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Mohammadzamani M, Kazemzadeh K, Chand S, Thapa S, Ebrahimi N, Yazdan Panah M, Shaygannejad V, Mirmosayyeb O. Insights into the interplay between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis (MS): A state-of-the-art review and implications for vaccine development. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1898. [PMID: 38361801 PMCID: PMC10867693 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MS results from an inflammatory process leading to the loss of neural tissue and increased disability over time. The role of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), as one of the most common global viruses, in MS development has been the subject of several studies. However, many related questions are still unanswered. This study aimed to review the connection between MS and EBV and provide a quick outline of MS prevention using EBV vaccination. Methods For this narrative review, an extensive literature search using specific terms was conducted across online databases, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, to identify pertinent studies. Results Several studies proved that almost 100% of people with MS showed a history of EBV infection, and there was an association between high titers of EBV antibodies and an increased risk of MS development. Various hypotheses are proposed for how EBV may contribute to MS directly and indirectly: (1) Molecular Mimicry, (2) Mistaken Self, (3) Bystander Damage, and (4) Autoreactive B cells infected with EBV. Conclusion Given the infectious nature of EBV and its ability to elude the immune system, EBV emerges as a strong candidate for being the underlying cause of MS. The development of an EBV vaccine holds promise for preventing MS; however, overcoming the challenge of creating a safe and efficacious vaccine presents a significant obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Mohammadzamani
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Kimia Kazemzadeh
- Students' Scientific Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Swati Chand
- Westchester Medical CenterNew York Medical CollegeValhallaNew YorkUSA
| | - Sangharsha Thapa
- Department of Neurology, Westchester Medical CenterNew York Medical CollegeValhallaUSA
| | - Narges Ebrahimi
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | | | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
- Department of NeurologyIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Omid Mirmosayyeb
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
- Department of NeurologyIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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Ali A, Ara A, Kashyap MK. Gut microbiota: Role and Association with Tumorigenesis in Different Malignancies. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8087-8107. [PMID: 35543828 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota has been associated with different cancer and may vary from patient to patient. A specific microbial strain can alter the progression of cancer and therapeutic outcome in response to anti-cancer therapy. The variations in microbiota contributed due to the individual microbiome of the microorganism are responsible for diverse clinical outcomes. The expansion of microbiota subpopulation during dysbiosis can lead to toxin production, inducing inflammation and cancer. The microbiota can be a dual-edged sword because it can be tumor-suppressive or oncogenic in the case of the gut. The transition of cancer cells from early to late-stage also impacts the composition of the microbiota, and this alteration could change the behavior of cancer. Multi-omics platforms derived data from an individual's multi-dimensional data (DNA, mRNA, microRNA, protein, metabolite, microbiota, and microbiome), i.e., individualome, to exploit it for personalized tailored treatment for different cancers in a precise manner. A number of studies suggest the importance of microbiota and its add-in suitability to existing treatment options for different malignancies. Furthermore, in vitro, and in vivo studies and cancer clinical trials suggest that probiotics have driven modulation of gut microbiota and other sites discourage the aggressive behavior and progression of different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altamas Ali
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A central University), Jamia Nagar, 110025, New Delhi, India
| | - Anam Ara
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A central University), Jamia Nagar, 110025, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Kashyap
- Amity Stem Cell Institute/Amity Medical School, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Panchgaon (Manesar), Gurugram, HR, 122413, India.
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Hatta MNA, Mohamad Hanif EA, Chin SF, Neoh HM. Pathogens and Carcinogenesis: A Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:533. [PMID: 34203649 PMCID: PMC8232153 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a global health problem associated with genetics and unhealthy lifestyles. Increasingly, pathogenic infections have also been identified as contributors to human cancer initiation and progression. Most pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) associated with human cancers are categorized as Group I human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC. These pathogens cause carcinogenesis via three known mechanisms: persistent infection that cause inflammation and DNA damage, initiation of oncogene expression, and immunosuppression activity of the host. In this review, we discuss the carcinogenesis mechanism of ten pathogens, their implications, and some future considerations for better management of the disease. The pathogens and cancers described are Helicobacter pylori (gastric cancer), Epstein-Barr virus (gastric cancer and lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C viruses (liver cancer), Aspergillus spp. (liver cancer), Opisthorchis viverrine (bile duct cancer), Clonorchis sinensis (bile duct cancer), Fusobacterium nucleatum (colorectal cancer), Schistosoma haematobium (bladder cancer); Human Papillomavirus (cervical cancer), and Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpes Virus (Kaposi's sarcoma).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui-min Neoh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.N.A.H.); (E.A.M.H.); (S.-F.C.)
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Verzosa AL, McGeever LA, Bhark SJ, Delgado T, Salazar N, Sanchez EL. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection of Neuronal and Non-Neuronal Cells Elicits Specific Innate Immune Responses and Immune Evasion Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2021; 12:644664. [PMID: 34135889 PMCID: PMC8201405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.644664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses (α-HV) are a large family of double-stranded DNA viruses which cause many human and animal diseases. There are three human α-HVs: Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). All α-HV have evolved multiple strategies to suppress or exploit host cell innate immune signaling pathways to aid in their infections. All α-HVs initially infect epithelial cells (primary site of infection), and later spread to infect innervating sensory neurons. As with all herpesviruses, α-HVs have both a lytic (productive) and latent (dormant) stage of infection. During the lytic stage, the virus rapidly replicates in epithelial cells before it is cleared by the immune system. In contrast, latent infection in host neurons is a life-long infection. Upon infection of mucosal epithelial cells, herpesviruses immediately employ a variety of cellular mechanisms to evade host detection during active replication. Next, infectious viral progeny bud from infected cells and fuse to neuronal axonal terminals. Here, the nucleocapsid is transported via sensory neuron axons to the ganglion cell body, where latency is established until viral reactivation. This review will primarily focus on how HSV-1 induces various innate immune responses, including host cell recognition of viral constituents by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), induction of IFN-mediated immune responses involving toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways, and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING). This review focuses on these pathways along with other mechanisms including autophagy and the complement system. We will summarize and discuss recent evidence which has revealed how HSV-1 is able to manipulate and evade host antiviral innate immune responses both in neuronal (sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglia) and non-neuronal (epithelial) cells. Understanding the innate immune response mechanisms triggered by HSV-1 infection, and the mechanisms of innate immune evasion, will impact the development of future therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Verzosa
- Biology Department, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lea A McGeever
- Biology Department, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shun-Je Bhark
- Biology Department, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tracie Delgado
- Biology Department, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nicole Salazar
- Biology Department, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Erica L Sanchez
- Biology Department, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
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5
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Abstract
Despite widely available antiretroviral therapy, lymphoma remains the leading cause of death for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons in economically developed countries. Even a few months of drug interruptions can lead to drops in the CD4 cell count, HIV viremia, and an increased risk of lymphoma. Currently, good HIV control facilitates intensive therapies appropriate to the lymphoma, including autologous and even allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Nonetheless, HIV-related lymphomas have unique aspects, including pathogenetic differences driven by the presence of HIV and often coinfection with oncogenic viruses. Future therapies might exploit these differences. Lymphoma subtypes also differ in the HIV-infected population, and the disease has a higher propensity for advanced-stage, aggressive presentation and extranodal disease. Other unique aspects include the need to avoid potential interactions between antiretroviral therapy and chemotherapeutic agents and the need for HIV-specific supportive care such as infection prophylaxis. Overall, the care of these patients has progressed sufficiently that recent guidelines from the American Society of Clinical Oncology advocate the inclusion of HIV-infected patients alongside HIV-negative patients in cancer clinical trials when appropriate. This article examines HIV lymphoma and includes Burkitt lymphoma in the general population.
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6
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Habibi Z, Hajizadeh M, Nozarian Z, Safavi M, Monajemzadeh M, Meybodi KT, Nejat F, Vasei M. Cytomegalovirus DNA in non-glioblastoma multiforme brain tumors of infants. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:1581-1586. [PMID: 33409619 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CMV antigens have been detected in some brain tumors specially glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). As brain tumors in the first years of life are among the most aggressive neoplasms with poor prognosis, novel therapeutic options like targeted therapy against virus antigens are demanded. Infantile central nervous system tumors, other than GBM, have not been so far studied for CMV. To our best knowledge, this is the first study in which the presence of CMV-DNA, as a potential viral target for therapy, in non-GBM infantile brain tumors has been investigated. METHODS The paraffin blocks of non-GBM brain neoplasms of 36 infants (age < 24 months) who were operated on between 2006 and 2016 were examined for CMV-DNA, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Paraffin blocks of CMV infected lung tissue were used as positive control. Extraction and amplification of β2 microglobulin gene from each tumor tissue were carried as positive internal control. We also assayed 25 paraffin blocks of meningomyelocele for CMV DNA as negative tissue controls. RESULTS Histopathological diagnoses consisted of 13 glial/neuroglial tumors (36.1%), 8 ependymomas (22.2%), 7 medulloblastomas (19.4%), 3 choroid plexus tumors (8.3%), 2 atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (5.6%), 2 embryonal CNS tumors (5.6%), and 1 germ cell tumor (2.8%). We could not detect CMV DNA in all samples examined. CONCLUSION Although CMV may be associated with GBM, no role could be proposed for this virus in development of non-GBM infantile brain tumors. Further investigations on larger series of brain tumors should be conducted to confirm or rule out our conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Habibi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Hajizadeh
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Nozarian
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moeinadin Safavi
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Monajemzadeh
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Tayebi Meybodi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Nejat
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Vasei
- Cell-based Therapies Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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Chang ET, Ye W, Zeng YX, Adami HO. The Evolving Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:1035-1047. [PMID: 33849968 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has long been a source of fascination due to the malignancy's striking geographic distribution, the involvement of the oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the unique association with intake of Chinese-style salt-preserved fish, and etiologic heterogeneity by histologic subtype. METHODS This review summarizes the current epidemiologic literature on NPC, highlighting recent results from our population-based case-control study in southern China. RESULTS Findings from our case-control study provide new insight into the epidemiology of NPC, including a diminished role of Chinese-style salt-preserved fish, a profound impact of EBV genetic sequence variation, modest positive associations with passive smoking and household air pollution, and possible effects of oral health and the oral microbiome. Recent findings from other studies include a protective association with infectious mononucleosis, suggesting a causal role of early EBV infection; familial risk conferred by shared genetic variation in the host antibody-mediated immune response to EBV infection; and an unclear association with occupational exposure to formaldehyde. CONCLUSIONS To shed further light on the interplay of environmental, genetic, and viral causes of NPC, large pooled studies must accumulate sufficient cases with detailed exposure data. IMPACT New epidemiologic findings have reshaped the causal model for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T Chang
- Center for Health Sciences, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, California.
