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Lebdy R, Canut M, Patouillard J, Cadoret JC, Letessier A, Ammar J, Basbous J, Urbach S, Miotto B, Constantinou A, Abou Merhi R, Ribeyre C. The nucleolar protein GNL3 prevents resection of stalled replication forks. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57585. [PMID: 37965896 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful DNA replication requires specific proteins that protect replication forks and so prevent the formation of DNA lesions that may damage the genome. Identification of new proteins involved in this process is essential to understand how DNA lesions accumulate in cancer cells and how they tolerate them. Here, we show that human GNL3/nucleostemin, a GTP-binding protein localized mostly in the nucleolus and highly expressed in cancer cells, prevents nuclease-dependent resection of nascent DNA in response to replication stress. We demonstrate that inhibiting origin firing reduces resection. This suggests that the heightened replication origin activation observed upon GNL3 depletion largely drives the observed DNA resection probably due to the exhaustion of the available RPA pool. We show that GNL3 and DNA replication initiation factor ORC2 interact in the nucleolus and that the concentration of GNL3 in the nucleolus is required to limit DNA resection. We propose that the control of origin firing by GNL3 through the sequestration of ORC2 in the nucleolus is critical to prevent nascent DNA resection in response to replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Lebdy
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (UMR9002), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Faculty of Sciences, Genomics and Surveillance Biotherapy (GSBT) Laboratory, R. Hariri Campus, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Marine Canut
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (UMR9002), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Julie Patouillard
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (UMR9002), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Anne Letessier
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Josiane Ammar
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (UMR9002), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jihane Basbous
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (UMR9002), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Serge Urbach
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, Inserm U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Benoit Miotto
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Angelos Constantinou
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (UMR9002), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Raghida Abou Merhi
- Faculty of Sciences, Genomics and Surveillance Biotherapy (GSBT) Laboratory, R. Hariri Campus, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Cyril Ribeyre
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (UMR9002), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Quiroga-Artigas G, de Jong D, Schnitzler CE. GNL3 is an evolutionarily conserved stem cell gene influencing cell proliferation, animal growth and regeneration in the hydrozoan Hydractinia. Open Biol 2022; 12:220120. [PMID: 36069077 PMCID: PMC9449814 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS) is a vertebrate gene preferentially expressed in stem and cancer cells, which acts to regulate cell cycle progression, genome stability and ribosome biogenesis. NS and its paralogous gene, GNL3-like (GNL3L), arose in the vertebrate clade after a duplication event from their orthologous gene, G protein Nucleolar 3 (GNL3). Research on invertebrate GNL3, however, has been limited. To gain a greater understanding of the evolution and functions of the GNL3 gene, we have performed studies in the hydrozoan cnidarian Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, a colonial hydroid that continuously generates pluripotent stem cells throughout its life cycle and presents impressive regenerative abilities. We show that Hydractinia GNL3 is expressed in stem and germline cells. The knockdown of GNL3 reduces the number of mitotic and S-phase cells in Hydractinia larvae of different ages. Genome editing of Hydractinia GNL3 via CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in colonies with reduced growth rates, polyps with impaired regeneration capabilities, gonadal morphological defects, and low sperm motility. Collectively, our study shows that GNL3 is an evolutionarily conserved stem cell and germline gene involved in cell proliferation, animal growth, regeneration and sexual reproduction in Hydractinia, and sheds new light into the evolution of GNL3 and of stem cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Quiroga-Artigas
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Danielle de Jong
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Christine E Schnitzler
