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Hasegawa S, Watanabe S, Fujimoto S, Kondo S, Nishi T. Characterization of soticlestat, a novel cholesterol 24-hydroxylase inhibitor, in acute and chronic neurodegeneration models. Neurosci Res 2024:S0168-0102(24)00077-4. [PMID: 38897234 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
We investigated whether soticlestat (TAK-935), a newly discovered cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CH24H) inhibitor now in phase 3 clinical trials for Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes, has effects on neurodegeneration in both chronic and acute animal models associated with glutamate hyperexcitation. Soticlestat was administered at doses that approximately halve 24S-hydroxycholesterol in both experiments. In the kainic acid (KA)-induced acute hippocampal degeneration model, soticlestat ameliorated inflammatory cytokine expression, hippocampal degeneration, and memory impairment. We ruled out the possibility that soticlestat directly interferes with KA binding to the KA receptor, or that 24S-hydroxycholesterol modulates KA receptor signaling, by conducting receptor binding and cell death assays. In the PS19 chronic degeneration model of tauopathy, treatment effects were observed in neurodegeneration markers. Notably, there was a significant correlation between the levels of brain 24S-hydroxycholesterol and a proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α, which is implicated in cognitive decline and lowering of seizure threshold. This is the first study demonstrating that CH24H inhibition can alleviate neurodegeneration concomitant with neuroinflammation. Herein, we discuss the interplay among 24S-hydroxycholesterol production, neuroinflammation, and excitotoxicity. Effects on neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation demonstrated in two preclinical models suggest that soticlestat is effective in ameliorating seizures and addressing cognitive dysfunction in seizure disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Hasegawa
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1 Muraoka Higashi, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Sayuri Watanabe
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1 Muraoka Higashi, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Shinji Fujimoto
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1 Muraoka Higashi, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Kondo
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1 Muraoka Higashi, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Nishi
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1 Muraoka Higashi, Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan.
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Saito Y, Noguchi N, Niki E. Cholesterol is more readily oxidized than phospholipid linoleates in cell membranes to produce cholesterol hydroperoxides. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 211:89-95. [PMID: 38101585 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes and serves as an important precursor of steroidal hormones and bile acids, but elevated levels of cholesterol and its oxidation products have been accepted as a risk factor for maintenance of health. The free and ester forms of cholesterol and fatty acids are the two major biological lipids. The aim of this hypothesis paper is to address the long-standing dogma that cholesterol is less susceptible to free radical peroxidation than polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). It has been observed that cholesterol is peroxidized much slower than PUFAs in plasma but that, contrary to expectations from chemical reactivity toward peroxyl radicals, cholesterol appears to be more readily autoxidized than linoleates in cell membranes. The levels of oxidation products of cholesterol and linoleates observed in humans support this notion. It is speculated that this discrepancy is ascribed to the fact that cholesterol and phospholipids bearing PUFAs are localized apart in raft and non-raft domains of cell membranes respectively and that the antioxidant vitamin E distributed predominantly in the non-raft domains cannot suppress the oxidation of cholesterol lying in raft domains which are relatively deficient in antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; The Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan.
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- The Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Etsuo Niki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan.
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Messedi M, Makni-Ayadi F. 24S-Hydroxycholesterol in Neuropsychiatric Diseases: Schizophrenia, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:293-304. [PMID: 38036886 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric diseases (NPDs) are severe, debilitating psychiatric conditions that affect the nervous system. These are among the most challenging disorders in medicine. Some examples include Alzheimer's, anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. NPDs represent an ever-increasing burden on public health and are prevalent throughout the world. For most of these diseases, the particular etiopathogeneses are still enigmatic. NPDs are also associated with structural and functional changes in the brain, along with altered neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine systems.Approximately 25% of the total human body cholesterol is located in the brain. Its involvement in neuronal functions starts in the early growth stages and remains important throughout adulthood. It is also an integral part of the neuronal membrane, ensuring membrane lipid organization and regulating membrane fluidity. The main mechanism for removing cholesterol from the brain is cholesterol 24-hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1), an enzyme specifically found in the central nervous system. Although research on 24S-OHC and its role in neuropsychiatric diseases is still in its early stages, this oxidized cholesterol metabolite is thought to play a crucial role in the etiology of NPDs. 24S-OHC can affect neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and vascular cells. In addition to regulating the homeostasis of cholesterol in the brain, this oxysterol is involved in neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The role of 24S-OHC in NPDs has been found to be controversial in terms of the findings so far. There are several intriguing discrepancies in the data gathered so far regarding 24S-OHC and NPDs. In fact, 24S-OHC levels were reported to have decreased in a number of NPDs and increased in others.Hence, in this chapter, we first summarize the available data regarding 24S-OHC as a biomarker in NPDs, including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and bipolar disorder. Then, we present a brief synopsis of the pharmacological targeting of 24S-OHC levels through the modulation of CYP46A1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriam Messedi
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Makni-Ayadi
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Department of Clinical biochemistry, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
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Urano Y, Noguchi N. Enzymatically Formed Oxysterols and Cell Death. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:193-211. [PMID: 38036881 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The side-chain hydroxylation of cholesterol by specific enzymes produces 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol, and other products. These enzymatically formed side-chain oxysterols act as intermediates in the biosynthesis of bile acids and serve as signaling molecules that regulate cholesterol homeostasis. Besides these intracellular functions, an imbalance in oxysterol homeostasis is implicated in pathophysiology. Furthermore, growing evidence reveals that oxysterols affect cell proliferation and cause cell death. This chapter provides an overview of the pathophysiological role of side-chain oxysterols in developing human diseases. We also summarize our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of various forms of cell death by side-chain oxysterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuomi Urano
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
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Nazeri Z, Mohammadzadeh G, Rashidi M, Azizdoost S, Cheraghzadeh M, Kheirollah A. 24-Hydroxycholesterol Moderates the Effects of Amyloid-β on Expression of HMG-CoA Reductase and ABCA1 Proteins in Mouse Astrocytes. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:167. [PMID: 37564436 PMCID: PMC10410428 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_245_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated brain cholesterol increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Production of 24-hydroxycholesterol (24s-OHC) by neurons prevents cholesterol accumulation in the brain. In this study, we investigated the effect of 24s-OHC on the HMG-COA reductase and ABCA1 which are involved in the brain cholesterol homeostasis with or without β-amyloid in astrocytes. Methods and Materials Astrocytes were treated with 24s-OHC with or without Aβ. Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction were done to detect protein and gene expression of β-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) and ABCA1, respectively. Cholesterol release was determined using a quantitation kit. Results Protein levels of HMGCR and ABCA1 were significantly increased by Aβ; however, the 24s-OHC was able to restore their levels and diminish the effect of amyloid-β. Aβ did not have a significant effect on HMGCR expression, while 24s-OHC reduced it by 68%. Aβ-induced ABCA1 expression did not increase cholesterol efflux as the lower levels of cholesterol in conditioned medium of Aβ-treated cells were found. Conclusion Our novel findings show that Aβ affects two key elements in the brain cholesterol homeostasis, HMGCR and ABCA1, which are crucial in cholesterol synthesis and efflux. Since 24s-OHC could suppress the Aβ effects on enhancement of HMGCR and ABCA1, therefore the cytochrome P450 46A1 (Cyp46A1), which is exclusively expressed in the central nervous system and responsible for producing of 24s-OHC, could consider as a therapeutic target in the cholesterol-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nazeri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ghorban Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Rashidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shirin Azizdoost
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Cheraghzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Kheirollah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Chiba R, Urano Y, Noguchi N. α-Tocopherol suppresses 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death via inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum membrane disruption. Steroids 2023; 189:109136. [PMID: 36351491 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The brain-specific cholesterol metabolite 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) has been shown to cause neuronal cell death when subjected to esterification by acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1). Accumulating 24S-OHC esters in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) provoked ER membrane disruption and an integrated stress response (ISR), a signaling pathway that regulates adaptation to various stresses. We have previously reported that α-tocopherol (α-Toc) but not α-tocotrienol (α-Toc3), among vitamin E homologs, suppressed 24S-OHC-induced cell death without affecting ACAT1 activity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the inhibitory activity of α-Toc have yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of α-Toc on the 24S-OHC-induced cell death machinery. We showed that α-Toc, but not α Toc3, suppressed 24S-OHC-induced ISR and downstream eukaryotic translation initiator factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation. We also found that α-Toc inhibited stress granule formation and robust downregulation of nascent protein synthesis, which were induced by 24S-OHC treatment. Furthermore, disruption of ER membrane integrity was suppressed by α-Toc, but not by α-Toc3. Our findings suggest that the inhibitory effects of α-Toc on 24S-OHC-induced cell death may be attributed to its protective function against ER membrane disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Chiba
- From the Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Urano
- From the Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- From the Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
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Scarfò G, Piccarducci R, Daniele S, Franzoni F, Martini C. Exploring the Role of Lipid-Binding Proteins and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Focus on the Neuroprotective Effects of Nutraceutical Supplementation and Physical Exercise. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2116. [PMID: 36358488 PMCID: PMC9686611 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain is primarily composed of lipids, and their homeostasis is crucial to carry on normal neuronal functions. In order to provide an adequate amount of lipid transport in and out of the central nervous system, organisms need a set of proteins able to bind them. Therefore, alterations in the structure or function of lipid-binding proteins negatively affect brain homeostasis, as well as increase inflammation and oxidative stress with the consequent risk of neurodegeneration. In this regard, lifestyle changes seem to be protective against neurodegenerative processes. Nutraceutical supplementation with antioxidant molecules has proven to be useful in proving cognitive functions. Additionally, regular physical activity seems to protect neuronal vitality and increases antioxidant defenses. The aim of the present review was to investigate mechanisms that link lipid-binding protein dysfunction and oxidative stress to cognitive decline, also underlining the neuroprotective effects of diet and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Scarfò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of General Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Center for Rehabilitative Medicine “Sport and Anatomy”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Franzoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of General Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Center for Rehabilitative Medicine “Sport and Anatomy”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Urano Y, Osaki S, Chiba R, Noguchi N. Integrated stress response is involved in the 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol-induced unconventional cell death mechanism. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:406. [PMID: 36195595 PMCID: PMC9532424 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01197-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Perturbation of proteostasis triggers the adaptive responses that contribute to the homeostatic pro-survival response, whereas disruption of proteostasis can ultimately lead to cell death. Brain-specific oxysterol-i.e., 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC)-has been shown to cause cytotoxicity when esterified by acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we show that the accumulation of 24S-OHC esters caused phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiator factor 2α (eIF2α), dissociation of polysomes, and formation of stress granules (SG), resulting in robust downregulation of global protein de novo synthesis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. We also found that integrated stress response (ISR) activation through PERK and GCN2 activation induced by 24S-OHC treatment caused eIF2α phosphorylation. 24S-OHC-inducible SG formation and cell death were suppressed by inhibition of ISR. These results show that ACAT1-mediated 24S-OHC esterification induced ISR and formation of SG, which play crucial roles in 24S-OHC-inducible protein synthesis inhibition and unconventional cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuomi Urano
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan.
