1
|
Nonogaki K. The Regulatory Role of the Central and Peripheral Serotonin Network on Feeding Signals in Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031600. [PMID: 35163521 PMCID: PMC8836087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central and peripheral serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) regulate feeding signals for energy metabolism. Disruption of central 5-HT signaling via 5-HT2C receptors (5-HT2CRs) induces leptin-independent hyperphagia in mice, leading to late-onset obesity, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose tolerance. 5-HT2CR mutant mice are more responsive than wild-type mice to a high-fat diet, exhibiting earlier-onset obesity and type 2 diabetes. High-fat and high-carbohydrate diets increase plasma 5-HT and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) levels. Plasma 5-HT and FGF21 levels are increased in rodents and humans with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcohol fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). The increases in plasma FGF21 and hepatic FGF21 expression precede hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and weight gain in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutritional, pharmacologic, or genetic inhibition of peripheral 5-HT synthesis via tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) decreases hepatic FGF21 expression and plasma FGF21 levels in mice. Thus, perturbing central 5-HT signaling via 5-HT2CRs alters feeding behavior. Increased energy intake via a high-fat diet and/or high-carbohydrate diet can upregulate gut-derived 5-HT synthesis via Tph1. Peripheral 5-HT upregulates hepatic FGF21 expression and plasma FGF21 levels, leading to metabolic diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and NAFLD. The 5-HT network in the brain–gut–liver axis regulates feeding signals and may be involved in the development and/or prevention of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Nonogaki
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Nutrition, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Welling MS, de Groot CJ, Kleinendorst L, van der Voorn B, Burgerhart JS, van der Valk ES, van Haelst MM, van den Akker ELT, van Rossum EFC. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue treatment in genetic obesity: A case series. Clin Obes 2021; 11:e12481. [PMID: 34291582 PMCID: PMC9286843 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is highly prevalent and comes with serious health burden. In a minority, a genetic cause is present which often results in therapy-resistant obesity. Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue, which has beneficial effects on satiety and weight in common obesity. We present the effects of GLP-1 analogues in adults with a molecularly proven genetic cause of their overweight or obesity. All patients were treated with liraglutide 3.0 mg daily, in addition to intensive supportive lifestyle treatment. Anthropometrics, metabolic parameters, resting energy expenditure (REE), side effects, and subjectively reported satiety and quality of life were assessed. Two patients with 16p11.2 deletion syndrome and two patients with heterozygous pathogenic melanocortin-4 receptor variants were treated. At baseline, their age ranged between 21 and 32 years and body mass index (BMI) ranged between 28.1 and 55.7 kg/m2 . At follow-up (ranges 43 weeks-12 years), a mean change in BMI and waist circumference was observed of -5.7 ± 3.8 kg/m2 and -15.2 ± 21.1 cm, respectively. All patients achieved ≥5% weight loss, three of them lost ≥10% of their body weight. All patients reported improved quality of life and three of them reported ameliorated satiety. Moreover, improvement of glycaemic control and dyslipidaemia were seen. In two patients, REE before and during treatment was measured, which either increased (+26% of predicted REE) or decreased (-18% of predicted REE). Two patients experienced mild side effects for a brief period. In conclusion, our case series shows beneficial effects of GLP-1 analogues on weight, metabolic parameters and quality of life in all four patients with genetic obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mila S. Welling
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC‐Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J. de Groot
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC‐Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of EndocrinologyWillem‐Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Lotte Kleinendorst
- Department of Clinical GeneticsAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bibian van der Voorn
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC‐Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Eline S. van der Valk
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mieke M. van Haelst
- Department of Clinical GeneticsAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical GeneticsAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Erica L. T. van den Akker
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC‐Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F. C. van Rossum