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Cela I, Cufaro MC, Fucito M, Pieragostino D, Lanuti P, Sallese M, Del Boccio P, Di Matteo A, Allocati N, De Laurenzi V, Federici L. Proteomic Investigation of the Role of Nucleostemin in Nucleophosmin-Mutated OCI-AML 3 Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147655. [PMID: 35886999 PMCID: PMC9317519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS; a product of the GNL3 gene) is a nucleolar–nucleoplasm shuttling GTPase whose levels are high in stem cells and rapidly decrease upon differentiation. NS levels are also high in several solid and hematological neoplasms, including acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). While a role in telomere maintenance, response to stress stimuli and favoring DNA repair has been proposed in solid cancers, little or no information is available as to the role of nucleostemin in AML. Here, we investigate this issue via a proteomics approach. We use as a model system the OCI-AML 3 cell line harboring a heterozygous mutation at the NPM1 gene, which is the most frequent driver mutation in AML (approximately 30% of total AML cases). We show that NS is highly expressed in this cell line, and, contrary to what has previously been shown in other cancers, that its presence is dispensable for cell growth and viability. However, proteomics analysis of the OCI-AML 3 cell line before and after nucleostemin (NS) silencing showed several effects on different biological functions, as highlighted by ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). In particular, we report an effect of down-regulating DNA repair through homologous recombination, and we confirmed a higher DNA damage rate in OCI-AML 3 cells when NS is depleted, which considerably increases upon stress induced by the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide. The data used are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD034012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cela
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (I.C.); (M.F.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (N.A.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Maria Concetta Cufaro
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maurine Fucito
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (I.C.); (M.F.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (N.A.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Damiana Pieragostino
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (I.C.); (M.F.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (N.A.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Sallese
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (I.C.); (M.F.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (N.A.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Piero Del Boccio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Adele Di Matteo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nerino Allocati
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (I.C.); (M.F.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (N.A.); (V.D.L.)
| | - Vincenzo De Laurenzi
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (I.C.); (M.F.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (N.A.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Luca Federici
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (I.C.); (M.F.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (N.A.); (V.D.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.C.); (P.L.); (P.D.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Dai R, Wu M, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Shi J. G protein nucleolar 3 promotes Non-Hodgkin lymphoma progression by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2021; 409:112911. [PMID: 34762898 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
G protein nucleolar 3 (GNL3), which acts as an oncoprotein in various carcinomas, is associated with tumor progression; however, little is known regarding GNL3 function in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). In this study, we first used in silico analysis to determine associations between GNL3 and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We then examined the effect of GNL3 on NHL progression, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression, and determined its underlying molecular mechanism using in vitro lymphoma cell lines and in vivo mouse xenograft models. We found that GNL3 mRNA levels were markedly higher in DLBCL tissues than in normal tissues, with these higher levels associated with poor prognosis. Additionally, GNL3 overexpression promoted NHL cell proliferation and cell cycle progression and reduced apoptosis in vitro, and enhanced tumorigenesis in an in vivo xenograft model. Moreover, we found that GNL3 upregulated the levels of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-related factors and downstream target genes, whereas the opposite result was observed in GNL3-silenced cells. Furthermore, a rescue experiment using a Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor (XAV939) confirmed that GNL3 promotes NHL progression by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These findings demonstrated that GNL3 functions as an oncogenic driver in NHL via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqin Dai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan province, PR China
| | - Meirong Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian province, PR China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan province, PR China
| | - Zunmin Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan province, PR China.
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan province, PR China.
