more effective immunosurveillance and active/passive immunotherapy. Our results show standard immunodetection of tumor GSLs significantly under assesses tumor membrane GSL content, impinging on the current use of such antigens as cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Novak
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute
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12
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Hąc-Wydro K. The effect of β-sitosterol on the properties of cholesterol/phosphatidylcholine/ganglioside monolayers--the impact of monolayer fluidity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 110:113-9. [PMID: 23711781 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper the influence of one of phytosterols, namely β-sitosterol on cholesterol (Chol)/phosphatidylcholine (PC)/ganglioside (GM3) monolayers was examined to find the correlation between the properties of model system and the effect of phytocompound. The studied monolayers differed in condensation and fluidity, which were modified by the structure of phosphatidylcholine. It was found that the incorporation of β-sitosterol into cholesterol/phosphatidylcholine/ganglioside films changes their morphology, condensation and interactions between the lipids. The substitution of cholesterol more strongly decreased the condensation and stability of the film containing PC molecules having monounsaturated chains than more densely packed monolayer composed of saturated phosphatidylcholine. However, thorough analysis of data obtained so far suggests that the magnitude of β-sitosterol effect is determined by the composition of the system rather than its fluidity itself. Moreover, the results collected herein correlate well with the findings that phytosterol more strongly inhibits the growth of cancer cells, which at a given proportion of cholesterol to phospholipids in membranes, have more unsaturated fatty acids within phospholipids molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Hąc-Wydro
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
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13
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Tanaka K, Takada H, Isonishi S, Aoki D, Mikami M, Kiguchi K, Iwamori M. Possible involvement of glycolipids in anticancer drug resistance of human ovarian serous carcinoma-derived cells. J Biochem 2012; 152:587-94. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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14
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Sun B, Jiang H. An efficient approach for total synthesis of aminopropyl functionalized ganglioside GM1b. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Androgen-regulated transcriptional control of sialyltransferases in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31234. [PMID: 22347453 PMCID: PMC3275626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of gangliosides is often associated with cancer progression. Sialyltransferases have received much attention in terms of their relationship with cancer because they modulate the expression of gangliosides. We previously demonstrated that GD1a production was high in castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines, PC3 and DU145, mainly due to their high expression of β-galactoside α2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal) II (not ST3Gal I), and the expression of both ST3Gals was regulated by NF-κB, mainly by RelB. We herein demonstrate that GD1a was produced in abundance in cancerous tissue samples from human patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancers as well as castration-resistant prostate cancers. The expression of ST3Gal II was constitutively activated in castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines, PC3 and DU145, because of the hypomethylation of CpG island in its promoter. However, in androgen-depleted LNCap cells, a hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cell line, the expression of ST3Gal II was silenced because of the hypermethylation of the promoter region. The expression of ST3Gal II in LNCap cells increased with testosterone treatment because of the demethylation of the CpG sites. This testosterone-dependent ST3Gal II expression was suppressed by RelB siRNA, indicating that RelB activated ST3Gal II transcription in the testosterone-induced demethylated promoter. Therefore, in hormone-sensitive prostate cancers, the production of GD1a may be regulated by androgen. This is the first report indicating that the expression of a sialyltransferase is transcriptionally regulated by androgen-dependent demethylation of the CpG sites in its gene promoter.