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chivite M, Naderi F, Conde-Sieira M, Soengas JL, Lopez-Patiño MA, Míguez JM. Central serotonin participates in the anorexigenic effect of GLP-1 in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 304:113716. [PMID: 33484717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The incretin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a major player in the gut-brain axis regulation of energy balance and in fish it seems to exert a negative influence on food intake. In this study, we investigated the role of the brain serotonergic system in the effects promoted by a peripheral GLP-1 injection on food intake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). For this, in a first experiment the incretin was intraperitoneally injected (100 ng/g body weight) alone or in combination with a 5HT2C receptor antagonist (SB 242084, 1 µg/g body weight) and food intake was measured 30, 90, and 180 min later. In a second experiment, we studied the effect of these treatments on mRNA abundance of hypothalamic neuropeptides that control food intake. In addition, the effect of GLP-1 on serotonin metabolism was assessed in hindbrain and hypothalamus. Our results show that GLP-1 induced a significant food intake inhibition, which agreed with the increased expression of anorexigenic neuropeptides pomc and cart in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, GLP-1 stimulated the synthesis of serotonin in the hypothalamus, which might be indicative of a higher use of the neurotransmitter. The effects of GLP-1 on food intake were partially reversed when a serotonin receptor antagonist, SB 242084, was previously administered to trout. This antagonist also reversed the stimulatory effect of the hormone in hypothalamic pomca1 mRNA abundance. We conclude that hypothalamic serotonergic pathways are essential for mediating the effects of GLP-1 on food intake in rainbow trout. In addition, the 5HT2C receptor subtype seems to have a prominent role in the inhibition of food intake induced by GLP-1 in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Chivite
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Fatemeh Naderi
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Conde-Sieira
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - José Luis Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Marcos A Lopez-Patiño
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Panaro BL, Yusta B, Matthews D, Koehler JA, Song Y, Sandoval DA, Drucker DJ. Intestine-selective reduction of Gcg expression reveals the importance of the distal gut for GLP-1 secretion. Mol Metab 2020; 37:100990. [PMID: 32278655 PMCID: PMC7200938 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide-1 is a nutrient-sensitive hormone secreted from enteroendocrine L cells within the small and large bowel. Although GLP-1 levels rise rapidly in response to food ingestion, the greatest density of L cells is localized to the distal small bowel and colon. Here, we assessed the importance of the distal gut in the acute L cell response to diverse secretagogues. METHODS Circulating levels of glucose and plasma GLP-1 were measured in response to the administration of L cell secretagogues in wild-type mice and in mice with (1) genetic reduction of Gcg expression throughout the small bowel and large bowel (GcgGut-/-) and (2) selective reduction of Gcg expression in the distal gut (GcgDistalGut-/-). RESULTS The acute GLP-1 response to olive oil or arginine administration was markedly diminished in GcgGut-/- but preserved in GcgDistalGut-/- mice. In contrast, the increase in plasma GLP-1 levels following the administration of the GPR119 agonist AR231453, or the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist LY2112688, was markedly diminished in the GcgDistalGut-/- mice. The GLP-1 response to LPS was also markedly attenuated in the GcgGut-/- mice and remained submaximal in the GcgDistalGut-/- mice. Doses of metformin sufficient to lower glucose and increase GLP-1 levels in the GcgGut+/+ mice retained their glucoregulatory activity, yet they failed to increase GLP-1 levels in the GcgGut-/- mice. Surprisingly, the actions of metformin to increase plasma GLP-1 levels were substantially attenuated in the GcgDistalGut-/- mice. CONCLUSION These findings further establish the importance of the proximal gut for the acute response to nutrient-related GLP-1 secretagogues. In contrast, we identify essential contributions of the distal gut to (i) the rapid induction of circulating GLP-1 levels in response to pharmacological selective agonism of G-protein-coupled receptors, (ii) the increased GLP-1 levels following the activation of Toll-Like Receptors with LPS, and iii) the acute GLP-1 response to metformin. Collectively, these results reveal that distal gut Gcg + endocrine cells are rapid responders to structurally and functionally diverse GLP-1 secretagogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Panaro
- Department of Medicine and the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Bernardo Yusta
- Department of Medicine and the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dianne Matthews
- Department of Medicine and the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline A Koehler
- Department of Medicine and the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Youngmi Song
- Department of Medicine and the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine and the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jerlhag E. Alcohol-mediated behaviours and the gut-brain axis; with focus on glucagon-like peptide-1. Brain Res 2020; 1727:146562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
6
|
Iepsen EW, Zhang J, Thomsen HS, Hansen EL, Hollensted M, Madsbad S, Hansen T, Holst JJ, Holm JC, Torekov SS. Patients with Obesity Caused by Melanocortin-4 Receptor Mutations Can Be Treated with a Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist. Cell Metab 2018; 28:23-32.e3. [PMID: 29861388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in the appetite-regulating melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) represent the most common cause of monogenic obesity with limited treatment options. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) cause weight loss by reducing appetite. We assessed the effect of the GLP-1 RA liraglutide 3.0 mg for 16 weeks in 14 obese individuals with pathogenic MC4R mutations (BMI 37.5 ± 6.8) and 28 matched control participants without MC4R mutation (BMI 36.8 ± 4.8). Liraglutide decreased body weight by 6.8 kg ± 1.8 kg in individuals with pathogenic MC4R mutations and by 6.1 kg ± 1.2 kg in control participants. Total body fat, waist circumference, and fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations similarly decreased in both groups. Thus, liraglutide induced an equal, clinically significant weight loss of 6% in both groups, indicating that the appetite-reducing effect of liraglutide is preserved in MC4R causal obesity and that liraglutide acts independently of the MC4R pathway. Thus, liraglutide could be an effective treatment of the most common form of monogenic obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva W Iepsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Translational Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Translational Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Henrik S Thomsen
