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Śmiga M, Olczak T. Porphyromonas endodontalis HmuY differentially participates in heme acquisition compared to the Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia hemophore-like proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1421018. [PMID: 38938884 PMCID: PMC11208336 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1421018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porphyromonas endodontalis belong to the Bacteroidota phylum. Both species inhabit the oral cavity and can be associated with periodontal diseases. To survive, they must uptake heme from the host as an iron and protoporphyrin IX source. Among the best-characterized heme acquisition systems identified in members of the Bacteroidota phylum is the P. gingivalis Hmu system, with a leading role played by the hemophore-like HmuY (HmuYPg) protein. Methods Theoretical analysis of selected HmuY proteins and spectrophotometric methods were employed to determine the heme-binding mode of the P. endodontalis HmuY homolog (HmuYPe) and its ability to sequester heme. Growth phenotype and gene expression analysis of P. endodontalis were employed to reveal the importance of the HmuYPe and Hmu system for this bacterium. Results Unlike in P. gingivalis, where HmuYPg uses two histidines for heme-iron coordination, other known HmuY homologs use two methionines in this process. P. endodontalis HmuYPe is the first characterized representative of the HmuY family that binds heme using a histidine-methionine pair. It allows HmuYPe to sequester heme directly from serum albumin and Tannerella forsythia HmuYTf, the HmuY homolog which uses two methionines for heme-iron coordination. In contrast to HmuYPg, which sequesters heme directly from methemoglobin, HmuYPe may bind heme only after the proteolytic digestion of hemoglobin. Conclusions We hypothesize that differences in components of the Hmu system and structure-based properties of HmuY proteins may evolved allowing different adaptations of Porphyromonas species to the changing host environment. This may add to the superior virulence potential of P. gingivalis over other members of the Bacteroidota phylum.
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Olczak T, Śmiga M, Antonyuk SV, Smalley JW. Hemophore-like proteins of the HmuY family in the oral and gut microbiome: unraveling the mystery of their evolution. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0013123. [PMID: 38305743 PMCID: PMC10966948 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00131-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Heme (iron protoporphyrin IX, FePPIX) is the main source of iron and PPIX for host-associated pathogenic bacteria, including members of the Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) phylum. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone oral pathogen, uses a unique heme uptake (Hmu) system, comprising a hemophore-like protein, designated as the first member of the novel HmuY family. Compared to classical, secreted hemophores utilized by Gram-negative bacteria or near-iron transporter domain-based hemophores utilized by Gram-positive bacteria, the HmuY family comprises structurally similar proteins that have undergone diversification during evolution. The best characterized are P. gingivalis HmuY and its homologs from Tannerella forsythia (Tfo), Prevotella intermedia (PinO and PinA), Bacteroides vulgatus (Bvu), and Bacteroides fragilis (BfrA, BfrB, and BfrC). In contrast to the two histidine residues coordinating heme iron in P. gingivalis HmuY, Tfo, PinO, PinA, Bvu, and BfrA preferentially use two methionine residues. Interestingly, BfrB, despite conserved methionine residue, binds the PPIX ring without iron coordination. BfrC binds neither heme nor PPIX in keeping with the lack of conserved histidine or methionine residues used by other members of the HmuY family. HmuY competes for heme binding and heme sequestration from host hemoproteins with other members of the HmuY family to increase P. gingivalis competitiveness. The participation of HmuY in the host immune response confirms its relevance in relation to the survival of P. gingivalis and its ability to induce dysbiosis not only in the oral microbiome but also in the gut microbiome or other host niches, leading to local injuries and involvement in comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Śmiga
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Svetlana V. Antonyuk
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John W. Smalley
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Śmiga M, Siemińska K, Trindade SC, Gomes-Filho IS, Nobre dos Santos EK, Olczak T. Hemophore-like proteins produced by periodontopathogens are recognized by the host immune system and react differentially with IgG antibodies. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2214455. [PMID: 37213663 PMCID: PMC10193874 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2214455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Hemophore-like proteins sequester heme from host hemoproteins. We aimed to determine whether the host immune system can recognize not only Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY but also its homologs expressed by other periodontopathogens, and how periodontitis influences the production of respective antibodies. Methods The reactivity of total bacterial antigens and purified proteins with serum IgG antibodies of 18 individuals with periodontitis and 17 individuals without periodontitis was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To compare IgG reactivity between groups with and without periodontitis and within the various dilutions of sera, statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test and two-way ANOVA test with the post-hoc Bonferroni test. Results Individuals with periodontitis produced IgG antibodies reacting more strongly not only with total P. gingivalis antigens (P = 0.0002; 1:400) and P. gingivalis HmuY (P = 0.0016; 1:100) but also with Prevotella intermedia PinA (P = 0.0059; 1:100), and with low efficiency with P. intermedia PinO (P = 0.0021; 1:100). No increase in the reactivity of IgG antibodies with Tannerella forsythia Tfo and P. gingivalis HusA was found in individuals with periodontitis. Conclusions Although hemophore-like proteins are structurally related, they are differentially recognized by the host immune system. Our findings point to specific antigens, mainly P. gingivalis HmuY and P. intermedia PinA, whose immunoreactivity could be further investigated to develop markers of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Śmiga
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Klaudia Siemińska
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Soraya C. Trindade
- Laboratory of Oral Biology, Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Isaac S. Gomes-Filho
- Laboratory of Oral Biology, Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Ellen K. Nobre dos Santos
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Śmiga M, Ślęzak P, Wagner M, Olczak T. Interplay between Porphyromonas gingivalis Hemophore-Like Protein HmuY and Kgp/RgpA Gingipains Plays a Superior Role in Heme Supply. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0459322. [PMID: 36752645 PMCID: PMC10100897 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04593-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To acquire heme as a source of iron and protoporphyrin IX, Porphyromonas gingivalis uses gingipains, Hmu, and Hus systems. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between the production and function of the most important virulence factors of P. gingivalis involved in heme supply, namely, hemophore-like proteins (HmuY and HusA) and gingipains. Respective mutant strains were used, and the expression of genes at the transcript and protein levels, as well as the importance of these genes' products for virulence potential, was examined. We found that HmuY and Kgp/RgpA gingipains are among the main P. gingivalis virulence factors synergistically engaged in heme supply. Their expression is related mainly when P. gingivalis grows in conditions rich in iron and heme sources, resembling those found in severe periodontitis. We confirmed that HmuY production is strictly dependent on the availability of heme and iron in the external environment, whereas we did not observe such dependence in the production of HusA. Moreover, we found that the HmuY protein can easily sequester heme from the HusA protein. The only correlation in the production of HmuY and HusA hemophore-like proteins could occur in P. gingivalis grown in conditions rich in iron and heme sources, mimicking an environment typical for severe periodontitis. Based on our observations, we suggest that HmuY is the major heme-binding protein produced by P. gingivalis, especially in iron- and heme-depleted conditions, typical for healthy periodontium and the initial stages of infection. The HusA protein could play a supporting role in P. gingivalis heme uptake. IMPORTANCE Altered or disturbed mutualism between oral microbiome members results in dysbiosis with local injuries and subsequently in systemic diseases. Periodontitis belongs to a group of multifactorial infectious diseases, characterized by inflammation and destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered the main etiologic agent and keystone pathogen responsible for developing advanced periodontitis. As part of the infective process, P. gingivalis must acquire heme to survive and multiply at the infection site. Analysis of the mutual relationship between its main virulence factors showed that heme acquisition in P. gingivalis is a complex process in which mainly the Hmu system, with the leading role played by the HmuY hemophore-like protein, and Kgp and RgpA gingipains prefer cooperative interplay. It seems that the Hus system, including HusA hemophore-like protein, could be involved in another, so far uncharacterized, stage of iron and heme supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Śmiga
