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Yong P, Zhang Z, Du S. Ectopic expression of Myomaker and Myomixer in slow muscle cells induces slow muscle fusion and myofiber death. J Genet Genomics 2024:S1673-8527(24)00214-5. [PMID: 39209151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Zebrafish embryos possess two major types of myofibers, the slow and fast fibers, with distinct patterns of cell fusion. The fast muscle cells can fuse, while the slow muscle cells cannot. Here, we show that myomaker is expressed in both slow and fast muscle precursors, while myomixer is exclusive to fast muscle cells. The loss of Prdm1a, a regulator of slow muscle differentiation, results in strong myomaker and myomixer expression and slow muscle cell fusion. This abnormal fusion is further confirmed by the direct ectopic expression of myomaker or myomixer in slow muscle cells of transgenic models. Using the transgenic models, we show that the heterologous fusion between slow and fast muscle cells can alter slow muscle cell migration and gene expression. Furthermore, the overexpression of myomaker and myomixer also disrupts membrane integrity, resulting in muscle cell death. Collectively, this study identifies that the fiber-type-specific expression of fusogenic proteins is critical for preventing inappropriate fusion between slow and fast fibers in fish embryos, highlighting the need for precise regulation of fusogenic gene expression to maintain muscle fiber integrity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzheng Yong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, United States
| | - Zhanxiong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, United States
| | - Shaojun Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, United States.
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2
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Zeng W, Meng Y, Nie L, Cheng C, Gao Z, Liu L, Zhu X, Chu W. The Regulatory Role of Myomaker in the Muscle Growth of the Chinese Perch ( Siniperca chuatsi). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2448. [PMID: 39272233 PMCID: PMC11394465 DOI: 10.3390/ani14172448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The fusion of myoblasts is a crucial stage in the growth and development of skeletal muscle. Myomaker is an important myoblast fusion factor that plays a crucial role in regulating myoblast fusion. However, the function of Myomaker in economic fish during posthatching has been poorly studied. In this study, we found that the expression of Myomaker in the fast muscle of Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) was higher than that in other tissues. To determine the function of Myomaker in fast muscle, Myomaker-siRNA was used to knockdown Myomaker in Chinese perch and the effect on muscle growth was determined. The results showed that the growth of Chinese perch was significantly decreased in the Myomaker-siRNA group. Furthermore, both the diameter of muscle fibers and the number of nuclei in single muscle fibers were significantly reduced in the Myomaker-siRNA group, whereas there was no significant difference in the number of BrdU-positive cells (proliferating cells) between the control and the Myomaker-siRNA groups. Together, these findings indicate that Myomaker may regulate growth of fast muscle in Chinese perch juveniles by promoting myoblast fusion rather than proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Amphibian and Reptile Resource Protection and Product Processing, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China
| | - Yangyang Meng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Amphibian and Reptile Resource Protection and Product Processing, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China
| | - Lingtao Nie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Amphibian and Reptile Resource Protection and Product Processing, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China
| | - Congyi Cheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Amphibian and Reptile Resource Protection and Product Processing, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China
| | - Zexia Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lusha Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Amphibian and Reptile Resource Protection and Product Processing, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China
| | - Wuying Chu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Amphibian and Reptile Resource Protection and Product Processing, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China
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3
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Feng L, Chen Z, Bian H. Skeletal muscle: molecular structure, myogenesis, biological functions, and diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e649. [PMID: 38988494 PMCID: PMC11234433 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an important motor organ with multinucleated myofibers as its smallest cellular units. Myofibers are formed after undergoing cell differentiation, cell-cell fusion, myonuclei migration, and myofibril crosslinking among other processes and undergo morphological and functional changes or lesions after being stimulated by internal or external factors. The above processes are collectively referred to as myogenesis. After myofibers mature, the function and behavior of skeletal muscle are closely related to the voluntary movement of the body. In this review, we systematically and comprehensively discuss the physiological and pathological processes associated with skeletal muscles from five perspectives: molecule basis, myogenesis, biological function, adaptive changes, and myopathy. In the molecular structure and myogenesis sections, we gave a brief overview, focusing on skeletal muscle-specific fusogens and nuclei-related behaviors including cell-cell fusion and myonuclei localization. Subsequently, we discussed the three biological functions of skeletal muscle (muscle contraction, thermogenesis, and myokines secretion) and its response to stimulation (atrophy, hypertrophy, and regeneration), and finally settled on myopathy. In general, the integration of these contents provides a holistic perspective, which helps to further elucidate the structure, characteristics, and functions of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan‐Ting Feng
- Department of Cell Biology & National Translational Science Center for Molecular MedicineNational Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Development for Major DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zhi‐Nan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology & National Translational Science Center for Molecular MedicineNational Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Development for Major DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Huijie Bian
- Department of Cell Biology & National Translational Science Center for Molecular MedicineNational Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Development for Major DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
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4
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Kapsetaki SE, Cisneros LH, Maley CC. Cell-in-cell phenomena across the tree of life. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7535. [PMID: 38553457 PMCID: PMC10980697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells in obligately multicellular organisms by definition have aligned fitness interests, minimum conflict, and cannot reproduce independently. However, some cells eat other cells within the same body, sometimes called cell cannibalism. Such cell-in-cell events have not been thoroughly discussed in the framework of major transitions to multicellularity. We performed a systematic screening of 508 articles, from which we chose 115 relevant articles in a search for cell-in-cell events across the tree of life, the age of cell-in-cell-related genes, and whether cell-in-cell events are associated with normal multicellular development or cancer. Cell-in-cell events are found across the tree of life, from some unicellular to many multicellular organisms, including non-neoplastic and neoplastic tissue. Additionally, out of the 38 cell-in-cell-related genes found in the literature, 14 genes were over 2.2 billion years old, i.e., older than the common ancestor of some facultatively multicellular taxa. All of this suggests that cell-in-cell events may have originated before the origins of obligate multicellularity. Thus, our results show that cell-in-cell events exist in obligate multicellular organisms, but are not a defining feature of them. The idea of eradicating cell-in-cell events from obligate multicellular organisms as a way of treating cancer, without considering that cell-in-cell events are also part of normal development, should be abandoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania E Kapsetaki
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Luis H Cisneros
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Carlo C Maley
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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5
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Ma J, Zhu Y, Zhou X, Zhang J, Sun J, Li Z, Jin L, Long K, Lu L, Ge L. miR-205 Regulates the Fusion of Porcine Myoblast by Targeting the Myomaker Gene. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081107. [PMID: 37190016 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle formation is an extremely important step in animal growth and development. Recent studies have found that TMEM8c (also known as Myomaker, MYMK), a muscle-specific transmembrane protein, can promote myoblast fusion and plays a key role in the normal development of skeletal muscle. However, the effect of Myomaker on porcine (Sus scrofa) myoblast fusion and the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the role and corresponding regulatory mechanism of the Myomaker gene during skeletal muscle development, cell differentiation, and muscle injury repair in pigs. We obtained the entire 3' UTR sequence of porcine Myomaker using the 3' RACE approach and found that miR-205 inhibited porcine myoblast fusion by targeting the 3' UTR of Myomaker. In addition, based on a constructed porcine acute muscle injury model, we discovered that both the mRNA and protein expression of Myomaker were activated in the injured muscle, while miR-205 expression was significantly inhibited during skeletal muscle regeneration. The negative regulatory relationship between miR-205 and Myomaker was further confirmed in vivo. Taken together, the present study reveals that Myomaker plays a role during porcine myoblast fusion and skeletal muscle regeneration and demonstrates that miR-205 inhibits myoblast fusion through targeted regulation of the expression of Myomaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jideng Ma
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiankun Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Zhengjie Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Long Jin
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Keren Long
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
- Technical Engineering Center for the Development and Utilization of Medical Animal Resources, Chongqing 402460, China
