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Beygmoradi A, Homaei A, Hemmati R, Fernandes P. Recombinant protein expression: Challenges in production and folding related matters. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123407. [PMID: 36708896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein folding is a biophysical process by which proteins reach a specific three-dimensional structure. The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain contains all the information needed to determine the final three-dimensional structure of a protein. When producing a recombinant protein, several problems can occur, including proteolysis, incorrect folding, formation of inclusion bodies, or protein aggregation, whereby the protein loses its natural structure. To overcome such limitations, several strategies have been developed to address each specific issue. Identification of proper protein refolding conditions can be challenging, and to tackle this high throughput screening for different recombinant protein folding conditions can prove a sound solution. Different approaches have emerged to tackle refolding issues. One particular approach to address folding issues involves molecular chaperones, highly conserved proteins that contribute to proper folding by shielding folding proteins from other proteins that could hinder the process. Proper protein folding is one of the main prerequisites for post-translational modifications. Incorrect folding, if not dealt with, can lead to a buildup of protein misfoldings that damage cells and cause widespread abnormalities. Said post-translational modifications, widespread in eukaryotes, are critical for protein structure, function and biological activity. Incorrect post-translational protein modifications may lead to individual consequences or aggregation of therapeutic proteins. In this review article, we have tried to examine some key aspects of recombinant protein expression. Accordingly, the relevance of these proteins is highlighted, major problems related to the production of recombinant protein and to refolding issues are pinpointed and suggested solutions are presented. An overview of post-translational modification, their biological significance and methods of identification are also provided. Overall, the work is expected to illustrate challenges in recombinant protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Beygmoradi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Roohullah Hemmati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Pedro Fernandes
- DREAMS and Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Av. Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Dupuis JH, Cheung LKY, Newman L, Dee DR, Yada RY. Precision cellular agriculture: The future role of recombinantly expressed protein as food. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:882-912. [PMID: 36546356 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellular agriculture is a rapidly emerging field, within which cultured meat has attracted the majority of media attention in recent years. An equally promising area of cellular agriculture, and one that has produced far more actual food ingredients that have been incorporated into commercially available products, is the use of cellular hosts to produce soluble proteins, herein referred to as precision cellular agriculture (PCAg). In PCAg, specific animal- or plant-sourced proteins are expressed recombinantly in unicellular hosts-the majority of which are yeast-and harvested for food use. The numerous advantages of PCAg over traditional agriculture, including a smaller carbon footprint and more consistent products, have led to extensive research on its utility. This review is the first to survey proteins currently being expressed using PCAg for food purposes. A growing number of viable expression hosts and recent advances for increased protein yields and process optimization have led to its application for producing milk, egg, and muscle proteins; plant hemoglobin; sweet-tasting plant proteins; and ice-binding proteins. Current knowledge gaps present research opportunities for optimizing expression hosts, tailoring posttranslational modifications, and expanding the scope of proteins produced. Considerations for the expansion of PCAg and its implications on food regulation, society, ethics, and the environment are also discussed. Considering the current trajectory of PCAg, food proteins from any biological source can likely be expressed recombinantly and used as purified food ingredients to create novel and tailored food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Dupuis
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lennie K Y Cheung
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lenore Newman
- Food and Agriculture Institute, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Derek R Dee
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rickey Y Yada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Dagar VK, Babbal, Mohanty S, Khasa YP. Effect of N-glycosylation on secretion, stability, and biological activity of recombinant human interleukin-3 (hIL-3) in Pichia pastoris. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:221. [PMID: 35971333 PMCID: PMC9374863 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human interleukin-3 (hIL-3) is a clinically important cytokine used to treat hematological malignancies, bone marrow transplantation, cytopenias, and immunological disorders. The cloning of hIL-3 gene was previously reported by our group, where its expression was optimized under methanol-inducible AOX1 promoter having N-terminal α mating factor signal sequence from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This study investigated the role of glycosylation pattern on its molecular stability, secretion efficiency, and biological activity using the mutagenesis approach. The two N-linked glycosylation positions at N15th (Asn15) and N70th (Asn70) were sequentially mutated to generate three recombinant hIL-3 variants, i.e., N15A, N70A, and N15/70A. Asparagine at these positions was replaced with non-polar alanine amino acid (Ala, A). The alteration of N-linked glycosylation sites was disadvantageous to its efficient secretion in Pichia pastoris, where a 52.32%, 36.48%, 71.41% lower production was observed in N15A, N70A, and N15/70A mutants, respectively, as compared to native control. The fully glycosylated native hIL-3 protein showed higher thermal stability over its deglycosylated counterparts. The biological activity of native, N15A, N70A, and N15/70A hIL-3 protein was evaluated, where N15/70A mutant showed slightly higher proliferation efficacy than other combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Babbal
