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Hofer S, Geisler S, Lisandrelli R, Nguyen Ngoc H, Ganzera M, Schennach H, Fuchs D, Fuchs JE, M. Gostner J, Kurz K. Pharmacological Targets of Kaempferol Within Inflammatory Pathways-A Hint Towards the Central Role of Tryptophan Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E180. [PMID: 32098277 PMCID: PMC7070836 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavonoid kaempferol is almost ubiquitously contained in edible and medicinal plants and exerts a broad range of interesting pharmacological activities. Interactions with central inflammatory processes can be exploited to treat or attenuate symptoms of disorders associated with chronic immune activation during infections, malignancies, and neurodegenerative or cardiovascular disorders. Many drugs, phytochemicals, and nutritional components target the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) for immunomodulation. We studied the effects of kaempferol by in vitro models with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and THP-1 derived human myelomonocytic cell lines. Kaempferol suppressed interferon-γ dependent immunometabolic pathways: Formation of the oxidative stress biomarker neopterin and catabolism of tryptophan were inhibited dose-dependently in stimulated cells. In-silico docking studies revealed a potential interaction of kaempferol with the catalytic domain of IDO-1. Kaempferol stimulated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated THP-1 cells, thereby increasing the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL) 1 beta, tumor necrosis factor, and nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1, while IL6 was downregulated. Data suggest that concerted effects of kaempferol on multiple immunologically relevant targets are responsible for its immunomodulatory activity. However, the immunosuppressive effects may be more relevant in a T-cell dominated context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hofer
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.H.); (R.L.); (J.M.G.)
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80 - 82/IV, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (H.N.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Simon Geisler
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Rebecca Lisandrelli
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.H.); (R.L.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Hieu Nguyen Ngoc
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80 - 82/IV, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (H.N.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Markus Ganzera
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80 - 82/IV, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (H.N.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Julian E. Fuchs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5- 11, 1120 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Johanna M. Gostner
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.H.); (R.L.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Pneumology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Can neopterin be a useful immune biomarker for differentiating gastric intestinal metaplasia and gastric atrophy from non-atrophic non-metaplastic chronic gastritis? GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2019; 42:289-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Immunomodulatory Effects of the Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids Shinorine and Porphyra-334. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14060119. [PMID: 27338421 PMCID: PMC4926078 DOI: 10.3390/md14060119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are secondary metabolites, produced by a large variety of microorganisms including algae, cyanobacteria, lichen and fungi. MAAs act as UV-absorbers and photo-protectants. MAAs are suggested to exert pharmaceutical relevant bioactivities in the human system. We particularly focused on their effect on defence and regulatory pathways that are active in inflamed environments. The MAAs shinorine and porphyra-334 were isolated and purified from the red algae Porphyra sp. using chromatographic methods. The effect of MAAs on central signaling cascades, such as transcription factor nuclear factor kappa b (NF-κB) activation, as well as tryptophan metabolism, was investigated in human myelomonocytic THP-1 and THP-1-Blue cells. Cells were exposed to the MAAs in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). NF-κB activity and the activity of tryptophan degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) were used as readout. Compounds were tested in the concentration range from 12.5 to 200 µg/mL. Both MAAs were able to induce NF-κB activity in unstimulated THP-1-Blue cells, whereby the increase was dose-dependent and more pronounced with shinorine treatment. While shinorine also slightly superinduced NF-κB in LPS-stimulated cells, porphyra-334 reduced NF-κB activity in this inflammatory background. Modulation of tryptophan metabolism was moderate, suppressive in stimulated cells with the lower treatment concentration of both MAAs and with the unstimulated cells upon porphyra-334 treatment. Inflammatory pathways are affected by MAAs, but despite the structural similarity, diverse effects were observed.