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16
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Hussain MRM, Hassan M, Afzal I, Afzal A. Role of Gal and GalNAc containing glycans in various physiological processes. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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17
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Hatano K, Miyamoto Y, Nonomura N, Kaneda Y. Expression of gangliosides, GD1a, and sialyl paragloboside is regulated by NF-κB-dependent transcriptional control of α2,3-sialyltransferase I, II, and VI in human castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:1838-47. [PMID: 21165949 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids that are associated with tumor malignancy and progression. Among the enzymes required for the production of gangliosides, sialyltransferases have received much attention in terms of their relationship with cancer. In our previous report, ganglioside GD1a and sialyl paragloboside (SPG), a neolacto-series ganglioside, were much more abundant in PC3 and DU145 cells, castration-resistant prostate cancer cells, as compared with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cells and normal prostate epithelium. GD1a is synthesized from GM1 by α2,3 sialyltransferase (ST3Gal) I and mainly by ST3Gal II. The enzyme to synthesize SPG is ST3Gal VI. The high production of GD1a and SPG in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells was correlated with the high expression of ST3Gal II and VI, respectively. The expression of ST3Gal I and II was mildly induced by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), and PMA-induced expression of ST3Gal I and ST3Gal II was inhibited by NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) but not by AP-1 decoy ODN. Among the five mammalian homologs of the NF-κB family, RelB RNAi most effectively inhibited the expression of ST3Gal I and ST3Gal II. The expression of ST3Gal VI was also most effectively inhibited by RelB RNAi. The amount of GD1a and SPG was significantly reduced by RelB siRNA treatment in PC3 cells. Thus, the production of GD1a and SPG in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells was indirectly controlled by NF-κB, mainly by RelB, through the transcriptional regulation of ST3Gal I, II, and VI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hatano
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Biswas S, Biswas K, Richmond A, Ko J, Ghosh S, Simmons M, Rayman P, Rini B, Gill I, Tannenbaum CS, Finke JH. Elevated levels of select gangliosides in T cells from renal cell carcinoma patients is associated with T cell dysfunction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5050-8. [PMID: 19801523 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of gangliosides by different tumor types including renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is thought to contribute to the immune suppression observed in cancer patients. In this study, we report an increase in apoptotic T cells from RCC patients compared with T cells from normal donors that coincided with the detection of T cells staining positive for GM2 and that the apoptosis was predominantly observed in the GM2(+) but not the GM2(-) T cell population. Ganglioside shedding from tumor rather than endogenous production accounts for GM2(+) T cells since there was no detectable level of mRNA for GM2 synthase in RCC patient T cells and in T cells from normal healthy donors after incubation with either purified GM2 or supernatant from RCC cell lines despite their staining positive for GM2. Moreover, reactive oxygen species as well as activated caspase 3, 8, and 9 were predominantly elevated in GM2(+) but not GM2(-) T cells. Similarly, increased staining for GD2 and GD3 but not GD1a was detected with patient T cells with elevated levels of apoptosis in the GD2(+) and GD3(+) cells. These findings suggest that GM2, GD2, and GD3 play a significant role in immune dysfunction observed in RCC patient T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumika Biswas
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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19
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Kawaguchi Y, Miyamoto Y, Inoue T, Kaneda Y. Efficient eradication of hormone-resistant human prostate cancers by inactivated Sendai virus particle. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2478-87. [PMID: 19173282 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hormone-refractory prostate cancer is one of the intractable human cancers in the world. Here, we examined the direct tumor-killing activity of inactivated Sendai virus particle [hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E)] through induction of Type I interferon (IFN) in the hormone-resistant human prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and DU145. Preferential binding of HVJ-E to PC3 and DU145 over hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cell and normal prostate epithelium was observed, resulting in a number of fused cells. After HVJ-E treatment, a number of IFN-related genes were up-regulated, resulting in Type I IFN production in PC3 cells. Then, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) helicase which activates Type I IFN expression after Sendai virus infection was up-regulated in cancer cells after HVJ-E treatment. Produced IFN-alpha and -beta enhanced caspase 8 expression via Janus kinases/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription pathway, activated caspase 3 and induced apoptosis in cancer cells. When HVJ-E was directly injected into a mass of PC3 tumor cells in SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice, a marked reduction in the bulk of each tumor mass was observed and 85% of the mice became tumor-free. Although co-injection of an anti-asialo GM1 antibody with HVJ-E into each tumor mass slightly attenuated the tumor suppressive activity of HVJ-E, significant suppression of tumor growth was observed even in the presence of anti-asialo GM1 antibody. This suggests that natural killer cell activation made small contribution to tumor regression following HVJ-E treatment in hormone-resistant prostate cancer model in vivo. Thus, HVJ-E effectively targets hormone-resistant prostate cancer by inducing apoptosis in tumor cells, as well as activating anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Kawaguchi