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Ślęzak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wagner
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Nowlan JP, Sies AN, Britney SR, Cameron ADS, Siah A, Lumsden JS, Russell S. Genomics of Tenacibaculum Species in British Columbia, Canada. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010101. [PMID: 36678448 PMCID: PMC9864904 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculum is a genus of Gram-negative filamentous bacteria with a cosmopolitan distribution. The research describing Tenacibaculum genomes stems primarily from Norway and Chile due to their impacts on salmon aquaculture. Canadian salmon aquaculture also experiences mortality events related to the presence of Tenacibaculum spp., yet no Canadian Tenacibaculum genomes are publicly available. Ribosomal DNA sequencing of 16S and four species-specific 16S quantitative-PCR assays were used to select isolates cultured from Atlantic salmon with mouthrot in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Ten isolates representing four known and two unknown species of Tenacibaculum were selected for shotgun whole genome sequencing using the Oxford Nanopore's MinION platform. The genome assemblies achieved closed circular chromosomes for seven isolates and long contigs for the remaining three isolates. Average nucleotide identity analysis identified T. ovolyticum, T. maritimum, T. dicentrarchi, two genomovars of T. finnmarkense, and two proposed novel species T. pacificus sp. nov. type strain 18-2881-AT and T. retecalamus sp. nov. type strain 18-3228-7BT. Annotation in most of the isolates predicted putative virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, most-notably toxins (i.e., hemolysins), type-IX secretion systems, and oxytetracycline resistance. Comparative analysis with the T. maritimum type-strain predicted additional toxins and numerous C-terminal secretion proteins, including an M12B family metalloprotease in the T. maritimum isolates from BC. The genomic prediction of virulence-associated genes provides important targets for studies of mouthrot disease, and the annotation of the antimicrobial resistance genes provides targets for surveillance and diagnosis in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Nowlan
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Ashton N. Sies
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Institute for Microbial Systems and Society, Faculty of Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Scott R. Britney
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrew D. S. Cameron
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Institute for Microbial Systems and Society, Faculty of Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Ahmed Siah
- BC Center for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC V9W 2C2, Canada
| | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Spencer Russell
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
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Kosno J, Siemińska K, Olczak T. Unique Properties of Heme Binding of the Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY Hemophore-like Protein Result from the Evolutionary Adaptation of the Protein Structure. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051703. [PMID: 35268804 PMCID: PMC8911585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To acquire heme, Porphyromonas gingivalis uses a hemophore-like protein (HmuY). HmuY sequesters heme from host hemoproteins or heme-binding proteins produced by cohabiting bacteria, and delivers it to the TonB-dependent outer-membrane receptor (HmuR). Although three-dimensional protein structures of members of the novel HmuY family are overall similar, significant differences exist in their heme-binding pockets. Histidines (H134 and H166) coordinating the heme iron in P. gingivalis HmuY are unique and poorly conserved in the majority of its homologs, which utilize methionines. To examine whether changes observed in the evolution of these proteins in the Bacteroidetes phylum might result in improved heme binding ability of HmuY over its homologs, we substituted histidine residues with methionine residues. Compared to the native HmuY, site-directed mutagenesis variants bound Fe(III)heme with lower ability in a similar manner to Bacteroides vulgatus Bvu and Tannerella forsythia Tfo. However, a mixed histidine-methionine couple in the HmuY was sufficient to bind Fe(II)heme, similarly to T. forsythia Tfo, Prevotella intermedia PinO and PinA. Double substitution resulted in abolished heme binding. The structure of HmuY heme-binding pocket may have been subjected to evolution, allowing for P. gingivalis to gain an advantage in heme acquisition regardless of environmental redox conditions.
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Rodríguez-Vidal FJ, Ortega-Azabache B, González-Martínez Á, Bellido-Fernández A. Comprehensive characterization of industrial wastewaters using EEM fluorescence, FT-IR and 1H NMR techniques. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150417. [PMID: 34818815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The organic matter present in six industrial wastewaters (pulp and paper mill, brewery, textile, dairy, slaughterhouse effluents and a municipal landfill leachate) has been studied in this work using three analytical techniques: excitation-emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The pulp and paper mill effluent shows characteristic signals of the presence of lignins, carbohydrates and carboxylic acids, as well as sulfate, carbonate and sulfonates (coming from surfactants used in the cleaning of tanks). The main constituents of the brewery effluent are peptides and proteins coming mainly from spent yeast and diatomite filters (the presence of the latter was confirmed by SiO bands in the FTIR spectrum). The municipal landfill leachate is characterized by the majority presence of humic substances (typical of an old landfill) and a residual presence of small peptides, amino acids and carboxylic acids. Additionally, several inorganic compounds were identified by FTIR, such as nitrate, sulfate, phosphate and cyanide ions. The textile effluent from a cotton-based industry contains carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and sulfonates, which can act as auxochromes in the textile industry. The dairy effluent comprises amino acids and small peptides coming from the biodegradation of milk and whey in addition to carbohydrates (lactose) and carboxylic acids (mainly lactic acid). The presence of tyrosine-like peaks B in the EEMF spectrum of the slaughterhouse effluent indicates the existence of small peptides and amino acids coming from the biodegradation of blood proteins. Additionally, residual glucose, fatty acids, phosphate and sulfate were also identified in this effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Rodríguez-Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Polytechnic School, University of Burgos, Av Cantabria s/n, 09006 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Ortega-Azabache
- Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pz Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Ángela González-Martínez
- Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pz Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Ana Bellido-Fernández
- Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pz Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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Śmiga M, Smalley JW, Ślęzak P, Brown JL, Siemińska K, Jenkins RE, Yates EA, Olczak T. Glycation of Host Proteins Increases Pathogenic Potential of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112084. [PMID: 34769513 PMCID: PMC8585099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-enzymatic addition of glucose (glycation) to circulatory and tissue proteins is a ubiquitous pathophysiological consequence of hyperglycemia in diabetes. Given the high incidence of periodontitis and diabetes and the emerging link between these conditions, it is of crucial importance to define the basic virulence mechanisms employed by periodontopathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis in mediating the disease process. The aim of this study was to determine whether glycated proteins are more easily utilized by P. gingivalis to stimulate growth and promote the pathogenic potential of this bacterium. We analyzed the properties of three commonly encountered proteins in the periodontal environment that are known to become glycated and that may serve as either protein substrates or easily accessible heme sources. In vitro glycated proteins were characterized using colorimetric assays, mass spectrometry, far- and near-UV circular dichroism and UV–visible spectroscopic analyses and SDS-PAGE. The interaction of glycated hemoglobin, serum albumin and type one collagen with P. gingivalis cells or HmuY protein was examined using spectroscopic methods, SDS-PAGE and co-culturing P. gingivalis with human keratinocytes. We found that glycation increases the ability of P. gingivalis to acquire heme from hemoglobin, mostly due to heme sequestration by the HmuY hemophore-like protein. We also found an increase in biofilm formation on glycated collagen-coated abiotic surfaces. We conclude that glycation might promote the virulence of P. gingivalis by making heme more available from hemoglobin and facilitating bacterial biofilm formation, thus increasing P. gingivalis pathogenic potential in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Śmiga
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (P.Ś.); (K.S.)