| | - Shoya Osaki
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Ren Chiba
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan.
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9
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CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder-Related Epilepsy: A Review of Current and Emerging Treatment. CNS Drugs 2022; 36:591-604. [PMID: 35633486 PMCID: PMC9876658 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) deficiency disorder (CDD) is a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with infantile-onset epilepsy. Most individuals with CDD develop refractory epilepsy with multiple seizure types. Management of seizures in CDD remains challenging for clinicians given the highly refractory nature of seizures and the limited number of disease-specific studies that offer a high level of evidence. Epileptic spasms are the most common seizure type in CDD and are more often refractory to standard first-line treatment than are spasms of other etiologies. In other seizure types, the effectiveness of antiseizure medications is limited and wanes over time. Ketogenic diet and palliative surgical treatments have both had mixed results in observational studies. When treating refractory seizures in CDD, we recommend carefully balancing seizure control and treatment-related side effects to optimize each individual's overall quality of life. Clinical trials of medications targeting epilepsy in CDD have been conducted, and additional investigational small molecules, gene therapy, and other disease-modifying therapies are in development for CDD.
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Shi N, Zheng Q, Zhang H. Molecular Basis of the Recognition of Cholesterol by Cytochrome P450 46A1 along the Major Access Tunnel. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1526-1533. [PMID: 35438962 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP46A1 is an important potential target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most common neurodegenerative disease among older individuals. However, the binding mechanism between CYP46A1 and substrate cholesterol (CH) has not been clarified and will not be conducive to the research of relevant drug molecules. In this study, we integrated molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and adaptive steered MD simulations to explore the recognition and binding mechanism of CYP46A1 with CH. Two key factors affecting the interaction between CH and CYP46A1 are determined: one is a hydrophobic cavity formed by seven hydrophobic residues (F80, Y109, L112, I222, W368, F371, and T475), which provides nonpolar interactions to stabilize CH, and the other is a hydrogen bond formed by H81 and CH, which ensures the binding direction of CH. In addition, the tunnel analysis results show that tunnel 2a is identified as the primary pathway of CH. The entry of CH induces tunnel 2e to close and tunnel w to open. Our results may provide effective clues for the design of drugs based on the substrate for AD and improve our understanding of the structure-function of CYP46A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Shi
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Qingchuan Zheng
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
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Choroszyński M, Barcikowska M, Barczak A. Metabolism and the Effect of Animal-Derived Oxysterols in the Diet on the Development of Alzheimer's Disease. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2022; 78:125-132. [PMID: 35545012 DOI: 10.1159/000520514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid worldwide increase in the incidence of Alzheimer's disease is associated with changing nutrition patterns. Recently, some articles have highlighted the link between Alzheimer's disease and dietary cholesterol. It was found that elevated levels of some of its fractions in the brain and circulation affect metabolism. SUMMARY Previous studies have considered the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and oxidized cholesterol molecules in the brain. To date, there are limited data available on the relationship between oxidized cholesterol in the brain and Alzheimer's disease. There is a link between a diet high in cholesterol and its oxidized forms, leading to hypercholesterolemia, which is one of significant risk factors of dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Oxidized cholesterol can be absorbed in the small intestine and cross the blood-brain barrier, leading to increased inflammation and endogenous oxidative process. Animal-origin foods are sources of oxidized cholesterol, with cholesterol oxidation beginning already after slaughter and occurring during storage and processing. KEY MESSAGES High-heat food preparation and storage of cooked products in the refrigerator followed by subsequent heating may significantly increase the amount of oxidized cholesterol products. Therefore, a diet low in cholesterol oxidation products and high in plants with antioxidative properties seems to be most preventable and should be implemented as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Barczak
- Rare and Civilisation Diseases Research Platform, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Pong AW, Ross J, Tyrlikova I, Giermek AJ, Kohli MP, Khan YA, Salgado RD, Klein P. Epilepsy: Expert opinion on emerging drugs in phase 2/3 clinical trials. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2022; 27:75-90. [PMID: 35341431 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2022.2059464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the existence of over 30 anti-seizure medications (ASM), including 20 over the last 30 years, a third of patients with epilepsy remain refractory to treatment, with no disease-modifying or preventive therapies until very recently. The development of new ASMs with new mechanisms of action is therefore critical. Recent clinical trials of new treatments have shifted focus from the traditional common epilepsies to rare, genetic epilepsies with known mechanistic targets for treatment and disease-specific animal models. AREAS COVERED ASMs in phase 2a/b and 3 clinical trials target cholesterol, serotonin, sigma-1 receptors, potassium channels and metabotrobic glutamate receptors. Neuroinflammation, protein misfolding, abnormal thalamocortical firing, and molecular deficiencies are among the targeted pathways. Clinically, the current phase 2a/b-3 agents hold promise for variety of epilepsy conditions, from developmental epileptic encephalopathies (Dravet Syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, CDKL5 and PCDH19, Rett's Syndrome), Infantile Spasms, Tuberous Sclerosis as well as focal and idiopathic generalized epilepsies and acute rescue therapy for cluster seizures. EXPERT OPINION New delivery mechanisms increase potency and site-specificity of existing drugs. Novel mechanisms of action involve cholesterol degradation, mitochondrial pathways, anti-inflammation and neuro-regeneration. Earlier identification of genetic conditions through genetic testing will allow for earlier use of disease specific and disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W Pong
- Comprehensive Neurology Clinics of Bethesda, Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center,Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Ross
- Comprehensive Neurology Clinics of Bethesda, Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center,Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivana Tyrlikova
- Comprehensive Neurology Clinics of Bethesda, Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center,Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander J Giermek
- Comprehensive Neurology Clinics of Bethesda, Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center,Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maya P Kohli
- Comprehensive Neurology Clinics of Bethesda, Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center,Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yousef A Khan
- Comprehensive Neurology Clinics of Bethesda, Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center,Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roger D Salgado
- Comprehensive Neurology Clinics of Bethesda, Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center,Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pavel Klein