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Ganglioside signatures of primary and nodal metastatic melanoma cell lines from the same patient. Melanoma Res 2008; 18:47-55. [PMID: 18227708 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e3282f43acf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The primary cutaneous melanoma initially migrates to the regional lymph nodes (LNs). Human melanoma overexpresses gangliosides, the sialylglycosphingolipids. The ganglioside signatures may differ between primary and LN melanomas owing to the differences in the tumor microenvironments. The melanoma cells obtained from the primary and LN of the same patient might be useful to evaluate the above hypothesis. For this purpose, the cryopreserved cell lines from a primary cutaneous melanoma (IGR-39) and its nodal metastasis (IGR-37) from the same patient were used. We have also compared the ganglioside signatures of freshly obtained melanoma cells from primary, LN and organ metastases from different patients. Gangliosides were extracted, purified and identified by resorcinol and specific murine monoclonal antibodies. Comparison of the primary cell line with the nodal metastatic line obtained from the same patient distinctly showed the following features: (i) an increased production of gangliosides, (ii) O-acetylation of GM2 and GD3, (iii) an increased and altered O-acetylation of GD2 and (iv) possibly de-N-acetylation of GD3. These findings suggest that the nodal microenvironment might favor activation of O-acetyl-transferases capable of O-acetylating both alpha2, 3 and alpha2, 8 sialic acids of gangliosides. Supporting this, the primary melanoma cells obtained from different patients, showed no O-acetylation of GD3 or GD2. The cell line from groin LN showed the presence of O-acetyl (O-Ac)GD3. The cell lines from thyroid, spleen and jejunum expressed O-AcGD2. In all metastatic melanoma cell lines GD1a is more prevalent than GD3, suggesting that GD1a may be a major melanoma-ganglioside.
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Ravindranath MH, Yesowitch P, Sumobay C, Morton DL. Glycoimmunomics of human cancer: current concepts and future perspectives. Future Oncol 2007; 3:201-14. [PMID: 17381420 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.3.2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Future strategies for the treatment of human cancer require a full appreciation of the intracellular and extracellular changes that accompany neoplastic transformation. The changes may involve a variety of micro- and macro-molecules, including, but not restricted to, peptides, proteins (with sugar and/or lipid moieties), oligosaccharides, glycolipids (neutral or acidic, e.g., gangliosides), ceramides, fatty acids and other lipids. Although several therapeutic approaches have been well developed in recent years, most of the reported studies focus on proteins and peptides. Glycoantigens and lipoantigens have been neglected. Elucidation of the profiles and properties of all molecules associated with tumor progression is required to develop a successful strategy to treat human cancer. This review describes the unique immunomics of tumor-associated glycoantigens and explains why the field of glycoimmunomics may yield clinically important biomarkers and treatments for the management of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mepur H Ravindranath
- Department of Glycoimmunotherapy, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404-2302, USA.
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22
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Ravindranath MH, Muthugounder S, Presser N, Selvan SR, Santin AD, Bellone S, Saravanan TS, Morton DL. Immunogenic gangliosides in human ovarian carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 353:251-8. [PMID: 17188646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ganglioside signatures of four poorly and three moderately differentiated ovarian epithelial cancer (OEC) cell lines reveal the presence of GM3, GM2, GD2, O-AcGD2, GD1a and GM1b. The expression of GM3, presence of GD1a and GM1b in the ascitic fluid and plasma, together with a positive correlation in the total-gangliosides levels between ascitic fluid and plasma of OEC patients support the earlier contention that the tumor-gangliosides may be released (or shed) into the tumor-microenvironment. The immunogenicity of OEC-gangliosides is determined by comparing anti-ganglioside-IgM titers in ascitic fluid (n = 14) and plasma (n = 23) of OEC-patients and age-matched healthy (n = 14). The titers were measured by ELISA. Strikingly, the level of anti-GD1a-IgM is significantly higher in ascitic fluid and plasma of patients than in the plasma of healthy volunteers. Paired sample analysis of ascitic fluid and plasma from the same patients confirmed the significant expression of anti-GD1a IgM in OEC patients, while no such difference was observed with other anti-ganglioside IgMs among different groups. The significance of the endogenous IgM response to GD1a may be to eliminate this immunosuppressive-ganglioside from the tumor-microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mepur H Ravindranath
- Laboratory of Glycoimmunotherapy, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, 2200 Santa Monica Boulevard, Santa Monica, CA 90404-2302, USA.