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Clinical Effectiveness Group, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Angeloni B, Bigi R, Bellucci G, Mechelli R, Ballerini C, Romano C, Morena E, Pellicciari G, Reniè R, Rinaldi V, Buscarinu MC, Romano S, Ristori G, Salvetti M. A Case of Double Standard: Sex Differences in Multiple Sclerosis Risk Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073696. [PMID: 33918133 PMCID: PMC8037645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a complex, multifactorial, dysimmune disease prevalent in women. Its etiopathogenesis is extremely intricate, since each risk factor behaves as a variable that is interconnected with others. In order to understand these interactions, sex must be considered as a determining element, either in a protective or pathological sense, and not as one of many variables. In particular, sex seems to highly influence immune response at chromosomal, epigenetic, and hormonal levels. Environmental and genetic risk factors cannot be considered without sex, since sex-based immunological differences deeply affect disease onset, course, and prognosis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying sex-based differences is necessary in order to develop a more effective and personalized therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Angeloni
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Rachele Bigi
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Gianmarco Bellucci
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Rosella Mechelli
- San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
- Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare San Raffaele Pisana (IRCCS), 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Ballerini
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Carmela Romano
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Emanuele Morena
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Giulia Pellicciari
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberta Reniè
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Virginia Rinaldi
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Chiara Buscarinu
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Silvia Romano
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), 00179 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
- Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
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Guan Y, Jakimovski D, Ramanathan M, Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R. The role of Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis: from molecular pathophysiology to in vivo imaging. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:373-386. [PMID: 30539801 PMCID: PMC6334604 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.245462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal damage. Environmental and genetic factors are associated with the risk of developing MS, but the exact cause still remains unidentified. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), vitamin D, and smoking are among the most well-established environmental risk factors in MS. Infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by delayed primary EBV infection, increases the risk of developing MS. EBV may also contribute to MS pathogenesis indirectly by activating silent human endogenous retrovirus-W. The emerging B-cell depleting therapies, particularly anti-CD20 agents such as rituximab, ocrelizumab, as well as the fully human ofatumumab, have shown promising clinical and magnetic resonance imaging benefit. One potential effect of these therapies is the depletion of memory B-cells, the primary reservoir site where EBV latency occurs. In addition, EBV potentially interacts with both genetic and other environmental factors to increase susceptibility and disease severity of MS. This review examines the role of EBV in MS pathophysiology and summarizes the recent clinical and radiological findings, with a focus on B-cells and in vivo imaging. Addressing the potential link between EBV and MS allows the better understanding of MS pathogenesis and helps to identify additional disease biomarkers that may be responsive to B-cell depleting intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guan
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Murali Ramanathan
- Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Center for Biomedical Imaging at Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Fatima I, Kanwal S, Mahmood T. Natural Products Mediated Targeting of Virally Infected Cancer. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325818813227. [PMID: 30670935 PMCID: PMC6328957 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818813227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of viral infection in developing cancer was determined in the start of 20th century. Until now, 8 different virus-associated cancers have been discovered and most of them progressed in immunosuppressed individuals. The aim of the present study is to look into the benefits of natural products in treating virally infected cancers. The study focuses on bioactive compounds derived from natural sources. Numerous pharmaceutical agents have been identified from plants (vincristine, vinblastine, stilbenes, combretastatin, and silymarin), marine organisms (bryostatins, cephalostatin, ecteinascidins, didemnin, and dolastatin), insects (cantharidin, mastoparan, parectadial, and cecropins), and microorganisms (vancomycin, rhizoxin, ansamitocins, mitomycin, and rapamycin). Beside these, various compounds have been observed from fruits and vegetables which can be utilized in anticancer therapy. These include curcumin in turmeric, resveratrol in red grapes, S-allyl cysteine in allium, allicin in garlic, catechins in green tea, and β-carotene in carrots. The present study addresses various types of virally infected cancers, their mechanism of action, and the role of different cell surface molecules elicited during viral binding and entry into the target cell along with the anticancer drugs derived from natural products by targeting screening of bioactive compounds from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Fatima
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Kanwal
- Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat Sub-campus Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Kozireva S, Rudevica Z, Baryshev M, Leonciks A, Kashuba E, Kholodnyuk I. Upregulation of the Chemokine Receptor CCR2B in Epstein‒Barr Virus-Positive Burkitt Lymphoma Cell Lines with the Latency III Program. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050239. [PMID: 29751565 PMCID: PMC5977232 DOI: 10.3390/v10050239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR2 is the cognate receptor to the chemokine CCL2. CCR2–CCL2 signaling mediates cancer progression and metastasis dissemination. However, the role of CCR2–CCL2 signaling in pathogenesis of B-cell malignancies is not clear. Previously, we showed that CCR2B was upregulated in ex vivo peripheral blood B cells upon Epstein‒Barr virus (EBV) infection and in established lymphoblastoid cell lines with the EBV latency III program. EBV latency III is associated with B-cell lymphomas in immunosuppressed patients. The majority of EBV-positive Burkitt lymphoma (BL) tumors are characterized by latency I, but the BL cell lines drift towards latency III during in vitro culture. In this study, the CCR2A and CCR2B expression was assessed in the isogenic EBV-positive BL cell lines with latency I and III using RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunostaining analyses. We found that CCR2B is upregulated in the EBV-positive BL cells with latency III. Consequently, we detected the migration of latency III cells toward CCL2. Notably, the G190A mutation, corresponding to SNP CCR2-V64I, was found in one latency III cell line with a reduced migratory response to CCL2. The upregulation of CCR2B may contribute to the enhanced migration of malignant B cells into CCL2-rich compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Kozireva
- August Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, 5 Ratsupites Str, 1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Zhanna Rudevica
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, 1 Ratsupites Str k-1, 1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Mikhail Baryshev
- August Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, 5 Ratsupites Str, 1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Ainars Leonciks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, 1 Ratsupites Str k-1, 1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Elena Kashuba
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, 16 Nobelsväg, Box 280, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology, and Radiobiology, NASU, 45 Vasylkivska str, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Irina Kholodnyuk
- August Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, 5 Ratsupites Str, 1067 Riga, Latvia.
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12
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Deciphering the Role of B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis-Towards Specific Targeting of Pathogenic Function. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102048. [PMID: 28946620 PMCID: PMC5666730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells, plasma cells and antibodies may play a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). This notion is supported by various immunological changes observed in MS patients, such as activation and pro-inflammatory differentiation of peripheral blood B cells, the persistence of clonally expanded plasma cells producing immunoglobulins in the cerebrospinal fluid, as well as the composition of inflammatory central nervous system lesions frequently containing co-localizing antibody depositions and activated complement. In recent years, the perception of a respective pathophysiological B cell involvement was vividly promoted by the empirical success of anti-CD20-mediated B cell depletion in clinical trials; based on these findings, the first monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody—ocrelizumab—is currently in the process of being approved for treatment of MS. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of B cells, plasma cells and antibodies in MS and elucidate how approved and future treatments, first and foremost anti-CD20 antibodies, therapeutically modify these B cell components. We will furthermore describe regulatory functions of B cells in MS and discuss how the evolving knowledge of these therapeutically desirable B cell properties can be harnessed to improve future safety and efficacy of B cell-directed therapy in MS.