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Gostner JM, Becker K, Kofler H, Strasser B, Fuchs D. Tryptophan Metabolism in Allergic Disorders. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2016; 169:203-15. [PMID: 27161289 PMCID: PMC5433561 DOI: 10.1159/000445500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases such as asthma and rhinitis, as well the early phase of atopic dermatitis, are characterized by a Th2-skewed immune environment. Th2-type cytokines are upregulated in allergic inflammation, whereas there is downregulation of the Th1-type immune response and related cytokines, such as interferon-x03B3; (IFN-x03B3;). The latter is a strong inducer of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1), which degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan, as part of an antiproliferative strategy of immunocompetent cells to halt the growth of infected and malignant cells, and also of T cells - an immunoregulatory intervention to avoid overactivation of the immune system. Raised serum tryptophan concentrations have been reported in patients with pollen allergy compared to healthy blood donors. Moreover, higher baseline tryptophan concentrations have been associated with a poor response to specific immunotherapy. It has been shown that the increase in tryptophan concentrations in patients with pollen allergy only exists outside the pollen season, and not during the season. Interestingly, there is only a minor alteration of the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (Kyn/Trp, an index of tryptophan breakdown). The reason for the higher tryptophan concentrations in patients with pollen allergy outside the season remains a matter of discussion. To this regard, the specific interaction of nitric oxide (NO∙) with the tryptophan-degrading enzyme IDO-1 could be important, because an enhanced formation of NO∙ has been reported in patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Importantly, NO∙ suppresses the activity of the heme enzyme IDO-1, which could explain the higher tryptophan levels. Thus, inhibitors of inducible NO∙ synthase should be reconsidered as candidates for antiallergic therapy out of season that may abrogate the arrest of IDO-1 by decreasing the production of NO∙. Considering its association with the pathophysiology of atopic disease, tryptophan metabolism may play a relevant role in the pathophysiology of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M. Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical
University, Innsbruck
| | - Katrin Becker
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical
University, Innsbruck
| | | | - Barbara Strasser
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical
University, Innsbruck
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical
University, Innsbruck
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Gostner JM, Raggl E, Becker K, Überall F, Schennach H, Pease JE, Fuchs D. Bisphenol A suppresses Th1-type immune response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:285-92. [PMID: 26475400 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used plasticizer, which came into focus because of its genotoxic and sensitizing potential. Besides its toxic properties, BPA is also well-known for its antioxidant chemical properties. This in vitro study investigated the interference of BPA with interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced tryptophan breakdown and neopterin production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ induces the conversion of the essential amino acid tryptophan into kynurenine via the enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1). In parallel, GTP-cyclohydrolase produces neopterin, a marker of immune activation. A model system of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated PBMC was used to assess potential immunomodulatory properties of BPA. Treatment of cells with BPA [12.5-200μM] resulted in a significant and dose-dependent suppression of mitogen-induced tryptophan breakdown and neopterin formation along with a decrease of IFN-γ levels. Similar but less pronounced effects were observed in unstimulated cells. We postulate that the inhibitory effects of BPA on both T-cell activation and IDO-1 activity that we describe here may be critical for immune surveillance and is likely to influence T helper (Th) type 1/Th2 balance. Such immunosuppressive effects likely contribute to counteract inflammation. Further studies are required to address the in vivo relevance our in vitro findings.