| | - John W. Smalley
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Liverpool, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5PS, UK; (J.W.S.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Paulina Ślęzak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (P.Ś.); (K.S.)
| | - Jason L. Brown
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Liverpool, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5PS, UK; (J.W.S.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Klaudia Siemińska
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (P.Ś.); (K.S.)
| | - Rosalind E. Jenkins
- CDSS Bioanalytical Facility, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK;
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (P.Ś.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Siemińska K, Cierpisz P, Śmiga M, Olczak T. Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY and Bacteroides vulgatus Bvu-A Novel Competitive Heme Acquisition Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052237. [PMID: 33668119 PMCID: PMC7956564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human oral and gut microbiomes are crucial for maintenance of homeostasis in the human body. Porphyromonas gingivalis, the key etiologic agent of chronic periodontitis, can cause dysbiosis in the mouth and gut, which results in local and systemic infectious inflammatory diseases. Our previous work resulted in extensive biochemical and functional characterization of one of the major P. gingivalis heme acquisition systems (Hmu), with the leading role played by the HmuY hemophore-like protein. We continued our studies on the homologous heme acquisition protein (Bvu) expressed by Bacteroides vulgatus, the dominant species of the gut microbiome. Results from spectrophotometric experiments showed that Bvu binds heme preferentially under reducing conditions using Met145 and Met172 as heme iron-coordinating ligands. Bvu captures heme bound to human serum albumin and only under reducing conditions. Importantly, HmuY is able to sequester heme complexed to Bvu. This is the first study demonstrating that B. vulgatus expresses a heme-binding hemophore-like protein, thus increasing the number of members of a novel HmuY-like family. Data gained in this study confirm the importance of HmuY in the context of P. gingivalis survival in regard to its ability to cause dysbiosis also in the gut microbiome.
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Prevotella intermedia produces two proteins homologous to Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY but with different heme coordination mode. Biochem J 2020; 477:381-405. [PMID: 31899475 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As part of the infective process, Porphyromonas gingivalis must acquire heme which is indispensable for life and enables the microorganism to survive and multiply at the infection site. This oral pathogenic bacterium uses a newly discovered novel hmu heme uptake system with a leading role played by the HmuY hemophore-like protein, responsible for acquiring heme and increasing virulence of this periodontopathogen. We demonstrated that Prevotella intermedia produces two HmuY homologs, termed PinO and PinA. Both proteins were produced at higher mRNA and protein levels when the bacterium grew under low-iron/heme conditions. PinO and PinA bound heme, but preferentially under reducing conditions, and in a manner different from that of the P. gingivalis HmuY. The analysis of the three-dimensional structures confirmed differences between apo-PinO and apo-HmuY, mainly in the fold forming the heme-binding pocket. Instead of two histidine residues coordinating heme iron in P. gingivalis HmuY, PinO and PinA could use one methionine residue to fulfill this function, with potential support of additional methionine residue/s. The P. intermedia proteins sequestered heme only from the host albumin-heme complex under reducing conditions. Our findings suggest that HmuY-like family might comprise proteins subjected during evolution to significant diversification, resulting in different heme coordination modes. The newer data presented in this manuscript on HmuY homologs produced by P. intermedia sheds more light on the novel mechanism of heme uptake, could be helpful in discovering their biological function, and in developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY and Streptococcus gordonii GAPDH-Novel Heme Acquisition Strategy in the Oral Microbiome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114150. [PMID: 32532033 PMCID: PMC7312356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity of healthy individuals is inhabited by commensals, with species of Streptococcus being the most abundant and prevalent in sites not affected by periodontal diseases. The development of chronic periodontitis is linked with the environmental shift in the oral microbiome, leading to the domination of periodontopathogens. Structure-function studies showed that Streptococcus gordonii employs a "moonlighting" protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (SgGAPDH) to bind heme, thus forming a heme reservoir for exchange with other proteins. Secreted or surface-associated SgGAPDH coordinates Fe(III)heme using His43. Hemophore-like heme-binding proteins of Porphyromonas gingivalis (HmuY), Prevotella intermedia (PinO) and Tannerella forsythia (Tfo) sequester heme complexed to SgGAPDH. Co-culturing of P. gingivalis with S. gordonii results in increased hmuY gene expression, indicating that HmuY might be required for efficient inter-bacterial interactions. In contrast to the DhmuY mutant strain, the wild type strain acquires heme and forms deeper biofilm structures on blood agar plates pre-grown with S. gordonii. Therefore, our novel paradigm of heme acquisition used by P. gingivalis appears to extend to co-infections with other oral bacteria and offers a mechanism for the ability of periodontopathogens to obtain sufficient heme in the host environment. Importantly, P. gingivalis is advantaged in terms of acquiring heme, which is vital for its growth survival and virulence.
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Latham RD, Torrado M, Atto B, Walshe JL, Wilson R, Guss JM, Mackay JP, Tristram S, Gell DA. A heme-binding protein produced by Haemophilus haemolyticus inhibits non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Mol Microbiol 2019; 113:381-398. [PMID: 31742788 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Commensal bacteria serve as an important line of defense against colonisation by opportunisitic pathogens, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly explored. Here, we show that strains of a commensal bacterium, Haemophilus haemolyticus, make hemophilin, a heme-binding protein that inhibits growth of the opportunistic pathogen, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) in culture. We purified the NTHi-inhibitory protein from H. haemolyticus and identified the hemophilin gene using proteomics and a gene knockout. An x-ray crystal structure of recombinant hemophilin shows that the protein does not belong to any of the known heme-binding protein folds, suggesting that it evolved independently. Biochemical characterisation shows that heme can be captured in the ferrous or ferric state, and with a variety of small heme-ligands bound, suggesting that hemophilin could function under a range of physiological conditions. Hemophilin knockout bacteria show a limited capacity to utilise free heme for growth. Our data suggest that hemophilin is a hemophore and that inhibition of NTHi occurs by heme starvation, raising the possibility that competition from hemophilin-producing H. haemolyticus could antagonise NTHi colonisation in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Latham
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mario Torrado
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brianna Atto
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - James L Walshe
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - J Mitchell Guss
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joel P Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen Tristram
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - David A Gell
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Śmiga M, Olczak T. PgRsp Is a Novel Redox-Sensing Transcription Regulator Essential for Porphyromonas gingivalis Virulence. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120623. [PMID: 31795139 PMCID: PMC6955866 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the etiological agents of chronic periodontitis. Both heme and oxidative stress impact expression of genes responsible for its survival and virulence. Previously we showed that P. gingivalis ferric uptake regulator homolog affects expression of a gene encoding a putative Crp/Fnr superfamily member, termed P. gingivalis redox-sensing protein (PgRsp). Although PgRsp binds heme and shows the highest similarity to proteins assigned to the CooA family, it could be a member of a novel, separate family of proteins with unknown function. Expression of the pgrsp gene is autoregulated and iron/heme dependent. Genes encoding proteins engaged in the oxidative stress response were upregulated in the pgrsp mutant (TO11) strain compared with the wild-type strain. The TO11 strain showed higher biomass production, biofilm formation, and coaggregation ability with Tannerella forsythia and Prevotella intermedia. We suggest that PgRsp may regulate production of virulence factors, proteases, Hmu heme acquisition system, and FimA protein. Moreover, we observed growth retardation of the TO11 strain under oxidative conditions and decreased survival ability of the mutant cells inside macrophages. We conclude that PgRsp protein may play a role in the oxidative stress response using heme as a ligand for sensing changes in redox status, thus regulating the alternative pathway of the oxidative stress response alongside OxyR.