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Bomkamp C, Musgrove L, Marques DMC, Fernando GF, Ferreira FC, Specht EA. Differentiation and Maturation of Muscle and Fat Cells in Cultivated Seafood: Lessons from Developmental Biology. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 25:1-29. [PMID: 36374393 PMCID: PMC9931865 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated meat, also known as cultured or cell-based meat, is meat produced directly from cultured animal cells rather than from a whole animal. Cultivated meat and seafood have been proposed as a means of mitigating the substantial harms associated with current production methods, including damage to the environment, antibiotic resistance, food security challenges, poor animal welfare, and-in the case of seafood-overfishing and ecological damage associated with fishing and aquaculture. Because biomedical tissue engineering research, from which cultivated meat draws a great deal of inspiration, has thus far been conducted almost exclusively in mammals, cultivated seafood suffers from a lack of established protocols for producing complex tissues in vitro. At the same time, fish such as the zebrafish Danio rerio have been widely used as model organisms in developmental biology. Therefore, many of the mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the formation of muscle, fat, and other relevant tissue are relatively well understood for this species. The same processes are understood to a lesser degree in aquatic invertebrates. This review discusses the differentiation and maturation of meat-relevant cell types in aquatic species and makes recommendations for future research aimed at recapitulating these processes to produce cultivated fish and shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bomkamp
- Department of Science & Technology, The Good Food Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Lisa Musgrove
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland Australia
| | - Diana M. C. Marques
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo F. Fernando
- Department of Science & Technology, The Good Food Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Frederico C. Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elizabeth A. Specht
- Department of Science & Technology, The Good Food Institute, Washington, DC USA
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Perelló-Amorós M, Otero-Tarrazón A, Jorge-Pedraza V, García-Pérez I, Sánchez-Moya A, Gabillard JC, Moshayedi F, Navarro I, Capilla E, Fernández-Borràs J, Blasco J, Chillarón J, García de la serrana D, Gutiérrez J. Myomaker and Myomixer Characterization in Gilthead Sea Bream under Different Myogenesis Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314639. [PMID: 36498967 PMCID: PMC9737248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is formed by multinucleated myofibers originated by waves of hyperplasia and hypertrophy during myogenesis. Tissue damage triggers a regeneration process including new myogenesis and muscular remodeling. During myogenesis, the fusion of myoblasts is a key step that requires different genes' expression, including the fusogens myomaker and myomixer. The present work aimed to characterize these proteins in gilthead sea bream and their possible role in in vitro myogenesis, at different fish ages and during muscle regeneration after induced tissue injury. Myomaker is a transmembrane protein highly conserved among vertebrates, whereas Myomixer is a micropeptide that is moderately conserved. myomaker expression is restricted to skeletal muscle, while the expression of myomixer is more ubiquitous. In primary myocytes culture, myomaker and myomixer expression peaked at day 6 and day 8, respectively. During regeneration, the expression of both fusogens and all the myogenic regulatory factors showed a peak after 16 days post-injury. Moreover, myomaker and myomixer were present at different ages, but in fingerlings there were significantly higher transcript levels than in juveniles or adult fish. Overall, Myomaker and Myomixer are valuable markers of muscle growth that together with other regulatory molecules can provide a deeper understanding of myogenesis regulation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Perelló-Amorós
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aitor Otero-Tarrazón
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Violeta Jorge-Pedraza
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel García-Pérez
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Sánchez-Moya
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Fatemeh Moshayedi
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Navarro
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarnación Capilla
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Fernández-Borràs
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Blasco
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Chillarón
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel García de la serrana
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gutiérrez
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-021-532
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8
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Wu P, Yong P, Zhang Z, Xu R, Shang R, Shi J, Zhang J, Bi P, Chen E, Du S. Loss of Myomixer Results in Defective Myoblast Fusion, Impaired Muscle Growth, and Severe Myopathy in Zebrafish. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:1023-1038. [PMID: 36083384 PMCID: PMC10112271 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development and growth of fish skeletal muscles require myoblast fusion to generate multinucleated myofibers. While zebrafish fast-twitch muscle can fuse to generate multinucleated fibers, the slow-twitch muscle fibers remain mononucleated in zebrafish embryos and larvae. The mechanism underlying the fiber-type-specific control of fusion remains elusive. Recent genetic studies using mice identified a long-sought fusion factor named Myomixer. To understand whether Myomixer is involved in the fiber-type specific fusion, we analyzed the transcriptional regulation of myomixer expression and characterized the muscle growth phenotype upon genetic deletion of myomixer in zebrafish. The data revealed that overexpression of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) drastically inhibited myomixer expression and blocked myoblast fusion, recapitulating the phenotype upon direct genetic deletion of myomixer from zebrafish. The fusion defect in myomixer mutant embryos could be faithfully rescued upon re-expression of zebrafish myomixer gene or its orthologs from shark or human. Interestingly, myomixer mutant fish survived to adult stage though were notably smaller than wildtype siblings. Severe myopathy accompanied by the uncontrolled adipose infiltration was observed in both fast and slow muscle tissues of adult myomixer mutants. Collectively, our data highlight an indispensable role of myomixer gene for cell fusion during both embryonic muscle development and post-larval muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengzheng Yong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Zhanxiong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Renjie Shang
- Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Jun Shi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianshe Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengpeng Bi
- Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Shaojun Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
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9
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Temporal Expression of Myogenic Regulatory Genes in Different Chicken Breeds during Embryonic Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710115. [PMID: 36077516 PMCID: PMC9456251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic units of skeletal muscle in all vertebrates are multinucleate myofibers, which are formed from the fusion of mononuclear myoblasts during the embryonic period. In order to understand the regulation of embryonic muscle development, we selected four chicken breeds, namely, Cornish (CN), White Plymouth Rock (WPR), White Leghorn (WL), and Beijing-You Chicken (BYC), for evaluation of their temporal expression patterns of known key regulatory genes (Myomaker, MYOD, and MSTN) during pectoral muscle (PM) and thigh muscle (TM) development. The highest expression level of Myomaker occurred from embryonic days E13 to E15 for all breeds, indicating that it was the crucial stage of myoblast fusion. Interestingly, the fast-growing CN showed the highest gene expression level of Myomaker during the crucial stage. The MYOD gene expression at D1 was much higher, implying that MYOD might have an important role after hatching. Histomorphology of PM and TM suggested that the myofibers was largely complete at E17, which was speculated to have occurred because of the expression increase in MSTN and the expression decrease in Myomaker. Our research contributes to lay a foundation for the study of myofiber development during the embryonic period in different chicken breeds.
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Mendieta-Serrano MA, Dhar S, Ng BH, Narayanan R, Lee JJY, Ong HT, Toh PJY, Röllin A, Roy S, Saunders TE. Slow muscles guide fast myocyte fusion to ensure robust myotome formation despite the high spatiotemporal stochasticity of fusion events. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2095-2110.e5. [PMID: 36027918 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal myogenesis is dynamic, and it involves cell-shape changes together with cell fusion and rearrangements. However, the final muscle arrangement is highly organized with striated fibers. By combining live imaging with quantitative analyses, we dissected fast-twitch myocyte fusion within the zebrafish myotome in toto. We found a strong mediolateral bias in fusion timing; however, at a cellular scale, there was heterogeneity in cell shape and the relationship between initial position of fast myocytes and resulting fusion partners. We show that the expression of the fusogen myomaker is permissive, but not instructive, in determining the spatiotemporal fusion pattern. Rather, we observed a close coordination between slow muscle rearrangements and fast myocyte fusion. In mutants that lack slow fibers, the spatiotemporal fusion pattern is substantially noisier. We propose a model in which slow muscles guide fast myocytes by funneling them close together, enhancing fusion probability. Thus, despite fusion being highly stochastic, a robust myotome structure emerges at the tissue scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunandan Dhar
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Boon Heng Ng
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Rachna Narayanan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jorge J Y Lee
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Hui Ting Ong
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Pearlyn Jia Ying Toh
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Adrian Röllin
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - Timothy E Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
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11