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MESH Headings
- Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/immunology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/immunology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neopterin/immunology
- Neopterin/metabolism
- Phenols/pharmacology
- Phytohemagglutinins/pharmacology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Tryptophan/immunology
- Tryptophan/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Receptor Biology Group, Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Emanuel Raggl
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Becker
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Überall
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James E Pease
- Receptor Biology Group, Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Zielińska M, Ben Haddou T, Cami-Kobeci G, Sałaga M, Jarmuż A, Padysz M, Kordek R, Spetea M, Husbands SM, Fichna J. Anti-inflammatory effect of dual nociceptin and opioid receptor agonist, BU08070, in experimental colitis in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:582-90. [PMID: 26404500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous opioid and nociceptin systems are widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract where they seem to play a crucial role in maintaining the intestinal homeostasis. The aim of our study was to assess whether activation of nociceptin (NOP) and µ-opioid (MOP) receptors by a mixed NOP/MOP receptor agonist, BU08070, induces anti-inflammatory response in experimental colitis. The anti-inflammatory effect of BU08070 (1 mg/kg i.p.) was characterized in the mouse model of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis, based on the assessment of the macroscopic and microscopic total damage scores and determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and TNF-α level in the colon. The effect of BU08070 on cell viability and NF-κB was characterized in THP-1 Blue cell line. The antinociceptive activity of BU08070 was examined in mustard oil-induced mouse model of abdominal pain. A potent anti-inflammatory effect of BU08070 (1 mg/kg i.p.) was observed as indicated by decrease in macroscopic damage score (1.88±0.39 vs. 5.19±0.43 units in TNBS alone treated mice), MPO activity (2.29±0.37 vs. 9.64±2.55 units) and TNF-α level in the colon (35.85±2.45 vs. 49.79±3.81 pg/ml). The anti-inflammatory effect of BU08070 was reversed by selective NOP and MOP receptor antagonists. BU08070 produced concentration-dependent inhibition of TNF-α and LPS-induced NF-κB activation. BU08070 exerted antinociceptive action in mice with experimental colitis. In conclusion, BU08070 significantly reduced the severity of colitis in TNBS-treated mice compared with controls. These results suggest that BU08070 is a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory bowel diseases therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zielińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tanila Ben Haddou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerta Cami-Kobeci
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Maciej Sałaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Jarmuż
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Milena Padysz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Military Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radzisław Kordek
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariana Spetea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Pahl MC, Erdman R, Kuivaniemi H, Lillvis JH, Elmore JR, Tromp G. Transcriptional (ChIP-Chip) Analysis of ELF1, ETS2, RUNX1 and STAT5 in Human Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11229-58. [PMID: 25993293 PMCID: PMC4463698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated transcriptional control of gene expression in human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). We previously identified 3274 differentially expressed genes in human AAA tissue compared to non-aneurysmal controls. Four expressed transcription factors (ELF1, ETS2, STAT5 and RUNX1) were selected for genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation. Transcription factor binding was enriched in 4760 distinct genes (FDR < 0.05), of which 713 were differentially expressed in AAA. Functional classification using Gene Ontology (GO), KEGG, and Network Analysis revealed enrichment in several biological processes including “leukocyte migration” (FDR = 3.09 × 10−05) and “intracellular protein kinase cascade” (FDR = 6.48 × 10−05). In the control aorta, the most significant GO categories differed from those in the AAA samples and included “cytoskeleton organization” (FDR = 1.24 × 10−06) and “small GTPase mediated signal transduction” (FDR = 1.24 × 10−06). Genes up-regulated in AAA tissue showed a highly significant enrichment for GO categories “leukocyte migration” (FDR = 1.62 × 10−11), “activation of immune response” (FDR = 8.44 × 10−11), “T cell activation” (FDR = 4.14 × 10−10) and “regulation of lymphocyte activation” (FDR = 2.45 × 10−09), whereas the down-regulated genes were enriched in GO categories “cytoskeleton organization” (FDR = 7.84 × 10−05), “muscle cell development” (FDR = 1.00 × 10−04), and “organ morphogenesis” (FDR = 3.00 × 10−04). Quantitative PCR assays confirmed a sub-set of the transcription factor binding sites including those in MTMR11, DUSP10, ITGAM, MARCH1, HDAC8, MMP14, MAGI1, THBD and SPOCK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Pahl