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Chao A, Sieminski PJ, Owens CP, Goulding CW. Iron Acquisition in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2018; 119:1193-1220. [PMID: 30474981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The highly contagious disease tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which has been evolving drug resistance at an alarming rate. Like all human pathogens, Mtb requires iron for growth and virulence. Consequently, Mtb iron transport is an emerging drug target. However, the development of anti-TB drugs aimed at these metabolic pathways has been restricted by the dearth of information on Mtb iron acquisition. In this Review, we describe the multiple strategies utilized by Mtb to acquire ferric iron and heme iron. Mtb iron uptake is a complex process, requiring biosynthesis and subsequent export of Mtb siderophores, followed by ferric iron scavenging and ferric-siderophore import into Mtb. Additionally, Mtb possesses two possible heme uptake pathways and an Mtb-specific mechanism of heme degradation that yields iron and novel heme-degradation products. We conclude with perspectives for potential therapeutics that could directly target Mtb heme and iron uptake machineries. We also highlight how hijacking Mtb heme and iron acquisition pathways for drug import may facilitate drug transport through the notoriously impregnable Mtb cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cedric P Owens
- Schmid College of Science and Technology , Chapman University , Orange , California 92866 , United States
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15
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Tannerella forsythia Tfo belongs to Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY-like family of proteins but differs in heme-binding properties. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181325. [PMID: 30266745 PMCID: PMC6200708 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered the principal etiologic agent and keystone pathogen of chronic periodontitis. As an auxotrophic bacterium, it must acquire heme to survive and multiply at the infection site. P. gingivalis HmuY is the first member of a novel family of hemophore-like proteins. Bacterial heme-binding proteins usually use histidine-methionine or histidine-tyrosine residues to ligate heme-iron, whereas P. gingivalis HmuY uses two histidine residues. We hypothesized that other 'red complex' members, i.e. Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola might utilize similar heme uptake mechanisms to the P. gingivalis HmuY. Comparative and phylogenetic analyses suggested differentiation of HmuY homologs and low conservation of heme-coordinating histidine residues present in HmuY. The homologs were subjected to duplication before divergence of Bacteroidetes lineages, which could facilitate evolution of functional diversification. We found that T. denticola does not code an HmuY homolog. T. forsythia protein, termed as Tfo, binds heme, but preferentially in the ferrous form, and sequesters heme from the albumin-heme complex under reducing conditions. In agreement with that, the 3D structure of Tfo differs from that of HmuY in the folding of heme-binding pocket, containing two methionine residues instead of two histidine residues coordinating heme in HmuY. Heme binding to apo-HmuY is accompanied by movement of the loop carrying the His166 residue, closing the heme-binding pocket. Molecular dynamics simulations (MD) demonstrated that this conformational change also occurs in Tfo. In conclusion, our findings suggest that HmuY-like family might comprise proteins subjected during evolution to significant diversification, resulting in different heme-binding properties.
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Pérez-Pascual D, Lunazzi A, Magdelenat G, Rouy Z, Roulet A, Lopez-Roques C, Larocque R, Barbeyron T, Gobet A, Michel G, Bernardet JF, Duchaud E. The Complete Genome Sequence of the Fish Pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum Provides Insights into Virulence Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1542. [PMID: 28861057 PMCID: PMC5561996 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculum maritimum is a devastating bacterial pathogen of wild and farmed marine fish with a broad host range and a worldwide distribution. We report here the complete genome sequence of the T. maritimum type strain NCIMB 2154T. The genome consists of a 3,435,971-base pair circular chromosome with 2,866 predicted protein-coding genes. Genes encoding the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides, the type IX secretion system, iron uptake systems, adhesins, hemolysins, proteases, and glycoside hydrolases were identified. They are likely involved in the virulence process including immune escape, invasion, colonization, destruction of host tissues, and nutrient scavenging. Among the predicted virulence factors, type IX secretion-mediated and cell-surface exposed proteins were identified including an atypical sialidase, a sphingomyelinase and a chondroitin AC lyase which activities were demonstrated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pérez-Pascual
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aurelie Lunazzi
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ghislaine Magdelenat
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Génomique, GenoscopeEvry, France
| | - Zoe Rouy
- Laboratoire d'Analyses Bioinformatiques en Génomique et Métabolisme, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR-8030), Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Génomique, GenoscopeEvry, France
| | - Alain Roulet
- Genotoul Genome & Transcriptome (GeT-PlaGe), Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueCastanet-Tolosan, France.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (UAR1209)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Celine Lopez-Roques
- Genotoul Genome & Transcriptome (GeT-PlaGe), Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueCastanet-Tolosan, France.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (UAR1209)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Robert Larocque
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins (UMR 8227), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne UniversitésRoscoff, France
| | - Tristan Barbeyron
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins (UMR 8227), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne UniversitésRoscoff, France
| | - Angélique Gobet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins (UMR 8227), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne UniversitésRoscoff, France
| | - Gurvan Michel
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins (UMR 8227), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne UniversitésRoscoff, France
| | - Jean-François Bernardet
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric Duchaud
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
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17
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Diverse structural approaches to haem appropriation by pathogenic bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:422-433. [PMID: 28130069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The critical need for iron presents a challenge for pathogenic bacteria that must survive in an environment bereft of accessible iron due to a natural low bioavailability and their host's nutritional immunity. Appropriating haem, either direct from host haemoproteins or by secreting haem-scavenging haemophores, is one way pathogenic bacteria can overcome this challenge. After capturing their target, haem appropriation systems must remove haem from a high-affinity binding site (on the host haemoprotein or bacterial haemophore) and transfer it to a binding site of lower affinity on a bacterial receptor. Structural information is now available to show how, using a combination of induced structural changes and steric clashes, bacteria are able to extract haem from haemophores, haemopexin and haemoglobin. This review focuses on structural descriptions of these bacterial haem acquisition systems, summarising how they bind haem and their target haemoproteins with particularly emphasis on the mechanism of haem extraction.
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SigCH, an extracytoplasmic function sigma factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis regulates the expression of cdhR and hmuYR. Anaerobe 2016; 43:82-90. [PMID: 27940243 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors play an important role in the bacterial response to various environmental stresses. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a prominent etiological agent in human periodontitis, possesses six putative ECF sigma factors. So far, information is limited on the ECF sigma factor, PGN_0319. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PGN_0319 (SigCH) of P. gingivalis, focusing on the regulation of hmuY and hmuR, which encode outer-membrane proteins involved in hemin utilization, and cdhR, a transcriptional regulator of hmuYR. First, we evaluated the gene expression profile of the sigCH mutant by DNA microarray. Among the genes with altered expression levels, those involved in hemin utilization were downregulated in the sigCH mutant. To verify the microarray data, quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis was performed. The RNA samples used were obtained from bacterial cells grown to early-log phase, in which sigCH expression in the wild type was significantly higher than that in mid-log and late-log phases. The expression levels of hmuY, hmuR, and cdhR were significantly decreased in the sigCH mutant compared to wild type. Transcription of these genes was restored in a sigCH complemented strain. Compared to the wild type, the sigCH mutant showed reduced growth in log phase under hemin-limiting conditions. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that recombinant SigCH protein bound to the promoter region of hmuY and cdhR. These results suggest that SigCH plays an important role in the early growth of P. gingivalis, and directly regulates cdhR and hmuYR, thereby playing a potential role in the mechanisms of hemin utilization by P. gingivalis.