- Comprehensive Neurology Clinics of Bethesda, Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center,Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Nishi T, Metcalf CS, Fujimoto S, Hasegawa S, Miyamoto M, Sunahara E, Watanabe S, Kondo S, White HS. Anticonvulsive properties of soticlestat, a novel cholesterol 24-hydroxylase inhibitor. Epilepsia 2022; 63:1580-1590. [PMID: 35316533 PMCID: PMC9311151 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective The formation of 24S‐hydroxycholesterol is a brain‐specific mechanism of cholesterol catabolism catalyzed by cholesterol 24‐hydroxylase (CYP46A1, also known as CH24H). CH24H has been implicated in various biological mechanisms, whereas pharmacological lowering of 24S‐hydroxycholesterol has not been fully studied. Soticlestat is a novel small‐molecule inhibitor of CH24H. Its therapeutic potential was previously identified in a mouse model with an epileptic phenotype. In the present study, the anticonvulsive property of soticlestat was characterized in rodent models of epilepsy that have long been used to identify antiseizure medications. Methods The anticonvulsive property of soticlestat was investigated in maximal electroshock seizures (MES), pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) acute seizures, 6‐Hz psychomotor seizures, audiogenic seizures, amygdala kindling, PTZ kindling, and corneal kindling models. Soticlestat was characterized in a PTZ kindling model under steady‐state pharmacokinetics to relate its anticonvulsive effects to pharmacodynamics. Results Among models of acutely evoked seizures, whereas anticonvulsive effects of soticlestat were identified in Frings mice, a genetic model of audiogenic seizures, it was found ineffective in MES, acute PTZ seizures, and 6‐Hz seizures. The protective effects of soticlestat against audiogenic seizures increased with repetitive dosing. Soticlestat was also tested in models of progressive seizure severity. Soticlestat treatment delayed kindling acquisition, whereas fully kindled animals were not protected. Importantly, soticlestat suppressed the progression of seizure severity in correlation with 24S‐hydroxycholesterol lowering in the brain, suggesting that 24S‐hydroxycholesterol can be aggressively reduced to produce more potent effects on seizure development in kindling acquisition. Significance The data collectively suggest that soticlestat can ameliorate seizure symptoms through a mechanism distinct from conventional antiseizure medications. With its novel mechanism of action, soticlestat could constitute a novel class of antiseizure medications for treatment of intractable epilepsy disorders such as developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Nishi
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Cameron S Metcalf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Shinji Fujimoto
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hasegawa
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Maki Miyamoto
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eiji Sunahara
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sayuri Watanabe
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kondo
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Niki E. Lipid oxidation that is, and is not, inhibited by vitamin E: Consideration about physiological functions of vitamin E. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:1-15. [PMID: 34481937 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are oxidized in vivo by multiple oxidizing species with different properties, some by regulated manner to produce physiological mediators, while others by random mechanisms to give detrimental products. Vitamin E plays an important role as a physiologically essential antioxidant to inhibit unregulated lipid peroxidation by scavenging lipid peroxyl radicals to break chain propagation independent of the type of free radicals which induce chain initiation. Kinetic data suggest that vitamin E does not act as an efficient scavenger of nitrogen dioxide radical, carbonate anion radical, and hypochlorite. The analysis of regio- and stereo-isomer distribution of the lipid oxidation products shows that, apart from lipid oxidation by CYP enzymes, the free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation is the major pathway of lipid oxidation taking place in humans. Compared with healthy subjects, the levels of racemic and trans,trans-hydro (pero)xyoctadecadienoates, specific biomarker of free radical lipid oxidation, are elevated in the plasma of patients including atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. α-Tocopherol acts as a major antioxidant, while γ-tocopherol scavenges nitrogen dioxide radical, which induces lipid peroxidation, nitration of aromatic compounds and unsaturated fatty acids, and isomerization of cis-fatty acids to trans-fatty acids. It is essential to appreciate that the antioxidant effects of vitamin E depend on the nature of both oxidants and substrates being oxidized. Vitamin E, together with other antioxidants such as vitamin C, contributes to the inhibition of detrimental oxidation of biological molecules and thereby to the maintenance of human health and prevention of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuo Niki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan.
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Suzuki A, Urano Y, Ishida T, Noguchi N. Different functions of vitamin E homologues in the various types of cell death induced by oxysterols. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:356-365. [PMID: 34648906 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) are produced by cholesterol 24-hydroxylase and cholesterol 25-hydroxylase, respectively. The purpose of the present study was to determine the type of cell death induced by these oxysterols in neuronal cells, hepatic cells, and keratinocytes, and to elucidate the inhibitory effect of vitamin E homologues on various types of cell death. In human neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y cells), 24S-OHC and 25-OHC caused a cell death that was independent of caspase activation. We reported previously that the esterification of 24S-OHC by acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) and the resulting formation of a lipid droplet (LD)-like structure are responsible for the 24S-OHC-induced neuronal cell death. Here, we found that 25-OHC also induced ACAT1-mediated 25-OHC esterification and LD formation in neuronal cells. 25-OHC-induced cell death was inhibited by α-tocopherol (α-Toc) but not by α-tocotrienol (α-Toc3), as observed for 24S-OHC-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells. In human hepatic cells (HepG2 cells), these oxysterols caused a cell death that was caspase- and oxysterol-esterification-independent. This cell death was suppressed by both α-Toc and α-Toc3, suggesting the involvement of free-radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in the cell death induced by these oxysterols in hepatic cells. In human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), these oxysterols caused a caspase-dependent but oxysterol-esterification-independent cell death that was inhibited by α-Toc but not by α-Toc3. These results suggest that α-Toc and α-Toc3 act as radical-scavenging antioxidants against oxysterol-induced cell death in the same way in hepatic cells, whereas their behavior is different in inhibition of cell death in neuronal cells and keratinocytes. Collectively, these results demonstrated that 24S-OHC and 25-OHC induced the same type of cell death in each of the cell types examined, and that α-Toc and α-Toc3 exerted different effects, depending on the type of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Suzuki
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Urano
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Ishida
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan.
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Preclinical characterization of [ 18F]T-008, a novel PET imaging radioligand for cholesterol 24-hydroxylase. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:1148-1156. [PMID: 34651220 PMCID: PMC8921165 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CH24H) is a brain-specific enzyme that plays a major role in brain cholesterol homeostasis by converting cholesterol into 24S-hydroxycholesterol. The selective CH24H inhibitor soticlestat (TAK-935) is being pursued as a drug for treatment of seizures in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. Herein, we describe the successful discovery and the preclinical validation of the novel radiolabeled CH24H ligand (3-[18F]fluoroazetidin-1-yl){1-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]piperidin-4-yl}methanone ([18F]T-008) and its tritiated analog, [3H]T-008. METHODS In vitro autoradiography (ARG) studies in the CH24H wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mouse brain sections were conducted using [3H]T-008. PET imaging was conducted in two adult rhesus macaques using [18F]T-008. Each macaque received two test-retest baseline scans and a series of two blocking doses of soticlestat administered prior to [18F]T-008 to determine the CH24H enzyme occupancy. PET data were analyzed with Logan graphical analysis using plasma input. A Lassen plot was applied to estimate CH24H enzyme occupancy by soticlestat. RESULTS In ARG studies, binding of [3H]T-008 was specific to CH24H in the mouse brain sections, which was not observed in CH24H KO or in wild-type mice after pretreatment with soticlestat. In rhesus PET studies, the rank order of [18F]T-008 uptake was striatum > cortical regions > cerebellum, which was consistent with CH24H distribution in the brain. Pre-blocking with soticlestat reduced the maximum uptake and increased the washout in all brain regions in a dose-dependent manner. Calculated global occupancy values for soticlestat at a dose of 0.89 mg/kg were 97-98%, indicating maximum occupancy. CONCLUSION The preclinical in vitro and in vivo evaluation of labeled T-008 demonstrates that [18F]T-008 is suitable for imaging CH24H in the brain and warrants further studies in humans.