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13
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Serological profiling of the EBV immune response in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome using a peptide microarray. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179124. [PMID: 28604802 PMCID: PMC5467847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV) plays an important role as trigger or cofactor for various autoimmune diseases. In a subset of patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) disease starts with infectious mononucleosis as late primary EBV-infection, whereby altered levels of EBV-specific antibodies can be observed in another subset of patients. METHODS We performed a comprehensive mapping of the IgG response against EBV comparing 50 healthy controls with 92 CFS patients using a microarray platform. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and cancer-related fatigue served as controls. 3054 overlapping peptides were synthesised as 15-mers from 14 different EBV proteins. Array data was validated by ELISA for selected peptides. Prevalence of EBV serotypes was determined by qPCR from throat washing samples. RESULTS EBV type 1 infections were found in patients and controls. EBV seroarray profiles between healthy controls and CFS were less divergent than that observed for MS or SLE. We found significantly enhanced IgG responses to several EBNA-6 peptides containing a repeat sequence in CFS patients compared to controls. EBNA-6 peptide IgG responses correlated well with EBNA-6 protein responses. The EBNA-6 repeat region showed sequence homologies to various human proteins. CONCLUSION Patients with CFS had a quite similar EBV IgG antibody response pattern as healthy controls. Enhanced IgG reactivity against an EBNA-6 repeat sequence and against EBNA-6 protein is found in CFS patients. Homologous sequences of various human proteins with this EBNA-6 repeat sequence might be potential targets for antigenic mimicry.
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14
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Pujals A, Favre L, Pioche-Durieu C, Robert A, Meurice G, Le Gentil M, Chelouah S, Martin-Garcia N, Le Cam E, Guettier C, Raphaël M, Vassilev LT, Gaulard P, Codogno P, Lipinski M, Wiels J. Constitutive autophagy contributes to resistance to TP53-mediated apoptosis in Epstein-Barr virus-positive latency III B-cell lymphoproliferations. Autophagy 2016; 11:2275-87. [PMID: 26565591 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1115939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with various lymphoproliferative disorders and lymphomas. We have previously demonstrated that treating wild-type TP53-expressing B cell lines with the TP53 pathway activator nutlin-3 induced apoptosis in EBV-negative and EBV-positive latency I cells whereas EBV-positive latency III cells remained much more apoptosis-resistant. Here, we report a constitutively high level of autophagy in these resistant cells which express high levels of the proautophagic protein BECN1/Beclin 1 based, at least in part, on the activation of the NFKB signaling pathway by the viral protein LMP1. Following treatment with nutlin-3, several autophagy-stimulating genes were upregulated both in EBV-negative and EBV-positive latency III cells. However the process of autophagy was only triggered in the latter and was associated with an upregulation of SESN1/sestrin 1 and inhibition of MTOR more rapid than in EBV-negative cells. A treatment with chloroquine, an inhibitor of autophagy, potentiated the apoptotic effect of nutlin-3, particularly in those EBV-positive cells which were resistant to apoptosis induced by nutlin-3 alone, thereby showing that autophagy participates in this resistant phenotype. Finally, using immunohistochemical staining, clinical samples from various B cell lymphoproliferations with the EBV-positive latency II or III phenotype were found to harbor a constitutively active autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Pujals
- a UMR 8126 CNRS; Univ Paris-Sud; Institut Gustave Roussy ; Villejuif , France
| | - Loëtitia Favre
- a UMR 8126 CNRS; Univ Paris-Sud; Institut Gustave Roussy ; Villejuif , France
| | | | - Aude Robert
- a UMR 8126 CNRS; Univ Paris-Sud; Institut Gustave Roussy ; Villejuif , France
| | - Guillaume Meurice
- b Functional Genomic Platform; Institut Gustave Roussy ; Villejuif , France
| | - Marion Le Gentil
- b Functional Genomic Platform; Institut Gustave Roussy ; Villejuif , France
| | - Sonia Chelouah
- a UMR 8126 CNRS; Univ Paris-Sud; Institut Gustave Roussy ; Villejuif , France
| | - Nadine Martin-Garcia
- c CHU Henri Mondor; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Département de Pathologie; Inserm U955; Université Paris-Est Créteil ; Créteil , France
| | - Eric Le Cam
- a UMR 8126 CNRS; Univ Paris-Sud; Institut Gustave Roussy ; Villejuif , France
| | - Catherine Guettier
- d Service d'Anatomie Pathologique; Hôpital Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre ; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
| | - Martine Raphaël
- a UMR 8126 CNRS; Univ Paris-Sud; Institut Gustave Roussy ; Villejuif , France
| | | | - Philippe Gaulard
- c CHU Henri Mondor; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Département de Pathologie; Inserm U955; Université Paris-Est Créteil ; Créteil , France
| | - Patrice Codogno
- f INSERM U845; Necker Growth and Signaling Research Center; University Paris Descartes ; Paris , France
| | - Marc Lipinski
- a UMR 8126 CNRS; Univ Paris-Sud; Institut Gustave Roussy ; Villejuif , France
| | - Joëlle Wiels
- a UMR 8126 CNRS; Univ Paris-Sud; Institut Gustave Roussy ; Villejuif , France
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15
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Ornelles DA, Gooding LR, Dickherber ML, Policard M, Garnett-Benson C. Limited but durable changes to cellular gene expression in a model of latent adenovirus infection are reflected in childhood leukemic cell lines. Virology 2016; 494:67-77. [PMID: 27085068 PMCID: PMC4946252 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal lymphocytes support latent infections of species C adenoviruses. Because infected lymphocytes resist re-infection with adenovirus, we sought to identify changes in cellular gene expression that could inhibit the infectious process. The expression of over 30,000 genes was evaluated by microarray in persistently infected B-and T-lymphocytic cells. BBS9, BNIP3, BTG3, CXADR, SLFN11 and SPARCL1 were the only genes differentially expressed between mock and infected B cells. Most of these genes are associated with oncogenesis or cancer progression. Histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors released the repression of some of these genes. Cellular and viral gene expression was compared among leukemic cell lines following adenovirus infection. Childhood leukemic B-cell lines resist adenovirus infection and also show reduced expression of CXADR and SPARCL. Thus adenovirus induces limited changes to infected B-cell lines that are similar to changes observed in childhood leukemic cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Ornelles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - L R Gooding
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - M L Dickherber
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - M Policard
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - C Garnett-Benson
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
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16
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Zhang Y, Peng X, Tang Y, Gan X, Wang C, Xie L, Xie X, Gan R, Wu Y. Identification of IgH gene rearrangement and immunophenotype in an animal model of Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphomas. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1804-13. [PMID: 26991077 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human oncogenic herpesvirus associated with lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Because the susceptible hosts of EB virus are limited to human and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), there have been no appropriate animal models until the lymphoma model induced by EBV in human peripheral blood lymphocyte (hu-PBL)/SCID chimeric mice was reported. However, it is still controversial whether the EBV-associated lymphoma induced in hu-PBL/SCID mice is a monoclonal tumor. In this study, we transplanted normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes (hu-PBL) from six donors infected with EBV into SCID mice to construct hu-PBL/SCID chimeric mice. The induced tumors were found in the mediastinum or abdominal cavity of SCID mice. Microscopic observation exhibited tumor cells that were large and had a plasmablastic, centroblastic or immunoblastic-like appearance. Immunophenotyping assays showed the induced tumors were LCA-positive, CD20/CD79a-positive (markers of B cells), and CD3/CD45RO-negative (markers of T cells). A human-specific Alu sequence could be amplified by Alu-PCR. This confirmed that induced tumors were B-cell lymphomas originating from the transplanted human lymphocytes rather than mouse cells. EBER in situ hybridization detected positive signals in the nuclei of the tumor cells. Expression of EBV-encoded LMP1, EBNA-1, and EBNA-2 in the tumors was significantly positive. PCR-based capillary electrophoresis analysis of IgH gene rearrangement revealed a monoclonal peak and single amplification product in all six cases of induced tumors. This indicated that EBV can induce monoclonal proliferation of human B lymphocytes and promotes the development of lymphoma. J. Med. Virol. 88:1804-1813, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xueqin Peng
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yunlian Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoning Gan
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Chengkun Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Lu Xie
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology (SCBIT), Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Runliang Gan
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogen Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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17
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DNA Tumor Viruses and Cell Metabolism. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6468342. [PMID: 27034740 PMCID: PMC4789518 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6468342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Viruses play an important role in cancerogenesis. It is estimated that approximately 20% of all cancers are linked to infectious agents. The viral genes modulate the physiological machinery of infected cells that lead to cell transformation and development of cancer. One of the important adoptive responses by the cancer cells is their metabolic change to cope up with continuous requirement of cell survival and proliferation. In this review we will focus on how DNA viruses alter the glucose metabolism of transformed cells. Tumor DNA viruses enhance “aerobic” glycolysis upon virus-induced cell transformation, supporting rapid cell proliferation and showing the Warburg effect. Moreover, viral proteins enhance glucose uptake and controls tumor microenvironment, promoting metastasizing of the tumor cells.