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23
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Gouaze-Andersson V, Cabot MC. Glycosphingolipids and drug resistance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:2096-103. [PMID: 17010304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance, an all too frequent characteristic of cancer, represents a serious barrier to successful treatment. Although many resistance mechanisms have been described, those that involve membrane-resident proteins belonging to the ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporter superfamily are of particular interest. In addition to cancer, the ABC transporter proteins are active in diseases such as malaria and leishmaniasis. A recent renaissance in lipid metabolism, specifically ceramide and sphingolipids, has fueled research and provided insight into the role of glycosphingolipids in multidrug resistance. This article reviews current knowledge on ceramide, glucosylceramide synthase and cerebrosides, and the relationship of these lipids to cellular response to anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Gouaze-Andersson
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, 2200 Santa Monica Blvd., Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
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24
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Biswas K, Richmond A, Rayman P, Biswas S, Thornton M, Sa G, Das T, Zhang R, Chahlavi A, Tannenbaum CS, Novick A, Bukowski R, Finke JH. GM2 expression in renal cell carcinoma: potential role in tumor-induced T-cell dysfunction. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6816-25. [PMID: 16818659 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to account for immune escape by tumors. Although gangliosides have long been known to suppress T-cell immunity, few studies have examined the effect of human tumor-derived gangliosides on immune responses. Here, we show that gangliosides isolated from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines and clear cell tumor tissue can induce apoptosis in peripheral blood T cells. The RCC tissue-derived gangliosides also suppressed IFN-gamma and, in many cases, interleukin-4 production by CD4+ T cells at concentrations (1 ng/mL-100 pg/mL) well below those that induce any detectable T-cell death (4-20 microg/mL). Additional findings show that GM2 expressed by RCC plays a significant role in promoting T-cell dysfunction. This is supported by the demonstration that all RCC cell lines examined (n = 5) expressed GM2 as did the majority of tumors (15 of 18) derived from patients with clear cell RCC. Furthermore, an antibody specific for GM2 (DMF10.167.4) partially blocked (50-60%) T-cell apoptosis induced by coculturing lymphocytes with RCC cell lines or with RCC tissue-derived gangliosides. DMF10.167.4 also partially blocked the suppression of IFN-gamma production induced by RCC tissue-derived gangliosides, suggesting that GM2 plays a role in down-regulating cytokine production by CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Biswas
- Department of Immunology and Mass Spectrometry Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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McCulloch DR, Opeskin K, Thompson EW, Williams ED. BM18: A novel androgen-dependent human prostate cancer xenograft model derived from a bone metastasis. Prostate 2005; 65:35-43. [PMID: 15800936 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen-dependent prostate cancer (PrCa) xenograft models are required to study PrCa biology in the clinically relevant in vivo environment. METHODS Human PrCa tissue from a femoral bone metastasis biopsy (BM18) was grown and passaged subcutaneously through male severe combined immune-deficient (SCID) mice. Human mitochondria (hMt), prostate specific antigen (PSA), androgen receptor (AR), cytokeratin-18 (CK-18), pan-cytokeratin, and high molecular weight-cytokeratin (HMW-CK) were assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Surgical castration was performed to examine androgen dependence. Serum was collected pre- and post-castration for monitoring of PSA levels. RESULTS BM18 stained positively for hMt, PSA, AR, CK-18, pan keratin, and negatively for HMW-CK, consistent with the staining observed in the original patient material. Androgen-deprivation induced tumor regression in 10/10 castrated male SCID mice. Serum PSA levels positively correlated with BM18 tumor size. CONCLUSIONS BM18 expresses PSA and AR, and rapidly regresses in response to androgen withdrawal. This provides a new clinically significant PrCa model for the study of androgen-dependent growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R McCulloch