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Hawkins NA, Jurado M, Thaxton TT, Duarte SE, Barse L, Tatsukawa T, Yamakawa K, Nishi T, Kondo S, Miyamoto M, Abrahams BS, During MJ, Kearney JA. Soticlestat, a novel cholesterol 24-hydroxylase inhibitor, reduces seizures and premature death in Dravet syndrome mice. Epilepsia 2021; 62:2845-2857. [PMID: 34510432 PMCID: PMC9291096 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dravet syndrome is a severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) most often caused by de novo pathogenic variants in SCN1A. Individuals with Dravet syndrome rarely achieve seizure control and have significantly elevated risk for sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Heterozygous deletion of Scn1a in mice (Scn1a+/- ) recapitulates several core phenotypes, including temperature-dependent and spontaneous seizures, SUDEP, and behavioral abnormalities. Furthermore, Scn1a+/- mice exhibit a similar clinical response to standard anticonvulsants. Cholesterol 24-hydroxlase (CH24H) is a brain-specific enzyme responsible for cholesterol catabolism. Recent research has indicated the therapeutic potential of CH24H inhibition for diseases associated with neural excitation, including seizures. METHODS In this study, the novel compound soticlestat, a CH24H inhibitor, was administered to Scn1a+/- mice to investigate its ability to improve Dravet-like phenotypes in this preclinical model. RESULTS Soticlestat treatment reduced seizure burden, protected against hyperthermia-induced seizures, and completely prevented SUDEP in Scn1a+/- mice. Video-electroencephalography (EEG) analysis confirmed the ability of soticlestat to reduce occurrence of electroclinical seizures. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates that soticlestat-mediated inhibition of CH24H provides therapeutic benefit for the treatment of Dravet syndrome in mice and has the potential for treatment of DEEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Hawkins
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Manuel Jurado
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tyler T Thaxton
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Samantha E Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Levi Barse
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tetsuya Tatsukawa
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamakawa
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Toshiya Nishi
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Ltd, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kondo
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Ltd, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Maki Miyamoto
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Ltd, Fujisawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Jennifer A Kearney
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Halford JJ, Sperling MR, Arkilo D, Asgharnejad M, Zinger C, Xu R, During M, French JA. A phase 1b/2a study of soticlestat as adjunctive therapy in participants with developmental and/or epileptic encephalopathies. Epilepsy Res 2021; 174:106646. [PMID: 33940389 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of soticlestat, a first-in-class cholesterol 24-hydroxylase inhibitor, in adults with developmental and/or epileptic encephalopathies (DEE). METHODS The study comprised a 30-day, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase (Part A), followed by a 55-day open-label phase (Part B) (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03166215) . In Part A, patients with DEE and at least one bilateral motor seizure during the 4-week prospective baseline period were randomized 4:1 to receive soticlestat or placebo, in addition to their usual antiseizure medication. In Part B, all patients received open-label soticlestat. Soticlestat doses were titrated according to tolerability to a maximum of 300 mg twice daily (BID). Safety evaluations included the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Plasma soticlestat concentrations were measured at various times for determination of multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24HC). Efficacy was assessed by evaluation of changes in seizure frequency from baseline. RESULTS Eighteen patients (median age, 28.5 years) were enrolled and randomized, and 14 (78 %) completed the study. In Part A, TEAEs occurred in 71.4 % of soticlestat-treated patients and 100 % of placebo-treated patients. In Part B, the overall incidence of TEAEs was 68.8 %. In Part A, TEAEs that occurred in more than one patient in the soticlestat group were dysarthria (n = 3, 21.4 %), lethargy (n = 2, 14.3 %), upper respiratory tract infection (n = 2, 14.3 %), fatigue (n = 2, 14.3 %), and headache (n = 2, 14.3 %). Four patients discontinued treatment because of TEAEs, of whom two reported drug-related seizure clusters as serious TEAEs. There were no deaths. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed dose-dependent increases in systemic exposure and peak plasma soticlestat concentrations. At the end of Part B, the overall mean percent change from baseline in plasma 24HC was -80.97 %. Changes from baseline in median seizure frequency were +16.71 % and +22.16 % in the soticlestat and placebo groups, respectively, in Part A, and -36.38 % in all participants in Part B. CONCLUSION Soticlestat was well tolerated at doses of up to 300 mg BID and was associated with a reduction in median seizure frequency over the study duration. Further studies are warranted to assess the possible efficacy of soticlestat as adjunctive therapy in patients with DEEs such as Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rengyi Xu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Bannockburn, IL, USA
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Wang S, Chen G, Merlo Pich E, Affinito J, Cwik M, Faessel H. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, bioavailability and food effect of single doses of soticlestat in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:4354-4365. [PMID: 33837574 PMCID: PMC8597018 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Soticlestat is a first‐in‐class selective inhibitor of cholesterol 24‐hydroxylase, the enzyme that converts brain cholesterol to 24S‐hydroxycholesterol (24HC), a positive allosteric modulator of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors. Soticlestat is under development as treatment for rare developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. Methods In this first‐in‐human study, 48 healthy men and women received single ascending doses of soticlestat oral solution or placebo. Subsequently, nine healthy subjects received soticlestat tablets under fed and fasting conditions to assess the relative oral bioavailability and effects of food. Serial blood and urine samples were collected for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessments. Results Soticlestat appeared to be well tolerated up to a single dose of 1350 mg. Adverse events (AEs) were mild in intensity, and dose‐dependent increase in AE prevalence was not apparent. Soticlestat administered via oral solution was rapidly absorbed (median time to maximum plasma concentration [Cmax] 0.250–0.520 h). Mean Cmax and area under plasma concentration–time curve from zero to infinity increased by 183‐ and 581‐fold, respectively, over a 90‐fold dose increase. Mean terminal elimination half‐life was 0.820–7.16 hours across doses. Renal excretion was negligible. Administration of soticlestat tablets, and with food, lowered Cmax but did not affect overall exposure. Plasma 24HC concentrations generally decreased with increasing dose. Conclusions Soticlestat appeared to be well tolerated after a single oral administration of up to 1350 mg and dose‐dependently reduced plasma 24HC concentrations. Systemic exposure increased in a greater than dose‐proportional manner over the dose range evaluated but was not affected by formulation or administration with food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shining Wang
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Grace Chen
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emilio Merlo Pich
- Clinical Science, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John Affinito
- Patient Safety Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Deerfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Cwik
- Clinical Biomarker Innovation and Development, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hélène Faessel
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Hanin A, Baudin P, Demeret S, Roussel D, Lecas S, Teyssou E, Damiano M, Luis D, Lambrecq V, Frazzini V, Decavèle M, Plu I, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Bittar R, Lamari F, Navarro V. Disturbances of brain cholesterol metabolism: A new excitotoxic process associated with status epilepticus. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105346. [PMID: 33774180 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the excitotoxic processes associated with a severe status epilepticus (SE) is of major importance. Changes of brain cholesterol homeostasis is an emerging candidate for excitotoxicity. We conducted an overall analysis of the cholesterol homeostasis both (i) in fluids and tissues from patients with SE: blood (n = 63, n = 87 controls), CSF (n = 32, n = 60 controls), and post-mortem brain tissues (n = 8, n = 8 controls) and (ii) in a mouse model of SE induced by an intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid. 24-hydroxycholesterol levels were decreased in kainic acid mouse hippocampus and in human plasma and post-mortem brain tissues of patients with SE when compared with controls. The decrease of 24-hydroxycholesterol levels was followed by increased cholesterol levels and by an increase of the cholesterol synthesis. Desmosterol levels were higher in human CSF and in mice and human hippocampus after SE. Lanosterol and dihydrolanosterol levels were higher in plasma from SE patients. Our results suggest that a CYP46A1 inhibition could occur after SE and is followed by a brain cholesterol accumulation. The excess of cholesterol is known to be excitotoxic for neuronal cells and may participate to neurological sequelae observed after SE. This study highlights a new pathophysiological pathway involved in SE excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Hanin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Paul Baudin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Demeret
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neurosciences 6, Department of Neurology, Neuro-ICU, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Roussel
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Lecas
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Teyssou
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Maria Damiano
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neurosciences 6, Epileptology Unit and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Paris, France
| | - David Luis
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Lambrecq
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neurosciences 6, Epileptology Unit and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Valerio Frazzini
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neurosciences 6, Epileptology Unit and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Paris, France
| | - Maxens Decavèle
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, 75005 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Pneumologie, Médecine Intensive et Réanimation (Département R3S), Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Plu
- Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neurosciences 6, Department of Neuropathology, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Paris, France; UTCBS, INSERM U 1267, UMR 8258 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Randa Bittar
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UMR_S 1166 ICAN, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Foudil Lamari
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Navarro
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neurosciences 6, Epileptology Unit and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France; Center of Reference for Rare Epilepsies, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
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Interactions of Oxysterols with Atherosclerosis Biomarkers in Subjects with Moderate Hypercholesterolemia and Effects of a Nutraceutical Combination ( Bifidobacterium longum BB536, Red Yeast Rice Extract) (Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study). Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020427. [PMID: 33525601 PMCID: PMC7911956 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxysterol relationship with cardiovascular (CV) risk factors is poorly explored, especially in moderately hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Moreover, the impact of nutraceuticals controlling hypercholesterolaemia on plasma levels of 24-, 25- and 27-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC, 25-OHC, 27-OHC) is unknown. Methods: Subjects (n = 33; 18–70 years) with moderate hypercholesterolaemia (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C:): 130–200 mg/dL), in primary CV prevention as well as low CV risk were studied cross-sectionally. Moreover, they were evaluated after treatment with a nutraceutical combination (Bifidobacterium longum BB536, red yeast rice extract (10 mg/dose monacolin K)), following a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. We evaluated 24-OHC, 25-OHC and 27-OHC levels by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Results: 24-OHC and 25-OHC were significantly correlated, 24-OHC was correlated with apoB. 27-OHC and 27-OHC/total cholesterol (TC) were higher in men (median 209 ng/mL and 77 ng/mg, respectively) vs. women (median 168 ng/mL and 56 ng/mg, respectively); 27-OHC/TC was significantly correlated with abdominal circumference, visceral fat and, negatively, with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Triglycerides were significantly correlated with 24-OHC, 25-OHC and 27-OHC and with 24-OHC/TC and 25-OHC/TC. After intervention, 27-OHC levels were significantly reduced by 10.4% in the nutraceutical group Levels of 24-OHC, 24-OHC/TC, 25-OHC, 25-OHC/TC and 27-OHC/TC were unchanged. Conclusions: In this study, conducted in moderate hypercholesterolemic subjects, we observed novel relationships between 24-OHC, 25-OHC and 27-OHC and CV risk biomarkers. In addition, no adverse changes of OHC levels upon nutraceutical treatment were found.