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Millay DP. Regulation of the myoblast fusion reaction for muscle development, regeneration, and adaptations. Exp Cell Res 2022; 415:113134. [PMID: 35367215 PMCID: PMC9058940 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusion of plasma membranes is essential for skeletal muscle development, regeneration, exercise-induced adaptations, and results in a cell that contains hundreds to thousands of nuclei within a shared cytoplasm. The differentiation process in myocytes culminates in their fusion to form a new myofiber or fusion to an existing myofiber thereby contributing more synthetic material to the syncytium. The choice for two cells to fuse and become one could be a dangerous event if the two cells are not committed to an allied function. Thus, fusion events are highly regulated with positive and negative factors to fine-tune the process, and requires muscle-specific fusogens (Myomaker and Myomerger) as well as general cellular machinery to achieve the union of membranes. While a unified vertebrate myoblast fusion pathway is not yet established, recent discoveries should make this pursuit attainable. Not only does myocyte fusion impact the normal biology of skeletal muscle, but new evidence indicates dysregulation of the process impacts pathologies of skeletal muscle. Here, I will highlight the molecular players and biochemical mechanisms that drive fusion events in muscle, and discuss how this key myogenic process impacts skeletal muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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12
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Ramirez-Martinez A, Zhang Y, van den Boogaard MJ, McAnally JR, Rodriguez-Caycedo C, Chai AC, Chemello F, Massink MP, Cuppen I, Elferink MG, van Es RJ, Janssen NG, Walraven-van Oijen LP, Liu N, Bassel-Duby R, van Jaarsveld RH, Olson EN. Impaired activity of the fusogenic micropeptide Myomixer causes myopathy resembling Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e159002. [PMID: 35642635 PMCID: PMC9151691 DOI: 10.1172/jci159002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers contain hundreds of nuclei, which increase the overall transcriptional activity of the tissue and perform specialized functions. Multinucleation occurs through myoblast fusion, mediated by the muscle fusogens Myomaker (MYMK) and Myomixer (MYMX). We describe a human pedigree harboring a recessive truncating variant of the MYMX gene that eliminates an evolutionarily conserved extracellular hydrophobic domain of MYMX, thereby impairing fusogenic activity. Homozygosity of this human variant resulted in a spectrum of abnormalities that mimicked the clinical presentation of Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome (CFZS), caused by hypomorphic MYMK variants. Myoblasts generated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells displayed defective fusion, and mice bearing the human MYMX variant died perinatally due to muscle abnormalities. In vitro assays showed that the human MYMX variant conferred minimal cell-cell fusogenicity, which could be restored with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated base editing, thus providing therapeutic potential for this disorder. Our findings identify MYMX as a recessive, monogenic human disease gene involved in CFZS, and provide new insights into the contribution of myoblast fusion to neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Ramirez-Martinez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - John R. McAnally
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Cristina Rodriguez-Caycedo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Andreas C. Chai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Francesco Chemello
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert J.J. van Es
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nard G. Janssen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Ning Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Eric N. Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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13
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Aase-Remedios ME, Coll-Lladó C, Ferrier DEK. Amphioxus muscle transcriptomes reveal vertebrate-like myoblast fusion genes and a highly conserved role of insulin signalling in the metabolism of muscle. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:93. [PMID: 35105312 PMCID: PMC8805411 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation and functioning of muscles are fundamental aspects of animal biology, and the evolution of 'muscle genes' is central to our understanding of this tissue. Feeding-fasting-refeeding experiments have been widely used to assess muscle cellular and metabolic responses to nutrition. Though these studies have focused on vertebrate models and only a few invertebrate systems, they have found similar processes are involved in muscle degradation and maintenance. Motivation for these studies stems from interest in diseases whose pathologies involve muscle atrophy, a symptom also triggered by fasting, as well as commercial interest in the muscle mass of animals kept for consumption. Experimentally modelling atrophy by manipulating nutritional state causes muscle mass to be depleted during starvation and replenished with refeeding so that the genetic mechanisms controlling muscle growth and degradation can be understood. RESULTS Using amphioxus, the earliest branching chordate lineage, we address the gap in previous work stemming from comparisons between distantly related vertebrate and invertebrate models. Our amphioxus feeding-fasting-refeeding muscle transcriptomes reveal a highly conserved myogenic program and that the pro-orthologues of many vertebrate myoblast fusion genes were present in the ancestral chordate, despite these invertebrate chordates having unfused mononucleate myocytes. We found that genes differentially expressed between fed and fasted amphioxus were orthologous to the genes that respond to nutritional state in vertebrates. This response is driven in a large part by the highly conserved IGF/Akt/FOXO pathway, where depleted nutrient levels result in activation of FOXO, a transcription factor with many autophagy-related gene targets. CONCLUSION Reconstruction of these gene networks and pathways in amphioxus muscle provides a key point of comparison between the distantly related groups assessed thus far, significantly refining the reconstruction of the ancestral state for chordate myoblast fusion genes and identifying the extensive role of duplicated genes in the IGF/Akt/FOXO pathway across animals. Our study elucidates the evolutionary trajectory of muscle genes as they relate to the increased complexity of vertebrate muscles and muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Aase-Remedios
- The Scottish Oceans Institute, Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Clara Coll-Lladó
- The Scottish Oceans Institute, Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - David E K Ferrier
- The Scottish Oceans Institute, Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK.
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14
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Esteves de Lima J, Blavet C, Bonnin MA, Hirsinger E, Havis E, Relaix F, Duprez D. TMEM8C-mediated fusion is regionalized and regulated by NOTCH signalling during foetal myogenesis. Development 2022; 149:274065. [PMID: 35005776 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The location and regulation of fusion events within skeletal muscles during development remain unknown. Using the fusion marker myomaker (Mymk), named TMEM8C in chicken, as a readout of fusion, we identified a co-segregation of TMEM8C-positive cells and MYOG-positive cells in single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets of limbs from chicken embryos. We found that TMEM8C transcripts, MYOG transcripts and the fusion-competent MYOG-positive cells were preferentially regionalized in central regions of foetal muscles. We also identified a similar regionalization for the gene encoding the NOTCH ligand JAG2 along with an absence of NOTCH activity in TMEM8C+ fusion-competent myocytes. NOTCH function in myoblast fusion had not been addressed so far. We analysed the consequences of NOTCH inhibition for TMEM8C expression and myoblast fusion during foetal myogenesis in chicken embryos. NOTCH inhibition increased myoblast fusion and TMEM8C expression and released the transcriptional repressor HEYL from the TMEM8C regulatory regions. These results identify a regionalization of TMEM8C-dependent fusion and a molecular mechanism underlying the fusion-inhibiting effect of NOTCH in foetal myogenesis. The modulation of NOTCH activity in the fusion zone could regulate the flux of fusion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Esteves de Lima
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS UMR7622, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Inserm U1156, F-75005 Paris, France.,Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, EnvA, EFS, AP-HP, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Cédrine Blavet
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS UMR7622, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Inserm U1156, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Ange Bonnin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS UMR7622, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Inserm U1156, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Estelle Hirsinger
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS UMR7622, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Inserm U1156, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Havis
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS UMR7622, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Inserm U1156, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, EnvA, EFS, AP-HP, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Delphine Duprez
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS UMR7622, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Inserm U1156, F-75005 Paris, France
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15
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Targeted mutagenesis in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) using the CRISPR/Cas9 system with electroporation. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Yang Y, Margam NN. Structural Insights into Membrane Fusion Mediated by Convergent Small Fusogens. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010160. [PMID: 33467484 PMCID: PMC7830690 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From lifeless viral particles to complex multicellular organisms, membrane fusion is inarguably the important fundamental biological phenomena. Sitting at the heart of membrane fusion are protein mediators known as fusogens. Despite the extensive functional and structural characterization of these proteins in recent years, scientists are still grappling with the fundamental mechanisms underlying membrane fusion. From an evolutionary perspective, fusogens follow divergent evolutionary principles in that they are functionally independent and do not share any sequence identity; however, they possess structural similarity, raising the possibility that membrane fusion is mediated by essential motifs ubiquitous to all. In this review, we particularly emphasize structural characteristics of small-molecular-weight fusogens in the hope of uncovering the most fundamental aspects mediating membrane–membrane interactions. By identifying and elucidating fusion-dependent functional domains, this review paves the way for future research exploring novel fusogens in health and disease.
