1
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Jansen I, Cahalane R, Hengst R, Akyildiz A, Farrell E, Gijsen F, Aikawa E, van der Heiden K, Wissing T. The interplay of collagen, macrophages, and microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaque cap rupture mechanics. Basic Res Cardiol 2024; 119:193-213. [PMID: 38329498 PMCID: PMC11008085 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-024-01033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque cap overlying a lipid pool and/or necrotic core can lead to thrombotic cardiovascular events. In essence, the rupture of the plaque cap is a mechanical event, which occurs when the local stress exceeds the local tissue strength. However, due to inter- and intra-cap heterogeneity, the resulting ultimate cap strength varies, causing proper assessment of the plaque at risk of rupture to be lacking. Important players involved in tissue strength include the load-bearing collagenous matrix, macrophages, as major promoters of extracellular matrix degradation, and microcalcifications, deposits that can exacerbate local stress, increasing tissue propensity for rupture. This review summarizes the role of these components individually in tissue mechanics, along with the interplay between them. We argue that to be able to improve risk assessment, a better understanding of the effect of these individual components, as well as their reciprocal relationships on cap mechanics, is required. Finally, we discuss potential future steps, including a holistic multidisciplinary approach, multifactorial 3D in vitro model systems, and advancements in imaging techniques. The obtained knowledge will ultimately serve as input to help diagnose, prevent, and treat atherosclerotic cap rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Cahalane
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), Biomedical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ranmadusha Hengst
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Akyildiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomechanical Engineering, Technical University Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Farrell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Gijsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomechanical Engineering, Technical University Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kim van der Heiden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Wissing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Feng W, Teng Y, Zhong Q, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhao P, Chen G, Wang C, Liang XJ, Ou C. Biomimetic Grapefruit-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Safe and Targeted Delivery of Sodium Thiosulfate against Vascular Calcification. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24773-24789. [PMID: 38055864 PMCID: PMC10753875 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
As the prevalence of vascular calcification (VC), a strong contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, continues to increase, the need for pharmacologic therapies becomes urgent. Sodium thiosulfate (STS) is a clinically approved drug for therapy against VC; however, its efficacy is hampered by poor bioavailability and severe adverse effects. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles have provided options for VC treatment since they can be used as biomimetic drug carriers with higher biosafety and targeting abilities than artificial carriers. Inspired by natural grapefruit-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), we fabricated a biomimetic nanocarrier comprising EVs loaded with STS and further modified with hydroxyapatite crystal binding peptide (ESTP) for VC-targeted delivery of STS. In vitro, the ESTP nanodrug exhibited excellent cellular uptake capacity by calcified vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and subsequently inhibited VSMCs calcification. In the VC mice model, the ESTP nanodrug showed preferentially the highest accumulation in the calcified arteries compared to other treatment groups. Mechanistically, the ESTP nanodrug significantly prevented VC via driving M2 macrophage polarization, reducing inflammation, and suppressing bone-vascular axis as demonstrated by inhibiting osteogenic phenotype trans-differentiation of VSMCs while enhancing bone quality. In addition, the ESTP nanodrug did not induce hemolysis or cause any damage to other organs. These results suggest that the ESTP nanodrug can prove to be a promising agent against VC without the concern of systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Feng
- The
Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan
People’s Hospital), Southern Medical University or The First
School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical
University, Dongguan 523018, China
- Department
of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation,
Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yintong Teng
- The
Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan
People’s Hospital), Southern Medical University or The First
School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical
University, Dongguan 523018, China
| | - Qingping Zhong
- The
Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan
People’s Hospital), Southern Medical University or The First
School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical
University, Dongguan 523018, China
| | - Yangmei Zhang
- The
Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan
People’s Hospital), Southern Medical University or The First
School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical
University, Dongguan 523018, China
| | - Jianwu Zhang
- Department
of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation,
Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- NMPA
Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangdong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical
University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- Cardiology
Department of Panyu Central Hospital and Cardiovascular Disease Institute
of Panyu District, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- Institute
of Chinese Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Quality
Research in Chinese Medicine, University
of Macau, Macau 00000, SAR, China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy
of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key
Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Caiwen Ou
- The
Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan
People’s Hospital), Southern Medical University or The First
School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical
University, Dongguan 523018, China
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3
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Yan J, Pan Y, He J, Pang X, Shao W, Wang C, Wang R, He Y, Zhang M, Ye J, Lin C, Lin F, Wang Y, Li T, Lan Y, Guo Y, Wang M, Sun M, Gong Y, Yuan M, Yin D, Sun X, Dong S. Toxic vascular effects of polystyrene microplastic exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167215. [PMID: 37734602 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene microplastics (PSMPs) are some of the most common microplastic components, and the resulting pollution has become a global problem. Extensive studies have been conducted on the toxic effects of PSMPs on the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, nerves, intestines and other tissues. However, the impact of PSMPs on vascular toxicity is poorly understood at present. The aim of this study was to reveal the vascular toxicity of microplastics (MPs). Patients were assigned to a calcification group (25 patients) or a non-calcification group (22 patients) based on the presence or absence of calcification in the thoracic aorta wall. We detected 7 polymer types in human feces. Patients with vascular calcification (VC) had higher levels of total MPs, polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) in feces than patients without VC. The thoracic aortic calcification score was significantly positively correlated with the total MP abundance (Spearman r = 0.8109, p < 0.0001), PP (Spearman r = 0.7211, p = 0.0160) and PS (Spearman r = 0.6523, p = 0.0471) in feces. We then explored the effects of PSMP exposure on normal and vitamin D3 + nicotine (VDN)-treated rats. PSMP exposure induced mild VC in normal rats and aggravated VC in VDN-treated rats. PSMP exposure disturbed the gut microbiota, causing Proteobacteria and Escherichia_Shigella to be the dominant phylum and genus, respectively. It also induced intestinal inflammatory responses in normal rats, aggravated intestinal inflammation in VDN-treated rats, impaired the intestinal mucosal barrier, and increased intestinal permeability. This study provides a theoretical basis for the risk assessment of MP-induced cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yanbin Pan
- Department of Health Management Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Junbo He
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinli Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenming Shao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Caiping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongning Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqiong He
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Juheng Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaolan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongshun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Tangzhiming Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Lan
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanbin Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Minxian Wang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, Liaoning, China
| | - Mengting Sun
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, Liaoning, China
| | - Yun Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingpei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Da Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shaohong Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Hashmi S, Shah PW, Aherrahrou Z, Aikawa E, Aherrahrou R. Beyond the Basics: Unraveling the Complexity of Coronary Artery Calcification. Cells 2023; 12:2822. [PMID: 38132141 PMCID: PMC10742130 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is mainly associated with coronary atherosclerosis, which is an indicator of coronary artery disease (CAD). CAC refers to the accumulation of calcium phosphate deposits, classified as micro- or macrocalcifications, that lead to the hardening and narrowing of the coronary arteries. CAC is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and sudden death. Our narrative review focuses on the pathophysiology of CAC, exploring its link to plaque vulnerability, genetic factors, and how race and sex can affect the condition. We also examined the connection between the gut microbiome and CAC, and the impact of genetic variants on the cellular processes involved in vascular calcification and atherogenesis. We aimed to thoroughly analyze the existing literature to improve our understanding of CAC and its potential clinical and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satwat Hashmi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan;
| | - Pashmina Wiqar Shah
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (P.W.S.); (Z.A.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Heart Centre Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (P.W.S.); (Z.A.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Heart Centre Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Rédouane Aherrahrou
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (P.W.S.); (Z.A.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Heart Centre Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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5
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Seguchi M, Aytekin A, Lenz T, Nicol P, Klosterman GR, Beele A, Sabic E, Utsch L, Alyaqoob A, Gorpas D, Ntziachristos V, Jaffer FA, Rauschendorfer P, Joner M. Intravascular molecular imaging: translating pathophysiology of atherosclerosis into human disease conditions. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2022; 24:e1-e16. [PMID: 36002376 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of atherosclerotic plaque in coronary arteries is characterized by complex cellular and non-cellular molecular interactions. Within recent years, atherosclerosis has been recognized as inflammation-driven disease condition, where progressive stages are characterized by morphological changes in plaque composition but also relevant molecular processes resulting in increased plaque vulnerability. While existing intravascular imaging modalities are able to resolve key morphological features during plaque progression, they lack capability to characterize the molecular profile of advanced atherosclerotic plaque. Because hybrid imaging modalities may provide incremental information related to plaque biology, they are expected to provide synergistic effects in detecting high risk patients and lesions. The aim of this article is to review existing literature on intravascular molecular imaging approaches, and to provide clinically oriented proposals of their application. In addition, we assembled an overview of future developments in this field geared towards detection of patients at risk for cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Seguchi
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Alp Aytekin
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Tobias Lenz
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Philipp Nicol
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Grace R Klosterman
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Alicia Beele
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Emina Sabic
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Léa Utsch
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Aseel Alyaqoob
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Dimitris Gorpas
- Chair of Biological Imaging and TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Chair of Biological Imaging and TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz- und Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Farouc A Jaffer
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philipp Rauschendorfer
- Chair of Biological Imaging and TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz- und Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Michael Joner
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz- und Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80336, Germany
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6
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Vallée A. Arterial Stiffness and the Canonical WNT/β-catenin Pathway. Curr Hypertens Rep 2022; 24:499-507. [PMID: 35727523 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-022-01211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Arterial stiffness (AS) was mainly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a hypertensive patient. Some risk factors contribute to the development of AS, such as aging, high blood pressure, vascular calcification, inflammation, and diabetes mellitus. The WNT/β-catenin pathway is implicated in numerous signaling and regulating pathways, including embryogenesis, cell proliferation, migration and polarity, apoptosis, and organogenesis. The activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway is associated with the development of these risk factors. RECENT FINDINGS Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) is measured to determine AS, and in peripheral artery disease patients, PWV is higher than controls. An augmentation in PWV by 1 m/s has been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular events by 14%. AS measured by PWV is characterized by the deregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway by the inactivation of its two inhibitors, i.e., DKK1 and sclerostin. Thus, this review focuses on the role of the WNT/β-catenin pathway which contributes to the development of arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Epidemiology - Data - Biostatistics, Delegation of Clinical Research and Innovation, Foch Hospital, 92150, Suresnes, France.