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Camero S, Camicia L, Marampon F, Ceccarelli S, Shukla R, Mannarino O, Pizer B, Schiavetti A, Pizzuti A, Tombolini V, Marchese C, Dominici C, Megiorni F. BET inhibition therapy counteracts cancer cell survival, clonogenic potential and radioresistance mechanisms in rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Cancer Lett 2020; 479:71-88. [PMID: 32200036 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The antitumour effects of OTX015, a first-in-class BET inhibitor (BETi), were investigated as a single agent or in combination with ionizing radiation (IR) in preclinical in vitro models of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common childhood soft tissue sarcoma. Herein, we demonstrated the upregulation of BET Bromodomain gene expression in RMS tumour biopsies and cell lines compared to normal skeletal muscle. In vitro experiments showed that OTX015 significantly reduced RMS cell proliferation by altering cell cycle modulators and apoptotic related proteins due to the accumulation of DNA breaks that cells are unable to repair. Interestingly, OTX015 also impaired migration capacity and tumour-sphere architecture by downregulating pro-stemness genes and was able to potentiate ionizing radiation effects by reducing the expression of different drivers of tumour dissemination and resistance mechanisms, including the GNL3 gene, that we correlated for the first time with the RMS phenotype. In conclusion, our research sheds further light on the molecular events of OTX015 action against RMS cells and indicates this novel BETi as an effective option to improve therapeutic strategies and overcome the development of resistant cancer cells in patients with RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Camero
- Department of Maternal, Infantile, and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Lucrezia Camicia
- Department of Maternal, Infantile, and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Simona Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Rajeev Shukla
- Department of Perinatal and Paediatric Pathology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Olga Mannarino
- Department of Maternal, Infantile, and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Barry Pizer
- Department of Oncology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK.
| | - Amalia Schiavetti
- Department of Maternal, Infantile, and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Pizzuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Tombolini
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Dominici
- Department of Maternal, Infantile, and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Megiorni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Ribosome and Translational Control in Stem Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020497. [PMID: 32098201 PMCID: PMC7072746 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and adult stem cells (ASCs) possess the remarkable capacity to self-renew while remaining poised to differentiate into multiple progenies in the context of a rapidly developing embryo or in steady-state tissues, respectively. This ability is controlled by complex genetic programs, which are dynamically orchestrated at different steps of gene expression, including chromatin remodeling, mRNA transcription, processing, and stability. In addition to maintaining stem cell homeostasis, these molecular processes need to be rapidly rewired to coordinate complex physiological modifications required to redirect cell fate in response to environmental clues, such as differentiation signals or tissue injuries. Although chromatin remodeling and mRNA expression have been extensively studied in stem cells, accumulating evidence suggests that stem cell transcriptomes and proteomes are poorly correlated and that stem cell properties require finely tuned protein synthesis. In addition, many studies have shown that the biogenesis of the translation machinery, the ribosome, is decisive for sustaining ESC and ASC properties. Therefore, these observations emphasize the importance of translational control in stem cell homeostasis and fate decisions. In this review, we will provide the most recent literature describing how ribosome biogenesis and translational control regulate stem cell functions and are crucial for accommodating proteome remodeling in response to changes in stem cell fate.
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Li T, Li L, Wu X, Tian K, Wang Y. The oncogenic role of GNL3 in the progression and metastasis of osteosarcoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:2179-2188. [PMID: 30936750 PMCID: PMC6421870 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s195360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GNL3 has been reported to be up-regulated in cancers and function in tumor progression, whereas the role of GNL3 in the progression of osteosarcoma remains unclear. Materials and methods In this study, we blocked the expression of GNL3 by siRNA interference in osteosarcoma cell lines MG63 and U20S. CCK8, colony formation, wound-healing, Transwell, flow cytometry, and Hoechst/PI staining assays were used to examine the effects of GNL3 knockdown on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis in MG63 and U20S cells. The relative activity of MMP9 was detected using Gelatin zymography assay. Western blot was performed to detect the expression of related proteins. Results We found that silencing of GNL3 reduced the growth, migration, and invasion abilities of MG63 and U20S cells. Moreover, silencing GNL3 triggered cell cycle arrest in MG63 and U20S cells, as well as promoted cell apoptosis. In addition, depletion of GNL3 was observed to reduce the activity of MMP9 and suppress the process of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) through up-regulation of E-cadherin and down-regulation of N-cadherin. Furthermore, we found that X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) could bind to GNL3 using dual-luciferase reporter assay, and XBP1 overexpression could restore the inhibitory effects on proliferation, invasion, and EMT in MG63 and U20S cells caused by GNL3 knockdown. Conclusion These data suggest that GNL3 functions as an oncogene in the progression of osteosarcoma by regulation of EMT, and XBP1 is also involved in its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyou Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