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18
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Schaefer MH, Serrano L. Cell type-specific properties and environment shape tissue specificity of cancer genes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20707. [PMID: 26856619 PMCID: PMC4746590 DOI: 10.1038/srep20707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest mysteries in cancer research remains why mutations in certain genes cause cancer only at specific sites in the human body. The poor correlation between the expression level of a cancer gene and the tissues in which it causes malignant transformations raises the question of which factors determine the tissue-specific effects of a mutation. Here, we explore why some cancer genes are associated only with few different cancer types (i.e., are specific), while others are found mutated in a large number of different types of cancer (i.e., are general). We do so by contrasting cellular functions of specific-cancer genes with those of general ones to identify properties that determine where in the body a gene mutation is causing malignant transformations. We identified different groups of cancer genes that did not behave as expected (i.e., DNA repair genes being tissue specific, immune response genes showing a bimodal specificity function or strong association of generally expressed genes to particular cancers). Analysis of these three groups demonstrates the importance of environmental impact for understanding why certain cancer genes are only involved in the development of some cancer types but are rarely found mutated in other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Schaefer
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Serrano
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Tang Y, Lu S, Gan X, Liu F, Zhang Y, Luo C, Pan Y, Hong L, Gan R. Expression of LMP and EBNA genes in Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphomas in Hu-PBL/SCID mice. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:905-11. [PMID: 26548532 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from healthy humans with latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection into severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice results in development of EBV-associated human B-cell lymphoma. However, the expression of EBV genes in relation to lymphoma development has not been reported. We investigated latent membrane protein (LMP) and EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA) gene expression in PBLs from EBV-positive blood donors and induced-lymphoma cells from SCID mice to elucidate the functions and effects of the EBV genome in the occurrence and development of lymphoma. PBLs were isolated from 9 healthy blood donors and transplanted into SCID mice. Gene expression levels of LMP-1, LMP-2A, and LMP-2B and EBNA-1, EBNA-2, EBNA-3A, EBNA-3B, EBNA-3C and EBNA-LP were monitored by real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in cells from nine EBV-induced lymphomas and in matched lymphocytes from healthy subjects. LMP-1, EBNA-1 and EBNA-2 protein levels were detected by western blotting. As a result, LMP-1, LMP-2A and LMP-2B mRNA levels were upregulated 256-, 38- and 331-fold, respectively, in the EBV-induced lymphoma cells compared with the controls, while EBNA-1 and EBNA-3A mRNA levels were upregulated 1157- and 1154-fold, respectively. EBNA-2, EBNA-3B, EBNA-3C and EBNA-LP mRNAs were detected in lymphoma cells, but not in lymphocytes from EBV-positive blood donors. LMP-1 and EBNA-2 proteins were not expressed in lymphocytes from EBV-positive blood donors, according to western blotting. Weak EBNA-1 expression was observed in lymphocytes from blood donors with latent EBV infection, while LMP-1, EBNA-1 and EBNA-2 protein levels were significantly upregulated in EBV-induced lymphoma cells, consistent with mRNA expression levels detected by qRT-PCR. In conclusion, LMP-1, LMP-2A, LMP-2B, EBNA-1 and EBNA-3A were upregulated in EBV-induced lymphoma cells, while EBNA-2, EBNA-3B, EBNA-3C and EBNA-LP were absent in lymphocytes from humans with latent EBV infection, but were positively expressed in EBV-induced lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlian Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Suli Lu
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoning Gan
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Pan
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Li Hong
- College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ruliang Gan
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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20
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Cárdenas D, Vélez G, Orfao A, Herrera MV, Solano J, Olaya M, Uribe AM, Saavedra C, Duarte M, Rodríguez M, López M, Fiorentino S, Quijano S. Epstein-Barr virus-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes from diffuse large B cell lymphoma patients are functionally impaired. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 182:173-83. [PMID: 26174440 PMCID: PMC4608507 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a persistent virus with oncogenic capacity that has been implicated in the development of aggressive B cell lymphomas, primarily in immunosuppressed individuals, although it can be present in immunocompetent individuals. Changes in the function and clonal diversity of T lymphocytes might be implied by viral persistence and lymphoma development. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency, phenotype, function and clonotypical distribution of EBV-specific T cells after peripheral blood stimulation with a virus lysate in newly diagnosed patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) aged more than 50 years without prior histories of clinical immunosuppression compared with healthy controls. Our results showed impaired EBV-specific immune responses among DLBCL patients that were associated primarily with decreased numbers of central and effector memory CD8(+) T lymphocytes. In contrast to healthy controls, only a minority of the patients showed CD4(+)/tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α(+) T cells expressing T cell receptor (TCR)-Vβ17 and CD8(+)/TNF-α(+) T cells with TCR-Vβ5·2, Vβ9 and Vβ18 in response to EBV. Notably, the production of TNF-α was undetectable among TCR-Vβ5·3(+), Vβ11(+), Vβ12(+), Vβ16(+) and Vβ23(+) CD8(+) T cells. In addition, we observed decreased numbers of CD4(+)/TNF-α(+) and CD8(+)/TNF-α(+), CD8(+)/interleukin (IL)-2(+) and CD8(+)/TNF-α(+)/IL-2(+) T lymphocytes in the absence of T cells capable of producing TNF-α, IL-2 and IFN-γ after EBV stimulation simultaneously. Moreover, DLBCL patients displayed higher IL-10 levels both under baseline conditions and after EBV stimulation. These findings were also observed in patients with positive EBV viral loads. Prospective studies including a large number of patients are needed to confirm these findings.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/blood
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/blood
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Viral Load/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cárdenas
- Grupo De Inmunobiología Y Biología Celular Departamento De Microbiología Facultad De Ciencias Pontificia Universidad JaverianaBogotá, Colombia
| | - G Vélez
- Grupo De Inmunobiología Y Biología Celular Departamento De Microbiología Facultad De Ciencias Pontificia Universidad JaverianaBogotá, Colombia
| | - A Orfao
- Servicio General De Citometría Y Departamento De Medicina, Centro De Investigación Del Cáncer (Instituto De Biología Molecular Y Celular Del Cáncer and IBSAL; CSIC-USAL), Universidad De SalamancaSalamanca, España
| | - M V Herrera
- Servicio De Hematología Hospital Universitario San Ignacio-Centro De Oncología Javeriano
| | - J Solano
- Servicio De Hematología Hospital Universitario San Ignacio-Centro De Oncología Javeriano
| | - M Olaya
- Departamento de Patología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio
| | - A M Uribe
- Departamento de Patología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio
| | - C Saavedra
- Grupo De Patología Fundación Santa Fe De Bogotá
| | - M Duarte
- Servicio De Hematología Fundación Santa Fe De BogotáBogotá, Colombia
| | - M Rodríguez
- Servicio De Hematología Fundación Santa Fe De BogotáBogotá, Colombia
| | - M López
- Fundación Cardiovascular De ColombiaFloridablanca, Colombia
| | - S Fiorentino
- Grupo De Inmunobiología Y Biología Celular Departamento De Microbiología Facultad De Ciencias Pontificia Universidad JaverianaBogotá, Colombia
| | - S Quijano
- Grupo De Inmunobiología Y Biología Celular Departamento De Microbiología Facultad De Ciencias Pontificia Universidad JaverianaBogotá, Colombia
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Mushtaq M, Darekar S, Klein G, Kashuba E. Different Mechanisms of Regulation of the Warburg Effect in Lymphoblastoid and Burkitt Lymphoma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136142. [PMID: 26312753 PMCID: PMC4551852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Warburg effect is one of the hallmarks of cancer and rapidly proliferating cells. It is known that the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A) and MYC proteins cooperatively regulate expression of the HK2 and PDK1 genes, respectively, in the Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cell line P493-6, carrying an inducible MYC gene repression system. However, the mechanism of aerobic glycolysis in BL cells has not yet been fully understood. Methods and Findings Western blot analysis showed that the HIF1A protein was highly expressed in Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-positive BL cell lines. Using biochemical assays and quantitative PCR (Q-PCR), we found that—unlike in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs)—the MYC protein was the master regulator of the Warburg effect in these BL cell lines. Inhibition of the transactivation ability of MYC had no influence on aerobic glycolysis in LCLs, but it led to decreased expression of MYC-dependent genes and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) activity in BL cells. Conclusions Our data suggest that aerobic glycolysis, or the Warburg effect, in BL cells is regulated by MYC expressed at high levels, whereas in LCLs, HIF1A is responsible for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mushtaq
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suhas Darekar
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Kashuba
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; R. E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Interaction of human tumor viruses with host cell surface receptors and cell entry. Viruses 2015; 7:2592-617. [PMID: 26008702 PMCID: PMC4452921 DOI: 10.3390/v7052592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, seven viruses, namely Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), have been described to be consistently associated with different types of human cancer. These oncogenic viruses belong to distinct viral families, display diverse cell tropism and cause different malignancies. A key to their pathogenicity is attachment to the host cell and entry in order to replicate and complete their life cycle. Interaction with the host cell during viral entry is characterized by a sequence of events, involving viral envelope and/or capsid molecules as well as cellular entry factors that are critical in target cell recognition, thereby determining cell tropism. Most oncogenic viruses initially attach to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, followed by conformational change and transfer of the viral particle to secondary high-affinity cell- and virus-specific receptors. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the host cell surface factors and molecular mechanisms underlying oncogenic virus binding and uptake by their cognate host cell(s) with the aim to provide a concise overview of potential target molecules for prevention and/or treatment of oncogenic virus infection.