- Department of Radiology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Elizaveta L Hansen
- Department of Radiology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Mette Hollensted
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Translational Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk University Hospital, Holbæk 4300, Denmark
| | - Signe S Torekov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Translational Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nonogaki K, Kaji T. Liraglutide, a GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, Which Decreases Hypothalamic 5-HT2A Receptor Expression, Reduces Appetite and Body Weight Independently of Serotonin Synthesis in Mice. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:6482958. [PMID: 29484303 PMCID: PMC5816835 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6482958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent report suggested that brain-derived serotonin (5-HT) is critical for maintaining weight loss induced by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor activation in rats and that 5-HT2A receptors mediate the feeding suppression and weight loss induced by GLP-1 receptor activation. Here, we show that changes in daily food intake and body weight induced by intraperitoneal administration of liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, over 4 days did not differ between mice treated with the tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph) inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) for 3 days and mice without PCPA treatment. Treatment with PCPA did not affect hypothalamic 5-HT2A receptor expression. Despite the anorexic effect of liraglutide disappearing after the first day of treatment, the body weight loss induced by liraglutide persisted for 4 days in mice treated with or without PCPA. Intraperitoneal administration of liraglutide significantly decreased the gene expression of hypothalamic 5-HT2A receptors 1 h after injection. Moreover, the acute anorexic effects of liraglutide were blunted in mice treated with the high-affinity 5-HT2A agonist (4-bromo-3,6-dimethoxybenzocyclobuten-1-yl) methylamine hydrobromide 14 h or 24 h before liraglutide injection. These findings suggest that liraglutide reduces appetite and body weight independently of 5-HT synthesis in mice, whereas GLP-1 receptor activation downregulates the gene expression of hypothalamic 5-HT2A receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Nonogaki
- Department of Diabetes Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takao Kaji
- Department of Diabetes Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Holt MK, Llewellyn-Smith IJ, Reimann F, Gribble FM, Trapp S. Serotonergic modulation of the activity of GLP-1 producing neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract in mouse. Mol Metab 2017; 6:909-921. [PMID: 28752054 PMCID: PMC5518719 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and 5-HT are potent regulators of food intake within the brain. GLP-1 is expressed by preproglucagon (PPG) neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). We have previously shown that PPG neurons innervate 5-HT neurons in the ventral brainstem. Here, we investigate whether PPG neurons receive serotonergic input and respond to 5-HT. Methods We employed immunohistochemistry to reveal serotonergic innervation of PPG neurons. We investigated the responsiveness of PPG neurons to 5-HT using in vitro Ca2+ imaging in brainstem slices from transgenic mice expressing the Ca2+ indicator, GCaMP3, in PPG neurons, and cell-attached patch-clamp recordings. Results Close appositions from 5-HT-immunoreactive axons occurred on many PPG neurons. Application of 20 μM 5-HT produced robust Ca2+ responses in NTS PPG dendrites but little change in somata. Dendritic Ca2+ spikes were concentration-dependent (2, 20, and 200 μM) and unaffected by blockade of glutamatergic transmission, suggesting 5-HT receptors on PPG neurons. Neither activation nor blockade of 5-HT3 receptors affected [Ca2+]i. In contrast, inhibition of 5-HT2 receptors attenuated increases in intracellular Ca2+ and 5-HT2C receptor activation produced Ca2+ spikes. Patch-clamp recordings revealed that 44% of cells decreased their firing rate under 5-HT, an effect blocked by 5-HT1A receptor antagonism. Conclusions PPG neurons respond directly to 5-HT with a 5-HT2C receptor-dependent increase in dendritic [Ca2+]i. Electrical responses to 5-HT revealed additional inhibitory effects due to somatic 5-HT1A receptors. Reciprocal innervation between 5-HT and PPG neurons suggests that the coordinated activity of these brainstem neurons may play a role in the regulation of food intake. Brainstem PPG neurons receive close appositions from 5-HT-containing axons. 5-HT activates NTS PPG dendrites directly via 5-HT2 receptors. 5-HT inhibits a subset of somata via 5-HT1A receptors. Activation of 5-HT3 receptors does not affect PPG cell [Ca2+]i. 5-HT2C receptor activation induces spatially confined Ca2+ spikes in PPG neurons.