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19
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Smalley JW, Olczak T. Heme acquisition mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis - strategies used in a polymicrobial community in a heme-limited host environment. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 32:1-23. [PMID: 26662717 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a main etiologic agent and key pathogen responsible for initiation and progression of chronic periodontitis requires heme as a source of iron and protoporphyrin IX for its survival and the ability to establish an infection. Porphyromonas gingivalis is able to accumulate a defensive cell-surface heme-containing pigment in the form of μ-oxo bisheme. The main sources of heme for P. gingivalis in vivo are hemoproteins present in saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, and erythrocytes. To acquire heme, P. gingivalis uses several mechanisms. Among them, the best characterized are those employing hemagglutinins, hemolysins, and gingipains (Kgp, RgpA, RgpB), TonB-dependent outer-membrane receptors (HmuR, HusB, IhtA), and hemophore-like proteins (HmuY, HusA). Proteins involved in intracellular heme transport, storage, and processing are less well characterized (e.g. PgDps). Importantly, P. gingivalis may also use the heme acquisition systems of other bacteria to fulfill its own heme requirements. Porphyromonas gingivalis displays a novel paradigm for heme acquisition from hemoglobin, whereby the Fe(II)-containing oxyhemoglobin molecule must first be oxidized to methemoglobin to facilitate heme release. This process not only involves P. gingivalis arginine- and lysine-specific gingipains, but other proteases (e.g. interpain A from Prevotella intermedia) or pyocyanin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Porphyromonas gingivalis is then able to fully proteolyze the more susceptible methemoglobin substrate to release free heme or to wrest heme from it directly through the use of the HmuY hemophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Smalley
- School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - T Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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20
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Bennett EH, Akbas N, Adrian SA, Lukat-Rodgers GS, Collins DP, Dawson JH, Allen CE, Schmitt MP, Rodgers KR, Dixon DW. Heme Binding by Corynebacterium diphtheriae HmuT: Function and Heme Environment. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6598-609. [PMID: 26478504 PMCID: PMC4943319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The heme uptake pathway (hmu) of Corynebacterium diphtheriae utilizes multiple proteins to bind and transport heme into the cell. One of these proteins, HmuT, delivers heme to the ABC transporter HmuUV. In this study, the axial ligation of the heme in ferric HmuT is probed by examination of wild-type (WT) HmuT and a series of conserved heme pocket residue mutants, H136A, Y235A, and M292A. Characterization by UV-visible, resonance Raman, and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopies indicates that H136 and Y235 are the axial ligands in ferric HmuT. Consistent with this assignment of axial ligands, ferric WT and H136A HmuT are difficult to reduce while Y235A is reduced readily in the presence of dithionite. The FeCO Raman shifts in WT, H136A, and Y235A HmuT-CO complexes provide further evidence of the axial ligand assignments. Additionally, these frequencies provide insight into the nonbonding environment of the heme pocket. Ferrous Y235A and the Y235A-CO complex reveal that the imidazole of H136 exists in two forms, one neutral and one with imidazolate character, consistent with a hydrogen bond acceptor on the H136 side of the heme. The ferric fluoride complex of Y235A reveals the presence of at least one hydrogen bond donor on the Y235 side of the heme. Hemoglobin utilization assays showed that the axial Y235 ligand is required for heme uptake in HmuT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neval Akbas
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965
| | - Seth A. Adrian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050
| | - Gudrun S. Lukat-Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050
| | - Daniel P. Collins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - John H. Dawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Courtni E. Allen
- Laboratory of Respiratory and Special Pathogens, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation, and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Michael P. Schmitt
- Laboratory of Respiratory and Special Pathogens, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation, and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Kenton R. Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050
| | - Dabney W. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965
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Benedyk M, Byrne DP, Glowczyk I, Potempa J, Olczak M, Olczak T, Smalley JW. Pyocyanina contributory factor in haem acquisition and virulence enhancement of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the lung [corrected]. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118319. [PMID: 25706529 PMCID: PMC4338185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies show that the lungs infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa are often co-colonised by oral bacteria including black-pigmenting anaerobic (BPA) Porphyromonas species. The BPAs have an absolute haem requirement and their presence in the infected lung indicates that sufficient haem, a virulence up-regulator in BPAs, must be present to support growth. Haemoglobin from micro-bleeds occurring during infection is the most likely source of haem in the lung. Porphyromonas gingivalis displays a novel haem acquisition paradigm whereby haemoglobin must be firstly oxidised to methaemoglobin, facilitating haem release, either by gingipain proteolysis or capture via the haem-binding haemophore HmuY. P. aeruginosa produces the blue phenazine redox compound, pyocyanin. Since phenazines can oxidise haemoglobin, it follows that pyocyanin may also facilitate haem acquisition by promoting methaemoglobin production. Here we show that pyocyanin at concentrations found in the CF lung during P. aeruginosa infections rapidly oxidises oxyhaemoglobin in a dose-dependent manner. We demonstrate that methaemoglobin formed by pyocyanin is also susceptible to proteolysis by P. gingivalis Kgp gingipain and neutrophil elastase, thus releasing haem. Importantly, co-incubation of oxyhaemoglobin with pyocyanin facilitates haem pickup from the resulting methemoglobin by the P. gingivalis HmuY haemophore. Mice intra-tracheally challenged with viable P. gingivalis cells plus pyocyanin displayed increased mortality compared to those administered P. gingivalis alone. Pyocyanin significantly elevated both methaemoglobin and total haem levels in homogenates of mouse lungs and increased the level of arginine-specific gingipain activity from mice inoculated with viable P. gingivalis cells plus pyocyanin compared with mice inoculated with P. gingivalis only. These findings indicate that pyocyanin, by promoting haem availability through methaemoglobin formation and stimulating of gingipain production, may contribute to virulence of P. gingivalis and disease severity when co-infecting with P. aeruginosa in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Benedyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominic P Byrne
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Izabela Glowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, United States of America
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - John W Smalley
- School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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22
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Śmiga M, Bielecki M, Olczak M, Smalley JW, Olczak T. Anti-HmuY antibodies specifically recognize Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY protein but not homologous proteins in other periodontopathogens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117508. [PMID: 25658942 PMCID: PMC4320075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the emerging evidence of an association between periodontal infections and systemic conditions, the search for specific methods to detect the presence of P. gingivalis, a principal etiologic agent in chronic periodontitis, is of high importance. The aim of this study was to characterize antibodies raised against purified P. gingivalis HmuY protein and selected epitopes of the HmuY molecule. Since other periodontopathogens produce homologs of HmuY, we also aimed to characterize responses of antibodies raised against the HmuY protein or its epitopes to the closest homologous proteins from Prevotella intermedia and Tannerella forsythia. Rabbits were immunized with purified HmuY protein or three synthetic, KLH-conjugated peptides, derived from the P. gingivalis HmuY protein. The reactivity of anti-HmuY antibodies with purified proteins or bacteria was determined using Western blotting and ELISA assay. First, we found homologs of P. gingivalis HmuY in P. intermedia (PinO and PinA proteins) and T. forsythia (Tfo protein) and identified corrected nucleotide and amino acid sequences of Tfo. All proteins were overexpressed in E. coli and purified using ion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography and gel filtration. We demonstrated that antibodies raised against P. gingivalis HmuY are highly specific to purified HmuY protein and HmuY attached to P. gingivalis cells. No reactivity between P. intermedia and T. forsythia or between purified HmuY homologs from these bacteria and anti-HmuY antibodies was detected. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that P. gingivalis HmuY protein may serve as an antigen for specific determination of serum antibodies raised against this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Śmiga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Bielecki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - John W. Smalley
- School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Research Wing, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GN, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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23
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Differential roles of tryptophan residues in conformational stability of Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY hemophore. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 15:2. [PMID: 24512694 PMCID: PMC3922309 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-15-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that the P. gingivalis HmuY hemophore-like protein binds heme and scavenges heme from host hemoproteins to further deliver it to the cognate heme receptor HmuR. The aim of this study was to characterize structural features of HmuY variants in the presence and absence of heme with respect to roles of tryptophan residues in conformational stability. Results HmuY possesses tryptophan residues at positions 51 and 73, which are conserved in HmuY homologs present in a variety of bacteria, and a tryptophan residue at position 161, which has been found only in HmuY identified in P. gingivalis strains. We expressed and purified the wildtype HmuY and its protein variants with single tryptophan residues replaced by alanine or tyrosine residues. All HmuY variants were subjected to thermal denaturation and fluorescence spectroscopy analyses. Replacement of the most buried W161 only moderately affects protein stability. The most profound effect of the lack of a large hydrophobic side chain in respect to thermal stability is observed for W73. Also replacement of the W51 exposed on the surface results in the greatest loss of protein stability and even the large aromatic side chain of a tyrosine residue has little potential to substitute this tryptophan residue. Heme binding leads to different exposure of the tryptophan residue at position 51 to the surface of the protein. Differences in structural stability of HmuY variants suggest the change of the tertiary structure of the protein upon heme binding. Conclusions Here we demonstrate differential roles of tryptophan residues in the protein conformational stability. We also propose different conformations of apo- and holoHmuY caused by tertiary changes which allow heme binding to the protein.