| | - Long Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
| | - Kaixuan Tian
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
| | - Yanzhou Wang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
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Sami MM, Hachim MY, Hachim IY, Elbarkouky AH, López-Ozuna VM. Nucleostemin expression in breast cancer is a marker of more aggressive phenotype and unfavorable patients' outcome: A STROBE-compliant article. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14744. [PMID: 30817632 PMCID: PMC6831441 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are postulated to play significant role in the pathogenesis, progression as well as drug resistance of breast cancer. Nucleostemin (NS) is thought to be a key molecule for stemness, and the clinical impact of NS immunoreactivity in breast cancer can indicate its actual role and future therapeutic potentials.The current study is an observational study with an attempt to evaluate the correlation between NS expression (protein and gene expression levels) and different clinicopathological attributes of invasive breast cancer. For that reason, we investigated NS immunohistochemistry expression on commercial tissue microarray (TMA) of 102 patients and 51 archival specimens from patients admitted to Saqr Hospital, Ras Al Khaimah and diagnosed in Al Baraha Hospital, Dubai, UAE. In addition, the association between NS (GNL3) gene expression and different prognostic parameters as well as patient outcome was also evaluated using 2 large publicly available databases.Interestingly, we found NS expression to be associated with less differentiated and more advance stage. In addition, NS expression was significantly higher in larger size (P = .001) and LN-positive tumors (P = .007). Notably, NS expression was significantly correlated to P53 positive (P = .037) status. Furthermore, NS was found to be more expressed in the highly aggressive breast cancer subtypes including human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. Moreover, our results also showed that high GNL3 gene expression to be associated with poor patient outcome and higher chances of tumor recurrence.Our results highlight NS expression as a marker of aggressive phenotype and poor outcome and indicate its possible use as a potential target for CSC-associated breast cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal M. Sami
- Department of Pathology, Ras Al Khaimah College of Medical Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismaillia, Egypt
| | - Mahmood Y. Hachim
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ibrahim Y. Hachim
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Cancer Research Program, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ahmed H. Elbarkouky
- Department of Pathology, Al Baraha Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia, Egypt
| | - Vanessa M. López-Ozuna
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Kavyasudha C, Joel JP, Devi A. Differential expression of nucleostemin in the cytoplasm and nuclei of normal and cancerous cell lines. Turk J Biol 2018; 42:250-258. [PMID: 30814887 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1712-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies conducted in the past decade have reported nucleostemin (NS) as a nucleolar protein that has a role in self-renewal and cell cycle regulation in cancer/stem cells, but is absent in differentiated cells. The localization and expression patterns of NS have always been disputed, as reports indicate its varied levels among tissues and cells. This study evaluates the expression and localization pattern of NS in normal cells, cancer cell lines, and stem cells. Our findings revealed that the expression of NS was high in cancers originating from the skin and liver compared to the normal cell lines. NS knockdown effects the proliferation of normal cell lines, similar to cancerous cell lines. The localization pattern of NS was analyzed by immunofluorescence, which showed that NS was localized in the nuclei of normal cell lines but is present both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of cancerous/stem cell lines. Interestingly, we observed that siNS cancerous cell lines had lower NS in the cytoplasm, which did not salvage the reduction in proliferation caused by siNS. We postulate that the loss of NS in the nucleus inhibits the proliferative ability of both normal and cancerous cells at similar rates, although the role of NS in the cytoplasm apart from proliferation needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavali Kavyasudha
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University , Kattankulathur , India
| | - Joseph P Joel
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University , Kattankulathur , India
| | - Arikketh Devi
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University , Kattankulathur , India
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Fakhimahmadi A, Nazmi F, Rahmati M, Bonab NM, Hashemi M, Moosavi MA. Nucleostemin silencing induces differentiation and potentiates all-trans-retinoic acid effects in human acute promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells via autophagy. Leuk Res 2017; 63:15-21. [PMID: 29096331 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report that targeting Nucleostemin (NS), a recently discovered stem cells-enriched gene, by a specific small interference RNA (siNS), decreases the rate of proliferation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) NB4 cells and induces differentiation and autophagy. In addition, NS silencing promotes the effects of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-based differentiation therapy in NB4 cells. Autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine and bafilomycin block the effect of NS targeting on differentiation, indicating a new functional link between NS and autophagy as an important regulator of differentiation in NB4 cells. The capability of NS in modulating autophagy and differentiation, alone or in combination with ATRA, may help to broaden the range of treatment options available to treat leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aila Fakhimahmadi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box:14965/161, Tehran, Iran; Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farinaz Nazmi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box:14965/161, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Moghtaran Bonab