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7
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Teng Y, He J, Zhong Q, Zhang Y, Lu Z, Guan T, Pan Y, Luo X, Feng W, Ou C. Grape exosome-like nanoparticles: A potential therapeutic strategy for vascular calcification. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1025768. [PMID: 36339605 PMCID: PMC9634175 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1025768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is prevalent in hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and aging and has been identified as an important predictor of adverse cardiovascular events. With the complicated mechanisms involved in VC, there is no effective therapy. Thus, a strategy for attenuating the development of VC is of clinical importance. Recent studies suggest that grape exosome-like nanoparticles (GENs) are involved in cell-cell communication as a means of regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, which are known to modulate VC development. In this review, we discuss the roles of GENs and their potential mechanisms in the development of VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yintong Teng
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Dongguan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi He
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Dongguan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Dongguan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenxing Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Dongguan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianwang Guan
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Dongguan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodi Luo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of People’s Liberation Army of China, Kunming, China
| | - Weijing Feng
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiwen Ou
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Dongguan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Innate Immunity in Calcinosis Cutis. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcinosis cutis is the deposition of calcium salts in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, manifesting as variably shaped papules, nodules, and plaques that can substantially impair quality of life. The pathophysiology of calcinosis cutis involves dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, leukocytes, and other components of the innate immune system. In some conditions associated with calcinosis cutis, elevated serum calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D may also perturb innate immunity. The mechanisms by which these lead to cutaneous and subcutaneous calcification likely parallel those seen in vascular calcification. The role of aberrant innate immunity is further supported by the association between various autoantibodies with calcinosis cutis, such as anti-MDA5, anti-NXP2, anti-centromere, and anti-topoisomerase I. Treatments for calcinosis cutis remain limited and largely experimental, although mechanistically many therapies appear to focus on dampening innate immune responses. Further research is needed to better understand the innate immune pathophysiology and establish treatment options based on randomized-controlled trials.
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9
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Zehra U, Tryfonidou M, Iatridis JC, Illien-Jünger S, Mwale F, Samartzis D. Mechanisms and clinical implications of intervertebral disc calcification. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022; 18:352-362. [DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Shen J, Zhao M, Zhang C, Sun X. IL-1β in atherosclerotic vascular calcification: From bench to bedside. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4353-4364. [PMID: 34803503 PMCID: PMC8579452 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.66537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular calcification contributes to increased risk of death in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Assessing the type and severity of inflammation is crucial in the treatment of numerous cardiovascular conditions. IL-1β, a potent proinflammatory cytokine, plays diverse roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic vascular calcification. Several large-scale, population cohort trials have shown that the incidence of cardiovascular events is clinically reduced by the administration of anti-IL-1β therapy. Anti-IL-1β therapy might reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events by affecting atherosclerotic vascular calcification, but the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the role of IL-1β in atherosclerotic vascular calcification, and describe the latest results reported in clinical trials evaluating anti-IL-1β therapies for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This review will aid in improving current understanding of the pathophysiological roles of IL-1β and mechanisms underlying its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Shen
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Interventional Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids in Medicine for National high-level talents, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.,Department of Interventional Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.,Laboratory of Nucleic Acids in Medicine for National high-level talents, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.,School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom.,Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, 646000, China.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou 646000, China
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11
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Beck-Joseph J, Lehoux S. Molecular Interactions Between Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Macrophages in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:737934. [PMID: 34722670 PMCID: PMC8554018 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.737934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the largest contributor toward life-threatening cardiovascular events. Cellular activity and cholesterol accumulation lead to vascular remodeling and the formation of fatty plaques. Complications arise from blood clots, forming at sites of plaque development, which may detach and result in thrombotic occlusions. Vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages play dominant roles in atherosclerosis. A firm understanding of how these cells influence and modulate each other is pivotal for a better understanding of the disease and the development of novel therapeutics. Recent studies have investigated molecular interactions between both cell types and their impact on disease progression. Here we aim to review the current knowledge. Intercellular communications through soluble factors, physical contact, and extracellular vesicles are discussed. We also present relevant background on scientific methods used to study the disease, the general pathophysiology and intracellular factors involved in phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells. We conclude this review with a discussion of the current state, shortcomings and potential future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahnic Beck-Joseph
- Biomat'X Research Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Lehoux
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Waring OJ, Skenteris NT, Biessen EAL, Donners MMPC. Two-faced Janus: The dual role of macrophages in atherosclerotic calcification. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2768-2777. [PMID: 34550346 PMCID: PMC9586561 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcification is an independent predictor of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular events. Microcalcification is linked to inflamed, unstable lesions, in comparison to the fibrotic stable plaque phenotype generally associated with advanced calcification. This paradox relates to recognition that calcification presents in a wide spectrum of manifestations that differentially impact plaque’s fate. Macrophages, the main inflammatory cells in atherosclerotic plaque, have a multifaceted role in disease progression. They crucially control the mineralization process, from microcalcification to the osteoid metaplasia of bone-like tissue. It is a bilateral interaction that weighs heavily on the overall plaque fate but remains rather unexplored. This review highlights current knowledge about macrophage phenotypic changes in relation to and interaction with the calcifying environment. On the one hand, macrophage-led inflammation kickstarts microcalcification through a multitude of interlinked mechanisms, which in turn stimulates phenotypic changes in vascular cell types to drive microcalcification. Macrophages may also modulate the expression/activity of calcification inhibitors and inducers, or eliminate hydroxyapatite nucleation points. Contrarily, direct exposure of macrophages to an early calcifying milieu impacts macrophage phenotype, with repercussions for plaque progression and/or stability. Macrophages surrounding macrocalcification deposits show a more reparative phenotype, modulating extracellular matrix, and expressing osteoclast genes. This phenotypic shift favours gradual displacement of the pro-inflammatory hubs; the lipid necrotic core, by macrocalcification. Parallels to bone metabolism may explain many of these changes to macrophage phenotype, with advanced calcification able to show homeostatic osteoid metaplasia. As the targeted treatment of vascular calcification developing in atherosclerosis is thus far severely lacking, it is crucial to better understand its mechanisms of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Waring
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - N T Skenteris
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - E A L Biessen
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, German
| | - M M P C Donners
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
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13
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Checkouri E, Blanchard V, Meilhac O. Macrophages in Atherosclerosis, First or Second Row Players? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091214. [PMID: 34572399 PMCID: PMC8465019 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages represent a cell type that has been widely described in the context of atherosclerosis since the earliest studies in the 17th century. Their role has long been considered to be preponderant in the onset and aggravation of atherosclerosis, in particular by participating in the establishment of a chronic inflammatory state by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and by uncontrolled engorgement of lipids resulting in the formation of foam cells and later of the necrotic core. However, recent evidence from mouse models using an elegant technique of tracing vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) during plaque development revealed that resident VSMCs display impressive plastic properties in response to an arterial injury, allowing them to switch into different cell types within the plaque, including mesenchymal-like cells, macrophage-like cells and osteochondrogenic-like cells. In this review, we oppose the arguments in favor or against the influence of macrophages versus VSMCs in all stages of atherosclerosis including pre-atherosclerosis, formation of lipid-rich foam cells, development of the necrotic core and the fibrous cap as well as calcification and rupture of the plaque. We also analyze the relevance of animal models for the investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis in humans, and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting either VSMCs or macrophage to prevent the development of cardiovascular events. Overall, although major findings have been made from animal models, efforts are still needed to better understand and therefore prevent the development of atherosclerotic plaques in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Checkouri
- INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (E.C.); (V.B.)
- Habemus Papam, Food Industry, 97470 Saint-Benoit, France
| | - Valentin Blanchard
- INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (E.C.); (V.B.)
- Departments of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (E.C.); (V.B.)