- University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Zhu F, Qiu N, Sun H, Meng Y, Zhou Y. Integrated Proteomic and N-Glycoproteomic Analyses of Chicken Egg during Embryonic Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11675-11683. [PMID: 31545598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To better appreciate the alterations of egg proteins and their modifications during embryonic development, a comparative and quantitative study was performed aimed at chicken egg white and yolk proteome and N-glycoproteome after 12 days of incubation using tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeling technology in conjunction with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). A total of 334 unique N-glycosite-containing peptides from 153 N-glycoproteins were identified, of which 82 N-glycosite-containing peptides showed significant changes after 12 days of incubation. The varied proteome was mainly involved with antibacterial, ionic binding, cell proliferation, and embryonic development, while the different degrading and/or absorbing priorities of egg proteins were proposed. This study provides substantial insight into the effects of N-glycoprotein variations on the utilization of egg proteins by chicken embryo during incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haohao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
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Wang N, Wang KY, Xu F, Li G, Liu D. The effect of N-glycosylation on the expression of the tetanus toxin fragment C in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 166:105503. [PMID: 31550499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The N-glycosylation process that occurs in the Pichia pastoris protein expression system can have a significant effect on the yield of heterologous glycoproteins secreted from the yeast. The basis of the effect of N-glycosylation on yield, however, has not been elucidated. In order to investigate the effect of N-glycosylation on heterologous protein production, site-directed mutation was performed on five potential N-glycosylation sites of the tetanus toxin fragment C (TetC). Unaltered TetC (wild-TetC) and eight mutants, in which different numbers and locations of N-glycosylation sites were altered, were expressed in P. pastoris GS115. The recombinant target proteins presented different levels of N-glycosylation. The wild Tet-C and 4 mutations sites of putative N-glycosylation (4Gly mutant: N280Q) had the highest level of secreted protein, while 1 mutation of putative N-glycosylation sites (1Gly mutant: N39/64/85/205Q) had the highest level of intracellular, non-secreted heterologous protein. Reducing the number of native N-glycosylation sites decreased the level of glycosylation, as well as the level of secretion. Introduction of a N-glycosylation site at position 320, however, also reduced the level of expression and secretion of recombinant protein. These results indicate that the number and location of N-glycosylation sites jointly have an effect on the expression and secretion of heterologous glycoproteins in P. pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Kevin Yueju Wang
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northeastern State University, Broken Arrow, OK, 74014, USA.
| | - Fangfang Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - GangQiang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - DeHu Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Engineering of deglycosylated and plasmin resistant variants of recombinant streptokinase in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:10561-10577. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fusion of a highly N-glycosylated polypeptide increases the expression of ER-localized proteins in plants. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4612. [PMID: 29545574 PMCID: PMC5854594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22860-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants represent promising systems for producing various recombinant proteins. One key area of focus for improving this technology is developing methods for producing recombinant proteins at high levels. Many methods have been developed to increase the transcript levels of recombinant genes. However, methods for increasing protein production involving steps downstream of transcription, including translation, have not been fully explored. Here, we investigated the effects of N-glycosylation on protein production and provide evidence that N-glycosylation greatly increases the expression levels of ER-targeted recombinant proteins. Fusion of the extracellular domain (M domain) of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (CD45), which contains four putative N-glycosylation sites to a model protein, leptin at the C-terminus, increased recombinant protein levels by 6.1 fold. This increase was specific to ER-targeted proteins and was dependent on N-glycosylation. Moreover, expression levels of leptin, leukemia inhibitory factor and GFP were also greatly increased by fusion of M domain at either the N or C-terminus. Furthermore, the increase in protein levels resulted from enhanced translation, but not transcription. Based on these results, we propose that fusing a small domain containing N-glycosylation sites to target proteins is a powerful technique for increasing the expression levels of recombinant proteins in plants.