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
| | - Robert Erdman
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
| | - Helena Kuivaniemi
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - John H Lillvis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - James R Elmore
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
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Gostner JM, Schroecksnadel S, Jenny M, Klein A, Ueberall F, Schennach H, Fuchs D. Coffee Extracts Suppress Tryptophan Breakdown in Mitogen-Stimulated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 34:212-23. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.907756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Becker K, Schroecksnadel S, Gostner J, Zaknun C, Schennach H, Uberall F, Fuchs D. Comparison of in vitro tests for antioxidant and immunomodulatory capacities of compounds. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:164-171. [PMID: 24041614 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered to be critically involved in the normal aging process but also in the development and progression of various human pathologies like cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as of infections and malignant tumors. These pathological conditions involve an overwhelming production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are released as part of an anti-proliferative strategy during pro-inflammatory immune responses. Moreover, ROS themselves are autocrine forward regulators of the immune response. Most of the beneficial effects of antioxidants are considered to derive from their influence on the immune system. Due to their antioxidant and/or radical scavenging nature, phytochemicals, botanicals and herbal preparations can be of great importance to prevent oxidation processes and to counteract the activation of redox-regulated signaling pathways. Antioxidants can antagonize the activation of T-cells and macrophages during the immune response and this anti-inflammatory activity could be of utmost importance for the treatment of above-mentioned disorders and for the development of immunotolerance. Herein, we provide an overview of in vitro assays for the measurement of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of plant-derived substances and extracts, by discussing possibilities and limitations of these methods. To determine the capacity of antioxidants, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay and the cell-based antioxidant activity (CAA) assay are widely applied. To examine the influence of compounds on the human immune response more closely, the model of mitogen stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) cells can be applied, and the production of the inflammatory marker neopterin as well as the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan in culture supernatants can be used as readout to indicate an immunomodulatory potential of the tested compound. These two biomarkers of immune system activation are robust and correlate with the course of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and malignant tumor diseases, but also with the normal aging process, and they are strongly predictive. Thus, while the simpler ORAC and CAA assays provide insight into one peculiar chemical aspect, namely the neutralization of peroxyl radicals, the more complex PBMC assay is closer to the in vivo conditions as the assay comprehensively enlights several properties of immunomodulatory test compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Becker
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Johanna Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cathrine Zaknun
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Uberall
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Sipahi H, Becker K, Gostner JM, Charehsaz M, Kirmizibekmez H, Schennach H, Aydin A, Fuchs D. Effects of globularifolin on cell survival, nuclear factor-κB activity, neopterin production, tryptophan breakdown and free radicals in vitro. Fitoterapia 2014; 92:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Becker K, Schroecksnadel S, Geisler S, Carriere M, Gostner JM, Schennach H, Herlin N, Fuchs D. TiO(2) nanoparticles and bulk material stimulate human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 65:63-9. [PMID: 24361406 PMCID: PMC3969306 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Effects on immunobiochemical pathways of TiO2 materials were investigated in vitro. TiO2 bulk and nanomaterial stimulated neopterin production in human PBMC. There was no stimulatory influence of particles on tryptophan breakdown. At high particles concentrations, tryptophan breakdown was suppressed. Results suggest that the total effect of particles is even stronger pro-inflammatory.