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17
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Xavier MJ, Engrola S, Conceição LEC, Manchado M, Carballo C, Gonçalves R, Colen R, Figueiredo V, Valente LMP. Dietary Antioxidant Supplementation Promotes Growth in Senegalese Sole Postlarvae. Front Physiol 2020; 11:580600. [PMID: 33281617 PMCID: PMC7688786 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.580600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic growth is a balance between protein synthesis and degradation, and it is largely influenced by nutritional clues. Antioxidants levels play a key role in protein turnover by reducing the oxidative damage in the skeletal muscle, and hence promoting growth performance in the long-term. In the present study, Senegalese sole postlarvae (45 days after hatching, DAH) were fed with three experimental diets, a control (CTRL) and two supplemented with natural antioxidants: curcumin (CC) and grape seed (GS). Trial spanned for 25 days and growth performance, muscle cellularity and the expression of muscle growth related genes were assessed at the end of the experiment (70 DAH). The diets CC and GS significantly improved growth performance of fish compared to the CTRL diet. This enhanced growth was associated with larger muscle cross sectional area, with fish fed CC being significantly different from those fed the CTRL. Sole fed the CC diet had the highest number of muscle fibers, indicating that this diet promoted muscle hyperplastic growth. Although the mean fiber diameter did not differ significantly amongst treatments, the proportion of large-sized fibers (>25 μm) was also higher in fish fed the CC diet suggesting increased hypertrophic growth. Such differences in the phenotype were associated with a significant up-regulation of the myogenic differentiation 2 (myod2) and the myomaker (mymk) transcripts involved in myocyte differentiation and fusion, respectively, during larval development. The inclusion of grape seed extract (GS diet) resulted in a significant increase in the expression of myostatin1. These results demonstrate that both diets (CC and GS) can positively modulate muscle development and promote growth in sole postlarvae. This effect is more prominent in CC fed fish, where increased hyperplastic and hypertrophic growth of the muscle was associated with an upregulation of myod2 and mymk genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Xavier
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- SPAROS Lda., Olhão, Portugal
| | - Sofia Engrola
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, El Puerto de Santa Maria, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carlos Carballo
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, El Puerto de Santa Maria, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Renata Gonçalves
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Rita Colen
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vera Figueiredo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luisa M. P. Valente
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Hromowyk KJ, Talbot JC, Martin BL, Janssen PML, Amacher SL. Cell fusion is differentially regulated in zebrafish post-embryonic slow and fast muscle. Dev Biol 2020; 462:85-100. [PMID: 32165147 PMCID: PMC7225055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fusion occurs during development, growth, and regeneration. To investigate how muscle fusion compares among different muscle cell types and developmental stages, we studied muscle cell fusion over time in wild-type, myomaker (mymk), and jam2a mutant zebrafish. Using live imaging, we show that embryonic myoblast elongation and fusion correlate tightly with slow muscle cell migration. In wild-type embryos, only fast muscle fibers are multinucleate, consistent with previous work showing that the cell fusion regulator gene mymk is specifically expressed throughout the embryonic fast muscle domain. However, by 3 weeks post-fertilization, slow muscle fibers also become multinucleate. At this late-larval stage, mymk is not expressed in muscle fibers, but is expressed in small cells near muscle fibers. Although previous work showed that both mymk and jam2a are required for embryonic fast muscle cell fusion, we observe that muscle force and function is almost normal in mymk and jam2a mutant embryos, despite the lack of fast muscle multinucleation. We show that genetic requirements change post-embryonically, with jam2a becoming much less important by late-larval stages and mymk now required for muscle fusion and growth in both fast and slow muscle cell types. Correspondingly, adult mymk mutants perform poorly in sprint and endurance tests compared to wild-type and jam2a mutants. We show that adult mymk mutant muscle contains small mononucleate myofibers with average myonuclear domain size equivalent to that in wild type adults. The mymk mutant fibers have decreased Laminin expression and increased numbers of Pax7-positive cells, suggesting that impaired fiber growth and active regeneration contribute to the muscle phenotype. Our findings identify several aspects of muscle fusion that change with time in slow and fast fibers as zebrafish develop beyond embryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Hromowyk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jared C Talbot
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Brit L Martin
- Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sharon L Amacher
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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19
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Petrany MJ, Song T, Sadayappan S, Millay DP. Myocyte-derived Myomaker expression is required for regenerative fusion but exacerbates membrane instability in dystrophic myofibers. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136095. [PMID: 32310830 PMCID: PMC7253022 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle progenitor cell fusion is required for the formation and regeneration of multinucleated skeletal muscle fibers. Chronic muscle regeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by ongoing fusion of satellite cell (SC) progeny, but the effects of fusion on disease and the mechanisms by which fusion is accomplished in this setting are not fully understood. Using the mdx mouse model of DMD, we deleted the fusogenic protein Myomaker in SCs or myofibers. Following deletion in SCs, mice displayed a complete lack of myocyte fusion, resulting in severe muscle loss, enhanced fibrosis, and significant functional decline. Reduction of Myomaker in mature myofibers in mdx mice, however, led to minimal alterations in fusion dynamics. Unexpectedly, myofiber-specific deletion of Myomaker resulted in improvement of disease phenotype, with enhanced function and decreased muscle damage. Our data indicate that Myomaker has divergent effects on dystrophic disease severity depending upon its compartment of expression. These findings show that myocyte fusion is absolutely required for effective regeneration in DMD, but persistent Myomaker expression in myofibers due to ongoing fusion may have unintended deleterious consequences for muscle integrity. Thus, sustained activation of a component of the myogenic program in dystrophic myofibers exacerbates disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Petrany
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Taejeong Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, and
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, and
| | - Douglas P. Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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20
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Chen B, You W, Wang Y, Shan T. The regulatory role of Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion in muscle development and regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1551-1569. [PMID: 31642939 PMCID: PMC11105057 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays essential roles in motor function, energy, and glucose metabolism. Skeletal muscle formation occurs through a process called myogenesis, in which a crucial step is the fusion of mononucleated myoblasts to form multinucleated myofibers. The myoblast/myocyte fusion is triggered and coordinated in a muscle-specific way that is essential for muscle development and post-natal muscle regeneration. Many molecules and proteins have been found and demonstrated to have the capacity to regulate the fusion of myoblast/myocytes. Interestingly, two newly discovered muscle-specific membrane proteins, Myomaker and Myomixer (also called Myomerger and Minion), have been identified as fusogenic regulators in vertebrates. Both Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion have the capacity to directly control the myogenic fusion process. Here, we review and discuss the latest studies related to these two proteins, including the discovery, structure, expression pattern, functions, and regulation of Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion. We also emphasize and discuss the interaction between Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion, as well as their cooperative regulatory roles in cell-cell fusion. Moreover, we highlight the areas for exploration of Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion in future studies and consider their potential application to control cell fusion for cell-therapy purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bide Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.
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21
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Rong S, Wang L, Peng Z, Liao Y, Li D, Yang X, Nuessler AK, Liu L, Bao W, Yang W. The mechanisms and treatments for sarcopenia: could exosomes be a perspective research strategy in the future? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:348-365. [PMID: 31989804 PMCID: PMC7113536 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-related loss of muscle mass and muscle function known as sarcopenia is a primary contributor to the problems faced by the old people. Sarcopenia has been a major public health problem with high prevalence in many countries. The related underlying molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia are not completely understood. This review is focused on the potential mechanisms and current research strategies for sarcopenia with the aim of facilitating the recognition and treatment of age-related sarcopenia. Previous studies suggested that protein synthesis and degradation, autophagy, impaired satellite cell activation, mitochondria dysfunction, and other factors associated with muscle weakness and muscle degeneration may be potential molecular pathophysiology of sarcopenia. Importantly, we also prospectively highlight that exosomes (small vesicles) as carriers can regulate muscle regeneration and protein synthesis according to recent researches. Dietary strategies and exercise represent the interventions that can also alleviate the progression of sarcopenia. At last, building on recent studies pointing to exosomes with the roles in increasing muscle regeneration, mediating the beneficial effects of exercise, and serving as messengers of intercellular communication and as carriers for research strategies of many diseases, we propose that exosomes could be a potential research direction or strategies of sarcopenia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Rong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxiao Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Andreas K Nuessler
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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22
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Abstract
Cell-cell fusion is indispensable for creating life and building syncytial tissues and organs. Ever since the discovery of cell-cell fusion, how cells join together to form zygotes and multinucleated syncytia has remained a fundamental question in cell and developmental biology. In the past two decades, Drosophila myoblast fusion has been used as a powerful genetic model to unravel mechanisms underlying cell-cell fusion in vivo. Many evolutionarily conserved fusion-promoting factors have been identified and so has a surprising and conserved cellular mechanism. In this review, we revisit key findings in Drosophila myoblast fusion and highlight the critical roles of cellular invasion and resistance in driving cell membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon M Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
| | - Elizabeth H Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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23
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Petrany MJ, Millay DP. Cell Fusion: Merging Membranes and Making Muscle. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:964-973. [PMID: 31648852 PMCID: PMC7849503 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell fusion is essential for the development of multicellular organisms, and plays a key role in the formation of various cell types and tissues. Recent findings have highlighted the varied protein machinery that drives plasma-membrane merger in different systems, which is characterized by diverse structural and functional elements. We highlight the discovery and activities of several key sets of fusion proteins that together offer an evolving perspective on cell membrane fusion. We also emphasize recent discoveries in vertebrate myoblast fusion in skeletal muscle, which is composed of numerous multinucleated myofibers formed by the fusion of progenitor cells during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Petrany
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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24