- CHU de La Réunion, INSERM, CIC1410, 97500 Saint-Pierre, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-262-93-8811
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14
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Xu X, Hua Y, Liu B, Zhou F, Wang L, Hou W. Correlation Between Calcification Characteristics of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque and Plaque Vulnerability. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2021; 17:679-690. [PMID: 34234444 PMCID: PMC8257076 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s303485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the relationship between calcification characteristics of carotid atherosclerotic plaque and lipid rich necrotic core (LRNC) and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH). Methods Patients with severe carotid stenosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) were selected. Ultrasound and CT angiography (CTA) were performed to evaluate the calcification characteristics of the plaque before the surgery. Results A total of 142 patients were included and 142 pathological specimens of postoperative plaque were obtained accordingly. There were 78 plaques (54.9%) with LRNC and 41 (28.9%) with IPH. The plaque with LRNC had higher calcification rate (93.6%) compared with the plaque with IPH (87.8%). LRNC was often found in multiple calcification (P = 0.003) and mixed type calcification (P = 0.001). Multiple calcification was more likely to combine with IPH (P = 0.008), while simple basal calcification was not likely to combine IPH (P = 0.002). Smaller granular calcification was more likely to be associated with IPH (P < 0.05). In multivariate regression analysis of IPH and calcification characteristics, simple basal calcification was still a protective factor for IPH (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.09–0.66; P = 0.005), while multiple calcification was closely related to the occurrence of IPH (OR, 3.58; 95% CI, 1.49–8.61; P = 0.004). Conclusion Calcification characteristics of carotid atherosclerotic plaques are closely related to the vulnerability of plaques, especially multiple calcification and mixed type calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Hua
- Department of Vascular Ultrasonography, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Vascular Ultrasonography, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fubo Zhou
- Department of Vascular Ultrasonography, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Vascular Ultrasonography, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Hou
- Department of Vascular Ultrasonography, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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15
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Takahashi N, Dohi T, Endo H, Takeuchi M, Doi S, Kato Y, Okai I, Iwata H, Okazaki S, Isoda K, Miyauchi K, Minamino T. Coronary lipid-rich plaque characteristics in Japanese patients with acute coronary syndrome and stable angina: A near infrared spectroscopy and intravascular ultrasound study. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2021; 33:100747. [PMID: 33748401 PMCID: PMC7957086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asians have a much lower incidence of adverse coronary events than Caucasians. We sought to evaluate the characteristics of coronary lipid-rich plaques (LRP) in Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and stable angina (SA). We also aimed to identify surrogate markers for the extent of LRP. METHODS We evaluated 207 patients (ACS, n = 75; SA, n = 132) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention under near infrared spectroscopy intravascular ultrasound (NIRS-IVUS). Plaque characteristics and the extent of LRP [defined as a long segment with a 4-mm maximum lipid-core burden index (maxLCBI4mm)] on NIRS in de-novo culprit and non-culprit segments were analyzed. RESULTS The ACS culprit lesions had a significantly higher maxLCBI4mm (median [interquartile range (IQR)]: 533 [385-745] vs. 361 [174-527], p < 0.001) than the SA culprit lesions. On multivariate logistic analysis, a large LRP (defined as maxLCBI4mm ≥ 400) was the strongest independent predictor of the ACS culprit segment (odds ratio, 3.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.95-8.02). In non-culprit segments, 19.8% of patients had at least one large LRP without a small lumen. No significant correlation was found between the extent of LRP and systematic biomarkers (hs-CRP, IL-6, TNF-α), whereas the extent of LRP was positively correlated with IVUS plaque burden (r = 0.24, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that NIRS-IVUS plaque assessment could be useful to differentiate ACS from SA culprit lesions, and that a threshold maxLCBI4mm ≥ 400 was clinically suitable in Japanese patients. No surrogate maker for a high-risk LRP was found; consequently, direct intravascular evaluation of plaque characteristics remains important.
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Key Words
- ACS, acute coronary syndrome
- Asian
- CI, confidence interval
- CKD, chronic kidney disease
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- IQR, interquartile range
- IVUS, intravascular ultrasound
- Intracoronary imaging
- LCBI
- LCBI, lipid core burden index
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LRP, lipid-rich plaque
- Lipid core burden index
- MDA-LDL, malondialdehyde-modified LDL
- MLA, minimum lumen area
- NIRS
- NIRS, near infrared spectroscopy
- NSTE-ACS, non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome
- OR, odds ratio
- PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention
- PCSK9, proprotein convertase subtilisin / kexin type 9
- SA, stable angina
- STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Vulnerable plaque
- hs-CRP, high-sensitive C reactive protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Dohi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Endo
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Takeuchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Doi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Kato
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Iwao Okai
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwata
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinya Okazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kikuo Isoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Katsumi Miyauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (AMEDCREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Canet-Soulas E, Bessueille L, Mechtouff L, Magne D. The Elusive Origin of Atherosclerotic Plaque Calcification. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622736. [PMID: 33768090 PMCID: PMC7985066 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known for decades or even centuries that arteries calcify as they age. Vascular calcification probably affects all adults, since virtually all have atherosclerotic plaques: an accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, necrotic debris, and calcium phosphate crystals. A high vascular calcium score is associated with a high cardiovascular mortality risk, and relatively recent data suggest that even microcalcifications that form in early plaques may destabilize plaques and trigger a cardiovascular event. If the cellular and molecular mechanisms of plaque calcification have been relatively well characterized in mice, human plaques appear to calcify through different mechanisms that remain obscure. In this context, we will first review articles reporting the location and features of early calcifications in human plaques and then review the articles that explored the mechanisms though which human and mouse plaques calcify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Canet-Soulas
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laurence Bessueille
- ICBMS, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Mechtouff
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Stroke Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - David Magne
- ICBMS, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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17
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Xiao H, Chen J, Duan L, Li S. Role of emerging vitamin K‑dependent proteins: Growth arrest‑specific protein 6, Gla‑rich protein and periostin (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:2. [PMID: 33448308 PMCID: PMC7834955 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) are a group of proteins that need vitamin K to conduct carboxylation. Thus far, scholars have identified a total of 17 VKDPs in the human body. In this review, we summarize three important emerging VKDPs: Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas 6), Gla-rich protein (GRP) and periostin in terms of their functions in physiological and pathological conditions. As examples, carboxylated Gas 6 and GRP effectively protect blood vessels from calcification, Gas 6 protects from acute kidney injury and is involved in chronic kidney disease, GRP contributes to bone homeostasis and delays the progression of osteoarthritis, and periostin is involved in all phases of fracture healing and assists myocardial regeneration in the early stages of myocardial infarction. However, periostin participates in the progression of cardiac fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and airway remodeling of asthma. In addition, we discuss the relationship between vitamin K, VKDPs and cancer, and particularly the carboxylation state of VKDPs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Jiepeng Chen
- Sungen Bioscience Co., Ltd., Shantou, Guangdong 515071, P.R. China
| | - Lili Duan
- Sungen Bioscience Co., Ltd., Shantou, Guangdong 515071, P.R. China
| | - Shuzhuang Li
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
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18
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Role of Uremic Toxins in Early Vascular Ageing and Calcification. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010026. [PMID: 33401534 PMCID: PMC7824162 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), the accumulation of uremic toxins, caused by a combination of decreased excretion secondary to reduced kidney function and increased generation secondary to aberrant expression of metabolite genes, interferes with different biological functions of cells and organs, contributing to a state of chronic inflammation and other adverse biologic effects that may cause tissue damage. Several uremic toxins have been implicated in severe vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) changes and other alterations leading to vascular calcification (VC) and early vascular ageing (EVA). The above mentioned are predominant clinical features of patients with CKD, contributing to their exceptionally high cardiovascular mortality. Herein, we present an update on pathophysiological processes and mediators underlying VC and EVA induced by uremic toxins. Moreover, we discuss their clinical impact, and possible therapeutic targets aiming at preventing or ameliorating the harmful effects of uremic toxins on the vasculature.