Collapse
Key Words
- 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine
- CCK-8, cholecystokinin-8
- CNS, central nervous system
- Dendritic calcium
- GCaMP
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- HPA, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
- IRT, intermediate reticular nucleus
- NTS
- NTS, nucleus tractus solitarius
- PBN, parabrachial nucleus
- PPG, preproglucagon
- Preproglucagon
- Serotonin
- YFP, yellow fluorescent protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie K Holt
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ida J Llewellyn-Smith
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Frank Reimann
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Anderberg RH, Richard JE, Eerola K, López-Ferreras L, Banke E, Hansson C, Nissbrandt H, Berqquist F, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Wernstedt Asterholm I, Lamy CM, Skibicka KP. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Its Analogs Act in the Dorsal Raphe and Modulate Central Serotonin to Reduce Appetite and Body Weight. Diabetes 2017; 66:1062-1073. [PMID: 28057699 PMCID: PMC6237271 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and serotonin play critical roles in energy balance regulation. Both systems are exploited clinically as antiobesity strategies. Surprisingly, whether they interact in order to regulate energy balance is poorly understood. Here we investigated mechanisms by which GLP-1 and serotonin interact at the level of the central nervous system. Serotonin depletion impaired the ability of exendin-4, a clinically used GLP-1 analog, to reduce body weight in rats, suggesting that serotonin is a critical mediator of the energy balance impact of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation. Serotonin turnover and expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2A (5-HT2A) and 5-HT2C serotonin receptors in the hypothalamus were altered by GLP-1R activation. We demonstrate that the 5-HT2A, but surprisingly not the 5-HT2C, receptor is critical for weight loss, anorexia, and fat mass reduction induced by central GLP-1R activation. Importantly, central 5-HT2A receptors are also required for peripherally injected liraglutide to reduce feeding and weight. Dorsal raphe (DR) harbors cell bodies of serotonin-producing neurons that supply serotonin to the hypothalamic nuclei. We show that GLP-1R stimulation in DR is sufficient to induce hypophagia and increase the electrical activity of the DR serotonin neurons. Finally, our results disassociate brain metabolic and emotionality pathways impacted by GLP-1R activation. This study identifies serotonin as a new critical neural substrate for GLP-1 impact on energy homeostasis and expands the current map of brain areas impacted by GLP-1R activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rozita H Anderberg
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer E Richard
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kim Eerola
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elin Banke
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Caroline Hansson
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Nissbrandt
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Filip Berqquist
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit and Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Frank Reimann
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit and Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Ingrid Wernstedt Asterholm
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christophe M Lamy
- Laboratory of Neurometabolic Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Karolina P Skibicka
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang T, Zheng Y, Hruby A, Williamson DA, Bray GA, Shen Y, Sacks FM, Qi L. Dietary Protein Modifies the Effect of the MC4R Genotype on 2-Year Changes in Appetite and Food Craving: The POUNDS Lost Trial. J Nutr 2017; 147:439-444. [PMID: 28148682 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.242958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of appetite and eating behavior. Variants in the MC4R gene have been related to appetite and obesity.Objective: We aimed to examine whether weight-loss diets modified the effect of the "obesity-predisposing" MC4R genotype on appetite-related measures in a randomized controlled trial.Methods: A total of 811 overweight and obese subjects [25 ≤ body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) ≤ 40] aged 30-70 y were included in the 2-y POUNDS Lost (Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies) trial. We genotyped MC4R rs7227255 in 735 overweight adults and assessed appetite-related characteristics, including craving, fullness, hunger, and prospective consumption, as well as a composite appetite score. We examined the effects of the genotype-by-weight-loss diet intervention interaction on appetite