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Bruce A, Rybak AP. CYB5D2 requires heme-binding to regulate HeLa cell growth and confer survival from chemotherapeutic agents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86435. [PMID: 24466094 PMCID: PMC3899279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome b5 domain containing 2 (CYB5D2; Neuferricin) protein has been reported to bind heme, however, the critical residues responsible for heme-binding are undefined. Furthermore, the relationship between heme-binding and CYB5D2-mediated intracellular functions remains unknown. Previous studies examining heme-binding in two cytochrome b5 heme-binding domain-containing proteins, damage-associated protein 1 (Dap1; Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and human progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), have revealed that conserved tyrosine (Y) 73, Y79, aspartic acid (D) 86, and Y127 residues present in human CYB5D2 may be involved in heme-binding. CYB5D2 binds to type b heme, however, only the substitution of glycine (G) at D86 (D86G) within its cytochrome b5 heme-binding (cyt-b5) domain abolished its heme-binding ability. Both CYB5D2 and CYB5D2(D86G) localize to the endoplasmic reticulum. Ectopic CYB5D2 expression inhibited cell proliferation and anchorage-independent colony growth of HeLa cells. Conversely, CYB5D2 knockdown and ectopic CYB5D2(D86G) expression increased cell proliferation and colony growth. As PGRMC1 has been reported to regulate the expression and activities of cytochrome P450 proteins (CYPs), we examined the role of CYB5D2 in regulating the activities of CYPs involved in sterol synthesis (CYP51A1) and drug metabolism (CYP3A4). CYB5D2 co-localizes with cytochrome P450 reductase (CYPOR), while CYB5D2 knockdown reduced lanosterol demethylase (CYP51A1) levels and rendered HeLa cells sensitive to mevalonate. Additionally, knockdown of CYB5D2 reduced CYP3A4 activity. Lastly, CYB5D2 expression conferred HeLa cell survival from chemotherapeutic agents (paclitaxel, cisplatin and doxorubicin), with its ability to promote survival being dependent on its heme-binding ability. Taken together, this study provides evidence that heme-binding is critical for CYB5D2 in regulating HeLa cell growth and survival, with endogenous CYB5D2 being required to modulate CYP activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bruce
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Father Sean O’Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research (HCKR), St. Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (AB); (APR)
| | - Adrian P. Rybak
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Father Sean O’Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research (HCKR), St. Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (AB); (APR)
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25
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Gmiterek A, Wójtowicz H, Mackiewicz P, Radwan-Oczko M, Kantorowicz M, Chomyszyn-Gajewska M, Frąszczak M, Bielecki M, Olczak M, Olczak T. The unique hmuY gene sequence as a specific marker of Porphyromonas gingivalis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67719. [PMID: 23844074 PMCID: PMC3699645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major etiological agent of chronic periodontitis, acquires heme from host hemoproteins using the HmuY hemophore. The aim of this study was to develop a specific P. gingivalis marker based on a hmuY gene sequence. Subgingival samples were collected from 66 patients with chronic periodontitis and 40 healthy subjects and the entire hmuY gene was analyzed in positive samples. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that both the amino acid sequence of the HmuY protein and the nucleotide sequence of the hmuY gene are unique among P. gingivalis strains/isolates and show low identity to sequences found in other species (below 50 and 56%, respectively). In agreement with these findings, a set of hmuY gene-based primers and standard/real-time PCR with SYBR Green chemistry allowed us to specifically detect P. gingivalis in patients with chronic periodontitis (77.3%) and healthy subjects (20%), the latter possessing lower number of P. gingivalis cells and total bacterial cells. Isolates from healthy subjects possess the hmuY gene-based nucleotide sequence pattern occurring in W83/W50/A7436 (n = 4), 381/ATCC 33277 (n = 3) or TDC60 (n = 1) strains, whereas those from patients typically have TDC60 (n = 21), W83/W50/A7436 (n = 17) and 381/ATCC 33277 (n = 13) strains. We observed a significant correlation between periodontal index of risk of infectiousness (PIRI) and the presence/absence of P. gingivalis (regardless of the hmuY gene-based sequence pattern of the isolate identified [r = 0.43; P = 0.0002] and considering particular isolate pattern [r = 0.38; P = 0.0012]). In conclusion, we demonstrated that the hmuY gene sequence or its fragments may be used as one of the molecular markers of P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gmiterek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Halina Wójtowicz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Mackiewicz
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Radwan-Oczko
- Department of Periodontology, Unit of Oral Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kantorowicz
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Chomyszyn-Gajewska
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Frąszczak
- Institute of Genetics, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Bielecki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
- * E-mail:
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26
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Gruss A, Borezée-Durant E, Lechardeur D. Environmental heme utilization by heme-auxotrophic bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 2013; 61:69-124. [PMID: 23046952 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394423-8.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heme, an iron-containing porphyrin, is the prosthetic group for numerous key cellular enzymatic and regulatory processes. Many bacteria encode the biosynthetic enzymes needed for autonomous heme production. Remarkably, however, numerous other bacteria lack a complete heme biosynthesis pathway, yet encode heme-requiring functions. For such heme-auxotrophic bacteria (HAB), heme or porphyrins must be captured from the environment. Functional studies, aided by genomic analyses, provide insight into the HAB lifestyle, how they acquire and manage heme, and the uses of heme that make it worthwhile, and sometimes necessary, to capture this bioactive molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gruss
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis and AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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27
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Byrne DP, Potempa J, Olczak T, Smalley JW. Evidence of mutualism between two periodontal pathogens: co-operative haem acquisition by the HmuY haemophore of Porphyromonas gingivalis and the cysteine protease interpain A (InpA) of Prevotella intermedia. Mol Oral Microbiol 2013; 28:219-29. [PMID: 23336115 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Haem (iron protoporphyrin IX) is both an essential growth factor and a virulence regulator of the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia, which acquire it through the proteolytic degradation of haemoglobin and other haem-carrying plasma proteins. The haem-binding lipoprotein HmuY haemophore and the gingipain proteases of P. gingivalis form a unique synthrophic system responsible for capture of haem from haemoglobin and methaemalbumin. In this system, methaemoglobin is formed from oxyhaemoglobin by the activities of gingipain proteases and serves as a facile substrate from which HmuY can capture haem. This study examined the possibility of cooperation between HmuY and the cysteine protease interpain A (InpA) of Pr. intermedia in the haem acquisition process. Using UV-visible spectroscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, HmuY was demonstrated to be resistant to proteolysis and so able to cooperate with InpA to extract haem from haemoglobin, which was proteolytically converted to methaemoglobin by the protease. Spectroscopic pH titrations showed that both the iron(II) and iron(III) protoporphyrin IX-HmuY complexes were stable over the pH range 4-10, demonstrating that the haemophore could function over a range of pH that may be encountered in the dental plaque biofilm. This is the first demonstration of a bacterial haemophore working in conjunction with a protease from another bacterial species to acquire haem from haemoglobin and may represent mutualism between P. gingivalis and Pr. intermedia co-inhabiting the periodontal pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Byrne