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Arribat Y, Grepper D, Lagarrigue S, Richard J, Gachet M, Gut P, Amati F. Mitochondria in Embryogenesis: An Organellogenesis Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:282. [PMID: 31824944 PMCID: PMC6883342 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Organogenesis is well characterized in vertebrates. However, the anatomical and functional development of intracellular compartments during this phase of development remains unknown. Taking an organellogenesis point of view, we characterize the spatiotemporal adaptations of the mitochondrial network during zebrafish embryogenesis. Using state of the art microscopy approaches, we find that mitochondrial network follows three distinct distribution patterns during embryonic development. Despite of this constant morphological change of the mitochondrial network, electron transport chain supercomplexes occur at early stages of embryonic development and conserve a stable organization throughout development. The remodeling of the mitochondrial network and the conservation of its structural components go hand-in-hand with somite maturation; for example, genetic disruption of myoblast fusion impairs mitochondrial network maturation. Reciprocally, mitochondria quality represents a key factor to determine embryonic progression. Alteration of mitochondrial polarization and electron transport chain halts embryonic development in a reversible manner suggesting developmental checkpoints that depend on mitochondrial integrity. Our findings establish the subtle dialogue and co-dependence between organogenesis and mitochondria in early vertebrate development. They also suggest the importance of adopting subcellular perspectives to understand organelle-organ communications during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Arribat
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology & Institute of Sport Sciences, School of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dogan Grepper
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology & Institute of Sport Sciences, School of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylviane Lagarrigue
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology & Institute of Sport Sciences, School of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joy Richard
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Gachet
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology & Institute of Sport Sciences, School of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Gut
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Amati
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology & Institute of Sport Sciences, School of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Huang Y, Wu S, Zhang J, Wen H, Zhang M, He F. Methylation status and expression patterns of myomaker gene play important roles in postnatal development in the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 280:104-114. [PMID: 31002826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Myomaker is a membrane protein that plays a crucial role in the fusion of myoblasts during muscle growth. DNA methylation, a significant factor, regulates gene expression. The aim of this study was to examine the methylation and mRNA expression patterns of the myomaker gene during 8 different postnatal developmental stages in the Japanese flounder (L: 7 days post hatch (dph); M1: 21 dph; M2: 28 dph; M3: 35 dph; J1: 90 dph; J2: 180 dph; A1: 24 months; A2: 36 months). Muscle tissue samples were taken from Japanese flounder at different postnatal development stages to measure the extent of DNA methylation and gene expression. Methylation level in the promoter and exon 1 of myomaker was measured using bisulfite sequencing, and the relative expression of myomaker during each developmental stage was measured by quantitative PCR. The relative expression levels of myomaker were up-regulated from stages L to M2, M3 to J2, and methylation of myomaker was negatively correlated with mRNA expression. Furthermore, the CpG site located at -26 bp in the promoter was the lowest methylated region in all developmental stages. These results offer a basis for understanding the mechanism by which myomaker regulates muscle formation during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuxian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haishen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Meizhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Feng He
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
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26
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Shi J, Cai M, Si Y, Zhang J, Du S. Knockout of myomaker results in defective myoblast fusion, reduced muscle growth and increased adipocyte infiltration in zebrafish skeletal muscle. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3542-3554. [PMID: 30016436 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The fusion of myoblasts into multinucleated muscle fibers is vital to skeletal muscle development, maintenance and regeneration. Genetic mutations in the Myomaker (mymk) gene cause Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome (CFZS) in human populations. To study the regulation of mymk gene expression and function, we generated three mymk mutant alleles in zebrafish using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) technology and analyzed the effects of mymk knockout on muscle development and growth. Our studies demonstrated that knockout of mymk resulted in defective myoblast fusion in zebrafish embryos and increased mortality at larval stage around 35-45 days post-fertilization. The viable homozygous mutants were smaller in size and weighed approximately one-third the weight of the wild type (WT) sibling at 3 months old. The homozygous mutants showed craniofacial deformities, resembling the facial defect observed in human populations with CFZS. Histological analysis revealed that skeletal muscles of mymk mutants contained mainly small-size fibers and substantial intramuscular adipocyte infiltration. Single fiber analysis revealed that myofibers in mymk mutant were predominantly single-nucleated fibers. However, myofibers with multiple myonuclei were observed, although the number of nuclei per fiber was much less compared with that in WT fibers. Overexpression of sonic Hedgehog inhibited mymk expression in zebrafish embryos and blocked myoblast fusion. Collectively, these studies demonstrated that mymk is essential for myoblast fusion during muscle development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Hunan 410003, China
| | - Mengxin Cai
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi' an 710062, China
| | - Yufeng Si
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Jianshe Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Hunan 410003, China
| | - Shaojun Du
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Hunan 410003, China
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27
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Rescan PY. Development of myofibres and associated connective tissues in fish axial muscle: Recent insights and future perspectives. Differentiation 2019; 106:35-41. [PMID: 30852471 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fish axial muscle consists of a series of W-shaped muscle blocks, called myomeres, that are composed primarily of multinucleated contractile muscle cells (myofibres) gathered together by an intricate network of connective tissue that transmits forces generated by myofibre contraction to the axial skeleton. This review summarises current knowledge on the successive and overlapping myogenic waves contributing to axial musculature formation and growth in fish. Additionally, this review presents recent insights into muscle connective tissue development in fish, focusing on the early formation of collagenous myosepta separating adjacent myomeres and the late formation of intramuscular connective sheaths (i.e. endomysium and perimysium) that is completed only at the fry stage when connective fibroblasts expressing collagens arise inside myomeres. Finally, this review considers the possibility that somites produce not only myogenic, chondrogenic and myoseptal progenitor cells as previously reported, but also mesenchymal cells giving rise to muscle resident fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Rescan
- Inra, UR1037 - Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons, Campus de Beaulieu - Bât 16A, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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28
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Landemaine A, Ramirez-Martinez A, Monestier O, Sabin N, Rescan PY, Olson EN, Gabillard JC. Trout myomaker contains 14 minisatellites and two sequence extensions but retains fusogenic function. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6364-6374. [PMID: 30819805 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of new myofibers in vertebrates occurs by myoblast fusion and requires fusogenic activity of the muscle-specific membrane protein myomaker. Here, using in silico (BLAST) genome analyses, we show that the myomaker gene from trout includes 14 minisatellites, indicating that it has an unusual structure compared with those of other animal species. We found that the trout myomaker gene encodes a 434-amino acid (aa) protein, in accordance with its apparent molecular mass (∼40 kDa) observed by immunoblotting. The first half of the trout myomaker protein (1-220 aa) is similar to the 221-aa mouse myomaker protein, whereas the second half (222-234 aa) does not correspond to any known motifs and arises from two protein extensions. The first extension (∼70 aa) apparently appeared with the radiation of the bony fish clade Euteleostei, whereas the second extension (up to 236 aa) is restricted to the superorder Protacanthopterygii (containing salmonids and pike) and corresponds to the insertion of minisatellites having a length of 30 nucleotides. According to gene expression analyses, trout myomaker expression is consistently associated with the formation of new myofibers during embryonic development, postlarval growth, and muscle regeneration. Using cell-mixing experiments, we observed that trout myomaker has retained the ability to drive the fusion of mouse fibroblasts with C2C12 myoblasts. Our work reveals that trout myomaker has fusogenic function despite containing two protein extensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Landemaine
- From the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR1037 Laboratory of Fish Physiology and Genomics, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Andres Ramirez-Martinez
- the Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, and
| | - Olivier Monestier
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Human and Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Sabin
- From the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR1037 Laboratory of Fish Physiology and Genomics, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Rescan
- From the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR1037 Laboratory of Fish Physiology and Genomics, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Eric N Olson
- the Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, and
| | - Jean-Charles Gabillard
- From the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR1037 Laboratory of Fish Physiology and Genomics, 35000 Rennes, France,
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29
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Si Y, Wen H, Du S. Genetic Mutations in jamb, jamc, and myomaker Revealed Different Roles on Myoblast Fusion and Muscle Growth. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:111-123. [PMID: 30467785 PMCID: PMC6467518 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Myoblast fusion is a vital step for skeletal muscle development, growth, and regeneration. Loss of Jamb, Jamc, or Myomaker (Mymk) function impaired myoblast fusion in zebrafish embryos. In addition, mymk mutation hampered fish muscle growth. However, the effect of Jamb and Jamc deficiency on fish muscle growth is not clear. Moreover, whether jamb;jamc and jamb;mymk double mutations have stronger effects on myoblast fusion and muscle growth remains to be investigated. Here, we characterized the muscle development and growth in jamb, jamc, and mymk single and double mutants in zebrafish. We found that although myoblast fusion was compromised in jamb and jamc single or jamb;jamc double mutants, these mutant fish showed no defect in muscle cell fusion during muscle growth. The mutant fish were able to grow into adults that were indistinguishable from the wild-type sibling. In contrast, the jamb;mymk double mutants exhibited a stronger muscle phenotype compared to the jamb and jamc single and double mutants. The jamb;mymk double mutant showed reduced growth and partial lethality, similar to a mymk single mutant. Single fiber analysis of adult skeletal myofibers revealed that jamb, jamc, or jamb;jamc mutants contained mainly multinucleated myofibers, whereas jamb;mymk double mutants contained mostly mononucleated fibers. Significant intramuscular adipocyte infiltration was found in skeletal muscles of the jamb;mymk mutant. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that although Jamb, Jamc, and Mymk are all involved in myoblast fusion during early myogenesis, they have distinct roles in myoblast fusion during muscle growth. While Mymk is essential for myoblast fusion during both muscle development and growth, Jamb and Jamc are dispensable for myoblast fusion during muscle growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Cell Communication
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Fusion
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Junctional Adhesion Molecule B/deficiency
- Junctional Adhesion Molecule B/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Development/genetics
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Proteins/deficiency
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/growth & development
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Mutation
- Myoblasts/cytology
- Myoblasts/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/growth & development
- Zebrafish/metabolism
- Zebrafish Proteins/deficiency
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Si
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Haishen Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shaojun Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.