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Mechelli R, Manzari C, Policano C, Annese A, Picardi E, Umeton R, Fornasiero A, D'Erchia AM, Buscarinu MC, Agliardi C, Annibali V, Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Romano S, Angelini DF, Ricigliano VAG, Buttari F, Battistini L, Centonze D, Guerini FR, D'Alfonso S, Pesole G, Salvetti M, Ristori G. Epstein-Barr virus genetic variants are associated with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2015; 84:1362-8. [PMID: 25740864 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We analyzed the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) gene, which contains the most variable region of the viral genome, in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and control subjects to verify whether virus genetic variants are involved in disease development. METHODS A seminested PCR approach and Sanger sequencing were used to analyze EBNA2 in 53 patients and 38 matched healthy donors (HDs). High-throughput sequencing by Illumina MiSeq was also applied in a subgroup of donors (17 patients and 17 HDs). Patients underwent gadolinium-enhanced MRI and human leucocyte antigen typing. RESULTS MS risk significantly correlated with an excess of 1.2 allele (odds ratio [OR] = 5.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.84-14.32; p = 0.016) and underrepresentation of 1.3B allele (OR = 0.23; 95% CI 0.08-0.51; p = 0.0006). We identified new genetic variants, mostly 1.2 allele- and MS-associated (especially amino acid variation at position 245; OR = 9.4; 95% CI 1.19-78.72; p = 0.0123). In all cases, the consensus sequence from deep sequencing confirmed Sanger sequencing (including the cosegregation of newly identified variants with known EBNA2 alleles) and showed that the extent of genotype intraindividual variability was higher than expected: rare EBNA2 variants were detected in all HDs and patients with MS (range 1-17 and 3-19, respectively). EBNA2 variants did not seem to correlate with human leucocyte antigen typing or clinical/MRI features. CONCLUSIONS Our study unveils a strong association between Epstein-Barr virus genomic variants and MS, reinforcing the idea that Epstein-Barr virus contributes to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Mechelli
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Manzari
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Policano
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Anita Annese
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Ernesto Picardi
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Umeton
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Fornasiero
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Erchia
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Buscarinu
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Agliardi
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Annibali
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Serafini
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Rosicarelli
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Romano
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela F Angelini
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Vito A G Ricigliano
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Buttari
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Battistini
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Franca R Guerini
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra D'Alfonso
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- From the Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (R.M., C.P., R.U., V.A.G.R., A.F., V.A., M.C.B., S.R., M.S., G.R.), S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G., C.A.), S. Maria Nascente, Milan; Department of Health Sciences (S.D.), Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara; Clinica Neurologica (F.B., D.C.), Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, University of Tor Vergata, Rome; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (B.S., B.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics (C.M., A.A., A.M.D., E.P., G.P.) University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (G.P.), CNR, Bari; and Neuroimmunology Unit (D.F.A., L.B.), Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
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Khan G, Ahmed W, Philip PS, Ali MH, Adem A. Healthy rabbits are susceptible to Epstein-Barr virus infection and infected cells proliferate in immunosuppressed animals. Virol J 2015; 12:28. [PMID: 25851649 PMCID: PMC4340116 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus implicated in the pathogenesis of several human malignancies. However, due to the lack of a suitable animal model, a number of fundamental questions pertaining to the biology of EBV remain poorly understood. Here, we explore the potential of rabbits as a model for EBV infection and investigate the impact of immunosuppression on viral proliferation and gene expression. Methods Six healthy New Zealand white rabbits were inoculated intravenously with EBV and blood samples collected prior to infection and for 7 weeks post-infection. Three weeks after the last blood collection, animals were immunosuppressed with daily intramuscular injections of cyclosporin A at doses of 20 mg/kg for 15 days and blood collected twice a week from each rabbit. The animals were subsequently sacrificed and tissues from all major organs were collected for subsequent analysis. Results Following intravenous inoculation, all 6 rabbits seroconverted with raised IgG and IgM titres to EBV, but viral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) could only be detected intermittently. Following immunosuppression however, EBV DNA could be readily detected in PBMCs from all 4 rabbits that survived the treatment. Quantitative PCR indicated an increase in EBV viral load in PBMCs as the duration of immunosuppression increased. At autopsy, splenomegaly was seen in 3/4 rabbits, but spleens from all 4 rabbit were EBV PCR positive. EBER-in situ hybridization and immunoshistochemistry revealed the presence of a large number of EBER-positive and LMP-1 positive lymphoblasts in the spleens of 3/4 rabbits. To a lesser extent, EBER-positive cells were also seen in the portal tract regions of the liver of these rabbits. Western blotting indicated that EBNA-1 and EBNA-2 were also expressed in the liver and spleen of infected animals. Conclusion EBV can infect healthy rabbits and the infected cells proliferate when the animals are immunocompromised. The infected cells expressed several EBV-latent gene products which are probably driving the proliferation, reminiscent of what is seen in immunocompromised individuals. Further work is required to explore the potential of rabbits as an animal model for studying EBV biology and tumorigenesis.
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25
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Cornillet M, Verrouil E, Cantagrel A, Serre G, Nogueira L. In ACPA-positive RA patients, antibodies to EBNA35-58Cit, a citrullinated peptide from the Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen-1, strongly cross-react with the peptide β60-74Cit which bears the immunodominant epitope of citrullinated fibrin. Immunol Res 2014; 61:117-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
The first human tumor virus was discovered in the middle of the last century by Anthony Epstein, Bert Achong and Yvonne Barr in African pediatric patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. To date, seven viruses -EBV, KSHV, high-risk HPV, MCPV, HBV, HCV and HTLV1- have been consistently linked to different types of human cancer, and infections are estimated to account for up to 20% of all cancer cases worldwide. Viral oncogenic mechanisms generally include: generation of genomic instability, increase in the rate of cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, alterations in DNA repair mechanisms and cell polarity changes, which often coexist with evasion mechanisms of the antiviral immune response. Viral agents also indirectly contribute to the development of cancer mainly through immunosuppression or chronic inflammation, but also through chronic antigenic stimulation. There is also evidence that viruses can modulate the malignant properties of an established tumor. In the present work, causation criteria for viruses and cancer will be described, as well as the viral agents that comply with these criteria in human tumors, their epidemiological and biological characteristics, the molecular mechanisms by which they induce cellular transformation and their associated cancers.
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Cárdenas Sierra D, Vélez Colmenares G, Orfao de Matos A, Fiorentino Gómez S, Quijano Gómez SM. Age-associated Epstein-Barr virus-specific T cell responses in seropositive healthy adults. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:320-32. [PMID: 24666437 PMCID: PMC4089182 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in 95% of the world's adult population. The immune response participates in immune vigilance and persistent infection control, and this condition is maintained by both a good quality (functionality) and quantity of specific T cells throughout life. In the present study, we evaluated EBV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte responses in seropositive healthy individuals younger and older than 50 years of age. The assessment comprised the frequency, phenotype, functionality and clonotypic distribution of T lymphocytes. We found that in both age groups a similar EBV-specific T cell response was found, with overlapping numbers of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α(+) T lymphocytes (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) within the memory and effector cell compartments, in addition to monofunctional and multi-functional T cells producing interleukin (IL)-2 and/or interferon (IFN)-γ. However, individuals aged more than 50 years showed significantly higher frequencies of IL-2-producing CD4(+) T lymphocytes in association with greater production of soluble IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 than subjects younger than 50 years. A polyclonal T cell receptor (TCR)-variable beta region (Vβ) repertoire exists in both age groups under basal conditions and in response to EBV; the major TCR families found in TNF-α(+) /CD4(+) T lymphocytes were Vβ1, Vβ2, Vβ17 and Vβ22 in both age groups, and the major TCR family in TNF-α(+) /CD8(+) T cells was Vβ13·1 for individuals younger than 50 years and Vβ9 for individuals aged more than 50 years. Our findings suggest that the EBV-specific T cell response (using a polyclonal stimulation model) is distributed throughout several T cell differentiation compartments in an age-independent manner and includes both monofunctional and multi-functional T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cárdenas Sierra
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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28
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Bordi I, Ricigliano VAG, Umeton R, Ristori G, Grassi F, Crisanti A, Sutera A, Salvetti M. Noise in multiple sclerosis: unwanted and necessary. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:502-11. [PMID: 25356421 PMCID: PMC4184780 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As our knowledge about the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) increases, deterministic paradigms appear insufficient to describe the pathogenesis of the disease, and the impression is that stochastic phenomena (i.e. random events not necessarily resulting in disease in all individuals) may contribute to the development of MS. However, sources and mechanisms of stochastic behavior have not been investigated and there is no proposed framework to incorporate nondeterministic processes into disease biology. In this report, we will first describe analogies between physics of nonlinear systems and cell biology, showing how small-scale random perturbations can impact on large-scale phenomena, including cell function. We will then review growing and solid evidence showing that stochastic gene expression (or gene expression “noise”) can be a driver of phenotypic variation. Moreover, we will describe new methods that open unprecedented opportunities for the study of such phenomena in patients and the impact of this information on our understanding of MS course and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Bordi