variables by using general linear models in both the whole population and in white participants only.Results: We found that dietary protein intake (low compared with high: 15% of energy compared with 25% of energy, respectively) significantly modified MC4R genetic effects on changes in appetite score and craving (P-interaction = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively) at 2 y, after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, baseline BMI, weight change, and baseline perspective phenotype. The obesity-predisposing A allele was associated with a greater increase in overall appetite score (β = 0.10, P = 0.05) and craving (β = 0.13, P = 0.008) compared with the non-A allele among participants who consumed a high-protein diet. MC4R genotype did not modify the effects of fat or carbohydrate intakes on appetite measures. Similar interaction patterns were observed in whites.Conclusion: Our data suggest that individuals with the MC4R rs7227255 A allele rather than the non-A allele might experience greater increases in appetite and food craving when consuming a high-protein weight-loss diet. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00072995.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Epidemiology Domain, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, and.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Adela Hruby
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Donald A Williamson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Yiru Shen
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; .,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA; and.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nonogaki K, Kaji T. The acute anorexic effect of liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, does not require functional leptin receptor, serotonin, and hypothalamic POMC and CART activities in mice. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 120:186-9. [PMID: 27585115 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The acute anorexic effect of liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, did not require functional leptin receptor, serotonin, and hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin and cocaine amphetamine regulated transcript activities in mice, although decrease in functional hypothalamic orexin activity might be involved in the acute anorexic effect of liraglutide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Nonogaki
- Department of Diabetes Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Japan.
| | - Takao Kaji
- Department of Diabetes Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Iepsen EW, Torekov SS, Holst JJ. Liraglutide for Type 2 diabetes and obesity: a 2015 update. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2015; 13:753-67. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2015.1054810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
13
|
Voigt JP, Fink H. Serotonin controlling feeding and satiety. Behav Brain Res 2015; 277:14-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
14
|
Liraglutide suppresses obesity and hyperglycemia associated with increases in hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 production in KKAy mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:751930. [PMID: 24804243 PMCID: PMC3997887 DOI: 10.1155/2014/751930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Social isolation contributes to the development of obesity and insulin-independent diabetes in KKAy mice. Here we show that systemic administration of liraglutide, a long-acting human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog, significantly decreased food intake, body weight, and blood glucose levels at 24 h after its administration while having no significant effects on plasma insulin and glucagon levels in individually housed KKAy mice. In addition, the systemic administration of liraglutide significantly increased plasma fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) 21 levels (1.8-fold increase) associated with increases in the expression of hepatic Fgf21 (1.9-fold increase) and Pparγ (1.8-fold increase), while having no effects on the expression of hepatic Pparα and Fgf21 in white adipose tissue. Moreover, systemic administration of liraglutide over 3 days significantly suppressed food intake, body weight gain, and hyperglycemia in KKAy mice. On the other hand, despite remarkably increased plasma active GLP-1 levels (4.2-fold increase), the ingestion of alogliptin, a selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, over 3 days had no effects on food intake, body weight, blood glucose levels, and plasma Fgf21 levels in KKAy mice. These findings suggest that systemic administration of liraglutide induces hepatic Fgf21 production and suppresses the social isolation-induced obesity and diabetes independently of insulin, glucagon, and active GLP-1 in KKAy mice.