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Kang H, Park Y, Lee Y, Yoo YJ, Hwang I. Fusion of a highly N-glycosylated polypeptide increases the expression of ER-localized proteins in plants. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4612. [PMID: 29545574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22860-22862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants represent promising systems for producing various recombinant proteins. One key area of focus for improving this technology is developing methods for producing recombinant proteins at high levels. Many methods have been developed to increase the transcript levels of recombinant genes. However, methods for increasing protein production involving steps downstream of transcription, including translation, have not been fully explored. Here, we investigated the effects of N-glycosylation on protein production and provide evidence that N-glycosylation greatly increases the expression levels of ER-targeted recombinant proteins. Fusion of the extracellular domain (M domain) of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (CD45), which contains four putative N-glycosylation sites to a model protein, leptin at the C-terminus, increased recombinant protein levels by 6.1 fold. This increase was specific to ER-targeted proteins and was dependent on N-glycosylation. Moreover, expression levels of leptin, leukemia inhibitory factor and GFP were also greatly increased by fusion of M domain at either the N or C-terminus. Furthermore, the increase in protein levels resulted from enhanced translation, but not transcription. Based on these results, we propose that fusing a small domain containing N-glycosylation sites to target proteins is a powerful technique for increasing the expression levels of recombinant proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyangju Kang
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences and Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Youngmin Park
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences and Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Yongjik Lee
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences and Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Yun-Joo Yoo
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences and Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences and Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea.
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Recent advances in enhanced enzyme activity, thermostability and secretion by N-glycosylation regulation in yeast. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:847-854. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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de la Morena-Barrio ME, Martínez-Martínez I, de Cos C, Wypasek E, Roldán V, Undas A, van Scherpenzeel M, Lefeber DJ, Toderici M, Sevivas T, España F, Jaeken J, Corral J, Vicente V. Hypoglycosylation is a common finding in antithrombin deficiency in the absence of a SERPINC1 gene defect. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1549-60. [PMID: 27214821 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Essentials We investigated the molecular base of antithrombin deficiency in cases without SERPINC1 defects. 27% of cases presented hypoglycosylation, transient in 62% and not restricted to antithrombin. Variations in genes involved in N-glycosylation underline this phenotype. These results support a new form of thrombophilia. Click here to listen to Dr Huntington's perspective on thrombin inhibition by the serpins SUMMARY Background Since the discovery of antithrombin deficiency, 50 years ago, few new thrombophilic defects have been identified, all with weaker risk of thrombosis than antithrombin deficiency. Objective To identify new thrombophilic mechanisms. Patients/methods We studied 30 patients with antithrombin deficiency but no defects in the gene encoding this key anticoagulant (SERPINC1). Results A high proportion of these patients (8/30: 27%) had increased hypoglycosylated forms of antithrombin. All N-glycoproteins tested in these patients (α1-antitrypsin, FXI and transferrin) had electrophoretic, HPLC and Q-TOF patterns indistinguishable from those of the congenital disorders of glycosylation (rare recessive multisystem disorders). However, all except one had no mental disability. Moreover, intermittent antithrombin deficiency and hypoglycosylation was recorded in five out of these eight patients, all associated with moderate alcohol intake. Genetic analysis, including whole exome sequencing, revealed mutations in different genes involved in the N-glycosylation pathway. Conclusions Our study provides substantial and novel mechanistic insights into two disease processes, with potential implications for diagnosis and clinical care. An aberrant N-glycosylation causing a recessive or transient antithrombin deficiency is a new form of thrombophilia. Our data suggest that congenital disorders of glycosylation are probably underestimated, especially in cases with thrombosis as the main or only clinical manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E de la Morena-Barrio
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Grupo de investigación CB15/00055 del Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Martínez-Martínez
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Grupo de investigación CB15/00055 del Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - C de Cos
- Hospital Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - E Wypasek
- The John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - V Roldán
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Undas
- The John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - M van Scherpenzeel
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - D J Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M Toderici
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - T Sevivas
- Serviço de Hematologia do Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - F España
- Grupo de Hemostasiam Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Jaeken
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, Universitair Ziekenhuis Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Corral
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Grupo de investigación CB15/00055 del Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - V Vicente