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box:14965/161, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Ali MAE, Fuse K, Tadokoro Y, Hoshii T, Ueno M, Kobayashi M, Nomura N, Vu HT, Peng H, Hegazy AM, Masuko M, Sone H, Arai F, Tajima A, Hirao A. Functional dissection of hematopoietic stem cell populations with a stemness-monitoring system based on NS-GFP transgene expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11442. [PMID: 28900302 PMCID: PMC5596002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in a steady state can be efficiently purified by selecting for a combination of several cell surface markers; however, such markers do not consistently reflect HSC activity. In this study, we successfully enriched HSCs with a unique stemness-monitoring system using a transgenic mouse in which green florescence protein (GFP) is driven by the promoter/enhancer region of the nucleostemin (NS) gene. We found that the phenotypically defined long-term (LT)-HSC population exhibited the highest level of NS-GFP intensity, whereas NS-GFP intensity was strongly downregulated during differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Within the LT-HSC population, NS-GFPhigh cells exhibited significantly higher repopulating capacity than NS-GFPlow cells. Gene expression analysis revealed that nine genes, including Vwf and Cdkn1c (p57), are highly expressed in NS-GFPhigh cells and may represent a signature of HSCs, i.e., a stemness signature. When LT-HSCs suffered from remarkable stress, such as transplantation or irradiation, NS-GFP intensity was downregulated. Finally, we found that high levels of NS-GFP identified HSC-like cells even among CD34+ cells, which have been considered progenitor cells without long-term reconstitution ability. Thus, high NS-GFP expression represents stem cell characteristics in hematopoietic cells, making this system useful for identifying previously uncharacterized HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A E Ali
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fuse
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuko Tadokoro
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hoshii
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Ueno
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Naho Nomura
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ha Thi Vu
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hui Peng
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ahmed M Hegazy
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Masuko
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirohito Sone
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumio Arai
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirao
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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12
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Tang X, Zha L, Li H, Liao G, Huang Z, Peng X, Wang Z. Upregulation of GNL3 expression promotes colon cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2023-2032. [PMID: 28849076 PMCID: PMC5652940 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein nucleolar 3 (GNL3), a nucleolar GTP-binding protein, is highly expressed in progenitor cells, stem cells, and various types of cancer cells. Therefore, it is considered to have an important role in cancer pathogenesis. GNL3 has been reported to play crucial roles in cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, inhibition of differentiation, ribosome biogenesis, and the maintenance of stemness, genome stability and telomere integrity. Furthermore, GNL3 has recently been shown to be involved in cancer invasion and metastasis. However, the biological significance of GNL3 in the invasion and metastasis of colon cancer remains unclear. This study was performed to address this gap in knowledge. GNL3 expression was upregulated in colon cancer tissue specimens and correlated with tumor differentiation, invasion and metastasis. GNL3 overexpression promoted cell proliferation, invasion, migration and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colon cancer cells. Moreover, inhibition of the EMT and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway induced by GNL3 knockdown was partially reversed by lithium chloride (LiCl). Based on these data, GNL3 promotes the EMT in colon cancer by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In summary, GNL3 is upregulated in colon cancer and plays an important role in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Strategies targeting GNL3 are potential treatments for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lang Zha
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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13
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Knockdown of Nucleostemin in an ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cell line and its effects on cell malignancy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:262-267. [PMID: 28412352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nucleostemin plays an essential role in the proliferation of some stem cells and cancer cells, but no research has been conducted to assess the link between Nucleostemin and ovarian cancer. To investigate the role of Nucleostemin in ovarian cancer tumorigenesis, we generated short hairpin (sh)RNA to knockdown the expression of the Nucleostemin gene in an ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cell line. We found that knockdown of this gene led to cell-cycle arrest, as well as to an increase in apoptosis. In addition, migration and invasion demonstrated significant inhibition in Nucleostemin-deficient cells. Furthermore, the knockdown of Nucleostemin dramatically suppressed xenograft progression in BALB/c nude mice. Our findings suggest that Nucleostemin is associated with malignancy in an ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cell line.
