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Tonkaz GY, Özyurt G, Çakir A, Turan B, Utlu B, Özbay AD. Evaluation of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer, Ganglion Cell Thickness, and Macular Thickness in Children With Comorbid Specific Learning Disorder and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2024; 61:128-136. [PMID: 37882187 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20230906-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the changes in ocular optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in the comorbidity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and specific learning disorder (SLD). METHODS This study included 40 individuals diagnosed as having ADHD along with comorbid SLD, 40 individuals diagnosed as having only ADHD, and 40 individuals with no psychiatric disorders. OCT assessments were performed on eyes of the participants to obtain retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness, and macular thickness measurements. RESULTS In total, 240 eyes were evaluated. The right and left eyes were not significantly different in terms of RNFL, GCL, and macular thickness within groups (P > .05). RNFL thickness was measured and compared across four quadrants (superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal). Although these values were not significantly different between the groups (P > .05), RNFL was observed to be thinner in children with comorbid ADHD and SLD in all quadrants. Similarly, GCL and macular thickness measurements were also not different between the groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Considering that retinal nerve fibers can be seen as an extension of the brain in the embryologic context, the results showed that OCT findings alone are not sufficient to detect the changes in ADHD and SLD comorbidity. The authors suggest that OCT is more useful in the etiology and follow-up of neurodegenerative diseases rather than neurodevelopmental disorders. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2024;61(2):128-136.].
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Lasnick OHM, Hoeft F. Sensory temporal sampling in time: an integrated model of the TSF and neural noise hypothesis as an etiological pathway for dyslexia. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 17:1294941. [PMID: 38234592 PMCID: PMC10792016 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1294941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been made in research on the causal mechanisms of developmental dyslexia. In recent years, the "temporal sampling" account of dyslexia has evolved considerably, with contributions from neurogenetics and novel imaging methods resulting in a much more complex etiological view of the disorder. The original temporal sampling framework implicates disrupted neural entrainment to speech as a causal factor for atypical phonological representations. Yet, empirical findings have not provided clear evidence of a low-level etiology for this endophenotype. In contrast, the neural noise hypothesis presents a theoretical view of the manifestation of dyslexia from the level of genes to behavior. However, its relative novelty (published in 2017) means that empirical research focused on specific predictions is sparse. The current paper reviews dyslexia research using a dual framework from the temporal sampling and neural noise hypotheses and discusses the complementary nature of these two views of dyslexia. We present an argument for an integrated model of sensory temporal sampling as an etiological pathway for dyslexia. Finally, we conclude with a brief discussion of outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver H. M. Lasnick
- brainLENS Laboratory, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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Aro T, Neittaanmäki R, Korhonen E, Riihimäki H, Torppa M. A Register Study Suggesting Homotypic and Heterotypic Comorbidity Among Individuals With Learning Disabilities. JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES 2024; 57:30-42. [PMID: 36772827 DOI: 10.1177/00222194221150230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined whether learning disabilities (LD) in reading and/or math (i.e., reading disability [RD], math disability [MD], and RD+MD) co-occur with other diagnoses. The data comprised a clinical sample (n = 430) with LD identified in childhood and a sample of matched controls (n = 2,140). Their medical diagnoses (according to the International Classification of Diseases nosology) until adulthood (20-39 years) were analyzed. The co-occurrence of LD with neurodevelopmental disorders was considered a homotypic comorbidity, and co-occurrence with disorders or diseases from the other diagnostic categories (i.e., mental and behavioral disorders, diseases of the nervous system, injuries, other medical or physical diagnoses) was considered a heterotypic comorbidity. Both homotypic and heterotypic comorbidity were more common in the LD group. Co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders were the most prominent comorbid disorders, but mental and behavioral disorders, diseases of the nervous system, and injuries were also pronounced in the LD group. Accumulation of diagnoses across the diagnostic categories was more common in the LD group. No differences were found among the RD, MD, and RD+MD subgroups. The findings are relevant from the theoretical perspective, as well as for clinical and educational practice, as they provide understanding regarding individual distress and guiding for the planning of support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuija Aro
- University of Jyväskylä, Finland
- Niilo Mäki Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland
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4
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Calì F, Di Blasi FD, Avola E, Vinci M, Musumeci A, Gloria A, Greco D, Raciti DR, Zagami A, Rizzo B, Città S, Federico C, Vetri L, Saccone S, Buono S. Specific Learning Disorders: Variation Analysis of 15 Candidate Genes in 9 Multiplex Families. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1503. [PMID: 37629793 PMCID: PMC10456226 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59081503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is a complex neurobiological disorder characterized by a persistent difficult in reading (dyslexia), written expression (dysgraphia), and mathematics (dyscalculia). The hereditary and genetic component is one of the underlying causes of SLD, but the relationship between genes and the environment should be considered. Several genetic studies were performed in different populations to identify causative genes. Materials and Methods: Here, we show the analysis of 9 multiplex families with at least 2 individuals diagnosed with SLD per family, with a total of 37 persons, 21 of whom are young subjects with SLD, by means of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to identify possible causative mutations in a panel of 15 candidate genes: CCPG1, CYP19A1, DCDC2, DGKI, DIP2A, DYM, GCFC2, KIAA0319, MC5R, MRPL19, NEDD4L, PCNT, PRMT2, ROBO1, and S100B. Results: We detected, in eight families out nine, SNP variants in the DGKI, DIP2A, KIAA0319, and PCNT genes, even if in silico analysis did not show any causative effect on this behavioral condition. In all cases, the mutation was transmitted by one of the two parents, thus excluding the case of de novo mutation. Moreover, the parent carrying the allelic variant transmitted to the children, in six out of seven families, reports language difficulties. Conclusions: Although the present results cannot be considered conclusive due to the limited sample size, the identification of genetic variants in the above genes can provide input for further research on the same, as well as on other genes/mutations, to better understand the genetic basis of this disorder, and from this perspective, to better understand also the neuropsychological and social aspects connected to this disorder, which affects an increasing number of young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Calì