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30
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Naa15 knockdown enhances c2c12 myoblast fusion and induces defects in zebrafish myotome morphogenesis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 228:61-67. [PMID: 30502388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of muscle tissue formation and regeneration is essential for the development of therapeutic approaches to treat muscle diseases or loss of muscle mass and strength during ageing or cancer. One of the critical steps in muscle formation is the fusion of muscle cells to form or regenerate muscle fibres. To identify new genes controlling myoblast fusion, we performed a siRNA screen in c2c12 myoblasts. The genes identified during this screen were then studied in vivo by knockdown in zebrafish using morpholino. We found that N-alpha-acetyltransferase 15 (Naa15) knockdown enhanced c2c12 myoblast fusion, suggesting that Naa15 negatively regulates myogenic cell fusion. We identified two Naa15 orthologous genes in the zebrafish genome: Naa15a and Naa15b. These two orthologs were expressed in the myogenic domain of the somite. Knockdown of zebrafish Naa15a and Naa15b genes induced a "U"-shaped segmentation of the myotome and alteration of myotome boundaries, resulting in the formation of abnormally long myofibres spanning adjacent somites. Taken together, these results show that Naa15 regulates myotome formation and myogenesis in fish.
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31
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Myogenin promotes myocyte fusion to balance fibre number and size. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4232. [PMID: 30315160 PMCID: PMC6185967 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Each skeletal muscle acquires its unique size before birth, when terminally differentiating myocytes fuse to form a defined number of multinucleated myofibres. Although mice in which the transcription factor Myogenin is mutated lack most myogenesis and die perinatally, a specific cell biological role for Myogenin has remained elusive. Here we report that loss of function of zebrafish myog prevents formation of almost all multinucleated muscle fibres. A second, Myogenin-independent, fusion pathway in the deep myotome requires Hedgehog signalling. Lack of Myogenin does not prevent terminal differentiation; the smaller myotome has a normal number of myocytes forming more mononuclear, thin, albeit functional, fast muscle fibres. Mechanistically, Myogenin binds to the myomaker promoter and is required for expression of myomaker and other genes essential for myocyte fusion. Adult myog mutants display reduced muscle mass, decreased fibre size and nucleation. Adult-derived myog mutant myocytes show persistent defective fusion ex vivo. Myogenin is therefore essential for muscle homeostasis, regulating myocyte fusion to determine both muscle fibre number and size. Loss of the transcription factor Myogenin in mice reduces skeletal myogenesis and leads to perinatal death but how Myogenin regulates muscle formation is unclear. Here, the authors show that zebrafish Myogenin enhances Myomaker expression, muscle cell fusion and myotome size, yet decreases fast muscle fibre number.
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32
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Bi P, McAnally JR, Shelton JM, Sánchez-Ortiz E, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN. Fusogenic micropeptide Myomixer is essential for satellite cell fusion and muscle regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:3864-3869. [PMID: 29581287 PMCID: PMC5899482 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800052115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of skeletal muscle in response to injury occurs through fusion of a population of stem cells, known as satellite cells, with injured myofibers. Myomixer, a muscle-specific membrane micropeptide, cooperates with the transmembrane protein Myomaker to regulate embryonic myoblast fusion and muscle formation. To investigate the role of Myomixer in muscle regeneration, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing to generate conditional knockout Myomixer alleles in mice. We show that genetic deletion of Myomixer in satellite cells using a tamoxifen-regulated Cre recombinase transgene under control of the Pax7 promoter abolishes satellite cell fusion and prevents muscle regeneration, resulting in severe muscle degeneration after injury. Satellite cells devoid of Myomixer maintain expression of Myomaker, demonstrating that Myomaker alone is insufficient to drive myoblast fusion. These findings, together with prior studies demonstrating the essentiality of Myomaker for muscle regeneration, highlight the obligatory partnership of Myomixer and Myomaker for myofiber formation throughout embryogenesis and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Bi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - John R McAnally
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - John M Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Efrain Sánchez-Ortiz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390;
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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33
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Sampath SC, Sampath SC, Millay DP. Myoblast fusion confusion: the resolution begins. Skelet Muscle 2018; 8:3. [PMID: 29386054 PMCID: PMC5793351 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-017-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fusion of muscle precursor cells is a required event for proper skeletal muscle development and regeneration. Numerous proteins have been implicated to function in myoblast fusion; however, the majority are expressed in diverse tissues and regulate numerous cellular processes. How myoblast fusion is triggered and coordinated in a muscle-specific manner has remained a mystery for decades. Through the discovery of two muscle-specific fusion proteins, Myomaker and Myomerger-Minion, we are now primed to make significant advances in our knowledge of myoblast fusion. This article reviews the latest findings regarding the biology of Myomaker and Minion-Myomerger, places these findings in the context of known pathways in mammalian myoblast fusion, and highlights areas that require further investigation. As our understanding of myoblast fusion matures so does our potential ability to manipulate cell fusion for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srihari C Sampath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
- Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.
| | - Srinath C Sampath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
- Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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34
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Shi J, Bi P, Pei J, Li H, Grishin NV, Bassel-Duby R, Chen EH, Olson EN. Requirement of the fusogenic micropeptide myomixer for muscle formation in zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11950-11955. [PMID: 29078404 PMCID: PMC5692600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715229114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle formation requires fusion of mononucleated myoblasts to form multinucleated myofibers. The muscle-specific membrane proteins myomaker and myomixer cooperate to drive mammalian myoblast fusion. Whereas myomaker is highly conserved across diverse vertebrate species, myomixer is a micropeptide that shows relatively weak cross-species conservation. To explore the functional conservation of myomixer, we investigated the expression and function of the zebrafish myomixer ortholog. Here we show that myomixer expression during zebrafish embryogenesis coincides with myoblast fusion, and genetic deletion of myomixer using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis abolishes myoblast fusion in vivo. We also identify myomixer orthologs in other species of fish and reptiles, which can cooperate with myomaker and substitute for the fusogenic activity of mammalian myomixer. Sequence comparison of these diverse myomixer orthologs reveals key amino acid residues and a minimal fusogenic peptide motif that is necessary for promoting cell-cell fusion with myomaker. Our findings highlight the evolutionary conservation of the myomaker-myomixer partnership and provide insights into the molecular basis of myoblast fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Pengpeng Bi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jimin Pei
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Elizabeth H Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390;
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390;
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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Deng S, Azevedo M, Baylies M. Acting on identity: Myoblast fusion and the formation of the syncytial muscle fiber. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 72:45-55. [PMID: 29101004 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The study of Drosophila muscle development dates back to the middle of the last century. Since that time, Drosophila has proved to be an ideal system for studying muscle development, differentiation, function, and disease. As in humans, Drosophila muscle forms via a series of conserved steps, starting with muscle specification, myoblast fusion, attachment to tendon cells, interactions with motorneurons, and sarcomere and myofibril formation. The genes and mechanisms required for these processes share striking similarities to those found in humans. The highly tractable genetic system and imaging approaches available in Drosophila allow for an efficient interrogation of muscle biology and for application of what we learn to other systems. In this article, we review our current understanding of muscle development in Drosophila, with a focus on myoblast fusion, the process responsible for the generation of syncytial muscle cells. We also compare and contrast those genes required for fusion in Drosophila and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Deng
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Mafalda Azevedo
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, United States; Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mary Baylies
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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Takaya T, Nihashi Y, Kojima S, Ono T, Kagami H. Autonomous xenogenic cell fusion of murine and chick skeletal muscle myoblasts. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1880-1885. [PMID: 28782148 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion has been a great technology to generate valuable hybrid cells and organisms such as hybridomas. In this study, skeletal muscle myoblasts were utilized to establish a novel method for autonomous xenogenic cell fusion. Myoblasts are mononuclear myogenic precursor cells and fuse mutually to form multinuclear myotubes. We generated murine myoblasts (mMBs) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) termed mMB-GFP, and the chick myoblasts (chMBs) expressing Discosoma red fluorescent protein (DsRed) termed chMB-DsRed. mMB-GFP and chMB-DsRed were cocultured and induced to differentiate. After 24 h, the multinuclear myotubes expressing both GFP and DsRed were observed, indicating that mMBs and chMBs interspecifically fuse. These GFP+ /DsRed+ hybrid myotubes were able to survive and grew to hyper-multinucleated mature form. We also found that undifferentiated mMB-GFP efficiently fuse to the chMB-DsRed-derived myotubes. This is the first evidence for the autonomous xenogenic fusion of mammalian and avian cells. Myoblast-based fusogenic technique will open up an alternative direction to create novel hybrid products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Takaya