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Vito A G Ricigliano
- Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy ; Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione Santa Lucia, (I.R.C.C.S.) Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Umeton
- Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Grassi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Crisanti
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Sutera
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
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Gutzeit C, Nagy N, Gentile M, Lyberg K, Gumz J, Vallhov H, Puga I, Klein E, Gabrielsson S, Cerutti A, Scheynius A. Exosomes derived from Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines induce proliferation, differentiation, and class-switch recombination in B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5852-62. [PMID: 24829410 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, nano-sized membrane vesicles, are released by various cells and are found in many human body fluids. They are active players in intercellular communication and have immune-suppressive, immune-regulatory, and immune-stimulatory functions. EBV is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is associated with various lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. EBV infection of B cells in vitro induces the release of exosomes that harbor the viral latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). LMP1 per se mimics CD40 signaling and induces proliferation of B lymphocytes and T cell-independent class-switch recombination. Constitutive LMP1 signaling within B cells is blunted through the shedding of LMP1 via exosomes. In this study, we investigated the functional effect of exosomes derived from the DG75 Burkitt's lymphoma cell line and its sublines (LMP1 transfected and EBV infected), with the hypothesis that they might mimic exosomes released during EBV-associated diseases. We show that exosomes released during primary EBV infection of B cells harbored LMP1, and similar levels were detected in exosomes from LMP1-transfected DG75 cells. DG75 exosomes efficiently bound to human B cells within PBMCs and were internalized by isolated B cells. In turn, this led to proliferation, induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase, and the production of circle and germline transcripts for IgG1 in B cells. Finally, exosomes harboring LMP1 enhanced proliferation and drove B cell differentiation toward a plasmablast-like phenotype. In conclusion, our results suggest that exosomes released from EBV-infected B cells have a stimulatory capacity and interfere with the fate of human B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Gutzeit
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Noemi Nagy
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maurizio Gentile
- Institut Hospital del la Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Katarina Lyberg
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Janine Gumz
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen Vallhov
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irene Puga
- Institut Hospital del la Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Eva Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Cerutti
- Institut Hospital del la Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Annika Scheynius
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Subversion of the Anti-Inflammatory Response in Human Skin Cells Reveals Correlates of Latency and Disease Pathogenesis. J Skin Cancer 2014; 2014:246076. [PMID: 24701351 PMCID: PMC3951102 DOI: 10.1155/2014/246076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
KSHV is the etiologic agent for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a neoplasm that manifests most aggressively as multifocal lesions on parts of human skin with a propensity for inflammatory reactivity. However, mechanisms that control evolution of KS from a benign hyperplasia to the histologically complex cutaneous lesion remain unknown. In this study, we found that KSHV induces proteomic and morphological changes in melanocytes and melanoma-derived cell lines, accompanied by deregulation of the endogenous anti-inflammatory responses anchored by the MC1-R/α-MSH signaling axis. We also identified two skin-derived cell lines that displayed differences in ability to support long-term KSHV infection and mapped this dichotomy to differences in (a) NF-κB activation status, (b) processing and expression of KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen isoforms putatively associated with the viral lytic cycle, and (c) susceptibility to virus-induced changes in expression of key anti-inflammatory response genes that antagonize NF-κB, including MC1-R, POMC, TRP-1, and xCT. Viral subversion of molecules that control the balance between latency and lytic replication represents a novel correlate of KSHV pathogenesis and tropism in skin and underscores the potential benefit of harnessing the endogenous anti-inflammatory processes as a therapeutic option for attenuating cutaneous KS and other proinflammatory outcomes of KSHV infection in high-risk individuals.
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Loebel M, Strohschein K, Giannini C, Koelsch U, Bauer S, Doebis C, Thomas S, Unterwalder N, von Baehr V, Reinke P, Knops M, Hanitsch LG, Meisel C, Volk HD, Scheibenbogen C. Deficient EBV-specific B- and T-cell response in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85387. [PMID: 24454857 PMCID: PMC3893202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has long been discussed as a possible cause or trigger of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). In a subset of patients the disease starts with infectious mononucleosis and both enhanced and diminished EBV-specific antibody titers have been reported. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the EBV-specific memory B- and T-cell response in patients with CFS. While we observed no difference in viral capsid antigen (VCA)-IgG antibodies, EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA)-IgG titers were low or absent in 10% of CFS patients. Remarkably, when analyzing the EBV-specific memory B-cell reservoir in vitro a diminished or absent number of EBNA-1- and VCA-antibody secreting cells was found in up to 76% of patients. Moreover, the ex vivo EBV-induced secretion of TNF-α and IFN-γ was significantly lower in patients. Multicolor flow cytometry revealed that the frequencies of EBNA-1-specific triple TNF-α/IFN-γ/IL-2 producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets were significantly diminished whereas no difference could be detected for HCMV-specific T-cell responses. When comparing EBV load in blood immune cells, we found more frequently EBER-DNA but not BZLF-1 RNA in CFS patients compared to healthy controls suggesting more frequent latent replication. Taken together, our findings give evidence for a deficient EBV-specific B- and T-cell memory response in CFS patients and suggest an impaired ability to control early steps of EBV reactivation. In addition the diminished EBV response might be suitable to develop diagnostic marker in CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Loebel
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Strohschein
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Giannini
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Koelsch
- Labor Berlin GmbH, Immunology Department, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Bauer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sybill Thomas
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Unterwalder
- Labor Berlin GmbH, Immunology Department, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
- Department Nephrology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Knops
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif G. Hanitsch
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Meisel
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
- Labor Berlin GmbH, Immunology Department, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Scheibenbogen
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
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Interplay among viral antigens, cellular pathways and tumor microenvironment in the pathogenesis of EBV-driven lymphomas. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:441-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang Q, Wei F, Wang HY, Liu X, Roy D, Xiong QB, Jiang S, Medvec A, Danet-Desnoyers G, Watt C, Tomczak E, Kalos M, Riley JL, Wasik MA. The potent oncogene NPM-ALK mediates malignant transformation of normal human CD4(+) T lymphocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1971-80. [PMID: 24404580 PMCID: PMC5745542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
With this study we have demonstrated that in vitro transduction of normal human CD4(+) T lymphocytes with NPM-ALK results in their malignant transformation. The transformed cells become immortalized and display morphology and immunophenotype characteristic of patient-derived anaplastic large-cell lymphomas. These unique features, which are strictly dependent on NPM-ALK activity and expression, include perpetual cell growth, proliferation, and survival; activation of the key signal transduction pathways STAT3 and mTORC1; and expression of CD30 (the hallmark of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma) and of immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 and cell-surface protein PD-L1/CD274. Implantation of NPM-ALK-transformed CD4(+) T lymphocytes into immunodeficient mice resulted in formation of tumors indistinguishable from patients' anaplastic large-cell lymphomas. Our findings demonstrate that the key aspects of human carcinogenesis closely recapitulating the features of the native tumors can be faithfully reproduced in vitro when an appropriate oncogene is used to transform its natural target cells; this in turn points to the fundamental role in malignant cell transformation of potent oncogenes expressed in the relevant target cells. Such transformed cells should permit study of the early stages of carcinogenesis, and in particular the initial oncogene-host cell interactions. This experimental design could also be useful for studies of the effects of early therapeutic intervention and likely also the mechanisms of malignant progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hong Yi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Darshan Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qun-Bin Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shuguang Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew Medvec
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Christopher Watt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ewa Tomczak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Kalos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James L. Riley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mariusz A. Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
The human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establish long-term latent infections associated with diverse human cancers. Viral oncogenesis depends on the ability of the latent viral genome to persist in host nuclei as episomes that express a restricted yet dynamic pattern of viral genes. Multiple epigenetic events control viral episome generation and maintenance. This Review highlights some of the recent findings on the role of chromatin assembly, histone and DNA modifications, and higher-order chromosome structures that enable gammaherpesviruses to establish stable latent infections that mediate viral pathogenesis.