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Sun Z, Zhao L, Bo Q, Mao Z, He Y, Jiang T, Li Y, Wang C, Li R. Brain-Specific Oxysterols and Risk of Schizophrenia in Clinical High-Risk Subjects and Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:711734. [PMID: 34408685 PMCID: PMC8367079 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.711734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from clinical, genetic, and epidemiologic studies suggest that schizophrenia might be a neuronal development disorder. While oxysterols are important factors in neurodevelopment, it is unknown whether oxysterols might be involved in development of schizophrenia. The present study investigated the relationship between tissue-specifically originated oxysterols and risk of schizophrenia. A total of 216 individuals were recruited in this study, including 76 schizophrenia patients, 39 clinical high-risk (CHR) subjects, and 101 healthy controls (HC). We investigated the circulating levels of brain-specific oxysterol 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) and peripheral oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) in all participants and analyzed the potential links between the oxysterols and specific clinical symptoms in schizophrenic patients and CHR. Our data showed an elevation of 24OHC in both schizophrenia patients and CHR than that in HC, while a lower level of 27OHC in the schizophrenia group only. The ratio of 24OHC to 27OHC was only increased in the schizophrenic group compared with CHR and HC. For the schizophrenic patients, the circulating 24OHC levels are significantly associated with disease duration, positively correlated with the positive and negative syndrome total scores, while the 27OHC levels were inversely correlated with the positive symptom scores. Together, our data demonstrated the disruption of tissue-specifically originated cholesterol metabolism in schizophrenia and CHR, suggesting the circulating 24OHC or 24OHC/27OHC ratio might not only be a potential indicator for risk for schizophrenia but also be biomarkers for functional abnormalities in neuropathology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qijing Bo
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Mao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rena Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Soticlestat, a novel cholesterol 24-hydroxylase inhibitor shows a therapeutic potential for neural hyperexcitation in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17081. [PMID: 33051477 PMCID: PMC7553946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CH24H) is a brain-specific enzyme that converts cholesterol into 24S-hydroxycholesterol, the primary mechanism of cholesterol catabolism in the brain. The therapeutic potential of CH24H activation has been extensively investigated, whereas the effects of CH24H inhibition remain poorly characterized. In this study, the therapeutic potential of CH24H inhibition was investigated using a newly identified small molecule, soticlestat (TAK-935/OV935). The biodistribution and target engagement of soticlestat was assessed in mice. CH24H-knockout mice showed a substantially lower level of soticlestat distribution in the brain than wild-type controls. Furthermore, brain-slice autoradiography studies demonstrated the absence of [3H]soticlestat staining in CH24H-knockout mice compared with wild-type mice, indicating a specificity of soticlestat binding to CH24H. The pharmacodynamic effects of soticlestat were characterized in a transgenic mouse model carrying mutated human amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 (APP/PS1-Tg). These mice, with excitatory/inhibitory imbalance and short life-span, yielded a remarkable survival benefit when bred with CH24H-knockout animals. Soticlestat lowered brain 24S-hydroxycholesterol in a dose-dependent manner and substantially reduced premature deaths of APP/PS1-Tg mice at a dose lowering brain 24S-hydroxycholesterol by approximately 50%. Furthermore, microdialysis experiments showed that soticlestat can suppress potassium-evoked extracellular glutamate elevations in the hippocampus. Taken together, these data suggest that soticlestat-mediated inhibition of CH24H may have therapeutic potential for diseases associated with neural hyperexcitation.
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Wu Y, Dong G, Sheng C. Targeting necroptosis in anticancer therapy: mechanisms and modulators. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1601-1618. [PMID: 33088682 PMCID: PMC7563021 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis, a genetically programmed form of necrotic cell death, serves as an important pathway in human diseases. As a critical cell-killing mechanism, necroptosis is associated with cancer progression, metastasis, and immunosurveillance. Targeting necroptosis pathway by small molecule modulators is emerging as an effective approach in cancer therapy, which has the advantage to bypass the apoptosis-resistance and maintain antitumor immunity. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanism of necroptosis and necroptosis modulators is necessary to develop novel strategies for cancer therapy. This review will summarize recent progress of the mechanisms and detecting methods of necroptosis. In particular, the relationship between necroptosis and cancer therapy and medicinal chemistry of necroptosis modulators will be focused on.
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25
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Wang C, He H, Fang W. Oncogenic roles of the cholesterol metabolite 25-hydroxycholesterol in bladder cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3671-3676. [PMID: 32382321 PMCID: PMC7202283 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols, such as 24S-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol are oxidation products of cholesterol generated by enzymatic reactions. The pathological effects of oxysterols have been described in multiple types of cancer, including cancers of the skin, lung, colon, breast and bile ducts. The molecular mechanisms underlying oxysterol-induced cancer initiation and progression have yet to be completely elucidated, and to the best of our knowledge, no prior data on the role of 24S-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol in bladder cancer exists. The results of the present study demonstrated that 25-hydroxycholesterol is increased in bladder cancer tissues, and that it promotes proliferation and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human T24 and RT4 bladder cancer cells. It was also observed that 25-hydroxycholesterol promotes Adriamycin resistance in T24 and RT4 cells, and that high levels of 25-hydroxycholesterol in bladder cancer are associated with a poor outcome. Therefore, 25-hydroxycholesterol, a primary metabolite of cholesterol, may serve an important role in the progression of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200333, P.R. China
| | - Haowei He
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Wennian Fang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200333, P.R. China
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26
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Liu X, Tajima N, Taniguchi M, Kato N. The enantiomer pair of 24S- and 24R-hydroxycholesterol differentially alter activity of large-conductance Ca 2+ -dependent K + (slo1 BK) channel. Chirality 2019; 32:223-230. [PMID: 31756018 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
24S-hydroxycholesterol (HC) is most abundant oxysterols in the brain, passes through blood brain barrier, and is therefore regarded as an intermediary for brain cholesterol elimination. We reported that large-conductance Ca2+ - and voltage-activated K+ (slo1 BK) channels are suppressed by this oxysterol, which is presumably intercalated into cell membrane to access the outer surface of the channel. Such an outer approach would make it difficult to interact with the inner, ion-conducting part of the channel. The present findings showed that 24R-HC, the racemic counterpart of 24S-HC, also suppressed slo1 BK channel but in a different voltage-dependent manner. There was a difference between the effects of the two enantiomers on activation kinetics but not on deactivation kinetics. It is suggested that the chirality contributes to the efficacy of channel blockers that act from outer lipophilic parts of channels, as with those which act on the inner, ion-permeable surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nobuyoshi Tajima
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Makoto Taniguchi
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kato
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
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27
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Urano Y, Ho Vo DK, Hirofumi A, Noguchi N. 24( S)-Hydroxycholesterol induces ER dysfunction-mediated unconventional cell death. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:113. [PMID: 31285856 PMCID: PMC6611791 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by disruption of protein folding activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), which while generally pro-survival in effect can also induce cell death under severe ER stress. 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), which is enzymatically produced in the ER of neurons, plays an important role in maintaining brain cholesterol homeostasis but also shows neurotoxicity when subjected to esterification by acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) in the ER. In this study, we demonstrated that the accumulation of 24S-OHC esters in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells evoked the UPR with substantially no pro-survival adaptive response but with significant activation of pro-death UPR signaling via regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD). We further found that accumulation of 24S-OHC esters caused disruption of ER membrane integrity and release of ER luminal proteins into cytosol. We also found that de novo synthesis of global proteins was robustly suppressed in 24S-OHC-treated cells. Collectively, these results show that ER dysfunction and the accompanying RIDD-mediated pro-death UPR signaling and global protein synthesis inhibition are responsible for 24S-OHC ester-induced unconventional cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuomi Urano
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394 Japan
| | - Diep-Khanh Ho Vo
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394 Japan
| | - Araki Hirofumi
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394 Japan
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394 Japan
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28
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24S-hydroxycholesterol alters activity of large-conductance Ca 2+-dependent K + (slo1 BK) channel through intercalation into plasma membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1525-1535. [PMID: 31136842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols, oxidization products of cholesterol, are regarded as bioactive lipids affecting various physiological functions. However, little is known of their effects on ion channels. Using inside-out patch clamp recording, we found that naturally occurring side-chain oxidized oxysterols, 20S‑hydroxycholesterol, 22R‑hydroxycholesterol, 24S‑hydroxycholestero, 25‑hydroxycholesterol, and 27‑hydroxycholesterol, induced current reduction of large-conductance Ca2+- and voltage-activated K+ (slo1 BK) channels heterologously expressed in HEK293T cells. In contrast with side-chain oxidized oxysterols, naturally occurring ring oxidized ones, 7α‑hydroxycholesterol and 7‑ketocholesterol were without effect. By using 24S‑hydroxycholesterol (24S‑HC), the major brain oxysterol, we explored the inhibition mechanism. 24S‑HC inhibited Slo1 BK channels with an IC50 of ~2 μM, and decreased macroscopic current by ~60%. This marked current decrease was accompanied by a rightward shift in the conductance-voltage relationship and a slowed activation kinetics, with the deactivation kinetics unaltered. Furthermore, the membrane sterol scavenger γ‑cyclodextrin was found to rescue slo1 BK channels from the inhibition, implicating that 24S-HC may be intercalated into the plasma membrane to affect the channel. These findings unveil a novel physiological importance of oxysterols from a new angle that involves ion channel regulation.