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19
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Jeon YK, Shin MJ, Saini SK, Custodero C, Aggarwal M, Anton SD, Leeuwenburgh C, Mankowski RT. Vascular dysfunction as a potential culprit of sarcopenia. Exp Gerontol 2020; 145:111220. [PMID: 33373710 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging-related changes to biological structures such as cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems contribute to the development of comorbid conditions including cardiovascular disease and frailty, and ultimately lead to premature death. Although, frail older adults often demonstrate both cardiovascular and musculoskeletal comorbidities, the etiology of sarcopenia, and especially the contribution of cardiovascular aging is unclear. Aging-related vascular calcification is prevalent in older adults and is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death. The effect vascular calcification has on function during aging is not well understood. Emerging findings suggest vascular calcification can impact skeletal muscle perfusion, negatively affecting nutrient and oxygen delivery to skeletal muscle, ultimately accelerating muscle loss and functional decline. The present review summarizes existing evidence on the biological mechanisms linking vascular calcification with sarcopenia during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kyung Jeon
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jun Shin
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunil Kumar Saini
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carlo Custodero
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Clinica Medica Cesare Frugoni, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Aggarwal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Stephen D Anton
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Robert T Mankowski
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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20
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Rapp N, Evenepoel P, Stenvinkel P, Schurgers L. Uremic Toxins and Vascular Calcification-Missing the Forest for All the Trees. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E624. [PMID: 33003628 PMCID: PMC7599869 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiorenal syndrome relates to the detrimental interplay between the vascular system and the kidney. The uremic milieu induced by reduced kidney function alters the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and promotes vascular calcification, a condition which is strongly linked to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Biological mechanisms involved include generation of reactive oxygen species, inflammation and accelerated senescence. A better understanding of the vasotoxic effects of uremic retention molecules may reveal novel avenues to reduce vascular calcification in CKD. The present review aims to present a state of the art on the role of uremic toxins in pathogenesis of vascular calcification. Evidence, so far, is fragmentary and limited with only a few uremic toxins being investigated, often by a single group of investigators. Experimental heterogeneity furthermore hampers comparison. There is a clear need for a concerted action harmonizing and standardizing experimental protocols and combining efforts of basic and clinical researchers to solve the complex puzzle of uremic vascular calcification.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cardio-Renal Syndrome/metabolism
- Cardio-Renal Syndrome/pathology
- Cardio-Renal Syndrome/physiopathology
- Cardio-Renal Syndrome/therapy
- Humans
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Prognosis
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy
- Toxins, Biological/metabolism
- Uremia/metabolism
- Uremia/pathology
- Uremia/physiopathology
- Uremia/therapy
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
- Vascular Calcification/physiopathology
- Vascular Calcification/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Rapp
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Pieter Evenepoel
- Laboratory of Nephrology, KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Leon Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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21
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Fong F, Xian J, Demer LL, Tintut Y. Serotonin receptor type 2B activation augments TNF-α-induced matrix mineralization in murine valvular interstitial cells. J Cell Biochem 2020; 122:249-258. [PMID: 32901992 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Calcification, fibrosis, and chronic inflammation are the predominant features of calcific aortic valve disease, a life-threatening condition. Drugs that induce serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) are known to damage valves, and activated platelets, which carry peripheral serotonin, are known to promote calcific aortic valve stenosis. However, the role of 5-HT in valve leaflet pathology is not known. We tested whether serotonin mediates inflammation-induced matrix mineralization in valve cells. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that murine aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs) expressed both serotonin receptor types 2A and 2B (Htr2a and Htr2b). Although Htr2a expression was greater at baseline, Htr2b expression was induced several-fold more than Htr2a in response to the pro-calcific tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) treatment. 5-HT also augmented TNF-α-induced osteoblastic differentiation and matrix mineralization of VIC, but 5-HT alone had no effects. Inhibition of serotonin receptor type 2B, using specific inhibitors or lentiviral knockdown in VIC, attenuated 5-HT effects on TNF-α-induced osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization. 5-HT treatment also augmented TNF-α-induced matrix metalloproteinase-3 expression, which was also attenuated by Htr2b knockdown. Htr2b expression in aortic roots and serum levels of peripheral 5-HT were also greater in the hyperlipidemic Apoe-/- mice than in control normolipemic mice. These findings suggest a new role for serotonin signaling in inflammation-induced calcific valvulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joshua Xian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Linda L Demer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yin Tintut
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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22
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Li C, Zhang S, Chen X, Ji J, Yang W, Gui T, Gai Z, Li Y. Farnesoid X receptor activation inhibits TGFBR1/TAK1-mediated vascular inflammation and calcification via miR-135a-5p. Commun Biol 2020; 3:327. [PMID: 32581266 PMCID: PMC7314757 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in vascular calcification. However, only a few studies have revealed the mechanisms underlying the development of inflammation under high-phosphate conditions in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Here, we show that inflammation resulting from the activation of the TGFBR1/TAK1 pathway is involved in calcification in CKD rats or osteogenic medium-cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Moreover, miR-135a-5p is demonstrated to be a key regulator of the TGFBR1/TAK1 pathway, which has been reported to be decreased in CKD rats. We further reveal that farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation increases miR-135a-5p expression, thereby inhibiting the activation of the TGFBR1/TAK1 pathway, ultimately resulting in the attenuation of vascular inflammation and calcification in CKD rats. Our findings provide advanced insights into the mechanisms underlying the development of inflammation in vascular calcification, and evidence that FXR activation could serve as a therapeutic strategy for retarding vascular calcification in CKD patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Calcinosis/genetics
- Calcinosis/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Humans
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/genetics
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Male
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Osteogenesis
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I/genetics
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Vasculitis/genetics
- Vasculitis/metabolism
- Vasculitis/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
| | - Shijun Zhang
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Jingkang Ji
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Wenqing Yang
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Ting Gui
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Zhibo Gai
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.
| | - Yunlun Li
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, China.
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23
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Pang H, Xiao L, Lu Z, Chen H, Shang Z, Jiang N, Wang X, Wei F, Jiang A, Chen Y, Niu Y. Targeting androgen receptor in macrophages inhibits phosphate-induced vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by decreasing IL-6 expression. Vascul Pharmacol 2020; 130:106681. [PMID: 32387336 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2020.106681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, its mechanisms remain unclear. VC, similar to atherosclerosis, is an inflammatory disease. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a key role in VC progression. The androgen receptor (AR) in monocytes/macrophages plays an important role in inflammatory diseases. Here, we define the role of macrophage (MФ) AR in inorganic phosphate-induced VSMC calcification. Our results show that the conditioning medium (CM) of silencing AR in macrophages inhibits inorganic phosphate-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) calcification, and alleviates the transdifferentiation of HASMCs into osteoblasts for the protein expression of osteoblasts marker Runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) in HASMCs decreased while that of smooth muscle cell marker SM22α increased. The effect of AR on HASMC calcification might mainly be mediated by the inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Silencing AR in monocytes/macrophages can dramatically decrease IL-6 expression. We also investigated how macrophage AR regulates IL-6. ChIP and luciferase assays indicate that AR directly binds to the ARE sequence in the promoter of the IL-6 gene to accelerate transcription and expression. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation that has established the correlation between AR and VC and identified the contribution of AR in the calcification of VSMCs. In addition, this study describes a novel target for therapeutic intervention in VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Pang
- The Kidney Diseases and Blood Purification Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Longfei Xiao
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- The Kidney Diseases and Blood Purification Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- The Kidney Diseases and Blood Purification Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Zhiqun Shang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Fang Wei
- The Kidney Diseases and Blood Purification Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Aili Jiang
- The Kidney Diseases and Blood Purification Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Yegang Chen
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China.
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China.
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24
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Henein MY, Vancheri S, Bajraktari G, Vancheri F. Coronary Atherosclerosis Imaging. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10020065. [PMID: 31991633 PMCID: PMC7168918 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying patients at increased risk of coronary artery disease, before the atherosclerotic complications become clinically evident, is the aim of cardiovascular prevention. Imaging techniques provide direct assessment of coronary atherosclerotic burden and pathological characteristics of atherosclerotic lesions which may predict the progression of disease. Atherosclerosis imaging has been traditionally based on the evaluation of coronary luminal narrowing and stenosis. However, the degree of arterial obstruction is a poor predictor of subsequent acute events. More recent techniques focus on the high-resolution visualization of the arterial wall and the coronary plaques. Most acute coronary events are triggered by plaque rupture or erosion. Hence, atherosclerotic plaque imaging has generally focused on the detection of vulnerable plaque prone to rupture. However, atherosclerosis is a dynamic process and the plaque morphology and composition may change over time. Most vulnerable plaques undergo progressive transformation from high-risk to more stable and heavily calcified lesions, while others undergo subclinical rupture and healing. Although extensive plaque calcification is often associated with stable atherosclerosis, the extent of coronary artery calcification strongly correlates with the degree of atherosclerosis and with the rate of future cardiac events. Inflammation has a central role in atherogenesis, from plaque formation to rupture, hence in the development of acute coronary events. Morphologic plaque assessment, both invasive and non-invasive, gives limited information as to the current activity of the atherosclerotic disease. The addition of nuclear imaging, based on radioactive tracers targeted to the inflammatory components of the plaques, provides a highly sensitive assessment of coronary disease activity, thus distinguishing those patients who have stable disease from those with active plaque inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y. Henein
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden; (M.Y.H.); (G.B.)
- Departments of Fluid Mechanics, Brunel University, Middlesex, London UB8 3PH, UK
- Molecular and Nuclear Research Institute, St George’s University, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Sergio Vancheri
- Radiology Department, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Gani Bajraktari
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden; (M.Y.H.); (G.B.)
- Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
- Clinic of Cardiology, University Clinical Centre of Kosova, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Federico Vancheri
- Internal Medicine, S.Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
- Correspondence:
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25
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Loss of PARP-1 attenuates diabetic arteriosclerotic calcification via Stat1/Runx2 axis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:22. [PMID: 31924749 PMCID: PMC6954221 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated atherosclerotic calcification is responsible for plaque burden, especially in diabetes. The regulatory mechanism for atherosclerotic calcification in diabetes is poorly characterized. Here we show that deletion of PARP-1, a main enzyme in diverse metabolic complications, attenuates diabetic atherosclerotic calcification and decreases vessel stiffening in mice through Runx2 suppression. Specifically, PARP-1 deficiency reduces diabetic arteriosclerotic calcification by regulating Stat1-mediated synthetic phenotype switching of vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophage polarization. Meanwhile, both vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages manifested osteogenic differentiation in osteogenic media, which was attenuated by PARP-1/Stat1 inhibition. Notably, Stat1 acts as a positive transcription factor by directly binding to the promoter of Runx2 and promoting atherosclerotic calcification in diabetes. Our results identify a new function of PARP-1, in which metabolism disturbance-related stimuli activate the Runx2 expression mediated by Stat1 transcription to facilitate diabetic arteriosclerotic calcification. PARP-1 inhibition may therefore represent a useful therapy for this challenging complication.