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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28
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Abstract
All but a few bacterial species have an absolute need for heme, and most are able to synthesize it via a pathway that is highly conserved among all life domains. Because heme is a rich source for iron, many pathogenic bacteria have also evolved processes for sequestering heme from their hosts. The heme biosynthesis pathways are well understood at the genetic and structural biology levels. In comparison, much less is known about the heme acquisition, trafficking, and degradation processes in bacteria. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have evolved similar strategies but different tactics for importing and degrading heme, likely as a consequence of their different cellular architectures. The differences are manifested in distinct structures for molecules that perform similar functions. Consequently, the aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the structural biology of proteins and protein-protein interactions that enable Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to sequester heme from the extracellular milieu, import it to the cytosol, and degrade it to mine iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Benson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Multidisciplinary Research Building, 2030 Becker Dr., Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA,
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29
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Wójtowicz H, Bielecki M, Wojaczyński J, Olczak M, Smalley JW, Olczak T. The Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY haemophore binds gallium(iii), zinc(ii), cobalt(iii), manganese(iii), nickel(ii), and copper(ii) protoporphyrin IX but in a manner different to iron(iii) protoporphyrin IX. Metallomics 2013; 5:343-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt20215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Hannibal L, Collins D, Brassard J, Chakravarti R, Vempati R, Dorlet P, Santolini J, Dawson JH, Stuehr DJ. Heme binding properties of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 2012; 51:8514-29. [PMID: 22957700 DOI: 10.1021/bi300863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a glycolytic enzyme that also functions in transcriptional regulation, oxidative stress, vesicular trafficking, and apoptosis. Because GAPDH is required for the insertion of cellular heme into inducible nitric oxide synthase [Chakravarti, R., et al. (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 18004-18009], we extensively characterized the heme binding properties of GAPDH. Substoichiometric amounts of ferric heme bound to GAPDH (one heme per GAPDH tetramer) to form a low-spin complex with UV-visible maxima at 362, 418, and 537 nm and when reduced to ferrous gave maxima at 424, 527, and 559 nm. Ferric heme association and dissociation rate constants at 10 °C were as follows: k(on) = 17800 M(-1) s(-1), k(off1) = 7.0 × 10(-3) s(-1), and k(off2) = 3.3 × 10(-4) s(-1) (giving approximate affinities of 19-390 nM). Ferrous heme bound more poorly to GAPDH and dissociated with a k(off) of 4.2 × 10(-3) s(-1). Magnetic circular dichroism, resonance Raman, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic data on the ferric, ferrous, and ferrous-CO complexes of GAPDH showed that the heme is bis-ligated with His as the proximal ligand. The distal ligand in the ferric complex was not displaced by CN(-) or N(3)(-) but in the ferrous complex could be displaced by CO at a rate of 1.75 s(-1) (for >0.2 mM CO). Studies with heme analogues revealed selectivity toward the coordinating metal and porphyrin ring structure. The GAPDH-heme complex was isolated from bacteria induced to express rabbit GAPDH in the presence of δ-aminolevulinic acid. Our finding of heme binding to GAPDH expands the protein's potential roles. The strength, selectivity, reversibility, and redox sensitivity of heme binding to GAPDH are consistent with it performing heme sensing or heme chaperone-like functions in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Hannibal
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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31
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Osbourne D, Aruni AW, Dou Y, Perry C, Boskovic DS, Roy F, Fletcher HM. VimA-dependent modulation of the secretome in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2012; 27:420-35. [PMID: 23134608 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2012.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The VimA protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis is a multifunctional protein involved in cell surface biogenesis. To further determine if its acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) transfer and putative sorting functions can affect the secretome, its role in peptidoglycan biogenesis and effects on the extracellular proteins of P. gingivalis FLL92, a vimA-defective mutant, were evaluated. There were structural and compositional differences in the peptidoglycan of P. gingivalis FLL92 compared with the wild-type strain. Sixty-eight proteins were present only in the extracellular fraction of FLL92. Fifteen proteins present in the extracellular fraction of the parent strain were missing in the vimA-defective mutant. These proteins had protein sorting characteristics that included a C-terminal motif with a common consensus Gly-Gly-CTERM pattern and a polar tail consisting of aromatic amino acid residues. These observations suggest that the VimA protein is likely involved in peptidoglycan synthesis, and corroborates our previous report, which suggests a role in protein sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Osbourne
- Division of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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32
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Gallium(III), cobalt(III) and copper(II) protoporphyrin IX exhibit antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis by reducing planktonic and biofilm growth and invasion of host epithelial cells. Arch Microbiol 2012; 194:719-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-012-0804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Wojaczyński J, Wójtowicz H, Bielecki M, Olczak M, Smalley JW, Latos-Grażyński L, Olczak T. Iron(III) mesoporphyrin IX and iron(III) deuteroporphyrin IX bind to the Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY hemophore. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:299-304. [PMID: 21740890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis acquires heme through an outer-membrane heme transporter HmuR and heme-binding hemophore-like lipoprotein HmuY. Here, we compare binding of iron(III) mesoporphyrin IX (mesoheme) and iron(III) deuteroporphyrin IX (deuteroheme) to HmuY with that of iron(III) protoporphyrin IX (protoheme) and protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) using spectroscopic methods. In contrast to PPIX, mesoheme and deuteroheme enter the HmuY heme cavity and are coordinated by His134 and His166 residues in a fully analogous way to protoheme binding. However, in the case of deuteroheme two forms of HmuY-iron porphyrin complex were observed differing by a 180° rotation of porphyrin about the α-γ-meso-carbon axis. Since the use of porphyrins either as active photosensitizers or in combination with antibiotics may have therapeutic value for controlling bacterial growth in vivo, it is important to compare the binding of heme derivatives to HmuY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Wojaczyński
- University of Wrocław, Department of Chemistry, F. Joliot-Curie 14 Street, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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Smalley JW, Byrne DP, Birss AJ, Wojtowicz H, Sroka A, Potempa J, Olczak T. HmuY haemophore and gingipain proteases constitute a unique syntrophic system of haem acquisition by Porphyromonas gingivalis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17182. [PMID: 21390208 PMCID: PMC3040768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Haem (iron protoporphyrin IX) is both an essential growth factor and virulence regulator for the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, which acquires it mainly from haemoglobin via the sequential actions of the R- and K-specific gingipain proteases. The haem-binding lipoprotein haemophore HmuY and its cognate receptor HmuR of P. gingivalis, are responsible for capture and internalisation of haem. This study examined the role of the HmuY in acquisition of haem from haemoglobin and the cooperation between HmuY and gingipain proteases in this process. Using UV-visible spectroscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, HmuY was demonstrated to wrest haem from immobilised methaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin. Haem extraction from oxyhaemoglobin was facilitated after oxidation to methaemoglobin by pre-treatment with the P. gingivalis R-gingipain A (HRgpA). HmuY was also capable of scavenging haem from oxyhaemoglobin pre-treated with the K-gingipain (Kgp). This is the first demonstration of a haemophore working in conjunction with proteases to acquire haem from haemoglobin. In addition, HmuY was able to extract haem from methaemalbumin, and could bind haem, either free in solution or from methaemoglobin, even in the presence of serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Smalley