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29
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Cigliano L, Spagnuolo MS, Napolitano G, Iannotta L, Fasciolo G, Barone D, Venditti P. 24S-hydroxycholesterol affects redox homeostasis in human glial U-87 MG cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 486:25-33. [PMID: 30802527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The cholesterol metabolite 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) allows cholesterol excretion from the brain and was suggested to be critically involved in physiological as well as neurodegenerative processes. It induces on human neuronal cell cultures a dose dependent toxicity associated with increased reactive oxygen species production. Since glial cells play a key role in assisting neuronal function, here we investigated the effects of increased concentrations of 24S-OHC on a glial cell model (human glioblastoma U-87 MG cells). We determined the content of PGC-1α and TFAM, involved in the biogenesis of mitochondria, both mitochondrial complexes activity and protein amount, lipid and protein oxidative damage, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) release and both the activities and amount of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Low concentration of 24S-OHC increased cellular content of PGC-1α and TFAM and the activities of mitochondrial complexes I and II, with no marked changes in their protein amount. Interestingly, 24S-OHC at lower concentrations reduced while at higher concentration increased lipid and protein oxidative damage. Conversely, the content of nitro-tyrosine increased only with the highest 24S-OHC concentration. Also, cell H2O2 release was reduced by lower and increased by higher 24S-OHC used concentrations. The cell activity of glutathione peroxidase was reduced by 24S-OHC at higher concentration while that of catalase was reduced by all the assayed concentrations. Further, a dose dependent decrease of both enzymes levels was observed. In conclusion, we demonstrated that 24S-OHC exerts different effects on U-87 MG cells depending on its level. At lower concentrations it stimulates cellular processes critical to maintain redox homeostasis, while at higher dose its effect on the glial cell here used resemble its action on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Cigliano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania Spagnuolo
- Istituto per il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo (ISPAAM), CNR, Via Argine 1085, 80147, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gaetana Napolitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Via Acton n. 38, I - 80133, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lucia Iannotta
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianluca Fasciolo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Barone
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Venditti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.
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Qu Y, Chen X, Xu MM, Sun Q. Relationship between high dietary fat intake and Parkinson's disease risk: a meta-analysis. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:2156-2163. [PMID: 31397355 PMCID: PMC6788237 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.262599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether dietary fat intake influences Parkinson’s disease risk. DATA SOURCES: We systematically surveyed the Embase and PubMed databases, reviewing manuscripts published prior to October 2018. The following terms were used: (“Paralysis agitans” OR “Parkinson disease” OR “Parkinson” OR “Parkinson’s” OR “Parkinson’s disease”) AND (“fat” OR “dietary fat” OR “dietary fat intake”). DATA SELECTION: Included studies were those with both dietary fat intake and Parkinson’s disease risk as exposure factors. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was adapted to investigate the quality of included studies. Stata V12.0 software was used for statistical analysis. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes included the relationship between high total energy intake, high total fat intake, and Parkinson’s disease risk. The secondary outcomes included the relationship between different kinds of fatty acids and Parkinson’s disease risk. RESULTS: Nine articles met the inclusion criteria and were incorporated into this meta-analysis. Four studies scored 7 and the other five studies scored 9 on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, meaning that all studies were of high quality. Meta-analysis results showed that high total energy intake was associated with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (P = 0.000, odds ratio (OR) = 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26–1.75); in contrast, high total fat intake was not associated with Parkinson’s disease risk (P = 0.123, OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.91–1.25). Subgroup analysis revealed that polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (P = 0.010, OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.88–1.20) reduced the risk of Parkinson’s disease, while arachidonic acid (P = 0.026, OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.97–1.37) and cholesterol (P = 0.002, OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.92–1.29) both increased the risk of Parkinson’s disease. Subgroup analysis also demonstrated that, although the results were not significant, consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.071, OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.73–1.05), α-linolenic acid (P = 0.06, OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.72–1.02), and the n-3 to n-6 ratio (P = 0.458, OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.75–1.06) were all linked with a trend toward reduced Parkinson’s disease risk. Monounsaturated fatty acid (P = 0.450, OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.91–1.23), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.100, OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.96–1.36) and linoleic acid (P = 0.053, OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.94–1.32) intakes were associated with a non-significant trend toward higher PD risk. Saturated fatty acid (P = 0.619, OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.87–1.18) intake was not associated with Parkinson’s disease. CONCLUSION: Dietary fat intake affects Parkinson’s disease risk, although this depends on the fatty acid subtype. Higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids may reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease, while higher cholesterol and arachidonic acid intakes may elevate Parkinson’s disease risk. However, further studies and evidence are needed to validate any link between dietary fat intake and Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Man-Man Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Kimura Y, Asa M, Urano Y, Saito Y, Nishikawa K, Noguchi N. Tocopherol suppresses 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death via inhibition of CaMKII phosphorylation. Biochimie 2018; 153:203-209. [PMID: 30244813 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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32
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Grayaa S, Zerbinati C, Messedi M, HadjKacem I, Chtourou M, Ben Touhemi D, Naifar M, Ayadi H, Ayedi F, Iuliano L. Plasma oxysterol profiling in children reveals 24-hydroxycholesterol as a potential marker for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Biochimie 2018; 153:80-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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33
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Dhuriya YK, Sharma D. Necroptosis: a regulated inflammatory mode of cell death. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:199. [PMID: 29980212 PMCID: PMC6035417 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death has a vital role in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Necroptosis is an alternative mode of regulated cell death mimicking features of apoptosis and necrosis. Necroptosis requires protein RIPK3 (previously well recognized as regulator of inflammation, cell survival, and disease) and its substrate MLKL, the crucial players of this pathway. Necroptosis is induced by toll-like receptor, death receptor, interferon, and some other mediators. Shreds of evidence based on a mouse model reveals that deregulation of necroptosis has been found to be associated with pathological conditions like cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory diseases. In this timeline article, we are discussing the molecular mechanisms of necroptosis and its relevance to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh K Dhuriya
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan; 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Divakar Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India.
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Lu DL, Sookthai D, Le Cornet C, Katzke VA, Johnson TS, Kaaks R, Fortner RT. Reproducibility of serum oxysterols and lanosterol among postmenopausal women: Results from EPIC-Heidelberg. Clin Biochem 2018; 52:117-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Nakazawa T, Miyanoki Y, Urano Y, Uehara M, Saito Y, Noguchi N. Effect of vitamin E on 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol-induced necroptosis-like cell death and apoptosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:69-76. [PMID: 26953980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) has diverse physiological and pathological functions. In particular, cytotoxic effects of 24S-OHC in neuronal cells are important in development of neurodegenerative diseases. 24S-OHC induces necroptosis-like cell death in SH-SY5Y cells expressing little caspase-8. In the present study, 24S-OHC was found to induce apoptosis as determined by caspase-3 activation in all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA)-treated SH-SY5Y cells in which expression of caspase-8 was induced. 24S-OHC-induced cell death was inhibited by α-tocopherol (α-Toc) but not by α-tocotrienol (α-Toc3) in SH-SY5Y cells regardless of whether cells were treated with atRA. In contrast, cumene hydroperoxide (CumOOH)-induced cell death was significantly inhibited by α-Toc and α-Toc3. In atRA-treated SH-SY5Y cells, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was induced by stimulation with CumOOH but was not induced by stimulation with 24S-OHC. These results suggest that inhibition of 24S-OHC-induced cell death by α-Toc cannot be explained by its radical scavenging antioxidant activity. Esterification of 24S-OHC followed by lipid droplet (LD) formation due to acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) are key events in 24S-OHC-induced cell death in atRA-treated SH-SY5Y cells as demonstrated by inhibition of cell death by ACAT1 inhibitor. LD number was not changed by treatment with either α-Toc or α-Toc3. The different physical properties of α-Toc and α-Toc3 may account for their different inhibitory effects on 24S-OHC-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Nakazawa
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yuta Miyanoki
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Urano
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Madoka Uehara
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
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Leoni V, Nury T, Vejux A, Zarrouk A, Caccia C, Debbabi M, Fromont A, Sghaier R, Moreau T, Lizard G. Mitochondrial dysfunctions in 7-ketocholesterol-treated 158N oligodendrocytes without or with α-tocopherol: Impacts on the cellular profil of tricarboxylic cycle-associated organic acids, long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, oxysterols, cholesterol and cholesterol precursors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:96-110. [PMID: 27020660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS) a process of white matter degradation leading to demyelination is observed. Oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, necrosis and/or autophagy result together into a progressive loss of oligodendrocytes. 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), found increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients, triggers a rupture of RedOx homeostasis associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions, aptoptosis and autophagy (oxiapoptophagy) in cultured murine oligodendrocytes (158N). α-tocopherol is able to mild the alterations induced by 7KC partially restoring the cellular homeostasis. In presence of 7KC, the amount of adherent 158N cells was decreased and oxidative stress was enhanced. An increase of caspase-3 and PARP degradation (evidences of apoptosis), and an increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio (criterion of autophagy), were detected. These events were associated with a decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and by a decrease of oxidative phosphorylation revealed by reduced NAD+ and ATP. The cellular lactate was higher while pyruvate, citrate, fumarate, succinate (tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates) were significantly reduced in exposed cells, suggesting that an impairment of mitochondrial respiratory functions could lead to an increase of lactate production and to a reduced amount of ATP and acetyl-CoA available for the anabolic pathways. The concentration of sterol precursors lathosterol, lanosterol and desmosterol were significantly reduced together with satured and unsatured long chain fatty acids (C16:0 - C18:0, structural elements of membrane phospholipids). Such reductions were milder with α-tocopherol. It is likely that the cell death induced by 7KC is associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions, including alterations of oxidative phosphorylation, which could result from lipid anabolism dysfunctions, especially on TCA cycle intermediates. A better knowledge of mitochondrial associated dysfunctions triggered by 7KC will contribute to bring new information on the demyelination processes which are linked with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, especially in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Varese, ASST-Settelaghi, Varese, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Foundation IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
| | - Thomas Nury
- Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France; Univ. Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, & Univ. Sousse, Faculty of Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Foundation IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Meryam Debbabi
- Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France; Univ. Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, & Univ. Sousse, Faculty of Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Agnès Fromont
- Department of Neurology, Univ. Hospital/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Randa Sghaier
- Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France; Univ. Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, & Univ. Sousse, Faculty of Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Thibault Moreau
- Department of Neurology, Univ. Hospital/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France.