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26
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Malhotra R, Wunderer F, Barnes HJ, Bagchi A, Buswell MD, O'Rourke CD, Slocum CL, Ledsky CD, Peneyra KM, Sigurslid H, Corman B, Johansson KB, Rhee DK, Bloch KD, Bloch DB. Hepcidin Deficiency Protects Against Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:178-187. [PMID: 30587002 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.312215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Inflammatory stimuli enhance the progression of atherosclerotic disease. Inflammation also increases the expression of hepcidin, a hormonal regulator of iron homeostasis, which decreases intestinal iron absorption, reduces serum iron levels and traps iron within macrophages. The role of macrophage iron in the development of atherosclerosis remains incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of hepcidin deficiency and decreased macrophage iron on the development of atherosclerosis. Approach and Results- Hepcidin- and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptor-deficient ( Hamp-/-/ Ldlr-/-) mice and Hamp+/+/ Ldlr-/- control mice were fed a high-fat diet for 21 weeks. Compared with control mice, Hamp-/-/ Ldlr-/- mice had decreased aortic macrophage activity and atherosclerosis. Because hepcidin deficiency is associated with both increased serum iron and decreased macrophage iron, the possibility that increased serum iron was responsible for decreased atherosclerosis in Hamp-/-/ Ldlr-/- mice was considered. Hamp+/+/ Ldlr-/- mice were treated with iron dextran so as to produce a 2-fold increase in serum iron. Increased serum iron did not decrease atherosclerosis in Hamp+/+/ Ldlr-/- mice. Aortic macrophages from Hamp-/-/ Ldlr-/- mice had less labile free iron and exhibited a reduced proinflammatory (M1) phenotype compared with macrophages from Hamp+/+/ Ldlr-/- mice. THP1 human macrophages treated with an iron chelator were used to model hepcidin deficiency in vitro. Treatment with an iron chelator reduced LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced M1 phenotypic expression and decreased uptake of oxidized LDL. Conclusions- In summary, in a hyperlipidemic mouse model, hepcidin deficiency was associated with decreased macrophage iron, a reduced aortic macrophage inflammatory phenotype and protection from atherosclerosis. The results indicate that decreasing hepcidin activity, with the resulting decrease in macrophage iron, may prove to be a novel strategy for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Malhotra
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine (R.M., H.J.B., M.D.B., C.L.S., H.S., D.K.R., K.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Florian Wunderer
- the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (F.W., A.B., C.D.O., C.D.L., K.M.P., B.C., K.B.J., K.D.B., D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (F.W.)
| | - Hanna J Barnes
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine (R.M., H.J.B., M.D.B., C.L.S., H.S., D.K.R., K.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Aranya Bagchi
- the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (F.W., A.B., C.D.O., C.D.L., K.M.P., B.C., K.B.J., K.D.B., D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Mary D Buswell
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine (R.M., H.J.B., M.D.B., C.L.S., H.S., D.K.R., K.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Caitlin D O'Rourke
- the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (F.W., A.B., C.D.O., C.D.L., K.M.P., B.C., K.B.J., K.D.B., D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Charles L Slocum
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine (R.M., H.J.B., M.D.B., C.L.S., H.S., D.K.R., K.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Clara D Ledsky
- the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (F.W., A.B., C.D.O., C.D.L., K.M.P., B.C., K.B.J., K.D.B., D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Kathryn M Peneyra
- the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (F.W., A.B., C.D.O., C.D.L., K.M.P., B.C., K.B.J., K.D.B., D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Haakon Sigurslid
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine (R.M., H.J.B., M.D.B., C.L.S., H.S., D.K.R., K.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Benjamin Corman
- the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (F.W., A.B., C.D.O., C.D.L., K.M.P., B.C., K.B.J., K.D.B., D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Kimberly B Johansson
- the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (F.W., A.B., C.D.O., C.D.L., K.M.P., B.C., K.B.J., K.D.B., D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - David K Rhee
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine (R.M., H.J.B., M.D.B., C.L.S., H.S., D.K.R., K.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Kenneth D Bloch
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine (R.M., H.J.B., M.D.B., C.L.S., H.S., D.K.R., K.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (F.W., A.B., C.D.O., C.D.L., K.M.P., B.C., K.B.J., K.D.B., D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Donald B Bloch
- the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (F.W., A.B., C.D.O., C.D.L., K.M.P., B.C., K.B.J., K.D.B., D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology of the Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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27
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone with a central role in the regulation of phosphate homeostasis. This regulation is accomplished by the coordinated modulation of renal phosphate handling, vitamin D metabolism and parathyroid hormone secretion. Patients with kidney disease have increased circulating levels of FGF23 and in other patient populations and in healthy individuals, FGF23 levels also rise following an increase in dietary phosphate intake. Maladaptive increases in FGF23 have a detrimental effect on several organs and tissues and, importantly, these pathological changes most likely contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. For example, in the context of heart disease, FGF23 is involved in the development of pathological hypertrophy that can lead to congestive heart failure. Increased FGF23 concentrations can also lead to microcirculatory changes, in particular reduced vasodilatory capacity, and collectively these cardiovascular changes can compromise tissue perfusion. In addition, FGF23 is associated with inflammation and an increased risk of infection; other potentially detrimental effects of FGF23 are likely to emerge in the future. Most importantly, recent insights demonstrate that FGF23 can be therapeutically targeted, which holds promise for the treatment of many patients in a variety of clinical settings.
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28
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Coronary artery calcification: recent developments in our understanding of its pathologic and clinical significance. Curr Opin Cardiol 2019; 33:645-652. [PMID: 30307412 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prior investigations have shown the close association between coronary artery calcification (CAC) and total atherosclerotic plaque burden as well as the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. However, recent pathologic and imaging-based studies suggested that massive dense calcifications are usually associated with stable plaque; whereas, micro calcifications, especially in the thin fibrous cap, are related to vulnerable characteristics. Further, the molecular mechanisms for initiation/progression of vascular calcification are highly complex and still need to be elucidated. In this manuscript, we discuss recent advancement in our understanding of CAC from the basic, pathologic, and clinical perspectives. RECENT FINDINGS Research on the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and CAC has been growing and may potentially lead to future precision-based medicine. In basic research field, more attention has been focused on the relationship between inflammation and vascular calcification. Large-scale imaging based studies support the association between statin and calcification progression, maybe one of the ways by which statins prevent cardiovascular events. Nevertheless, the mechanism responsible for this effect is still not fully understood. Optical coherence tomography has improved resolution to detect CAC over traditional CT and may be especially promising for the detection of calcified nodules. SUMMARY A better understanding of CAC in all of its forms will advance our understanding of its natural history of atherosclerosis. More work is needed to understand the basic molecular mechanisms responsible for the initiation/progression of CAC, which may eventually lead to the development of effective treatments for atherosclerosis.
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29
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Vancheri F, Longo G, Vancheri S, Danial JSH, Henein MY. Coronary Artery Microcalcification: Imaging and Clinical Implications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9040125. [PMID: 31547506 PMCID: PMC6963848 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies to prevent acute coronary and cerebrovascular events are based on accurate identification of patients at increased cardiovascular (CV) risk who may benefit from intensive preventive measures. The majority of acute CV events are precipitated by the rupture of the thin cap overlying the necrotic core of an atherosclerotic plaque. Hence, identification of vulnerable coronary lesions is essential for CV prevention. Atherosclerosis is a highly dynamic process involving cell migration, apoptosis, inflammation, osteogenesis, and intimal calcification, progressing from early lesions to advanced plaques. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a marker of coronary atherosclerosis, correlates with clinically significant coronary artery disease (CAD), predicts future CV events and improves the risk prediction of conventional risk factors. The relative importance of coronary calcification, whether it has a protective effect as a stabilizing force of high-risk atherosclerotic plaque has been debated until recently. The extent of calcium in coronary arteries has different clinical implications. Extensive plaque calcification is often a feature of advanced and stable atherosclerosis, which only rarely results in rupture. These macroscopic vascular calcifications can be detected by computed tomography (CT). The resulting CAC scoring, although a good marker of overall coronary plaque burden, is not useful to identify vulnerable lesions prone to rupture. Unlike macrocalcifications, spotty microcalcifications assessed by intravascular ultrasound or optical coherence tomography strongly correlate with plaque instability. However, they are below the resolution of CT due to limited spatial resolution. Microcalcifications develop in the earliest stages of coronary intimal calcification and directly contribute to plaque rupture producing local mechanical stress on the plaque surface. They result from a healing response to intense local macrophage inflammatory activity. Most of them show a progressive calcification transforming the early stage high-risk microcalcification into the stable end-stage macroscopic calcification. In recent years, new developments in noninvasive cardiovascular imaging technology have shifted the study of vulnerable plaques from morphology to the assessment of disease activity of the atherosclerotic lesions. Increased disease activity, detected by positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance (MR), has been shown to be associated with more microcalcification, larger necrotic core and greater rates of events. In this context, the paradox of increased coronary artery calcification observed in statin trials, despite reduced CV events, can be explained by the reduction of coronary inflammation induced by statin which results in more stable macrocalcification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Longo
- Cardiovascular and Interventional Department, S.Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy.
| | - Sergio Vancheri
- Radiology Department, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - John S H Danial
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Michael Y Henein
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden.
- Institute of Environment & Health and Societies, Brunel University, Middlesex SW17 0RE, UK.
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University, London UB8 3PH, UK.