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14
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Tsai RYL. Balancing self-renewal against genome preservation in stem cells: How do they manage to have the cake and eat it too? Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1803-23. [PMID: 26886024 PMCID: PMC5040593 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are endowed with the awesome power of self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation that allows them to be major contributors to tissue homeostasis. Owing to their longevity and self-renewal capacity, they are also faced with a higher risk of genomic damage compared to differentiated cells. Damage on the genome, if not prevented or repaired properly, will threaten the survival of stem cells and culminate in organ failure, premature aging, or cancer formation. It is therefore of paramount importance that stem cells remain genomically stable throughout life. Given their unique biological and functional requirement, stem cells are thought to manage genotoxic stress somewhat differently from non-stem cells. The focus of this article is to review the current knowledge on how stem cells escape the barrage of oxidative and replicative DNA damage to stay in self-renewal. A clear statement on this subject should help us better understand tissue regeneration, aging, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y L Tsai
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS) protects the genome from replication-induced DNA damage and has an indispensable role in maintaining the continuous proliferation of both p53-wild-type and mutant cells. Yet, some outcomes of NS-deficient cells appear to be shaped by their p53 status, which stimulates conflicting claims on the role of p53 in executing the NS function. This disparity was conveniently attributed to the usual suspect of cell-type variations. To provide a definitive resolution, we investigated the interplay between NS and p53 in two pairs of isogenic cells, that is, genetically modified mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells and HCT116 human colon cancer cells. In MEF cells, p53 deletion further compromises rather than rescues the proliferative potential of NS-depleted cells without changing their G2/M arrest fate before prophase entry. The detrimental effect of p53 loss in NS-depleted MEF cells correlates with a dramatic increase of polyploid giant cells (PGCs) (up to 24%), which indicates aberrant mitosis. To determine how p53 shapes the response of cells to NS depletion at the molecular level, we showed that p53 turns on the expression of reprimo and MDM2 in NS-deficient MEF cells. In absence of p53, NS-deficient MEF cells exhibit increased levels of phosphorylated cdc2 (Y15) protein and cyclin B1. In cancer (HCT116) cells, NS loss leads to G2/M arrest under both p53wt and p53ko conditions and increases phosphorylated cdc2 more in p53ko than in p53wt cells, as it does in MEF cells. Unlike its effect in MEF cells, NS depletion decreases tumor growth and increases the expression of reprimo and cyclin B1 in a p53-independent manner in HCT116 cells. Our data indicate that the p53 status of NS-deficient cells orchestrates how they respond to G2/M arrest in a normal versus cancer cell distinct fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Huang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of general surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Lingjun Meng
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert Y L Tsai
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77054, USA
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16