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Shao L, Yu S, Ji W, Li H, Gao Y. The Contribution of Necroptosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2117-2126. [PMID: 28382594 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, cell apoptosis has been significantly reputed as an accidental, redundant and alternative manner of cell demise which partakes in homeostasis in the development of extensive diseases. Nevertheless, necroptosis, another novel manner of cell death through a caspase-independent way, especially in neurodegenerative diseases remains ambiguous. The cognition of this form of cell demise is helpful to understand other forms of morphological resemblance of necrosis. Additionally, the concrete signal mechanism in the regulation of necroptosis is beneficial to the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that necroptotic inhibitor, 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol and partial specific histone deacetylase inhibitors could alleviate pathogenetic conditions of neurodegenerative diseases via necroptosis pathway. In this review, we summarize recent researches about mechanisms and modulation of necroptotic signaling pathways and probe into the role of programmed necroptotic cell demise in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.,Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuping Yu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, 224006, Jiangsu, China.,Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliate Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.,Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haizhen Li
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yilu Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Takabe W, Urano Y, Vo DKH, Shibuya K, Tanno M, Kitagishi H, Fujimoto T, Noguchi N. Esterification of 24S-OHC induces formation of atypical lipid droplet-like structures, leading to neuronal cell death. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:2005-2014. [PMID: 27647838 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m068775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), which plays an important role in maintaining brain cholesterol homeostasis, has been shown to possess neurotoxicity. We have previously reported that 24S-OHC esterification by ACAT1 and the resulting lipid droplet (LD) formation are responsible for 24S-OHC-induced cell death. In the present study, we investigate the functional roles of 24S-OHC esters and LD formation in 24S-OHC-induced cell death, and we identify four long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and DHA) with which 24S-OHC is esterified in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells treated with 24S-OHC. Here, we find that cotreatment of cells with 24S-OHC and each of these four unsaturated fatty acids increases prevalence of the corresponding 24S-OHC ester and exacerbates induction of cell death as compared with cell death induced by treatment with 24S-OHC alone. Using electron microscopy, we find in the present study that 24S-OHC induces formation of LD-like structures coupled with enlarged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumina, and that these effects are suppressed by treatment with ACAT inhibitor. Collectively, these results illustrate that ACAT1-catalyzed esterification of 24S-OHC with long-chain unsaturated fatty acid followed by formation of atypical LD-like structures at the ER membrane is a critical requirement for 24S-OHC-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Takabe
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Urano
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Diep-Khanh Ho Vo
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Kimiyuki Shibuya
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo 189-0022, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanno
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kitagishi
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Fujimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
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39
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High Cholesterol Diet Increases Expression of Cholesterol 24-Hydroxylase and BACE1 in Rat Hippocampi: Implications for the Effect of Diet Cholesterol on Memory. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.35677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Shibuya K, Watanabe T, Urano Y, Takabe W, Noguchi N, Kitagishi H. Synthesis of 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol esters responsible for the induction of neuronal cell death. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2559-2566. [PMID: 27117262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized several candidates of 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) esters, which are involved in neuronal cell death, through catalysis with acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1). We studied the regioselectivity of the acylation of the secondary alcohol at the 3- or 24-position of 24S-OHC. The appropriate saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids were esterified with the protected 24S-OHC and then de-protected to afford the desired esters at a satisfactory yield. We then confirmed by HPLC monitoring that the retention times of four esters of 24S-OHC, namely 3-oleate, 3-linoleate, 3-arachidonoate and 3-docosahexaenoate, were consistent with those of 24S-OHC esters observed in 24S-OHC-treated SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyuki Shibuya
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Co., Ltd, 2-17-43, Noguchicho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0022, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Watanabe
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Co., Ltd, 2-17-43, Noguchicho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0022, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Urano
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Wakako Takabe
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kitagishi
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
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41
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Courtney R, Landreth GE. LXR Regulation of Brain Cholesterol: From Development to Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:404-414. [PMID: 27113081 PMCID: PMC4986614 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are master regulators of cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). The brain, which contains a disproportionately large amount of the body's total cholesterol (∼25%), requires a complex and delicately balanced cholesterol metabolism to maintain neuronal function. Dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism has been implicated in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Due to their cholesterol-sensing and anti-inflammatory activities, LXRs are positioned centrally in the everyday maintenance of CNS function. This review focuses on recent research into the role of LXRs in the CNS during normal development and homeostasis and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Courtney
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Zhornitsky S, McKay KA, Metz LM, Teunissen CE, Rangachari M. Cholesterol and markers of cholesterol turnover in multiple sclerosis: relationship with disease outcomes. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2016; 5:53-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Dantas NM, Sampaio GR, Ferreira FS, Labre TDS, Torres EAFDS, Saldanha T. Cholesterol Oxidation in Fish and Fish Products. J Food Sci 2015; 80:R2627-39. [PMID: 26555783 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fish and fish products are important from a nutritional point of view due to the presence of high biological value proteins and the high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially those of the n-3 series, and above all eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. However, these important food products also contain significant amounts of cholesterol. Although cholesterol participates in essential functions in the human body, it is unstable, especially in the presence of light, oxygen, radiation, and high temperatures that can cause the formation of cholesterol oxidation products or cholesterol oxides, which are prejudicial to human health. Fish processing involves high and low temperatures, as well as other methods for microbiological control, which increases shelf life and consequently added value; however, such processes favor the formation of cholesterol oxidation products. This review brings together data on the formation of cholesterol oxides during the preparation and processing of fish into food products which are recognized and recommended for their nutritional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Marinho Dantas
- Dept. of Food Technology, Rural Federal Univ. of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Brazil - Rodovia BR 465, km 7, Seropédica, RJ, CEP, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Geni Rodrigues Sampaio
- Dept. of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Univ. of São Paulo (USP), Brazil - Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP, CEP, 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva Ferreira
- Dept. of Food Technology, Rural Federal Univ. of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Brazil - Rodovia BR 465, km 7, Seropédica, RJ, CEP, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiana da Silva Labre
- Dept. of Food Technology, Rural Federal Univ. of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Brazil - Rodovia BR 465, km 7, Seropédica, RJ, CEP, 23890-000, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana Saldanha
- Dept. of Food Technology, Rural Federal Univ. of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Brazil - Rodovia BR 465, km 7, Seropédica, RJ, CEP, 23890-000, Brazil
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Noguchi N, Urano Y, Takabe W, Saito Y. New aspects of 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol in modulating neuronal cell death. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 87:366-72. [PMID: 26164631 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), which is enzymatically produced in the brain, has been known to play an important role in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis in the brain and has been proposed as a possible biomarker of neurodegenerative disease. Recent studies have revealed diverse functions of 24S-OHC and gained increased attention. For example, 24S-OHC at sublethal concentrations has been found to induce an adaptive response via activation of the liver X receptor signaling pathway, thereby protecting neuronal cells against subsequent oxidative stress. It has also been found that physiological concentrations of 24S-OHC suppress amyloid-β production via downregulation of amyloid precursor protein trafficking in neuronal cells. On the other hand, high concentrations of 24S-OHC have been found to induce a type of nonapoptotic programmed cell death in neuronal cells expressing little caspase-8. Because neuronal cell death induced by 24S-OHC has been found to proceed by a unique mechanism, which is different from but in some ways similar to necroptosis-necroptosis being a type of programmed necrosis induced by tumor necrosis factor α-neuronal cell death induced by 24S-OHC has been called "necroptosis-like" cell death. 24S-OHC-induced cell death is dependent on the formation of 24S-OHC esters but not on oxidative stress. This review article discusses newly reported aspects of 24S-OHC in neuronal cell death and sheds light on the possible importance of controlling 24S-OHC levels in the brain for preventing neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Noguchi
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
| | - Yasuomi Urano
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Wakako Takabe
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
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Pluhackova K, Böckmann RA. Biomembranes in atomistic and coarse-grained simulations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015. [PMID: 26194872 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/32/323103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of biological membranes is tightly coupled to the localization, organization, and function of membrane proteins. The organelle-specific distribution of lipids allows for the formation of functional microdomains (also called rafts) that facilitate the segregation and aggregation of membrane proteins and thus shape their function. Molecular dynamics simulations enable to directly access the formation, structure, and dynamics of membrane microdomains at the molecular scale and the specific interactions among lipids and proteins on timescales from picoseconds to microseconds. This review focuses on the latest developments of biomembrane force fields for both atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and the different levels of coarsening of biomolecular structures. It also briefly introduces scale-bridging methods applicable to biomembrane studies, and highlights selected recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Pluhackova
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Paul R, Choudhury A, Borah A. Cholesterol - A putative endogenous contributor towards Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:125-33. [PMID: 26232622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of cholesterol and its metabolites (oxysterols) have been reported to be associated not only with several metabolic syndromes, but also become a prognostic risk factor of neurodegenerative diseases particularly Alzheimer's disease. The incidence and the prospect of Alzheimer's disease with respect to elevated levels of cholesterol have been studied extensively and reviewed earlier. Recently, several interesting findings have shown the occurrence of equivalent Parkinsonian pathologies in cellular neuronal models, mediated by oxysterols or excess exposure to cholesterol. In this regard, oxysterols are particular in causing alpha-synuclein aggregation and destruction of dopamine containing neurons in in vitro models, which is linked to their direct influence on oxidative stress provoking potency. Inspite of the significant in vitro reports, which suggest the relativeness of cholesterol or oxysterol towards Parkinsonism, several prospective clinical reports provided a negative or no correlation. However, few prospective clinical studies showed a positive correlation between plasma cholesterol and incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD). Also, few significant studies have convincingly demonstrated that high fat diet exacerbates parkinsonian pathologies, including loss of dopaminergic neurons and oxidative stress parameters in animal models of PD. The present review brings together all the neuropathological proceedings mediated by excess cholesterol or its metabolites in brain in the light of their contribution towards the onset of PD. Also we have reviewed the possibilities of cholesterol lowering efficacy of statin therapy, in reducing the occurrence of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Paul
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Amarendranath Choudhury
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India.