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30
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Moore KJ, Koplev S, Fisher EA, Tabas I, Björkegren JLM, Doran AC, Kovacic JC. Macrophage Trafficking, Inflammatory Resolution, and Genomics in Atherosclerosis: JACC Macrophage in CVD Series (Part 2). J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 72:2181-2197. [PMID: 30360827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the retention of modified lipoproteins in the arterial wall. These modified lipoproteins activate resident macrophages and the recruitment of monocyte-derived cells, which differentiate into mononuclear phagocytes that ingest the deposited lipoproteins to become "foam cells": a hallmark of this disease. In this Part 2 of a 4-part review series covering the macrophage in cardiovascular disease, we critically review the contributions and relevant pathobiology of monocytes, macrophages, and foam cells as relevant to atherosclerosis. We also review evidence that via various pathways, a failure of the resolution of inflammation is an additional key aspect of this disease process. Finally, we consider the likely role played by genomics and biological networks in controlling the macrophage phenotype in atherosclerosis. Collectively, these data provide substantial insights on the atherosclerotic process, while concurrently offering numerous molecular and genomic candidates that appear to hold great promise for selective targeting as clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Moore
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Simon Koplev
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Johan L M Björkegren
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Amanda C Doran
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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New Insights into the Roles of Monocytes/Macrophages in Cardiovascular Calcification Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090529. [PMID: 31547340 PMCID: PMC6784181 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an important cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular calcification (CVC) is one of the strongest predictors of CVD in this population. Cardiovascular calcification results from complex cellular interactions involving the endothelium, vascular/valvular cells (i.e., vascular smooth muscle cells, valvular interstitial cells and resident fibroblasts), and monocyte-derived macrophages. Indeed, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress by monocyte-derived macrophages is responsible for the osteogenic transformation and mineralization of vascular/valvular cells. However, monocytes/macrophages show the ability to modify their phenotype, and consequently their functions, when facing environmental modifications. This plasticity complicates efforts to understand the pathogenesis of CVC-particularly in a CKD setting, where both uraemic toxins and CKD treatment may affect monocyte/macrophage functions and thereby influence CVC. Here, we review (i) the mechanisms by which each monocyte/macrophage subset either promotes or prevents CVC, and (ii) how both uraemic toxins and CKD therapies might affect these monocyte/macrophage functions.
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Yang W, Zou B, Hou Y, Yan W, Chen T, Qu S. Extracellular vesicles in vascular calcification. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 499:118-122. [PMID: 31493375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is associated with adverse cardiovascular events that increase the risk of cardiovascular death. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of vascular calcification is complex and incompletely understood. As important intercellular signaling molecules, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in vascular calcification has attracted wide attention in recent years. This review will briefly describe the role of EVs (mainly including exosomes and microvesicles) in the process of vascular wall calcification focusing on the specific mechanisms of smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation and calcium-phosphorus balance to illustrate the relationship between EVs and vascular calcification. It is likely that EVs may be prognostic markers in some cardiovascular diseases and have potential therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Yang
- Pathophysiology Department, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Clinic Department, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Bu Zou
- Pathophysiology Department, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Clinic Department, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Yangfeng Hou
- Pathophysiology Department, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Clinic Department, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Wei Yan
- Pathophysiology Department, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Clinic Department, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Tao Chen
- Pathophysiology Department, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Clinic Department, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Shunlin Qu
- Pathophysiology Department, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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Viegas C, Araújo N, Marreiros C, Simes D. The interplay between mineral metabolism, vascular calcification and inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): challenging old concepts with new facts. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:4274-4299. [PMID: 31241466 PMCID: PMC6628989 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most powerful predictors of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD), with heightened susceptibility to vascular intimal and medial calcification associated with a high cardiovascular mortality. Abnormal mineral metabolism of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) and underlying (dys)regulated hormonal control in CKD-mineral and bone disorder (MBD) is often accompanied by bone loss and increased vascular calcification (VC). While VC is known to be a multifactorial process and a major risk factor for CVD, the view of primary triggers and molecular mechanisms complexity has been shifting with novel scientific knowledge over the last years. In this review we highlight the importance of calcium-phosphate (CaP) mineral crystals in VC with an integrated view over the complexity of CKD, while discuss past and recent literature aiming to highlight novel horizons on this major health burden. Exacerbated VC in CKD patients might result from several interconnected mechanisms involving abnormal mineral metabolism, dysregulation of endogenous calcification inhibitors and inflammatory pathways, which function in a feedback loop driving disease progression and cardiovascular outcomes. We propose that novel approaches targeting simultaneously VC and inflammation might represent valuable new prognostic tools and targets for therapeutics and management of cardiovascular risk in the CKD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Viegas
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Nuna Araújo
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Catarina Marreiros
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Dina Simes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
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Vallée A, Vallée JN, Lecarpentier Y. Metabolic reprogramming in atherosclerosis: Opposed interplay between the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPARγ. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 133:36-46. [PMID: 31153873 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and age-related disease, is a complex mechanism presenting a dysregulation of vessel structures. During this process, the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway is increased whereas PPARγ is downregulated. The two systems act in an opposite manner. This paper reviews the opposing interplay of these systems and their metabolic-reprogramming pathway in atherosclerosis. Activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway enhances the transcription of targets involved in inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and vascular calcification. This complex mechanism, which is partly controlled by the WNT/β-catenin pathway, presents several metabolic dysfunctions. This phenomenon, called aerobic glycolysis (or the Warburg effect), consists of a shift in ATP production from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, leading to the overproduction of intracellular lactate. This mechanism is partially due to the injury of mitochondrial respiration and an increase in the glycolytic pathway. In contrast, PPARγ agonists downregulate the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Therefore, the development of therapeutic targets, such as PPARγ agonists, for the treatment of atherosclerosis could be an interesting and innovative way of counteracting the canonical WNT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Diagnosis and Therapeutic Center, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Prevention Unit, Hotel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80054 Amiens, France; Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), 6-8 rue Saint-fiacre, 77100 Meaux, France
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Hobson S, Arefin S, Kublickiene K, Shiels PG, Stenvinkel P. Senescent Cells in Early Vascular Ageing and Bone Disease of Chronic Kidney Disease-A Novel Target for Treatment. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020082. [PMID: 30717151 PMCID: PMC6409791 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Together with bone-mineral disorders, premature vascular ageing is a common feature of the uremic phenotype. A detailed understanding of mechanisms involved remains unclear and warrants further research. Available treatment options for end stage renal disease are principally dialysis and organ transplantation, as other treatment alternatives have proven insufficient. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been proposed as a model of early vascular and bone ageing, with accumulating evidence supporting the contribution of cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) to cardiovascular pathology in CKD. Correspondingly, novel therapies based around the use of senolytic compounds and nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) agonists, have been suggested as attractive novel treatment options. In this review, we detail the contribution of the uremic environment to these processes underpinning ageing and how these relate to vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Hobson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Samsul Arefin
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karolina Kublickiene
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Paul G Shiels
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Co-localization of plaque macrophages with calcification is associated with a more vulnerable plaque phenotype and a greater calcification burden in coronary target segments as determined by OCT. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205984. [PMID: 30356326 PMCID: PMC6200236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of plaque macrophages and microcalcifications are acknowledged features of plaque vulnerability. Experimental data suggest that microcalcifications promote inflammation and macrophages foster microcalcifications. However, co-localization of plaque macrophages and calcification (ColocCaMa) in coronary segments and its impact on plaque phenotype and lesion vulnerability is unexplored. METHODS Plaque morphology including ColocCaMa of calcified coronary target segments in patients with stable coronary artery disease (n = 116) was analyzed using optical coherence tomography (OCT) prior to coronary intervention. Therefore we considered macrophages co-localized with calcification if their distance in an OCT frame was <100μm and OCT-defined microcalcifications with a calcium arc <22.5°. RESULTS ColocCaMa was present in 29/116(25.0%) coronary segments. Calcium burden was greater (calcium volume index:1731±1421°*mm vs. 963±984°*mm, p = 0.002) and calcifications were more superficial (minimal thickness of the fibrous cap overlying the calcification 35±37μm vs. 64±72μm, p = 0.005) in the presence of ColocCaMa. Segments with ColocCaMa demonstrated a higher incidence of newly suggested features of plaque vulnerability, with a 3.5-fold higher number of OCT-defined microcalcifications (0.7±1.0 vs. 0.2±0.6, p = 0.022) and a 6.7-fold higher incidence of plaque inflammation (macrophage volume index:148.7±248.3°*mm vs. 22.2±57.4°*mm, p<0.001). Clinically, intima-media thickness (IMT) in carotid arteries was increased in patients with ColocCaMa (1.02±0.30mm vs. 0.85±0.18, p = 0.021). In a multivariate model, IMT (OR1.76 for 100μm, 95%CI 1.16-2.65, p = 0.007), HDL-cholesterol (OR0.36 for 10mg/dl, 95%CI 0.16-0.84, p = 0.017), calcium volume index (OR1.07 for 100°*mm, 95%CI 1.00-1.14, p = 0.049), macrophage volume index (OR5.77 for 100°*mm, 95%CI 2.04-16.3, p = 0.001) and minimal luminal area (OR3.41, 95%CI 1.49-7.78, p = 0.004) were independent predictors of ColocCaMa. CONCLUSION Plaque macrophages co-localize with calcifications in coronary target segments and this is associated with high-risk morphological features including microcalcifications and macrophage infiltration as well as with greater calcification burden. Our data may add to the understanding of the relationship between plaque macrophages, vascular calcification and their clinical impact.