Collapse
|
15
|
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor induced suppression of food intake, and body weight is mediated by central IL-1 and IL-6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16199-204. [PMID: 24048027 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1306799110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), produced in the intestine and the brain, can stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas and alleviate type 2 diabetes. The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) may enhance insulin secretion from β-cells by stimulating peripheral GLP-1 production. GLP-1 and its analogs also reduce food intake and body weight, clinically beneficial actions that are likely exerted at the level of the CNS, but otherwise are poorly understood. The cytokines IL-6 and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) may exert an anti-obesity effect in the CNS during health. Here we found that central injection of a clinically used GLP-1 receptor agonist, exendin-4, potently increased the expression of IL-6 in the hypothalamus (11-fold) and the hindbrain (4-fold) and of IL-1β in the hypothalamus, without changing the expression of other inflammation-associated genes. Furthermore, hypothalamic and hindbrain interleukin-associated intracellular signals [phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (pSTAT3) and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1)] were also elevated by exendin-4. Pharmacologic disruption of CNS IL-1 receptor or IL-6 biological activity attenuated anorexia and body weight loss induced by central exendin-4 administration in a rat. Simultaneous blockade of IL-1 and IL-6 activity led to a more potent attenuation of exendin-4 effects on food intake. Mice with global IL-1 receptor gene knockout or central IL-6 receptor knockdown showed attenuated decrease in food intake and body weight in response to peripheral exendin-4 treatment. GLP-1 receptor activation in the mouse neuronal Neuro2A cell line also resulted in increased IL-6 expression. These data outline a previously unidentified role of the central IL-1 and IL-6 in mediating the anorexic and body weight loss effects of GLP-1 receptor activation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Liraglutide suppresses the plasma levels of active and des-acyl ghrelin independently of active glucagon-like Peptide-1 levels in mice. ISRN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2013; 2013:184753. [PMID: 23997963 PMCID: PMC3755422 DOI: 10.1155/2013/184753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an insulinotropic gastrointestinal peptide that is primarily produced by intestinal endocrine L-cells, stimulates satiety. Ghrelin, a hormone that is produced predominantly by the stomach stimulates hunger. There are two forms of ghrelin: active ghrelin and inactive des-acyl ghrelin. After depriving mice of food for 24 h, we demonstrated that the systemic administration of liraglutide (100 μg/kg), a human GLP-1 analog that binds to the GLP-1 receptor, increased (1.4-fold) the plasma levels of active GLP-1 and suppressed the plasma levels of active and des-acyl ghrelin after 1 h. Despite the elevated plasma levels of active GLP-1 (11-fold), liraglutide had no effect on the plasma levels of active or des-acyl ghrelin after 12 h. These findings demonstrated that liraglutide suppresses the plasma levels of active and des-acyl ghrelin independently of active GLP-1 levels in fasted mice, suggesting a novel in vivo biological effect of liraglutide beyond regulating plasma GLP-1.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ladenheim EE. Gastrointestinal regulatory peptides and central nervous system mechanisms of weight control. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012; 19:13-8. [PMID: 22157396 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32834ea723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the multiple roles of gastrointestinal peptides in the control of food intake and body weight with specific emphasis on ghrelin, amylin and glucagon-like peptide 1. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies support a role for ghrelin, amylin and glucagon-like peptide 1 in short-term and long-term effects on food intake and body weight. Apart from contributing to energy homeostasis, ghrelin's participation in reward and sensory processing has been the focus of much recent work. New findings on amylin's effects on food intake and energy balance provide further support for its role in meal-related food intake and suggest that it may also function as an adiposity signal. New investigations on the role of central and peripheral glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors in mediating the anorexic effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 have suggested that they differentially contribute to short-term and long term effects on food intake. SUMMARY Gastrointestinal peptides can influence food intake through mechanisms that involve short-term meal-related effects or through activation of central pathways involved in energy balance. An appreciation of the multiple actions of gastrointestinal peptides on food intake will aid in developing new strategies for weight management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Ladenheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Short sleep duration has been suggested to be a risk factor for weight gain and adiposity. Serotonin (5-HT) substantially contributes to the regulation of sleep and feeding behavior. Although 5-HT predominately promotes waking and satiety, the effects of 5-HT depend on 5-HT receptor function. The 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors reportedly contribute to sleep-waking regulation, whereas the 5-HT1B and 5-HT2C receptors contribute to the regulation of satiety. The 5-HT1B and 2C receptors may therefore be involved in the regulation of sleep-feeding. In genetic studies, 5-HT1B receptor mutant mice display greater amounts of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) than wild-type mice, while displaying no effects on waking or slow wave sleep (SWS). On the other hand, 5-HT2C receptor mutant mice exhibit increased wakefulness and decreased SWS, without any effect on REMS. Moreover, the 5-HT2C receptor mutants display leptin-independent hyperphagia, leading to a middle-aged onset of obesity, whereas 5-HT1B receptor mutants do not display any effect on food intake. Thus, the genetic deletion of 5-HT2C receptors results in sleep loss-associated hyperphagia, leading to the late onset of obesity. This is a quite different pattern of sleep-feeding behavior than is observed in disturbed leptin signaling, which displays an increase in sleep-associated hyperphagia. In pharmacologic studies, 5-HT1B and 5-HT2C receptors upregulate wakefulness and downregulate SWS, REMS, and food intake. These findings suggest that 5-HT1B/2C receptor stimulation induces sleep loss-associated anorexia. Thus, the central 5-HT regulation of sleep-feeding can be dissociated. Functional hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin and orexin activities may contribute to the dissociated 5-HT regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Nonogaki
- Department of Lifestyle Medicine, Translational Research Center, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|