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Vo DKH, Urano Y, Takabe W, Saito Y, Noguchi N. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol induces RIPK1-dependent but MLKL-independent cell death in the absence of caspase-8. Steroids 2015; 99:230-7. [PMID: 25697054 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), which is enzymatically produced in the brain, is known to play an important role in maintaining brain cholesterol homeostasis. We have previously reported that 24S-OHC induces a type of non-apoptotic programmed necrosis in neuronal cells expressing little caspase-8. Necroptosis has been characterized as a type of programmed necrosis in which activation of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) is involved in the signaling pathway. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of these three proteins in 24S-OHC-induced cell death. We found that RIPK1 but neither RIPK3 nor MLKL was expressed in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, while all three proteins were expressed in human T lymphoma caspase-8-deficient Jurkat (Jurkat(Cas8-/-)) cells. In Jurkat(Cas8-/-) cells, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced cell death was significantly suppressed by treatment with respective inhibitors of RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL. In contrast, only RIPK1 inhibitor showed significant suppression of 24S-OHC-induced cell death, and even this was less prominent than was observed in TNFα-induced cell death. In Jurkat(Cas8-/-) cells, knockdown of either RIPK1 or RIPK3 caused moderate but significant suppression of 24S-OHC-induced cell death, but no such effect was observed as a result of knockdown of MLKL. Collectively, these results suggest that, for both SH-SY5Y cells and Jurkat(Cas8-/-) cells, 24S-OHC-induced cell death is dependent on RIPK1 but not on MLKL. We therefore conclude that, in the absence of caspase-8 activity, 24S-OHC induces a necroptosis-like cell death which is RIPK1-dependent but MLKL-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diep-Khanh Ho Vo
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Urano
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
| | - Wakako Takabe
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
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48
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Zarrouk A, Nury T, Samadi M, O'Callaghan Y, Hammami M, O'Brien NM, Lizard G, Mackrill JJ. Effects of cholesterol oxides on cell death induction and calcium increase in human neuronal cells (SK-N-BE) and evaluation of the protective effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6 n-3). Steroids 2015; 99:238-47. [PMID: 25656786 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Some oxysterols are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Their lipotoxicity is characterized by an oxidative stress and induction of apoptosis. To evaluate the capacity of these molecules to trigger cellular modifications involved in neurodegeneration, human neuronal cells SK-N-BE were treated with 7-ketocholesterol, 7α- and 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 6α- and 6β-hydroxycholesterol, 4α- and 4β-hydroxycholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol (50-100μM, 24h) without or with docosahexaenoic acid (50μM). The effects of these compounds on mitochondrial activity, cell growth, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide anions (O2(-)), catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were determined. The ability of the oxysterols to induce increases in Ca(2+) was measured after 10min and 24h of treatment using fura-2 videomicroscopy and Von Kossa staining, respectively. Cholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, and 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (100μM) induced mitochondrial dysfunction, cell growth inhibition, ROS overproduction and cell death. A slight increase in the percentage of cells with condensed and/or fragmented nuclei, characteristic of apoptotic cells, was detected. With 27-hydroxycholesterol, a marked increase of O2(-) was observed. Increases in intracellular Ca(2+) were only found with 7-ketocholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol. Pre-treatment with docosahexaenoic acid showed some protective effects depending on the oxysterol considered. According to the present data, 7-ketocholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol could favor neurodegeneration by their abilities to induce mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress and/or cell death associated or not with increases in cytosolic calcium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Zarrouk
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, University of Bourgogne - Franche Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France; University of Monastir, Faculté de Médecine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, Tunisia; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Physiology, University College Cork, BioSciences Institute, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Thomas Nury
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, University of Bourgogne - Franche Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- LCPMC-A2, ICPM, Département de Chimie, University of Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - Yvonne O'Callaghan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- University of Monastir, Faculté de Médecine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nora M O'Brien
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, University of Bourgogne - Franche Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, BioSciences Institute, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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49
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Sá e Melo ML, Cruz Silva MM, Iuliano L, Lizard G. Oxysterols and related sterols: Chemical, biochemical and biological aspects. Steroids 2015; 99:117-8. [PMID: 26055148 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Sá e Melo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Health Sciences Campus, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuel Cruz Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Health Sciences Campus, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Vascular Biology & Mass Spectrometry Lab, Corso della Republica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy.
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté, Laboratoire BIO-peroxIL ('Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique') - EA 7270/INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
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50
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Nury T, Zarrouk A, Mackrill JJ, Samadi M, Durand P, Riedinger JM, Doria M, Vejux A, Limagne E, Delmas D, Prost M, Moreau T, Hammami M, Delage-Mourroux R, O'Brien NM, Lizard G. Induction of oxiapoptophagy on 158N murine oligodendrocytes treated by 7-ketocholesterol-, 7β-hydroxycholesterol-, or 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol: Protective effects of α-tocopherol and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6 n-3). Steroids 2015; 99:194-203. [PMID: 25683890 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In demyelinating or non-demyelinating neurodegenerative diseases, increased levels of 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC) and 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) can be observed in brain lesions. In 158N murine oligodendrocytes, 7KC triggers a complex mode of cell death defined as oxiapoptophagy, involving simultaneous oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy. In these cells, 7KC as well as 7β-OHC and 24S-OHC induce a decrease of cell proliferation evaluated by phase contrast microscopy, an alteration of mitochondrial activity quantified with the MTT test, an overproduction of reactive oxygen species revealed by staining with dihydroethidium and dihydrorhodamine 123, caspase-3 activation, PARP degradation, reduced expression of Bcl-2, and condensation and/or fragmentation of the nuclei which are typical criteria of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Moreover, 7KC, 7β-OHC and 24S-OHC promote conversion of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-I) to LC3-II which is a characteristic of autophagy. Consequently, 7β-OHC and 24S-OHC, similarly to 7KC, can be considered as potent inducers of oxiapoptophagy. Furthermore, the different cytotoxic effects associated with 7KC, 7β-OHC and 24S-OHC-induced oxiapoptophagy are attenuated by vitamin E (VitE, α-tocopherol) and DHA which enhances VitE protective effects. In 158N murine oligodendrocytes, our data support the concept that oxiapoptophagy, which can be inhibited by VitE and DHA, could be a particular mode of cell death elicited by cytotoxic oxysterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nury
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France; University of Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, Tunisia; Department of Physiology, University College Cork, BioSciences Institute, Cork, Ireland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, BioSciences Institute, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- LCPMC-A2, ICPM, Département de Chimie, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Riedinger
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer GF Leclerc, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Dijon, France
| | - Margaux Doria
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Emeric Limagne
- Centre de Recherche INSERM U866 - 'Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer', Dijon, France
| | - Dominique Delmas
- Centre de Recherche INSERM U866 - 'Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer', Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Mohamed Hammami
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Régis Delage-Mourroux
- UFR Sciences et Techniques EA3922/SFR IBCT FED 4234, University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Nora M O'Brien
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France.
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