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Grupo de investigación CB15/00055 del Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Han M, Yu X. Enhanced expression of heterologous proteins in yeast cells via the modification of N-glycosylation sites. Bioengineered 2016; 6:115-8. [PMID: 25671496 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2015.1011031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are widely used for the production of heterologous proteins. Improving the expression of such proteins is a top priority for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. N-Glycosylation, a common form of protein modification in yeasts, facilitates proper protein folding and secretion. Accordingly, our previous study revealed that the attachment of additional N-glycans to recombinant elastase by introducing an N-glycosylation sequon at suitable locations could stimulate its expression. Interestingly, the sequon Asn-Xaa-Thr is N-glycosylated more efficiently than Asn-Xaa-Ser, so improving the N-glycosylation efficiency via the conversion of Ser to Thr in the sequon would enhance the efficiency of N-glycosylation and increase glycoprotein expression. Recently, the expression level of recombinant elastase was enhanced by this means in our lab. Actually, the modification of N-glycosylation sites can generally be achieved through site-directed mutagenesis; thus, the method described in this report represents a feasible means of improving heterologous protein expression in yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghai Han
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake; School of Life Sciences; Huaiyin Normal University ; Huaian , China
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Da Silva M, Beauclercq S, Harichaux G, Labas V, Guyot N, Gautron J, Nys Y, Rehault-Godbert S. The Family Secrets of Avian Egg-Specific Ovalbumin and Its Related Proteins Y and X. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:71. [PMID: 26157071 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.130856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The ovalbumin gene family in Gallus gallus is composed of three homologous genes located within a 46 kb locus on chromosome 2: ovalbumin, ovalbumin-related protein Y (OVAY), and ovalbumin-related protein X (OVAX) genes. The expression of these genes in hen oviduct is under estrogen control, but their relative hormonal responsiveness and subsequent protein concentration in egg, is distinctive. Interestingly, all three proteins lack the classical signal peptide for secretion. Ovalbumin, OVAX, and OVAY belong to the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family whose members share a common tertiary structure. Ovalbumin and OVAX are one of the few members of this family that do not express any protease inhibition activity whereas OVAY has been predicted to be inhibitory, by comparison with the consensus sequence for inhibitory serpins. In contrast to ovalbumin and OVAY, OVAX interacts with heparin, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan, via a positively charged domain exposed at the surface of the molecule. Ovalbumin is the major egg white protein and might be a source of amino acids for the developing embryo. The physiological function of OVAY is not known, but recent data have revealed a possible role of this protein in early embryonic development. Considering the antibacterial activities of OVAX, this protein might play a role in egg defense. This review sheds light on the expression, biochemistry, and structural specificities of these three highly similar paralogs. It gives new clues in favor of diverging functions, which are likely to have arisen by duplication events from a common ancestral gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylene Da Silva
- INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des Protéines de l'Œuf, Nouzilly, France
| | - Stéphane Beauclercq
- INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, Métabolisme des Oiseaux, Croissance et Adaptation, Nouzilly, France
| | - Grégoire Harichaux
- INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, CNRS, UMR7247, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Valérie Labas
- INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, CNRS, UMR7247, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Nicolas Guyot
- INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des Protéines de l'Œuf, Nouzilly, France
| | - Joel Gautron
- INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des Protéines de l'Œuf, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Nys
- INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des Protéines de l'Œuf, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sophie Rehault-Godbert
- INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des Protéines de l'Œuf, Nouzilly, France
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Hwang HS, Kim JY, Park H, Jeong J, Hyun H, Yoon TJ, Park HY, Choi HD, Kim HH. Cleavage of the terminal N-acetylglucosamine of egg-white ovalbumin N-glycans significantly reduces IgE production and Th2 cytokine secretion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1247-54. [PMID: 25010643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ovalbumin (OA) is one of the most abundant of the glycoprotein allergens, and induces a T-helper type 2 immune response that results in an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. In this study, the terminal carbohydrates of N-glycans from intact OA were cleaved with the exoglycosidases galactosidase, mannosidase, and N-acetylglucosaminidase to generate degalactosylated-OA, demannosylated-OA, and de-N-acetylglucosaminylated-OA, respectively, in order to evaluate their role in allergenicity. The exoglycosidase digestion procedure did not result in either degradation or contamination of the three deglycosylated sample, and the digestion efficiency was confirmed by comparing the results of glycan analysis of the three exoglycosidase-treated OAs with that of glycans of intact OA. Mice were immunized with either intact or exoglycosidase-treated OAs, and their respective allergic reactions were compared. IgE production in the de-N-acetylglucosaminylated-OA group was reduced to 58.8% of that in the intact OA group. In addition, the production levels of the cytokines interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 were significantly reduced in the de-N-acetylglucosaminylated-OA group to 53.4% and 45.8% of the levels in the intact OA group, respectively. However, there were almost no changes (or only slight reductions) in the degalactosylated-OA and demannosylated-OA groups, respectively. These results indicate that cleavage of the terminal carbohydrate, and particularly N-acetylglucosamine, reduces the allergenicity of OA. This is the first report of the effect of cleavage of the terminal carbohydrate on glycoprotein allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Seong Hwang
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Huksuk-dong, Dongjak-ku, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Huksuk-dong, Dongjak-ku, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Heajin Park
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Huksuk-dong, Dongjak-ku, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Jaehoon Jeong
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Huksuk-dong, Dongjak-ku, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Hanbit Hyun
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Huksuk-dong, Dongjak-ku, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Taek Joon Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yuhan College, Bucheon 422-749, South Korea
| | - Ho-Young Park
- Functional Materials Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, South Korea
| | - Hee-Don Choi
- Functional Materials Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, South Korea.