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Sohlberg E, Saghafian-Hedengren S, Rasul E, Marchini G, Nilsson C, Klein E, Nagy N, Sverremark-Ekström E. Cytomegalovirus-seropositive children show inhibition of in vitro EBV infection that is associated with CD8+CD57+ T cell enrichment and IFN-γ. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5669-76. [PMID: 24140645 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
EBV, a human herpesvirus, is commonly acquired during childhood and persists latently in B cells. EBV seropositivity has been connected to immunomodulatory effects such as altered T and NK cell functional responses as well as protection against early IgE sensitization; however, owing to the asymptomatic presentation during childhood little is known regarding the infection process in children of different ages. In this study, we used mononuclear cells from cord blood and from 2- and 5-y-old EBV-naive children for in vitro EBV infection. We show that the degree of EBV-induced B cell activation and expansion differs between age groups and in particular in relationship to IFN-γ production capacity. EBV infection induced redistribution between B cell subsets with enrichment of IgD(+)CD27(+) cells (commonly referred to as non-switched memory) in infected cord blood cell cultures, and of IgD(-)CD27(+) cells (switched memory) in cell cultures from older children. We also related results to serostatus to CMV, a persistent herpesvirus that can affect differentiation status of T and NK cells. As compared with CMV(-) children, the EBV-induced enrichment of IgD(-)CD27(+) B cells was significantly reduced in infected cell cultures from CMV(+) children. This effect was associated with high levels of IFN-γ and frequencies of highly mature CD8(+)CD57(+) T cells in CMV(+) children. Our results demonstrate that both a child's age and serostatus to CMV will have an impact on EBV-induced B cell activation and expansion, and they point to the ability of viruses with immunomodulatory functions, such as CMV, to affect immune responses within the host system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Sohlberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ahmed W, Khan G. The labyrinth of interactions of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNAs. Rev Med Virol 2013; 24:3-14. [PMID: 24105992 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of human malignancies. However, the mechanism by which EBV leads to malignant transformation is not clear. A number of viral latent gene products, including non-protein coding small RNAs, are believed to be involved. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNA 1 (EBER1) and EBER2 are two such RNA molecules that are abundantly expressed (up to 10(7) copies) in all EBV-infected cells, but their function remains poorly understood. These polymerase III transcripts have extensive secondary structure and exist as ribonucleoproteins. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that EBERs play an important role, directly or indirectly, in EBV-induced oncogenesis. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the complex interactions of EBERs with various cellular factors and the potential pathways by which these small RNAs are able to influence EBV-infected cells to proliferate and to induce tumorigenesis. The exosome pathway is probably involved in the cellular excretion of EBERs and facilitating some of their biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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37
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Saha A, Robertson ES. Impact of EBV essential nuclear protein EBNA-3C on B-cell proliferation and apoptosis. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:323-52. [PMID: 23464371 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 40 years, EBV infection has been implicated in the etiology of a variety of lymphoid malignancies with the exceptional ability to drive resting B cells to continuously proliferate by successfully overriding cellular apoptotic stimuli. EBV utilizes the normal physiology of B-cell differentiation to persist within the memory B-cell pool of the immunocompetent host and subsequently establishes a life-long latent infection. During latency, out of a subset of viral genes expressed, EBNA-3C is one of the essential antigens required for in vitro primary B-cell transformation. EBNA-3C acts as a transcriptional coregulator by interacting with various cellular and viral factors. For the last 10 years, we have been actively engaged in discerning the biological significance of these interactions and revealed that EBNA-3C primarily targets two important cellular pathways - cell cycle and apoptosis. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge on EBNA-3C-mediated functions and describe how EBNA-3C seizes these cellular pathways that eventually promote B-cell lymphomagenesis. A scrupulous understanding of the critical relationship between EBNA-3C and these cellular machineries will not only aid in elucidating EBV pathogenesis, but also largely facilitate the development of novel diagnostic, as well as therapeutic, strategies against a vast range of EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Saha
- Presidency University, Department of Biotechnology, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata-700073, West Bengal, India
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38
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Capone G, Calabrò M, Lucchese G, Fasano C, Girardi B, Polimeno L, Kanduc D. Peptide matching between Epstein-Barr virus and human proteins. Pathog Dis 2013; 69:205-12. [DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Capone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics; University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - Michele Calabrò
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics; University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lucchese
- Brain and Language Laboratory; Cluster of Excellence “Languages of Emotions”; Free University of Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Candida Fasano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics; University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - Bruna Girardi
- Section of Gastroenterology; Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO); University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - Lorenzo Polimeno
- Section of Gastroenterology; Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO); University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics; University of Bari; Bari Italy
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Lopes LF, Ruiz Miyazawa KW, de Almeida ERD, Serafim KGG, de Almeida Gualtieri K, Costa IC, Felipe I, Pavanelli WR, Watanabe MAE. Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) MicroRNAs: Involvement in Cancer Pathogenesis and Immunopathology. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:271-81. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.748053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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40
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Harari A, Wood CE, Van Doorslaer K, Chen Z, Domaingue MC, Elmore D, Koenig P, Wagner JD, Jennings RN, Burk RD. Condylomatous genital lesions in cynomolgus macaques from Mauritius. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 41:893-901. [PMID: 23262641 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312467521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genital condyloma-like lesions were observed on male and female cynomolgus macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) originating from the island of Mauritius. Cytobrush and/or biopsy samples were obtained from lesions of 57 affected macaques. Primary histologic features included eosinophilic, neutrophilic, and lymphoplasmacytic penile and vulvar inflammation, epidermal hyperplasia with acanthosis, and increased collagenous stroma. Polymerase chain reaction-based assays to amplify viral DNA revealed the presence of macaque lymphocryptovirus (LCV) DNA but not papillomavirus or poxvirus DNA. Subsequent DNA analyses of 3 genomic regions of LCV identified isolates associated with lesions in 19/25 (76%) biopsies and 19/57 (33%) cytology samples. Variable immunolabeling for proteins related to the human LCV Epstein Barr Virus was observed within intralesional plasma cells, stromal cells, and epithelial cells. Further work is needed to characterize the epidemiologic features of these lesions and their association with LCV infection in Mauritian-origin macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Harari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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41
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Chen J. Roles of the PI3K/Akt pathway in Epstein-Barr virus-induced cancers and therapeutic implications. World J Virol 2012; 1:154-61. [PMID: 24175221 PMCID: PMC3782276 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i6.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses have been shown to be responsible for 10%-15% of cancer cases. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first virus to be associated with human malignancies. EBV can cause many cancers, including Burkett's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric cancer. Evidence shows that phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) plays a key role in EBV-induced malignancies. The main EBV oncoproteins latent membrane proteins (LMP) 1 and LMP2A can activate the PI3K/Akt pathway, which, in turn, affects cell survival, apoptosis, proliferation and genomic instability via its downstream target proteins to cause cancer. It has also been demonstrated that the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway can result in drug resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, the inhibition of this pathway can increase the therapeutic efficacy of EBV-associated cancers. For example, PI3K inhibitor Ly294002 has been shown to increase the effect of 5-fluorouracil in an EBV-associated gastric cancer cell line. At present, dual inhibitors of PI3K and its downstream target mammalian target of rapamycin have been used in clinical trials and may be included in treatment regimens for EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- Jiezhong Chen, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, NSW 2522, Australia
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42
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Darekar S, Georgiou K, Yurchenko M, Yenamandra SP, Chachami G, Simos G, Klein G, Kashuba E. Epstein-Barr virus immortalization of human B-cells leads to stabilization of hypoxia-induced factor 1 alpha, congruent with the Warburg effect. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42072. [PMID: 22848707 PMCID: PMC3407085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encodes six nuclear transformation-associated proteins that induce extensive changes in cellular gene expression and signaling and induce B-cell transformation. The role of HIF1A in EBV-induced B-cell immortalization has not been previously studied. METHODS AND FINDINGS Using Western blotting and Q-PCR, we found that HIF1A protein is stabilized in EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells. Western blotting, GST pulldown assays, and immunoprecipitation showed that EBV-encoded nuclear antigens EBNA-5 and EBNA-3 bind to prolylhydroxylases 1 and 2, respectively, thus inhibiting HIF1A hydroxylation and degradation. Immunostaining and Q-PCR showed that the stabilized HIF1A translocates to the nucleus, forms a heterodimer with ARNT, and transactivates several genes involved in aerobic glycolysis. Using biochemical assays and Q-PCR, we also found that lymphoblastoid cells produce high levels of lactate, lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that activation of the aerobic glycolytic pathway, corresponding to the Warburg effect, occurs in EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells, in contrast to mitogen-activated B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Darekar
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos Georgiou
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariya Yurchenko
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Surya Pavan Yenamandra
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgia Chachami
- School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Technology (BIOMED), Larissa, Greece
| | - George Simos
- School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Technology (BIOMED), Larissa, Greece
| | - George Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Kashuba
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
- * E-mail:
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43