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
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26
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Ravindranath MH, Muthugounder S, Presser N, Ye X, Brosman S, Morton DL. Endogenous immune response to gangliosides in patients with confined prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2005; 116:368-77. [PMID: 15818621 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Our study investigated whether endogenous IgM antibodies to gangliosides occur in patients with early stages of prostate cancer (CaP) patients, after defining ganglioside profiles of CaP cell lines. Immune and resorcinol staining detected the presence of gangliosides GM3, GM2, GD3, GD2 and GD1a but not GM1a, GD1b or GT1b in the extracts of normal prostatic epithelial cells (PrEC) and neoplastic androgen-insensitive (PC-3, DU145) and -sensitive (LNCaP-FGC and LNCaP-FGC-10) CaP cells. Using a sensitive ELISA, developed and validated in our laboratory, the titers of IgM against 8 gangliosides from sera of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (n = 11), organ-confined (T1/T2, n = 36) and unconfined (T3/T4, n = 27) CaP and age-matched healthy men (n = 11) were determined double-blinded. Using ANOVA and Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) methods, the log-titers among different groups were compared. CaP patients differed from healthy and BPH patients in increased titers against GD1a and decreased titers against GD3. Titers of antibodies to other gangliosides exhibited no difference between CaP patients and others. The specific augmentation of anti-GD1a IgM in patients with organ-confined CaP (stage T1/T2) but not in patients with unconfined CaP (stage T3/T4) or BPH or in healthy controls is striking. This finding together with identification of GD1a as a major ganglioside in CaP cell lines and with the accruing studies on the immunosuppressive nature of GD1a indicates that augmentation of anti-GD1a IgM in confined CaP may signify an early endogenous immune response to eliminate a "danger signal" from tumor microenvironment and circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mepur H Ravindranath
- Laboratory of Glycoimmunotherapy, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA.
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27
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Ravindranath MH, Muthugounder S, Saravanan TS, Presser N, Morton DL. Human Antiganglioside Autoantibodies: Validation of ELISA. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1050:229-42. [PMID: 16014538 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1313.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides have a hydrophilic sugar chain that contains antigenic determinants and a hydrophobic ceramide. In humans, gangliosides elicit a T-cell independent IgM response; antiganglioside IgM autoantibodies may be pentameric or polymeric. A correlation between specific neuropathies and antiganglioside autoantibodies has been confirmed. Although many neurologists attempt to lower titers of antiganglioside autoantibodies, oncologists are developing strategies to augment production of IgM antibodies that will remove immunosuppressive gangliosides from the circulation of patients and target gangliosides and kill tumor cells. Antiganglioside IgM antibodies can cause leakage of the blood-nerve barrier in a concentration-dependent and complement-independent manner, bind to neuronal gangliosides to create a neuromuscular block and serve as a marker of axonal damage in neuropathies such as multiple sclerosis. They are also a promising biomarker of early prostate cancer. There is a need to validate the protocol for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of antiganglioside IgM autoantibodies. This validation must consider the purity of gangliosides from different commercial sources, the coating of gangliosides onto a solid matrix in a manner that maximizes exposure of oligosaccharide epitopes to IgM paratopes, techniques to minimize background noise and eliminate nonspecific antibody binding, and carefully defined positive and negative controls. The validated protocol also must include a simple formula to estimate titers for several replicas. Finally, antibody titers must be converted to natural logs for statistical appraisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mepur H Ravindranath
- Laboratory of Glycoimmunotherapy, John Wayne Cancer Institute, 2200 Santa Monica Boulevard, Santa Monica, CA 90404-2302, USA.
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