| | - Ha Hyung Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Huksuk-dong, Dongjak-ku, Seoul 156-756, South Korea.
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14
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Capone S, Pletzenauer R, Maresch D, Metzger K, Altmann F, Herwig C, Spadiut O. Glyco-variant library of the versatile enzyme horseradish peroxidase. Glycobiology 2014; 24:852-63. [PMID: 24859724 PMCID: PMC4116046 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
When the glycosylated plant enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is conjugated to specific antibodies, it presents a powerful tool for medical applications. The isolation and purification of this enzyme from plant is difficult and only gives low yields. However, HRP recombinantly produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris experiences hyperglycosylation, which impedes the use of this enzyme in medicine. Enzymatic and chemical deglycosylation are cost intensive and cumbersome and hitherto existing P. pastoris strain engineering approaches with the goal to avoid hyperglycosylation only resulted in physiologically impaired yeast strains not useful for protein production processes. Thus, the last resort to obtain less glycosylated recombinant HRP from P. pastoris is to engineer the enzyme itself. In the present study, we mutated all the eight N-glycosylation sites of HRP C1A. After determination of the most suitable mutation at each N-glycosylation site, we physiologically characterized the respective P. pastoris strains in the bioreactor and purified the produced HRP C1A glyco-variants. The biochemical characterization of the enzyme variants revealed great differences in catalytic activity and stability and allowed the combination of the most promising mutations to potentially give an unglycosylated, active HRP C1A variant useful for medical applications. Interestingly, site-directed mutagenesis proved to be a valuable strategy not only to reduce the overall glycan content of the recombinant enzyme but also to improve catalytic activity and stability. In the present study, we performed an integrated bioprocess covering strain generation, bioreactor cultivations, downstream processing and product characterization and present the biochemical data of the HRP glyco-library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Capone
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Robert Pletzenauer
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Karl Metzger
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1060, Austria
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15
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Garaczi E, Szabó K, Francziszti L, Csiszovszki Z, Lőrincz O, Tőke ER, Molnár L, Bitai T, Jánossy T, Bata-Csörgő Z, Kemény L, Lisziewicz J. DermAll nanomedicine for allergen-specific immunotherapy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:1245-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Yamada K, Noguchi K, Nonaka D, Morita M, Yasuda A, Kawazato H, Nishizono A. Addition of a single N-glycan to street rabies virus glycoprotein enhances virus production. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:270-275. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.047852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most street rabies virus G proteins have two N-glycosylation sites, i.e. Asn37 and Asn319, whereas additional sites are found in fixed (laboratory adapted) viruses. In this study, we performed a pseudotyped virus assay using G-deficient rabies virus and demonstrated that single-N-glycan additions to the G protein of street rabies virus strain 1088, which are found in adapted strains, enhanced virus production in neural and non-neural cell lines, while additions to Asn194 or Asn247 enhanced production greatly. Moreover, we found that N-glycan additions at Asn194 or Asn247 facilitated the production of cell-associated virus. In contrast, deletion of the sequon at Asn37 reduced viral production, while a deletion at Asn319 resulted in extensive loss of production. Furthermore, G proteins lacking an N-glycan at Asn319 failed to fold into their correct structure and lost their fusion activity, indicating that Asn319
N-glycosylation is important for the functional expression of street virus G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamada
- Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kazuko Noguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
- Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Daichi Nonaka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Muneshin Morita
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Aiko Yasuda
- Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kawazato
- Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Akira Nishizono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
- Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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17