Nanomaterials are increasingly produced and used throughout recent years. Consequently the probability of exposure to nanoparticles has risen. Because of their small 1–100 nm size, the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials may differ from standard bulk materials and may pose a threat to human health. Only little is known about the effects of nanoparticles on the human immune system. In this study, we investigated the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles and bulk material in the in vitro model of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and cytokine-induced neopterin formation and tryptophan breakdown was monitored. Both biochemical processes are closely related to the course of diseases like infections, atherogenesis and neurodegeneration. OCTi60 (25 nm diameter) TiO2 nanoparticles and bulk material increased neopterin production in unstimulated PBMC and stimulated cells significantly, the effects were stronger for OCTi60 compared to bulk material, while P25 TiO2 (25 nm diameter) nanoparticles had only little influence. No effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on tryptophan breakdown was detected in unstimulated cells, whereas in stimulated cells, IDO activity and IFN-γ production were suppressed but only at the highest concentrations tested. Because neopterin was stimulated and tryptophan breakdown was suppressed in parallel, data suggests that the total effect of particles would be strongly pro-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Becker
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Simon Geisler
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marie Carriere
- Laboratoire Lesion des Acides Nucleiques, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Johanna M Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nathalie Herlin
- Service des Photons, Atomes et Molécules, Laboratoire Francis Perrin (CEA CNRS URA 2453), Saclay, Gif-sur Yvette, France
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Kuehnl S, Schroecksnadel S, Temml V, Gostner JM, Schennach H, Schuster D, Schwaiger S, Rollinger JM, Fuchs D, Stuppner H. Lignans from Carthamus tinctorius suppress tryptophan breakdown via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:1190-1195. [PMID: 23867649 PMCID: PMC3845384 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seed extracts of Carthamus tinctorius L. (Asteraceae), safflower, have been traditionally used to treat coronary disease, thrombotic disorders, and menstrual problems but also against cancer and depression. A possible effect of C. tinctorius compounds on tryptophan-degrading activity of enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) could explain many of its activities. To test for an effect of C. tinctorius extracts and isolated compounds on cytokine-induced IDO activity in immunocompetent cells in vitro methanol and ethylacetate seed extracts were prepared from cold pressed seed cakes of C. tinctorius and three lignan derivatives, trachelogenin, arctigenin and matairesinol were isolated. The influence on tryptophan breakdown was investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Effects were compared to neopterin production in the same cellular assay. Both seed extracts suppressed tryptophan breakdown in stimulated PBMC. The three structurally closely related isolates exerted differing suppressive activity on PBMC: arctigenin (IC50 26.5μM) and trachelogenin (IC50 of 57.4μM) showed higher activity than matairesinol (IC50 >200μM) to inhibit tryptophan breakdown. Effects on neopterin production were similar albeit generally less strong. Data show an immunosuppressive property of compounds which slows down IDO activity. The in vitro results support the view that some of the anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antidepressant properties of C. tinctorius lignans might relate to their suppressive influence on tryptophan breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kuehnl
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Schroecksnadel
- Innsbruck Medical University, Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Temml
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna M. Gostner
- Innsbruck Medical University, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, CCB Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Clinics, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Innsbruck Medical University, Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Laffon B, Aguilera F, Ríos-Vázquez J, García-Lestón J, Fuchs D, Valdiglesias V, Pásaro E. Endocrine and immunological parameters in individuals involved in Prestige spill cleanup tasks seven years after the exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:103-111. [PMID: 23792419 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In November 2002 the oil tanker Prestige spilled 63,000tonnes of heavy oil off the northwest coast of Spain, impacting more than 1000km of coastline. A general concern led to a huge mobilization of human and technical resources, and more than 300,000 people participated in cleanup activities, which lasted up to 10months. Some endocrine and immunological alterations were reported in Prestige oil exposed subjects for several months. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate if these alterations are still present seven years after the exposure. Fifty-four individuals exposed for at least 2months were compared to 50 matched referents. Prolactin and cortisol plasma concentrations, percentages of lymphocyte subsets (CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), CD19(+), and CD56(+)16(+)), plasma levels of circulating cytokines (interleukin (IL) 2, IL4, IL6, IL10, tumour necrosis factor α, and interferon γ), and serum concentrations of neopterin, tryptophan and kynurenine were determined in peripheral blood samples. Results showed significant differences in exposed individuals vs. referents only in cortisol (increase), kynurenine and %CD16(+)56(+) lymphocytes (both decrease). Time of exposure to the oil or using protective clothes did not influence the results, but effect of using protective mask was observed on neopterin, %CD8(+), CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio and IL4. Surveillance of the exposed individuals for early detection of possible health problems related to the endocrine or immunological systems is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Laffon
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of A Coruña, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071-A Coruña, Spain.