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Yuan F, Cheng Q, Li G, Tong T. Nucleostemin Knockdown Sensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Ultraviolet and Serum Starvation-Induced Apoptosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141678. [PMID: 26517370 PMCID: PMC4627730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS) is a GTP-binding protein that is predominantly expressed in embryonic and adult stem cells but not in terminally differentiated cells. NS plays an essential role in maintaining the continuous proliferation of stem cells and some types of cancer cells. However, the role of NS in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the role of NS in HCC. First, we demonstrated high expression of NS in most HCC cell lines and liver cancer tissues. NS knockdown induced a severe decline in cell viability of MHCC97H cells as detected by MTT and cell proliferation assays. Next, we used ultraviolet (UV) and serum starvation-induced apoptosis models to investigate whether NS suppression or up-regulation affects HCC cell apoptosis. After UV treatment or serum starvation, apoptosis was strongly enhanced in MHCC97H and Bel7402 cells transfected with small interfering RNA against NS, whereas NS overexpression inhibited UV- and serum-induced apoptosis of HCC cells. Furthermore, after UV irradiation, inhibition of NS increased the expression of pro-apoptosis protein caspase 3 and decreased the expression of anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2. A caspase 3 inhibitor could obviously prevent NS knockdown-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, our study demonstrated overexpression of NS in most HCC tissues compared with their matched surrounding tissues, and silencing NS promoted UV- and serum starvation-induced apoptosis of MHCC97H and Bel7402 cells. Therefore, the NS gene might be a potential therapeutic target of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuwen Yuan
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Beijing, China
| | - Tanjun Tong
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Aspp1 Preserves Hematopoietic Stem Cell Pool Integrity and Prevents Malignant Transformation. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Tsai RYL. Pluripotency Versus Self-Renewal of ES Cells: Two Sides of the Same Coin or More? Stem Cells 2015; 33:2358-9. [PMID: 25809666 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y L Tsai
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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19
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Overexpression of nucleostemin contributes to an advanced malignant phenotype and a poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:2308-15. [PMID: 25314067 PMCID: PMC4264447 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleostemin (NS) is essential for the maintenance of stem cell properties, the functions of which remain poorly understood in cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of NS on malignancy and its clinical significance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. METHODS We investigated the effects of NS on the proliferation and invasion of OSCC using NS-overexpressing or -knockdown OSCC cells. We assessed the activation of the STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) signalling pathway and the downstream targets in the cells with different expression levels of NS. An immunohistochemical analysis of NS was also performed in 54 OSCC patients who were treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy and surgery. RESULTS The overexpression of NS significantly enhanced the proliferation and invasive potential of OSCC cells. On the other hand, downregulation of NS suppressed the invasiveness of the cells. The alterations of these malignant phenotypes were associated with the activation of STAT3 signalling and its downstream targets. An immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that a high NS tumour expression level significantly correlated with an advanced T-stage and N-stage. Furthermore, a Cox regression analysis revealed that the NS status (hazard ratio, 9.09; P=0.002) was a significant progression factor for OSCC patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that targeting NS may provide a promising treatment for highly malignant OSCC.