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Park S, Lee CJ, Jhee JH, Yun HR, Kim H, Jung SY, Kee YK, Yoon CY, Park JT, Kim HC, Han SH, Kang SW, Park S, Yoo TH. Extracellular Fluid Excess Is Significantly Associated With Coronary Artery Calcification in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e008935. [PMID: 29960990 PMCID: PMC6064889 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.008935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular fluid (ECF) excess is an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity in patients undergoing dialysis. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ECF status, which is affected by renal function, and coronary artery calcification (CAC), which is a marker of cardiovascular disease, in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 1741 patients at all stages of pre-dialysis CKD from the prospective observational cohort of CMERC-HI (Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center-High Risk) were analyzed for the association between ECF status and CAC. ECF status was defined as extracellular water-to-total body water ratio (ECW/TBW) measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. ECF excess was defined as ECW/TBW ≥0.390 or ≥0.400 depending on its severity. To define CAC, Agatston coronary artery calcium scores were measured. A total coronary artery calcium score of ≥400 was defined as CAC. The CKD stages were defined according to estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration equation. ECW/TBW and the proportion of ECF excess increased with progressing CKD stages. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that ECW/TBW was independently associated with CAC (per 0.01 increase of ECW/TBW, odds ratio 1.168, 95% confidence interval, 1.079-1.264, P<0.001). The adjusted R2 for predicting higher coronary artery calcium scores and CAC significantly improved after ECW/TBW was added to conventional factors. This association was further confirmed by net reclassification and integrated discriminant improvements, sensitivity analysis, and subgroup analysis. CONCLUSIONS ECF status is independently associated with a high risk of CAC in patients with CKD. STUDY REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/. Unique identifier: NCT02003781.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Joo Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Jhee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-Ryong Yun
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoungnae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Young Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Kyung Kee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Yun Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Chang Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungha Park
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Zhang C, Zhang K, Huang F, Feng W, Chen J, Zhang H, Wang J, Luo P, Huang H. Exosomes, the message transporters in vascular calcification. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4024-4033. [PMID: 29892998 PMCID: PMC6111818 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is caused by hydroxyapatite deposition in the intimal and medial layers of the vascular wall, leading to severe cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension, chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus. VC occurrences involve complicated mechanism networks, such as matrix vesicles or exosomes production, osteogenic differentiation, reduced cell viability, aging and so on. However, with present therapeutic methods targeting at VC ineffectively, novel targets for VC treatment are demanded. Exosomes are proven to participate in VC and function as initializers for mineral deposition. Secreted exosomes loaded with microRNAs are also demonstrated to modulate VC procession in recipient vascular smooth muscle cells. In this review, we targeted at the roles of exosomes during VC, especially at their effects on transporting biological information among cells. Moreover, we will discuss the potential mechanisms of exosomes in VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Feifei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Weijing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanji Zhang
- Cardiovascular Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Pei Luo
- State Key Laboratories for Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
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Selenoprotein S inhibits inflammation-induced vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:739-751. [PMID: 29721770 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a prominent feature of many diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. A significant association of selenoprotein S (SelS) gene polymorphism with atherosclerotic CVD has been reported in epidemiologic studies, but the underlying mechanism is far from clear. To investigate the role of SelS in inflammation-induced vascular calcification, osteoblastic differentiation and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were compared between the cells with and without SelS knockdown. LPS or TNF-α induced osteoblastic differentiation and calcification of VSMCs, as showed by the increases of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) protein levels, Runx2 and type I collagen mRNA levels, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium deposition content. These changes were aggravated when SelS was knocked down by small interfering RNA. Moreover, LPS activated both classical and alternative pathways of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in calcifying VSMCs, which were further enhanced under SelS knockdown condition. SelS knockdown also exacerbated LPS-induced increases of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and interleukin-6 expression, as well as increases of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers glucose-regulated protein 78 and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α expression in calcifying VSMCs. In conclusion, the present study suggested that SelS might inhibit inflammation-induced VSMC calcification probably by suppressing activation of NF-κB signaling pathways and ER stress. Our findings provide new understanding of the role of SelS in vascular calcification, which will be potentially beneficial to the prevention of atherosclerotic CVD.
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Predictors for target lesion microcalcifications in patients with stable coronary artery disease: an optical coherence tomography study. Clin Res Cardiol 2018; 107:763-771. [PMID: 29654434 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-018-1243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The minimal fibrous cap thickness overlying the necrotic lipid core as well as the presence of macrophages are established characteristics of coronary plaque vulnerability. Recently, the presence of microcalcifications has emerged as a novel feature of vulnerable lesions. However, clinical and plaque morphological predictors of microcalcifications are unknown. METHODS In patients with stable coronary artery disease, analysis of plaque morphology (n = 112) was performed using optical coherence tomography prior to coronary intervention to assess predictors of microcalcifications. RESULTS Microcalcifications were present in 21/112 (18.7%) lesions. Segments with microcalcifications showed a higher total number of calcifications per lesion (6.7 ± 3.0 vs. 3.2 ± 2.5, p < 0.001), a lower percent area stenosis (70.9 ± 11.1 vs. 76.2 ± 9.7%, p = 0.028), and a higher frequency of macrophage infiltration (66.7 vs. 37.4%, p = 0.014). In lesions with vs. without microcalcifications, macrophage infiltration was characterized by a wider macrophage angle (31.1° ± 34.4° vs. 13.7° ± 20.6°, p = 0.003), a higher macrophage index (105.6 ± 269.0 vs. 31.6 ± 66.5° mm, p = 0.020), and an increased frequency of calcium-macrophage co-localization (47.6 vs. 15.6%, p = 0.001). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, the total number of calcifications per lesion (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.23-1.91, p < 0.001), average macrophage angle (OR 1.28 for 10°-variation, 95% CI 1.03-1.60, p = 0.024), and percent area stenosis (OR 0.59 for 10% increase, 95% CI 0.34-1.04, p = 0.070) were independent predictors for the presence of microcalcifications, whereas the latter did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION Microcalcifications are related to a less advanced stenosis severity and to extensive plaque inflammation, but not to clinical parameters. Our data may add to the understanding and role of microcalcifications in coronary artery lesions.
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Ouyang L, Zhang K, Chen J, Wang J, Huang H. Roles of platelet-derived growth factor in vascular calcification. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2804-2814. [PMID: 28467642 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is prevalent in aging, and patients with hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD), or diabetes. VC is regarded as an active and complex process that involves multiple mechanisms responsible for calcium deposition in vessel wall. In light of the complicated pathogenesis of VC, effective therapy for ameliorating VC is limited. Thus, it is urgent to explore the potential mechanisms and find new targets for the therapy of VC. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent mitogen, and chemoattractant have been found to disturb the vascular homeostasis by inducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and phenotype transition, all of which accelerate the process of VC. The aim of current review is to present a review about the roles of PDGF in affecting VC and to establish a potential target for treating VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Viegas CSB, Costa RM, Santos L, Videira PA, Silva Z, Araújo N, Macedo AL, Matos AP, Vermeer C, Simes DC. Gla-rich protein function as an anti-inflammatory agent in monocytes/macrophages: Implications for calcification-related chronic inflammatory diseases. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177829. [PMID: 28542410 PMCID: PMC5436823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcification-related chronic inflammatory diseases are multifactorial pathological processes, involving a complex interplay between inflammation and calcification events in a positive feed-back loop driving disease progression. Gla-rich protein (GRP) is a vitamin K dependent protein (VKDP) shown to function as a calcification inhibitor in cardiovascular and articular tissues, and proposed as an anti-inflammatory agent in chondrocytes and synoviocytes, acting as a new crosstalk factor between these two interconnected events in osteoarthritis. However, a possible function of GRP in the immune system has never been studied. Here we focused our investigation in the involvement of GRP in the cell inflammatory response mechanisms, using a combination of freshly isolated human leucocytes and undifferentiated/differentiated THP-1 cell line. Our results demonstrate that VKDPs such as GRP and matrix gla protein (MGP) are synthesized and γ-carboxylated in the majority of human immune system cells either involved in innate or adaptive immune responses. Stimulation of THP-1 monocytes/macrophages with LPS or hydroxyapatite (HA) up-regulated GRP expression, and treatments with GRP or GRP-coated basic calcium phosphate crystals resulted in the down-regulation of mediators of inflammation and inflammatory cytokines, independently of the protein γ-carboxylation status. Moreover, overexpression of GRP in THP-1 cells rescued the inflammation induced by LPS and HA, by down-regulation of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β and NFkB. Interestingly, GRP was detected at protein and mRNA levels in extracellular vesicles released by macrophages, which may act as vehicles for extracellular trafficking and release. Our data indicate GRP as an endogenous mediator of inflammatory responses acting as an anti-inflammatory agent in monocytes/macrophages. We propose that in a context of chronic inflammation and calcification-related pathologies, GRP might act as a novel molecular mediator linking inflammation and calcification events, with potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S. B. Viegas
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Rúben M. Costa
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Santos
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paula A. Videira
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Zélia Silva
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nuna Araújo
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Anjos L. Macedo
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - António P. Matos
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cees Vermeer
- VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dina C. Simes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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43
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Vervloet M, Cozzolino M. Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: different bricks in the wall? Kidney Int 2017; 91:808-817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Shobeiri N, Bendeck MP. Interleukin-1β Is a Key Biomarker and Mediator of Inflammatory Vascular Calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:179-180. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Shobeiri
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle P. Bendeck
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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45
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Ceneri N, Zhao L, Young BD, Healy A, Coskun S, Vasavada H, Yarovinsky TO, Ike K, Pardi R, Qin L, Qin L, Tellides G, Hirschi K, Meadows J, Soufer R, Chun HJ, Sadeghi MM, Bender JR, Morrison AR. Rac2 Modulates Atherosclerotic Calcification by Regulating Macrophage Interleukin-1β Production. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:328-340. [PMID: 27834690 PMCID: PMC5269510 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The calcium composition of atherosclerotic plaque is thought to be associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events, but whether plaque calcium itself is predictive of worsening clinical outcomes remains highly controversial. Inflammation is likely a key mediator of vascular calcification, but immune signaling mechanisms that promote this process are minimally understood. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we identify Rac2 as a major inflammatory regulator of signaling that directs plaque osteogenesis. In experimental atherogenesis, Rac2 prevented progressive calcification through its suppression of Rac1-dependent macrophage interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression, which in turn is a key driver of vascular smooth muscle cell calcium deposition by its ability to promote osteogenic transcriptional programs. Calcified coronary arteries from patients revealed decreased Rac2 expression but increased IL-1β expression, and high coronary calcium burden in patients with coronary artery disease was associated with significantly increased serum IL-1β levels. Moreover, we found that elevated IL-1β was an independent predictor of cardiovascular death in those subjects with high coronary calcium burden. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these studies identify a novel Rac2-mediated regulation of macrophage IL-1β expression, which has the potential to serve as a powerful biomarker and therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/enzymology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/prevention & control
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/enzymology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Artery Disease/enzymology
- Coronary Artery Disease/mortality
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Coronary Vessels/enzymology
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Prognosis
- Signal Transduction
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular Calcification/enzymology
- Vascular Calcification/mortality
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
- RAC2 GTP-Binding Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle Ceneri
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Lina Zhao
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Bryan D Young
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Abigail Healy
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Suleyman Coskun
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Hema Vasavada
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Timur O Yarovinsky
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Kenneth Ike
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Ruggero Pardi
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Lingfen Qin
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Li Qin
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - George Tellides
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Karen Hirschi
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Judith Meadows
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Robert Soufer
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Hyung J Chun
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Mehran M Sadeghi
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Jeffrey R Bender
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.)