- Department of Interdisciplinary Genome Sciences and Cell Metabolism, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuma Nihashi
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kojima
- Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tamao Ono
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kagami
- Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, Japan
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Gamage DG, Leikina E, Quinn ME, Ratinov A, Chernomordik LV, Millay DP. Insights into the localization and function of myomaker during myoblast fusion. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17272-17289. [PMID: 28860190 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multinucleated skeletal muscle fibers form through the fusion of myoblasts during development and regeneration. Previous studies identified myomaker (Tmem8c) as a muscle-specific membrane protein essential for fusion. However, the specific function of myomaker and how its function is regulated are unknown. To explore these questions, we first examined the cellular localization of endogenous myomaker. Two independent antibodies showed that whereas myomaker does localize to the plasma membrane in cultured myoblasts, the protein also resides in the Golgi and post-Golgi vesicles. These results raised questions regarding the precise cellular location of myomaker function and mechanisms that govern myomaker trafficking between these cellular compartments. Using a synchronized fusion assay, we demonstrated that myomaker functions at the plasma membrane to drive fusion. Trafficking of myomaker is regulated by palmitoylation of C-terminal cysteine residues that allows Golgi localization. Moreover, dissection of the C terminus revealed that palmitoylation was not sufficient for complete fusogenic activity suggesting a function for other amino acids within this C-terminal region. Indeed, C-terminal mutagenesis analysis highlighted the importance of a C-terminal leucine for function. These data reveal that myoblast fusion requires myomaker activity at the plasma membrane and is potentially regulated by proper myomaker trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilani G Gamage
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| | - Eugenia Leikina
- the Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1855
| | - Malgorzata E Quinn
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| | - Anthony Ratinov
- the Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1855
| | - Leonid V Chernomordik
- the Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1855
| | - Douglas P Millay
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
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38
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Di Gioia SA, Connors S, Matsunami N, Cannavino J, Rose MF, Gilette NM, Artoni P, de Macena Sobreira NL, Chan WM, Webb BD, Robson CD, Cheng L, Van Ryzin C, Ramirez-Martinez A, Mohassel P, Leppert M, Scholand MB, Grunseich C, Ferreira CR, Hartman T, Hayes IM, Morgan T, Markie DM, Fagiolini M, Swift A, Chines PS, Speck-Martins CE, Collins FS, Jabs EW, Bönnemann CG, Olson EN, Carey JC, Robertson SP, Manoli I, Engle EC. A defect in myoblast fusion underlies Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16077. [PMID: 28681861 PMCID: PMC5504296 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multinucleate cellular syncytial formation is a hallmark of skeletal muscle differentiation. Myomaker, encoded by Mymk (Tmem8c), is a well-conserved plasma membrane protein required for myoblast fusion to form multinucleated myotubes in mouse, chick, and zebrafish. Here, we report that autosomal recessive mutations in MYMK (OMIM 615345) cause Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome in humans (CFZS; OMIM 254940) by reducing but not eliminating MYMK function. We characterize MYMK-CFZS as a congenital myopathy with marked facial weakness and additional clinical and pathologic features that distinguish it from other congenital neuromuscular syndromes. We show that a heterologous cell fusion assay in vitro and allelic complementation experiments in mymk knockdown and mymkinsT/insT zebrafish in vivo can differentiate between MYMK wild type, hypomorphic and null alleles. Collectively, these data establish that MYMK activity is necessary for normal muscle development and maintenance in humans, and expand the spectrum of congenital myopathies to include cell-cell fusion deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Alessandro Di Gioia
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Samantha Connors
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Norisada Matsunami
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
| | - Jessica Cannavino
- Department of Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
| | - Matthew F. Rose
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Medical Genetics Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Nicole M. Gilette
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Pietro Artoni
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nara Lygia de Macena Sobreira
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Wai-Man Chan
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Bryn D. Webb
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029, USA
| | - Caroline D. Robson
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Long Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Carol Van Ryzin
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1477, USA
| | - Andres Ramirez-Martinez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
| | - Payam Mohassel
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1477, USA
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1477, USA
| | - Mark Leppert
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
| | - Mary Beth Scholand
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
| | - Christopher Grunseich
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1477, USA
| | - Carlos R. Ferreira
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1477, USA
| | - Tyler Hartman
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-1404, USA
| | - Ian M. Hayes
- Genetic Health Services New Zealand, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tim Morgan
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - David M. Markie
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Michela Fagiolini
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Amy Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1477, USA
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1477, USA
| | | | - Francis S. Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1477, USA
- Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1477, USA
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029, USA
| | - Carsten G. Bönnemann
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1477, USA
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1477, USA
| | - Eric N. Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
| | - John C. Carey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
| | - Stephen P. Robertson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Irini Manoli
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1477, USA
| | - Elizabeth C. Engle
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Medical Genetics Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
- Department Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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He J, Wang F, Zhang P, Li W, Wang J, Li J, Liu H, Chen X. miR-491 inhibits skeletal muscle differentiation through targeting myomaker. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 625-626:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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He K, Ren T, Zhu S, Liang S, Zhao A. Transiently expressed pattern during myogenesis and candidate miRNAs of Tmem8C in goose. J Genet 2017; 96:39-46. [PMID: 28360388 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-016-0737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane protein 8C (Tmem8C) is a muscle-specific membrane protein that controls myoblast fusion, which is essential for the formation of multinucleated muscle fibres. As most of the birds can fly, they have enormous requirement for the muscle, but there are only a few studies of Tmem8C in birds. In this study, we obtained the coding sequence (CDS) of Tmem8C in goose, predicted miRNAs that can act on the 3'UTR, analysed expression profiles of this gene in breast and leg muscles (BM and LM) during the embryonic period and neonatal stages, and identified miRNAs that might affect the targeted gene. The results revealed a high homology between Tmem8C in goose and other animals (indicated by sequence comparisons and phylogenetic trees), some conservative characteristics (e.g., six transmembrane domains and two E-boxes in the 5'UTR might be the potential binding sites of muscle regulatory factors (MRFs)), and the dN/dS ratio indicated purifying selection acting on this gene, facilitating conservatism in vertebrates. Q-PCR indicated Tmem8C had a peak expression pattern, reaching its highest expression levels in stage E15 in LM and E19 in BM, and then dropping transiently in E23 (P < 0.05). We examined 13 candidate miRNAs, and negative relationships were detected both in BM and LM (mir-125b-5p, mir-15a, mir-16-1 and mir-n23). Notably, mir-16-1 significantly decreased luciferase activity in dual luciferase reporter gene (LRG) assay, suggesting that it can be identified as potential factors affecting Tmem8C. This study investigated Tmem8C in water bird for the first time, and provided useful information about this gene and its candidate miRNAs in goose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Zhang W, Roy S. Myomaker is required for the fusion of fast-twitch myocytes in the zebrafish embryo. Dev Biol 2017; 423:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Krauss RS, Joseph GA, Goel AJ. Keep Your Friends Close: Cell-Cell Contact and Skeletal Myogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a029298. [PMID: 28062562 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of skeletal muscle is a multistage process that includes lineage commitment of multipotent progenitor cells, differentiation and fusion of myoblasts into multinucleated myofibers, and maturation of myofibers into distinct types. Lineage-specific transcriptional regulation lies at the core of this process, but myogenesis is also regulated by extracellular cues. Some of these cues are initiated by direct cell-cell contact between muscle precursor cells themselves or between muscle precursors and cells of other lineages. Examples of the latter include interaction of migrating neural crest cells with multipotent muscle progenitor cells, muscle interstitial cells with myoblasts, and neurons with myofibers. Among the signaling factors involved are Notch ligands and receptors, cadherins, Ig superfamily members, and Ephrins and Eph receptors. In this article we describe recent progress in this area and highlight open questions raised by the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Krauss