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14
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Immunomodulatory effects in vitro of vitamin K antagonist acenocoumarol. Thromb Res 2013; 131:e264-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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15
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Gostner JM, Schröcksnadel S, Becker K, Jenny M, Schennach H, Uberall F, Fuchs D. Antimalarial drug chloroquine counteracts activation of indoleamine (2,3)-dioxygenase activity in human PBMC. FEBS Open Bio 2012; 2:241-5. [PMID: 23650606 PMCID: PMC3642164 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimalarial chloroquine is also used for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. The interference of chloroquine with interferon-γ-induced tryptophan breakdown and neopterin production has been investigated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro. Micromolar concentrations (2–50 μM) of chloroquine dose-dependently suppressed mitogen-induced tryptophan breakdown in PBMC but not in the myelomonocytic THP-1-Blue cell line, after 48 h of treatment. In stimulated PBMC, neopterin production was super-induced by 10 μM chloroquine, while it was significantly suppressed at a concentration of 50 μM. These anti-inflammatory effects may relate to the therapeutic benefit of chloroquine in inflammatory conditions and may widen the spectrum of its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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16
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Murr C, Pilz S, Grammer TB, Kleber ME, Böhm BO, März W, Fuchs D. Low serum zinc levels in patients undergoing coronary angiography correlate with immune activation and inflammation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2012; 26:26-30. [PMID: 22365070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low serum zinc concentrations are associated with adverse outcomes. To explain this phenomenon we aimed to investigate whether low zinc levels are related to immune activation, renal function and coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS Serum concentrations of zinc and the immune activation markers neopterin and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in 2048 patients derived from the LUdwigshafen RIsk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study, a cohort study among patients referred for coronary angiography. RESULTS Zinc concentrations did not differ between patients with CAD (mean±SD: 13.3±2.4 μmol/L) and controls (13.3±2.2 μmol/L; Welch's t test: p=n.s.) but CAD patients had higher neopterin (8.6±7.4 nmol/L) and CRP (9.7±19.6 mg/L) concentrations compared to controls (neopterin: 7.5±4.8 nmol/L, p=0.0005; CRP: 5.5±10.0 mg/L, p<0.0001). There was an inverse correlation between serum zinc concentrations and neopterin (Spearman's rank correlation: r(s)=-0.222) and CRP (r(s)=-0.166; both p<0.0001) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate increased inflammatory processes in patients with low zinc levels. Further studies should clarify whether inflammation related processes such as renal wasting contribute to zinc deficiency and underlie the adverse health consequences of low serum zinc levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Murr
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz Pregl Strasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Vitamin D deficiency parallels inflammation and immune activation, the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012; 50:2205-12. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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García-Lestón J, Roma-Torres J, Mayan O, Schroecksnadel S, Fuchs D, Moreira AO, Pásaro E, Méndez J, Teixeira JP, Laffon B. Assessment of immunotoxicity parameters in individuals occupationally exposed to lead. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:807-18. [PMID: 22788368 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.690327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although adverse health effects produced by lead (Pb) have long been recognized, studies regarding the immunotoxic effects of occupational exposure report conflicting results. In a previous study, alterations in some immunological parameters were noted in 70 Pb-exposed workers. In view of these results, it was of interest to extend this study comprising a larger population and increasing the number of immunological endpoints assessed. Accordingly, in this study the immunotoxic effects of occupational exposure to Pb were assessed by analyzing (1) percentages of lymphocyte subsets (CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺, CD19⁺, and CD56⁺/16⁺); (2) concentration of plasma cytokines, namely, interleukin (IL) 2, IL4, IL6, IL10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, and interferon (IFN) γ; and (3) plasma concentrations of neopterin, tryptophan (Trp), and kynurenine (Kyn). In addition, the possible influence of genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) genes on immunotoxicity parameters was studied. Exposed workers showed significant decreases in %CD3⁺, %CD4⁺/%CD8⁺ ratio, IL4, TNFα, IFNγ, and Kyn to Trp ratio (Kyn/Trp), and significant increases in %CD8⁺, IL10, and Trp levels. All these parameters, except Trp, were significantly correlated with exposure biomarkers. No significant influence of genetic polymorphisms was observed. Significant correlation between Kyn/Trp and neopterin concentrations suggests an involvement of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in the Trp metabolic alterations, which may contribute to some of the immune alterations observed. Results obtained suggest that occupational exposure to PB may influence the immune system by impairing several mechanisms, which might ultimately produce deregulation of the immune response and diminish immunosurveillance in exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia García-Lestón