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20
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Abstract
A quintessential trait of stem cells is embedded in their ability to self-renew without incurring DNA damage as a result of genome replication. One key self-renewal factor is the nucleolar GTP-binding protein nucleostemin (also known as guanine-nucleotide-binding protein-like 3, GNL3, in invertebrate species). Several studies have recently pointed to an unexpected role of nucleostemin in safeguarding the genome integrity of stem and cancer cells. Since its discovery, the predominant presence of nucleostemin in the nucleolus has led to the notion that it might function in the card-carrying event of the nucleolus--the biogenesis of ribosomes. As tantalizing as this might be, a ribosomal role of nucleostemin is refuted by evidence from recent studies, which argues that nucleostemin depletion triggers a primary event of DNA damage in S phase cells that then leads to ribosomal perturbation. Furthermore, there have been conflicting reports regarding the p53 dependency of nucleostemin activity and the cell cycle arrest profile of nucleostemin-depleted cells. In this Commentary, I propose a model that explains how the many contradictory observations surrounding nucleostemin can be reconciled and suggest that this protein might not be as multi-tasking as has been previously perceived. The story of nucleostemin highlights the complexity of the underlying molecular events associated with the appearance of any cell biological phenotype and also signifies a new understanding of the genome maintenance program in stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y L Tsai
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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21
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Ali MAE, Naka K, Yoshida A, Fuse K, Kasada A, Hoshii T, Tadokoro Y, Ueno M, Ohta K, Kobayashi M, Takahashi C, Hirao A. Association of a murine leukaemia stem cell gene signature based on nucleostemin promoter activity with prognosis of acute myeloid leukaemia in patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:837-43. [PMID: 24960197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous neoplastic disorder in which a subset of cells function as leukaemia-initiating cells (LICs). In this study, we prospectively evaluated the leukaemia-initiating capacity of AML cells fractionated according to the expression of a nucleolar GTP binding protein, nucleostemin (NS). To monitor NS expression in living AML cells, we generated a mouse AML model in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) is expressed under the control of a region of the NS promoter (NS-GFP). In AML cells, NS-GFP levels were correlated with endogenous NS mRNA. AML cells with the highest expression of NS-GFP were very immature blast-like cells, efficiently formed leukaemia colonies in vitro, and exhibited the highest leukaemia-initiating capacity in vivo. Gene expression profiling analysis revealed that cell cycle regulators and nucleotide metabolism-related genes were highly enriched in a gene set associated with leukaemia-initiating capacity that we termed the 'leukaemia stem cell gene signature'. This gene signature stratified human AML patients into distinct clusters that reflected prognosis, demonstrating that the mouse leukaemia stem cell gene signature is significantly associated with the malignant properties of human AML. Further analyses of gene regulation in leukaemia stem cells could provide novel insights into diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A E Ali
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Naka
- Exploratory Project on Cancer Stem Cells, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akiyo Yoshida
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fuse
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kasada
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hoshii
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuko Tadokoro
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaya Ueno
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ohta
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirao
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
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22
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Rahmati M, Moosavi MA, Zarghami N. Nucleostemin knocking-down causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-4 cells via p53 and p21Waf1/Cip1 up-regulation. Hematology 2014; 19:455-62. [DOI: 10.1179/1607845414y.0000000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marveh Rahmati
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryFaculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Hematology and Oncology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTehran, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryFaculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Hematology and Oncology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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23
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Lin T, Meng L, Lin TC, Wu LJ, Pederson T, Tsai RYL. Nucleostemin and GNL3L exercise distinct functions in genome protection and ribosome synthesis, respectively. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2302-12. [PMID: 24610951 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.143842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian nucleolar proteins nucleostemin and GNL3-like (GNL3L) are encoded by paralogous genes that arose from an ancestral invertebrate gene, GNL3. Invertebrate GNL3 has been implicated in ribosome biosynthesis, as has its mammalian descendent, GNL3L. The paralogous mammalian nucleostemin protein has, instead, been implicated in cell renewal. Here, we found that depletion of nucleostemin in a human breast carcinoma cell line triggers prompt and significant DNA damage in S-phase cells without perturbing the initial step of ribosomal (r)RNA synthesis and only mildly affects the total ribosome production. By contrast, GNL3L depletion markedly impairs ribosome production without inducing appreciable DNA damage. These results indicate that, during vertebrate evolution, GNL3L retained the role of the ancestral gene in ribosome biosynthesis, whereas the paralogous nucleostemin acquired a novel genome-protective function. Our results provide a coherent explanation for what had seemed to be contradictory findings about the functions of the invertebrate versus vertebrate genes and are suggestive of how the nucleolus was fine-tuned for a role in genome protection and cell-cycle control as the vertebrates evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lingjun Meng
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tsung-Chin Lin
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Laura J Wu
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thoru Pederson
- Program in Cell and Developmental Dynamics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Robert Y L Tsai
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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