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Lu D, Yang C, Liu Z. How hydrophobicity and the glycosylation site of glycans affect protein folding and stability: a molecular dynamics simulation. J Phys Chem B 2011; 116:390-400. [PMID: 22118044 DOI: 10.1021/jp203926r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications in the biosynthesis of protein, but its effect on the protein conformational transitions underpinning folding and stabilization is poorly understood. In this study, we present a coarse-grained off-lattice 46-β barrel model protein glycosylated by glycans with different hydrophobicity and glycosylation sites to examine the effect of glycans on protein folding and stabilization using a Langevin dynamics simulation, in which an H term was proposed as the index of the hydrophobicity of glycan. Compared with its native counterpart, introducing glycans of suitable hydrophobicity (0.1 < H < 0.4) at flexible peptide residues of this model protein not only facilitated folding of the protein but also increased its conformation stability significantly. On the contrary, when glycans were introduced at the restricted peptide residues of the protein, only those hydrophilic (H = 0) or very weak hydrophobic (H < 0.2) ones contributed slightly to protein stability but hindered protein folding due to increased free energy barriers. The glycosylated protein retained the two-step folding mechanism in terms of hydrophobic collapse and structural rearrangement. Glycan chains located in a suitable site with an appropriate hydrophobicity facilitated both collapse and rearrangement, whereas others, though accelerating collapse, hindered rearrangement. In addition to entropy effects, that is, narrowing the space of the conformations of the unfolded state, the presence of glycans with suitable hydrophobicity at suitable glycosylation site strengthened the folded state via hydrophobic interaction, that is, the enthalpy effect. The simulations have shown both the stabilization and the destabilization effects of glycosylation, as experimentally reported in the literature, and provided molecular insight into glycosylated proteins. The understanding of the effects of glycans with different hydrophobicities on the folding and stability of protein, as attempted by the present work, is helpful not only to explain the stabilization and destabilization effect of real glycoproteins but also to design protein-polymer conjugates for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diannan Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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18
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Jung JG, Lim W, Park TS, Kim JN, Han BK, Song G, Han JY. Structural and histological characterization of oviductal magnum and lectin-binding patterns in Gallus domesticus. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:62. [PMID: 21548987 PMCID: PMC3114719 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although chicken oviduct is a useful model and target tissue for reproductive biology and transgenesis, little is known because of the highly specific hormonal regulation and the lack of fundamental researches, including lectin-binding activities and glycobiology. Because lectin is attached to secreted glycoproteins, we hypothesized that lectin could be bound to secretory egg-white proteins, and played a crucial role in the generation of egg-white protein in the oviduct. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the structural, histological and lectin-binding characteristics of the chicken oviductal magnum from juvenile and adult hens. METHODS The oviductal magnums from juvenile and adult hens were prepared for ultrastructural analysis, qRT-PCR and immunostaining. Immunohistochemistry of anti-ovalbumin, anti-ESR1 and anti-PGR, and mRNA expression of egg-white genes and steroid hormone receptor genes were evaluated. Lectin histochemical staining was also conducted in juvenile and adult oviductal magnum tissues. RESULTS The ultrastructural analysis showed that ciliated cells were rarely developed on luminal surface in juvenile magnum, but not tubular gland cells. In adult magnum, two types of epithelium and three types of tubular gland cells were observed. qRT-PCR analysis showed that egg-white genes were highly expressed in adult oviduct compared with the juvenile. However, mRNA expressions of ESR1 and PGR were considerably higher in juvenile oviduct than adult (P < 0.05). The immunohistochemical analysis showed that anti-ovalbumin antibody was detected in adult oviduct not in juvenile, unlikely anti-ESR1 and anti-PGR antibodies that were stained in both oviducts. In histological analysis, Toluidine blue was stained in juvenile and adult oviductal epithelia, and adult tubular glands located in the outer layer of oviductal magnum. In contrast, PAS was positive only in adult oviductal tubular gland. Lectins were selectively bound to oviductal epithelium, stroma, and tubular gland cells. Particularly, lectin-ConA and WGA were bound to electron-dense secretory granules in tubular gland. CONCLUSIONS The observation of ultrastructural analysis, mRNA expression, immunohistochemistry and lectin staining showed structural and physiological characterization of juvenile and adult oviductal magnum. Consequently, oviduct study could be helped to in vitro culture of chicken oviductal cells, to develop epithelial or tubular gland cell-specific markers, and to understand female reproductive biology and endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gyoung Jung
- Avicore Biotechnology Institute, Optifarm Solution Inc., Gyeonggi-Do 435-050, Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Tae Sub Park
- Avicore Biotechnology Institute, Optifarm Solution Inc., Gyeonggi-Do 435-050, Korea