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Giselle A Joseph
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Aviva J Goel
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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44
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle performs an essential function in human physiology with defects in genes encoding a variety of cellular components resulting in various types of inherited muscle disorders. Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a severe and heterogeneous type of human muscle disease, manifested by progressive muscle wasting and degeneration. The disease pathogenesis and therapeutic options for MDs have been investigated for decades using rodent models, and considerable knowledge has been accumulated on the cause and pathogenetic mechanisms of this group of human disorders. However, due to some differences between disease severity and progression, what is learned in mammalian models does not always transfer to humans, prompting the desire for additional and alternative models. More recently, zebrafish have emerged as a novel and robust animal model for the study of human muscle disease. Zebrafish MD models possess a number of distinct advantages for modeling human muscle disorders, including the availability and ease of generating mutations in homologous disease-causing genes, the ability to image living muscle tissue in an intact animal, and the suitability of zebrafish larvae for large-scale chemical screens. In this chapter, we review the current understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in MDs, the process of myogenesis in zebrafish, and the structural and functional characteristics of zebrafish larval muscles. We further discuss the insights gained from the key zebrafish MD models that have been so far generated, and we summarize the attempts that have been made to screen for small molecules inhibitors of the dystrophic phenotypes using these models. Overall, these studies demonstrate that zebrafish is a useful in vivo system for modeling aspects of human skeletal muscle disorders. Studies using these models have contributed both to the understanding of the pathogenesis of muscle wasting disorders and demonstrated their utility as highly relevant models to implement therapeutic screening regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Li
- Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - K J Hromowyk
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - S L Amacher
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - P D Currie
- Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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45
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Schejter ED. Myoblast fusion: Experimental systems and cellular mechanisms. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 60:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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46
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Temporal correlation between differentiation factor expression and microRNAs in Holstein bovine skeletal muscle. Animal 2016; 11:227-235. [PMID: 27406318 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116001488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells are adult stem cells located between the basal lamina and sarcolemma of muscle fibers. Under physiological conditions, satellite cells are quiescent, but they maintain a strong proliferative potential and propensity to differentiate, which underlies their critical role in muscle preservation and growth. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles during animal development as well as in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation regulation. MiRNA-1, miRNA-133a and miRNA-206 are closely related muscle-specific miRNAs, and are thus defined myomiRNAs. MyomiRNAs are integrated into myogenic regulatory networks. Their expression is under the transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of myogenic factors and, in turn, they exhibit widespread control of muscle gene expression. Very little information is available about the regulation and behavior of satellite cells in large farm animals, in particular during satellite cell differentiation. Here, we study bovine satellite cells (BoSCs) undergoing a differentiation process and report the expression pattern of selected genes and miRNAs involved. Muscle samples of longissimus thoracis from Holstein adult male animals were selected for the collection of satellite cells. All satellite cell preparations demonstrated myotube differentiation. To characterize the dynamics of several transcription factors expressed in BoSCs, we performed real-time PCR on complementary DNA generated from the total RNA extracted from BoSCs cultivated in growth medium (GM) or in differentiation medium (DM) for 4 days. In the GM condition, BoSCs expressed the satellite cell lineage markers as well as transcripts for the myogenic regulatory factors. At the time of isolation from muscle, PAX7 was expressed in nearly 100% of BoSCs; however, its messenger RNA (mRNA) levels dramatically decreased between 3 and 6 days post isolation (P<0.01). MyoD mRNA levels increased during the 1st day of cultivation in DM (day 7; P<0.02), showing a gradual activation of the myogenic gene program. During the subsequent 4 days of culture in DM, several tested genes, including MRF4, MYOG, MEF2C, TMEM8C, DES and MYH1, showed increased expression (P<0.05), and these levels remained high throughout the culture period investigated. Meanwhile, the expression of genes involved in the differentiation process also miRNA-1, miRNA-133a and miRNA-206 were strongly up-regulated on the 1st day in DM (day 7; P<0.05). Analysis revealed highly significant correlations between myomiRNAs expression and MEF2C, MRF4, TMEM8C, DES and MYH1 gene expression (P<0.001). Knowledge about the transcriptional changes correlating with the growth and differentiation of skeletal muscle fibers could be helpful for developing strategies to improve production performance in livestock.
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E2F1-miR-20a-5p/20b-5p auto-regulatory feedback loop involved in myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27904. [PMID: 27282946 PMCID: PMC4901305 DOI: 10.1038/srep27904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
miR-17 family microRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial for embryo development, however, their role in muscle development is still unclear. miR-20a-5p and miR-20b-5p belong to the miR-17 family and are transcribed from the miR-17~92 and miR-106a~363 clusters respectively. In this study, we found that miR-20a-5p and miR-20b-5p promoted myoblast differentiation and repressed myoblast proliferation by directly binding the 3' UTR of E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) mRNA. E2F1 is an important transcriptional factor for organism's normal development. Overexpression of E2F1 in myoblasts promoted myoblast proliferation and inhibited myoblast differentiation. Conversely, E2F1 inhibition induced myoblast differentiation and repressed myoblast proliferation. Moreover, E2F1 can bind directly to promoters of the miR-17~92 and miR-106a~363 clusters and activate their transcription, and E2F1 protein expression is correlated with the expression of pri-miR-17~92 and pri-miR-106a~363 during myoblast differentiation. These results suggested an auto-regulatory feedback loop between E2F1 and miR-20a-5p/20b-5p, and indicated that miR-20a-5p, miR-20b-5p and E2F1 are involved in myoblast proliferation and differentiation through the auto-regulation between E2F1 and miR-20a-5p/20b-5p. These findings provide new insight into the mechanism of muscle differentiation, and further shed light on the understanding of muscle development and muscle diseases.
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Zhang W, Roy S. The zebrafish fast myosin light chain mylpfa:H2B-GFP transgene is a useful tool for in vivo imaging of myocyte fusion in the vertebrate embryo. Gene Expr Patterns 2016; 20:106-10. [PMID: 26872916 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated syncytia that arise from the fusion of mononucleated precursors, the myocytes, during embryonic development, muscle hypertrophy in post-embryonic growth and muscle regeneration after injury. Even though myocyte fusion is central to skeletal muscle differentiation, our current knowledge of the molecular mechanism of myocyte fusion in the vertebrates is rather limited. Previous work, from our group and others, has shown that the zebrafish embryo is a very useful model for investigating the cell biology and genetics of vertebrate myocyte fusion in vivo. RESULTS Here, we report the generation of a stable transgenic zebrafish strain that expresses the Histone 2B-GFP (H2B-GFP) fusion protein in the nuclei of all fast-twitch muscle fibers under the control of the fast-twitch muscle-specific myosin light chain, phosphorylatable, fast skeletal muscle a (mylpfa) gene promoter. By introducing this transgene into a mutant for junctional adhesion molecule 3b (jam3b), which encodes a cell adhesion protein previously implicated in myocyte fusion, we demonstrate the feasibility of using this transgene for the analysis of myocyte fusion during the differentiation of the trunk musculature of the zebrafish embryo. CONCLUSIONS Since we know so little about the molecules regulating vertebrate myocyte fusion, we propose that the mylpfa:H2B-GFP transgene will be a very useful reporter for conducting forward and reverse genetic screens to identify new components regulating vertebrate myocyte fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119288, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore.
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Structure-function analysis of myomaker domains required for myoblast fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2116-21. [PMID: 26858401 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During skeletal muscle development, myoblasts fuse to form multinucleated myofibers. Myomaker [Transmembrane protein 8c (TMEM8c)] is a muscle-specific protein that is essential for myoblast fusion and sufficient to promote fusion of fibroblasts with muscle cells; however, the structure and biochemical properties of this membrane protein have not been explored. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis to disrupt myomaker expression in the C2C12 muscle cell line, which resulted in complete blockade to fusion. To define the functional domains of myomaker required to direct fusion, we established a heterologous cell-cell fusion system, in which fibroblasts expressing mutant versions of myomaker were mixed with WT myoblasts. Our data indicate that the majority of myomaker is embedded in the plasma membrane with seven membrane-spanning regions and a required intracellular C-terminal tail. We show that myomaker function is conserved in other mammalian orthologs; however, related family members (TMEM8a and TMEM8b) do not exhibit fusogenic activity. These findings represent an important step toward deciphering the cellular components and mechanisms that control myoblast fusion and muscle formation.
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