| | - Alan R Morrison
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (N.C., L.Z., A.H., L.Q., G.T., J.M., R.S., M.M.S., A.R.M.); Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (N.C., L.Z., B.D.Y., A.H., S.C., H.V., T.O.Y., K.I., L.Q., L.Q., G.T., K.H., J.M., R.S., H.J.C., M.M.S., J.R.B, A.R.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI (A.H., A.R.M.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (R.P.).
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Endothelin type A receptor blockade reduces vascular calcification and inflammation in rats with chronic kidney disease. J Hypertens 2017; 35:376-384. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Verheye S, Roth L, De Meyer I, Van Hove CE, Nahon D, Santoianni D, Yianni J, Martinet W, Buchbinder M, De Meyer GRY. Cryotherapy increases features of plaque stability in atherosclerotic rabbits. EUROINTERVENTION 2016; 12:748-56. [PMID: 26448576 DOI: 10.4244/eijy15m10_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In the last 10 years, cryotherapy has been investigated as a new technology to treat vascular disease. The efficiency of cryotherapy in stabilising atherosclerotic plaques has never been described. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of catheter-based cryotherapy on atherosclerotic plaque composition in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were fed a 0.3% cholesterol-supplemented diet for 24 weeks. At two predefined sites of the atherosclerotic thoracic aorta, catheter-based cryotherapy, applying either single-dose, double-dose cryotherapy or control inflation, was performed after randomisation. Rabbits were continued on a cholesterol-supplemented diet for one day (acute) or four weeks (chronic). One day after cryotherapy, apoptotic cell death of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) was observed, whereas macrophages were unaffected. Four weeks later, the amount of SMCs was restored, the EC layer was regenerated, and a subendothelial macrophage-free layer was formed, indicative of a more stable plaque. In addition, both the thickness and the type I collagen content of the fibrous cap were increased. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that cryotherapy is feasible and appears to stabilise atherosclerotic plaques in a rabbit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Verheye
- Antwerp Cardiovascular Center, ZNA Middelheim, Antwerp, Belgium
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Lim J, Ehsanipour A, Hsu JJ, Lu J, Pedego T, Wu A, Walthers CM, Demer LL, Seidlits SK, Tintut Y. Inflammation Drives Retraction, Stiffening, and Nodule Formation via Cytoskeletal Machinery in a Three-Dimensional Culture Model of Aortic Stenosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2378-89. [PMID: 27392969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In calcific aortic valve disease, the valve cusps undergo retraction, stiffening, and nodular calcification. The inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, contributes to valve disease progression; however, the mechanisms of its actions on cusp retraction and stiffening are unclear. We investigated effects of TNF-α on murine aortic valvular interstitial cells (VICs) within three-dimensional, free-floating, compliant, collagen hydrogels, simulating their natural substrate and biomechanics. TNF-α increased retraction (percentage of diameter), stiffness, and formation of macroscopic, nodular structures with calcification in the VIC-laden hydrogels. The effects of TNF-α were attenuated by blebbistatin inhibition of myosin II-mediated cytoskeletal contraction. Inhibition of actin polymerization with cytochalasin-D, but not inhibition of Rho kinase with Y27632, blocked TNF-α-induced retraction in three-dimensional VIC hydrogels, suggesting that actin stress fibers mediate TNF-α-induced effects. In the hydrogels, inhibitors of NF-κB blocked TNF-α-induced retraction, whereas simultaneous inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase was required to block TNF-α-induced stiffness. TNF-α also significantly increased collagen deposition, as visualized by Masson's trichrome staining, and up-regulated mRNA expression of discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 2, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin. In human aortic valves, calcified cusps were stiffer and had more collagen deposition than noncalcified cusps. These findings suggest that inflammation, through stimulation of cytoskeletal contractile activity, may be responsible for valvular cusp retraction, stiffening, and formation of calcified nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Arshia Ehsanipour
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeffrey J Hsu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jinxiu Lu
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Taylor Pedego
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexander Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chris M Walthers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Linda L Demer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephanie K Seidlits
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yin Tintut
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Chen Q, Bei JJ, Liu C, Feng SB, Zhao WB, Zhou Z, Yu ZP, Du XJ, Hu HY. HMGB1 Induces Secretion of Matrix Vesicles by Macrophages to Enhance Ectopic Mineralization. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156686. [PMID: 27243975 PMCID: PMC4887028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical conditions have been linked to ectopic mineralization (EM). This process of pathological biomineralization is complex and not fully elucidated, but thought to be started within matrix vesicles (MVs). We hypothesized that high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a cytokine associated with biomineralizing process under physiological and pathological conditions, induces EM via promoting MVs secretion from macrophages. In this study, we found that HMGB1 significantly promoted secretion of MVs from macrophages and subsequently led to mineral deposition in elevated Ca/Pi medium in vitro. Transmission electron microscopy of calcifying MVs showed formation of hydroxyapatite crystals in the vesicle interior. Subcutaneous injection into mice with MVs derived from HMGB1-treated cells showed a greater potential to initiate regional mineralization. Mechanistic experiments revealed that HMGB1 activated neutral sphingomyelinase2 (nSMase2) that involved the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and p38 MAPK (upstream of nSMase2). Inhibition of nSMase2 with GW4869 or p38 MAPK with SB-239063 prevented MVs secretion and mineral deposition. Collectively, HMGB1 induces MVs secretion from macrophages at least in part, via the RAGE/p38 MAPK/nSMase2 signaling pathway. Our findings thus reveal a novel mechanism by which HMGB1 induces ectopic mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Out-patient, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Jie Bei
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Bin Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Bo Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng-Ping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Experimental Cardiology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hou-Yuan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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50
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Chatrou MLL, Cleutjens JP, van der Vusse GJ, Roijers RB, Mutsaers PHA, Schurgers LJ. Intra-Section Analysis of Human Coronary Arteries Reveals a Potential Role for Micro-Calcifications in Macrophage Recruitment in the Early Stage of Atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142335. [PMID: 26555788 PMCID: PMC4640818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification is associated with poor cardiovascular outcome. Histochemical analysis of calcification and the expression of proteins involved in mineralization are usually based on whole section analysis, thereby often ignoring regional differences in atherosclerotic lesions. At present, limited information is available about factors involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. AIM OF THIS STUDY This study investigates the intra-section association of micro-calcifications with markers for atherosclerosis in randomly chosen section areas of human coronary arteries. Moreover, the possible causal relationship between calcifying vascular smooth muscle cells and inflammation was explored in vitro. TECHNICAL APPROACH To gain insights into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, we performed analysis of the distribution of micro-calcifications using a 3-MeV proton microbeam. Additionally, we performed systematic analyses of 30 to 40 regions of 12 coronary sections obtained from 6 patients including histology and immuno-histochemistry. Section areas were classified according to CD68 positivity. In vitro experiments using human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMCs) were performed to evaluate causal relationships between calcification and inflammation. RESULTS From each section multiple areas were randomly chosen and subsequently analyzed. Depositions of calcium crystals at the micrometer scale were already observed in areas with early pre-atheroma type I lesions. Micro-calcifications were initiated at the elastica interna concomitantly with upregulation of the uncarboxylated form of matrix Gla-protein (ucMGP). Both the amount of calcium crystals and ucMGP staining increased from type I to IV atherosclerotic lesions. Osteochondrogenic markers BMP-2 and osteocalcin were only significantly increased in type IV atheroma lesions, and at this stage correlated with the degree of calcification. From atheroma area type III onwards a considerable number of CD68 positive cells were observed in combination with calcification, suggesting a pro-inflammatory effect of micro-calcifications. In vitro, invasion assays revealed chemoattractant properties of cell-culture medium of calcifying vascular smooth muscle cells towards THP-1 cells, which implies pro-inflammatory effect of calcium deposits. Additionally, calcifying hVSMCs revealed a pro-inflammatory profile as compared to non-calcifying hVSMCs. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that calcification of VSMCs is one of the earliest events in the genesis of atherosclerosis, which strongly correlates with ucMGP staining. Our findings suggest that loss of calcification inhibitors and/or failure of inhibitory capacity is causative for the early precipitation of calcium, with concomitant increased inflammation followed by osteochondrogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn L. L. Chatrou
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jack P. Cleutjens
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ger J. van der Vusse
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben B. Roijers
- Cyclotron Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Peter H. A. Mutsaers
- Cyclotron Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Leon J. Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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