| | - Jin Nam Kim
- Avicore Biotechnology Institute, Optifarm Solution Inc., Gyeonggi-Do 435-050, Korea
| | - Beom Ku Han
- Avicore Biotechnology Institute, Optifarm Solution Inc., Gyeonggi-Do 435-050, Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Han
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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19
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Albers JJ, Day JR, Wolfbauer G, Kennedy H, Vuletic S, Cheung MC. Impact of site-specific N-glycosylation on cellular secretion, activity and specific activity of the plasma phospholipid transfer protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:908-11. [PMID: 21515415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) plays a key role in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. It has six potential N-glycosylation sites. To study the impact of these sites on PLTP secretion and activity, six variants containing serine to alanine point mutations were prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in Chinese hamster ovary Flp-In cells. The apparent size of each of the six PLTP mutants was slightly less than that of wild type by Western blot, indicating that all six sites are glycosylated or utilized. The size of the carbohydrate at each N-glycosylation site ranged from 3.14 to 4.2kDa. The effect of site-specific N-glycosylation removal on PLTP secretion varied from a modest enhancement (15% and 60%), or essentially no effect, to a reduction in secretion (8%, 14% and 32%). Removal of N-glycosylation at any one of the six glycosylation sites resulted in a significant 35-78% decrease in PLTP activity, and a significant 29-80% decrease in PLTP specific activity compared to wild type. These data indicate that although no single N-linked carbohydrate chain is a requirement for secretion or activity, the removal of the carbohydrate chains had a quantitative impact on cellular secretion of PLTP and its phospholipid transfer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Albers
- Northwest Lipid Metrobolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109-4517, USA.
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20
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N-linked glycosylation of dengue virus NS1 protein modulates secretion, cell-surface expression, hexamer stability, and interactions with human complement. Virology 2011; 413:253-64. [PMID: 21429549 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) NS1 is a versatile non-structural glycoprotein that is secreted as a hexamer, binds to the cell surface of infected and uninfected cells, and has immune evasive functions. DENV NS1 displays two conserved N-linked glycans at N130 and N207. In this study, we examined the role of these two N-linked glycans on NS1 secretion, stability, and function. Because some groups have reported reduced yields of infectious DENV when N130 and N207 are changed, we analyzed glycosylation-deficient NS1 phenotypes using a transgenic expression system. We show that the N-linked glycan at position 130 is required for stabilization of the secreted hexamer whereas the N-linked glycan at residue 207 facilitates secretion and extracellular protein stability. Moreover, NS1 mutants lacking an N-linked glycan at N130 did not interact efficiently with complement components C1s and C4. In summary, our results elucidate the contribution of N-linked glycosylation to the function of DENV NS1.
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21
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Aoki R, Saito A, Usui M, Azakami H, Kato A. Reduction of antigenicity of Cry j 1, a major allergen of Japanese cedar pollen, by thermal denaturation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4995-4999. [PMID: 19422226 DOI: 10.1021/jf900168y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The soluble aggregates of Cry j 1, a major allergen of Japanese cedar pollen, were formed without any coagulates during heat treatment at acidic pH 5, as shown in HPLC and SDS-PAGE patterns. A remarkable change in the CD spectrum was observed between native and heat-denatured Cry j 1 at a linear rate of 1 degrees C/min from 40 to 90 degrees C. The negative peak of native Cry j 1 at 222 nm was moved to 218 nm, suggesting the transition of an alpha-helix to beta-structure during heat denaturation. The increase in beta-structure was also observed during heat denaturation by monitoring the fluorescence with Thioflavin T. These results suggest that Cry j 1 forms intermolecular cross-beta-structure between denatured proteins during heating at 90 degrees C. The antigenicity of Cry j 1 detected by dot-blotting was greatly diminished during heating at a linear rate of 1 degrees C/min from 40 to 90 degrees C without any coagulates. These results suggest that IgE epitopes exposed on the molecular surface of Cry j 1 was buried inside soluble aggregates through intermolecular beta-structure formed by heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Aoki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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22
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Cloning and Expression of a Clamworm Antimicrobial Peptide Perinerin in Pichia pastoris. Curr Microbiol 2009; 58:384-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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