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, [corrected] University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Gao JL, Nguyen KA, Hunter N. Characterization of a hemophore-like protein from Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:40028-38. [PMID: 20940309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.163535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The porphyrin auxotrophic pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis obtains the majority of essential iron and porphyrin from host hemoproteins. To achieve this, the organism expresses outer membrane gingipains containing cysteine proteinase domains linked to hemagglutinin domains. Heme mobilized in this way is taken up by P. gingivalis through a variety of potential portals where HmuY/HmuR of the hmu locus are best described. These receptors have relatively low binding affinities for heme. In this report, we describe a novel P. gingivalis protein, HusA, the product of PG2227, which rapidly bound heme with a high binding constant at equilibrium of 7 × 10(-10) M. HusA is both expressed on the outer membrane and released from the organism. Spectral analysis indicated an unusual pattern of binding where heme was ligated preferentially as a dimer. Further, the presence of dimeric heme induced protein dimer formation. Deletional inactivation of husA showed that expression of this moiety was essential for growth of P. gingivalis under conditions of heme limitation. This finding was in accord with the pronounced increase in gene expression levels for husA with progressive reduction of heme supplementation. Antibodies reactive against HusA were detected in patients with chronic periodontitis, suggesting that the protein is expressed during the course of infection by P. gingivalis. It is predicted that HusA efficiently sequesters heme from gingipains and fulfills the function of a high affinity hemophore-like protein to meet the heme requirement for growth of P. gingivalis during establishment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Gao
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
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36
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Olczak T, Wójtowicz H, Ciuraszkiewicz J, Olczak M. Species specificity, surface exposure, protein expression, immunogenicity, and participation in biofilm formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:134. [PMID: 20438645 PMCID: PMC2873494 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major etiological agent of chronic periodontitis. The aim of this study was to examine the species specificity, surface exposure, protein expression, immunogenicity, and participation in biofilm formation of the P. gingivalis heme-binding protein HmuY. RESULTS HmuY is a unique protein of P. gingivalis since only low amino-acid sequence homology has been found to proteins encoded in other species. It is exposed on the cell surface and highly abundant in the outer membrane of the cell, in outer-membrane vesicles, and is released into culture medium in a soluble form. The protein is produced constitutively at low levels in bacteria grown under high-iron/heme conditions and at higher levels in bacteria growing under the low-iron/heme conditions typical of dental plaque. HmuY is immunogenic and elicits high IgG antibody titers in rabbits. It is also engaged in homotypic biofilm formation by P. gingivalis. Anti-HmuY antibodies exhibit inhibitory activity against P. gingivalis growth and biofilm formation. CONCLUSIONS Here it is demonstrated that HmuY may play a significant role not only in heme acquisition, but also in biofilm accumulation on abiotic surfaces. The data also suggest that HmuY, as a surface-exposed protein, would be available for recognition by the immune response during chronic periodontitis and the production of anti-HmuY antibodies may inhibit biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Halina Wójtowicz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Ciuraszkiewicz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland
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37
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Wójtowicz H, Guevara T, Tallant C, Olczak M, Sroka A, Potempa J, Solà M, Olczak T, Gomis-Rüth FX. Unique structure and stability of HmuY, a novel heme-binding protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000419. [PMID: 19424422 PMCID: PMC2671838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection, survival, and proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in humans depend on their capacity to impair host responses and acquire nutrients in a hostile environment. Among such nutrients is heme, a co-factor for oxygen storage, electron transport, photosynthesis, and redox biochemistry, which is indispensable for life. Porphyromonas gingivalis is the major human bacterial pathogen responsible for severe periodontitis. It recruits heme through HmuY, which sequesters heme from host carriers and delivers it to its cognate outer-membrane transporter, the TonB-dependent receptor HmuR. Here we report that heme binding does not significantly affect the secondary structure of HmuY. The crystal structure of heme-bound HmuY reveals a new all-β fold mimicking a right hand. The thumb and fingers pinch heme iron through two apical histidine residues, giving rise to highly symmetric octahedral iron co-ordination. The tetrameric quaternary arrangement of the protein found in the crystal structure is consistent with experiments in solution. It shows that thumbs and fingertips, and, by extension, the bound heme groups, are shielded from competing heme-binding proteins from the host. This may also facilitate heme transport to HmuR for internalization. HmuY, both in its apo- and in its heme-bound forms, is resistant to proteolytic digestion by trypsin and the major secreted proteases of P. gingivalis, gingipains K and R. It is also stable against thermal and chemical denaturation. In conclusion, these studies reveal novel molecular properties of HmuY that are consistent with its role as a putative virulence factor during bacterial infection. Pathogenic bacteria cause infection in humans as found in periodontitis, which is a chronic inflammation of the gums caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis. As part of the infective process, bacteria must acquire nutrients to survive and multiply at the infection site, and among such nutrients is heme. This is an iron-dependent co-factor of several indispensable enzymes and proteins. P. gingivalis liberates heme from host heme-binding proteins through the action of proteases and arranges its transport to the bacterial cell through two proteins, HmuY and HmuR. They grab free heme and transport it across the bacterial membrane into the cell, respectively. This function poses stringent conditions on these proteins regarding stability and resistance toward the host immune system. We report here that HmuY is very stable and that it displays a novel protein fold, which consists only of β-strands. It reminds us of a right hand, whose fingers trap heme. Once heme is bound, HmuY forms tetramers, which have the four heme-binding sites buried and thus protected from competing host heme-binding proteins. This feature also facilitates heme transport to HmuR and into the bacterial cell. All these data may help to develop new antibacterial agents at times in which resistance toward antibiotics, both at intensive healthcare stations and in the community, poses serious challenges to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Wójtowicz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tibisay Guevara
- Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cynthia Tallant
- Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Sroka
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Periodontics, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Maria Solà
- Structural MitoLab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
- * E-mail: (TO); (FXG-R)
| | - F. Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (TO); (FXG-R)
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