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
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19
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Haniu H, Saito N, Matsuda Y, Kim YA, Park KC, Tsukahara T, Usui Y, Aoki K, Shimizu M, Ogihara N, Hara K, Takanashi S, Okamoto M, Ishigaki N, Nakamura K, Kato H. Elucidation mechanism of different biological responses to multi-walled carbon nanotubes using four cell lines. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:3487-97. [PMID: 22267932 PMCID: PMC3260041 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s26689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined differences in cellular responses to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using malignant pleural mesothelioma cells (MESO-1), bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), neuroblastoma cells (IMR-32), and monoblastic cells (THP-1), before and after differentiation. MESO-1, BEAS-2B and differentiated THP-1 cells actively endocytosed MWCNTs, resulting in cytotoxicity with lysosomal injury. However, cytotoxicity did not occur in IMR-32 or undifferentiated THP-1 cells. Both differentiated and undifferentiated THP-1 cells exhibited an inflammatory response. Carbon blacks were endocytosed by the same cell types without lysosomal damage and caused cytokine secretion, but they did not cause cytotoxicity. These results indicate that the cytotoxicity of MWCNTs requires not only cellular uptake but also lysosomal injury. Furthermore, it seems that membrane permeability or cytokine secretion without cytotoxicity results from several active mechanisms. Clarification of the cellular recognition mechanism for MWCNTs is important for developing safer MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Haniu
- Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan.
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20
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Zaknun D, Schroecksnadel S, Kurz K, Fuchs D. Potential role of antioxidant food supplements, preservatives and colorants in the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 157:113-24. [PMID: 21986480 DOI: 10.1159/000329137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant increase in the incidence of allergy and asthma has been observed during the past decades. The background of this phenomenon has not been well explained, but changes in lifestyle and habits are heavily discussed as contributing factors. Among these is a too clean environment, which may predispose individuals to increased sensitivity to allergic responses. Also the increase in dietary supplements including preservatives and colorants may contribute to this. In vitro, we and others have shown in freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that antioxidant compounds like vitamins C and E as well as food preservatives and colorants exert significant suppressive effects on the Th1 immune activation cascade. The effects observed may be based on the interaction of antioxidant compounds with proinflammatory cascades involving important signal transduction elements such as nuclear factor-κB. Although only obtained in vitro, these results show an anti-inflammatory property of compounds which could shift the Th1-Th2-type immune balance towards Th2-type immunity. This review article discusses the potential role of increased use of antioxidant food supplements as well as preservatives and colorants in the increase in allergy and asthma in the Western world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zaknun
- Division of Nutrition and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Hinterseher I, Erdman R, Donoso LA, Vrabec TR, Schworer CM, Lillvis JH, Boddy AM, Derr K, Golden A, Bowen WD, Gatalica Z, Tapinos N, Elmore JR, Franklin DP, Gray JL, Garvin RP, Gerhard GS, Carey DJ, Tromp G, Kuivaniemi H. Role of complement cascade in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1653-60. [PMID: 21493888 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.227652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate the role of complement cascade genes in the pathobiology of human abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). METHODS AND RESULTS Results of a genome-wide microarray expression profiling revealed 3274 differentially expressed genes between aneurysmal and control aortic tissue. Interestingly, 13 genes in the complement cascade were significantly differentially expressed between AAA and the controls. In silico analysis of the promoters of the 13 complement cascade genes showed enrichment for transcription factor binding sites for signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5A. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated binding of transcription factor STAT5A to the promoters of the majority of the complement cascade genes. Immunohistochemical analysis showed strong staining for C2 in AAA tissues. CONCLUSIONS These results provide strong evidence that the complement cascade plays a role in human AAA. Based on our microarray studies, the pathway is activated in AAA, particularly via the lectin and classical pathways. The overrepresented binding sites of transcription factor STAT5A in the complement cascade gene promoters suggest a role for STAT5A in the coordinated regulation of complement cascade gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Hinterseher