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Dai Y, Tang Y, He F, Zhang Y, Cheng A, Gan R, Wu Y. Screening and functional analysis of differentially expressed genes in EBV-transformed lymphoblasts. Virol J 2012; 9:77. [PMID: 22458412 PMCID: PMC3433351 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstain-Barr virus (EBV) can transform human B lymphocytes making them immortalized and inducing tumorigenic ability in vitro, but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of the present study is to detect and analyze differentially expressed genes in two types of host cells, normal human lymphocytes and coupled EBV-transformed lymphoblasts in vitro using gene chips, and to screen the key regulatory genes of lymphocyte transformation induced by EB virus. METHODS Fresh peripheral blood samples from seven healthy donors were collected. EBV was used to transform lymphocytes in vitro. Total RNA was extracted from 7 cases of the normal lymphocytes and transformed lymphoblasts respectively, marked with dihydroxyfluorane after reverse transcription, then hybridized with 4 × 44 K Agilent human whole genome microarray. LIMMA, String, Cytoscape and other softwares were used to screen and analyze differentially expressed genes. Real-time PCR was applied to verify the result of gene expression microarrays. RESULTS There were 1745 differentially expressed genes that had been screened, including 917 up-regulated genes and 828 down-regulated genes. According to the results of Generank, String and Cytoscape analyses, 38 genes may be key controlled genes related to EBV-transformed lymphocytes, including 22 up-regulated genes(PLK1, E2F1, AURKB, CDK2, PLCG2, CD80, PIK3R3, CDC20, CDC6, AURKA, CENPA, BUB1B, NUP37, MAD2L1, BIRC5, CDC25A, CCNB1, RPA3, HJURP, KIF2C, CDK1, CDCA8) and 16 down-regulated genes(FYN, CD3D, CD4, CD3G, ZAP70, FOS, HCK, CD247, PRKCQ, ITK, LCP2, CXCL1, CD8A, ITGB5, VAV3, CXCR4), which primarily control biological processes such as cell cycle, mitosis, cytokine-cytokine pathway, immunity response and so on. CONCLUSIONS Human lymphocyte transformation induced by EB virus is a complicated process, involving multiple-genes and -pathways in virus-host interactions. Global gene expression profile analysis showed that EBV may transform human B lymphocytes by promoting cell cycle and mitosis, inhibiting cell apoptosis, hindering host immune function and secretion of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Dai
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hunan, 421001, People's Republic of China
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Becker J, Covelo-Fernandez A, von Bonin F, Kube D, Wilting J. Specific tumor-stroma interactions of EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma cells in the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Vasc Cell 2012; 4:3. [PMID: 22404859 PMCID: PMC3325879 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is able to transform B cells and is a causative infectious agent in BL. The precise role of EBV in lymphoma progression is still unclear. Most investigations have concentrated on cell autonomous functions of EBV in B cells. Functions of the local environment in BL progression have rarely been studied, mainly due to the lack of appropriate in vivo models. Therefore, we inoculated different human BL cell-lines onto the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonic day 10 (ED10) chick embryos and re-incubated until ED14 and ED17. RESULTS All cell-lines formed solid tumors. However, we observed strong differences in the behavior of EBV+ and EBV- cell-lines. Tumor borders of EBV+ cells were very fuzzy and numerous cells migrated into the CAM. In EBV- tumors, the borders were much better defined. In contrast to EBV- cells, the EBV+ cells induced massive immigration of chick leukocytes at the tumor borders and the development of granulation tissue with large numbers of blood vessels and lymphatics, although the expression of pro- and anti-angiogenic forms of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors/receptors was the same in all BL cell-lines tested. The EBV+ cell-lines massively disseminated via the lymphatics and completely occluded them. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the EBV+ cells attract pro-angiogenic leukocytes, which then induce secondary tumor-stroma interactions contributing to the progression of BL. We show that the CAM is a highly suitable in vivo model to study the differential behavior of BL cell-lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Becker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ana Covelo-Fernandez
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Frederike von Bonin
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Kube
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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Ramakrishnan V, Timm M, Haug JL, Kimlinger TK, Halling T, Wellik LE, Witzig TE, Rajkumar SV, Adjei AA, Kumar S. Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, is effective in vitro against non-Hodgkin lymphoma and synergizes with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Am J Hematol 2012; 87:277-83. [PMID: 22190165 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.22263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) represents a heterogenous group of neoplasias originating from lymphoid cells. Increased angiogenesis and expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFR) have been found to be associated with NHL disease progression. Increase in VEGF and other cytokines stimulate signaling cascades, including the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway, resulting in increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis. Here, we report the in vitro antilymphoma activity of sorafenib, an inhibitor of VEGFR and Raf kinase. Sorafenib induced potent cytotoxicity in NHL cell lines and patient samples. This induction of cytotoxicity was associated with a corresponding increase in apoptotic cell death. Mechanism of action of sorafenib was investigated in follicular (DoHH2) and Burkitt lymphoma (Raji) cell lines. pStat3, pAkt, Mcl1, and Xiap were downregulated in both cell lines, whereas pErk decreased in Raji but not in DoHH2 cells following sorafenib treatment. IL6 was unable to prevent sorafenib induced repression of pStat3, pAkt, Mcl1, and Bcl-Xl. Sorafenib in combination with an mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin demonstrated synergy in inducing cytotoxicity in NHL cells. Sorafenib/rapamycin combination resulted in downregulation of pAkt, pmTOR, p-p70S6K, p4EBP1, pGSK3β, Mcl1, and Bcl-Xl. On the basis of our results, a clinical trial is underway using sorafenib with everolimus in NHL patients.
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The company malaria keeps: how co-infection with Epstein-Barr virus leads to endemic Burkitt lymphoma. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2011; 24:435-41. [PMID: 21885920 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0b013e328349ac4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Co-infection with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are implicated in the cause of endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL), the most prevalent pediatric cancer in equatorial Africa. Although the causal association between EBV and eBL has been established, P. falciparum malaria's role is not as clearly defined. This review focuses on how malaria may disrupt EBV persistence and immunity. RECENT FINDINGS Two mutually compatible theories have been proposed. One suggests that P. falciparum malaria induces polyclonal B-cell expansion and lytic EBV reactivation, leading to the expansion of latently infected B cells and the likelihood of a c-myc translocation, a hallmark of Burkitt lymphoma tumors. The other advocates that EBV-specific T-cell immunity is impaired during P. falciparum malaria co-infection, either as a cause or consequence of enhanced EBV replication, leading to loss of viral control. Advancements in our ability to query the complexity of human responses to infectious diseases have stimulated interest in eBL pathogenesis. SUMMARY EBV is necessary but not sufficient to cause eBL. A more dynamic model encompasses incremental contributions from both chronic and acute P. falciparum malaria leading to alterations in EBV persistence and EBV-specific immunity that culminate in eBL. A better understanding of how P. falciparum malaria modifies EBV infections in children may allow us to anticipate reductions in eBL incidence coinciding with malaria control programs.
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Chen R, Zhang D, Mao Y, Zhu J, Ming H, Wen J, Ma J, Cao Q, Lin H, Tang Q, Liang J, Feng Z. A human Fab-based immunoconjugate specific for the LMP1 extracellular domain inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 11:594-603. [PMID: 22169768 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a major cause of cancer-related death in Southeast Asia and China. Metastasis and relapse are the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in NPC. Recent evidence suggests that the Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is exclusively expressed in most NPC and is a potential target for biotherapy. In this study, we successfully prepared a novel human antibody Fab (HLEAFab) against LMP1 extracellular domain, which was subsequently conjugated with mitomycin C (MMC), thus forming an immunoconjugate (HLEAFab-MMC). The effects of HLEAFab-MMC on proliferation and apoptosis in NPC cell lines HNE2/LMP1 and the inhibition rate of growth of NPC xenografts in nude mice were examined. The inhibition rate of HNE2/LMP1 cell proliferation was the highest for HLEAFab-MMC (76%) compared with MMC (31%) and HLEAFab (22%) at a concentration of 200 nmol/L and showed dose-dependent fashion. The apoptosis rate of HNE2/LMP1 cell lines was 13.88% in HLEAFab-MMC group, 3.04% in MMC group, 2.78% in HLEAFab group, and 2.10% in negative control group at the same concentration, respectively. In vivo, the inhibition rate of growth of NPC xenografts in nude mice was 55.1% in HLEAFab-MMC group, 26.5% in MMC group, and 5.64% in HLEAFab group. In summary, our findings show that HLEAFab-MMC is a unique immunoconjugate with the potential as a novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of LMP1-expressing NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Chen
- Nanjing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention & Treatment Cancer Center, The Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China
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Ogimi C, Tanaka R, Arai T, Kikuchi A, Hanada R, Oh-Ishi T. Rituximab and cyclosporine therapy for accelerated phase Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57:677-80. [PMID: 21681939 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A 19-month-old male with Chediak-Higashi syndrome developed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated accelerated phase. Real-time polymerase chain reaction showed high EBV-DNA levels in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. His condition was refractory to conventional treatments for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, including corticosteroids, cyclosporine, and etoposide. In situ hybridization revealed higher proportion of EBER-1-positive cells in CD19+ cell fraction than in CD8+ cell fraction. Complete remission was achieved by combination therapy with rituximab and cyclosporine; subsequent bone marrow transplantation was successful. Combination therapy with rituximab and cyclosporine could be effective in patients with EBV-infected T and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Ogimi
- Division of Infectious Disease, Immunology, and Allergy, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan.
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49
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De Leo A, Arena G, Stecca C, Raciti M, Mattia E. Resveratrol inhibits proliferation and survival of Epstein Barr virus-infected Burkitt's lymphoma cells depending on viral latency program. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1346-55. [PMID: 21856773 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a polyphenolic natural product, shows chemopreventive properties against several cancers, heart diseases, inflammation, and viral infections. Epstein Barr virus (EBV), a γ-herpesvirus, contributes to the development of several human cancers including Burkitt's lymphoma (BL). In this study, we asked whether treatment with resveratrol would affect the viability of EBV-positive BL cells displaying different forms of latency. We report here that resveratrol, regardless of EBV status, induces caspase-dependent apoptosis by arresting cell-cycle progression in G(1) phase. However, resveratrol strongly induced apoptosis in EBV(-) and latency I EBV(+) cells, whereas latency II and latency III EBV(+) BL cells showed a survival advantage that increased with the extent of the pattern of viral gene expression. Resveratrol-induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis occurred in association with induction of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and suppression of ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Moreover, NF-κB DNA-binding activity was inhibited in all BL lines except EBV(+) latency III cells. LMP1 oncogene, which is expressed in latency III phenotype, is involved with the higher resistance to the antiproliferative effect of resveratrol because siRNA-mediated inhibition of LMP1 greatly increased the sensitivity of latency III BL cells as well as that of lymphoblastoid cell lines to the polyphenol. We propose that a combined resveratrol/siRNA strategy may be a novel approach for the treatment of EBV-associated B-cell malignancies in which the viral pattern of gene expression has been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra De Leo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome Sapienza, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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HIV-associated immune dysfunction and viral infection: role in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related lymphoma. Immunol Res 2011; 48:72-83. [PMID: 20717742 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-010-8168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with a much higher risk for the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (AIDS-NHL). The principal causes of lymphomagenesis in HIV-infected individuals are thought to be the loss of immune function seen in HIV infection, which results in the loss of immunoregulation of Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells, as well as HIV infection-associated immune dysregulation, including chronic B-cell activation. In this review, we discuss recent reports that further support the importance of these factors, and we highlight emerging evidence of different mechanisms that potentially drive lymphomagenesis in HIV-infected individuals.
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