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822-2610, USA
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22
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Yao J, Wang JY, Lai MG, Li YX, Zhu HM, Shi RY, Mo J, Xun AY, Jia CH, Feng JL, Wang LS, Zeng WS, Liu L. Treatment of mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis with human interleukin 10 secreted by transformed Bifidobacterium longum. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:488-97. [PMID: 21271712 DOI: 10.1021/mp100331r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) the etiology of which has not yet been fully clarified. Cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays a central role in downregulating inflammatory cascade in UC and is likely a candidate for therapeutic intervention. However, its intravenous administration is costly and inconvenient. Therefore, we established a novel IL-10 delivery system by transforming a hIL-10-containing plasmid into B. longum (BL-hIL-10) and investigated its effects on 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice and the possible underlying mechanism. Our results show that (1) hIL-10 was expressed and secreted into the culture supernatant of BL-hIL-10 after L-arabinose induction in vitro as examined by Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and RT-PCR; (2) addition of BL-hIL-10 culture supernatant had no cytotoxic effect and morphological alteration, but significantly inhibited the enhancement of proinflammatory cytokines by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in THP-1 cells; (3) oral administration of BL-hIL-10 alleviated colitis syndrome of the model mice, attenuated colitis-activated NF-κB pathway measured by DNA-binding assay and colitis-elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines examined with CCK cytotoxic kits, and upregulated CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg in blood and mesenteric lymph nodes measured by flow cytometry. In conclusion, BL-hIL-10 as a novel oral hIL-10 delivery system has been successfully established and oral administration of BL-hIL-10 alleviated inflammatory damage of colonic tissue in the model mice by blocking the colitis-activated NF-κB pathway and upregulating CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg in blood and mesenteric lymph nodes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinan University of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen Municipal People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong Province, China
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Kurz K, Schroecksnadel S, Weiss G, Fuchs D. Association between increased tryptophan degradation and depression in cancer patients. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011; 14:49-56. [PMID: 21076293 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328340d849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A high percentage of patients with malignant disease develops mood disorders or even depression. This review provides an overview, how immune activation and tryptophan degradation might contribute to the development of depression. RECENT FINDINGS Neurobiochemical changes caused by immune activation are supposed to be involved in the development of mood disorders, especially depression, in cancer patients. Within Th1-type immune response the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is induced, which degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan to form kynurenine derivatives. Enhanced immune-mediated tryptophan degradation is reflected by decreased plasma tryptophan levels and increased kynurenine concentrations in parallel with elevated concentrations of Th1-type immune activation marker neopterin. IDO activation has been demonstrated in patients with various kinds of cancer, and it has also been shown to predict a worse outcome of patients. Recent data also indicate strongly, that immune-mediated tryptophan degradation is crucially involved in the development of depression: IDO activation leads to the accumulation of neurotoxic metabolites, which are supposed to induce depressive-like behaviour. Furthermore immune-mediated tryptophan deprivation might also impair serotonin synthesis, as tryptophan is the precursor of this important neurotransmitter. SUMMARY Immune-mediated tryptophan degradation appears to be crucially involved in the development of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kurz
- Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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