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | | | - Emanuela Avola
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Mirella Vinci
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Antonino Musumeci
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Angelo Gloria
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Donatella Greco
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Daniela Rita Raciti
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Alessandro Zagami
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Biagio Rizzo
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Santina Città
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Concetta Federico
- Department Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Vetri
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Serafino Buono
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
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Bieder A, Chandrasekar G, Wason A, Erkelenz S, Gopalakrishnan J, Kere J, Tapia-Páez I. Genetic and protein interaction studies between the ciliary dyslexia candidate genes DYX1C1 and DCDC2. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:20. [PMID: 37237337 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-023-00483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DYX1C1 (DNAAF4) and DCDC2 are two of the most replicated dyslexia candidate genes in genetic studies. They both have demonstrated roles in neuronal migration, in cilia growth and function and they both are cytoskeletal interactors. In addition, they both have been characterized as ciliopathy genes. However, their exact molecular functions are still incompletely described. Based on these known roles, we asked whether DYX1C1 and DCDC2 interact on the genetic and the protein level. RESULTS Here, we report the physical protein-protein interaction of DYX1C1 and DCDC2 as well as their respective interactions with the centrosomal protein CPAP (CENPJ) on exogenous and endogenous levels in different cell models including brain organoids. In addition, we show a synergistic genetic interaction between dyx1c1 and dcdc2b in zebrafish exacerbating the ciliary phenotype. Finally, we show a mutual effect on transcriptional regulation among DYX1C1 and DCDC2 in a cellular model. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we describe the physical and functional interaction between the two genes DYX1C1 and DCDC2. These results contribute to the growing understanding of the molecular roles of DYX1C1 and DCDC2 and set the stage for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bieder
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Arpit Wason
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Biochemistry I of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Steffen Erkelenz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Isabel Tapia-Páez
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 30, SE-171 76, Solna, Sweden.
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Galesi O, Di Blasi FD, Grillo L, Elia F, Giambirtone MC, Figura MG, Rizzo B, Buono S, Romano C. Dyslexia and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Associated to a De Novo 1p34.3 Microdeletion. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13111926. [PMID: 36360163 PMCID: PMC9689888 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors report on a boy with dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A protocol of standardized tests assessed the neuroadaptive profile, allowing deep neuropsychiatric phenotyping. In addition to the diagnosis of dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, such methodology led to endeavor cognitive, adaptive, and academic skills. Chromosomal microarray analysis detected a 452.4 Kb de novo heterozygous microdeletion in chromosomal region 1p34.3, including seven OMIM genes. The authors took a thorough evaluation of the association to the phenotype of the deleted genes. Further reports could strengthen such association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Galesi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Grillo
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Flaviana Elia
- Unit of Psychology, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Figura
- Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiopathology, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Biagio Rizzo
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Serafino Buono
- Unit of Psychology, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Corrado Romano
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-4781189
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7
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Perrino PA, Chasse RY, Monaco AP, Molnár Z, Velayos‐Baeza A, Fitch RH. Rapid auditory processing and medial geniculate nucleus anomalies in Kiaa0319 knockout mice. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 21:e12808. [PMID: 35419947 PMCID: PMC9744489 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in reading and writing. Although underlying biological and genetic mechanisms remain unclear, anomalies in phonological processing and auditory processing have been associated with dyslexia. Several candidate risk genes have also been identified, with KIAA0319 as a main candidate. Animal models targeting the rodent homolog (Kiaa0319) have been used to explore putative behavioral and anatomic anomalies, with mixed results. For example after downregulation of Kiaa0319 expression in rats via shRNA, significant adult rapid auditory processing impairments were reported, along with cortical anomalies reflecting atypical neuronal migration. Conversely, Kiaa0319 knockout (KO) mice were reported to have typical adult auditory processing, and no visible cortical anomalies. To address these inconsistencies, we tested Kiaa0319 KO mice on auditory processing tasks similar to those used previously in rat shRNA knockdown studies. Subsequent neuroanatomic analyses on these same mice targeted medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), a receptive communication-related brain structure. Results confirm that Kiaa0319 KO mice exhibit significant auditory processing impairments specific to rapid/brief stimuli, and also show significant volumetric reductions and a shift toward fewer large and smaller neurons in the MGN. The latter finding is consistent with post mortem MGN data from human dyslexic brains. Combined evidence supports a role for KIAA0319 in the development of auditory CNS pathways subserving rapid auditory processing functions critical to the development of speech processing, language, and ultimately reading. Results affirm KIAA0319 variation as a possible risk factor for dyslexia specifically via anomalies in central acoustic processing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Perrino
- Department of Psychological Science/Behavioral NeuroscienceUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticutUSA
| | - Renee Y. Chasse
- Department of Psychological Science/Behavioral NeuroscienceUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticutUSA
| | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Antonio Velayos‐Baeza
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - R. Holly Fitch
- Department of Psychological Science/Behavioral NeuroscienceUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticutUSA
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Erbeli F, Rice M, Paracchini S. Insights into Dyslexia Genetics Research from the Last Two Decades. Brain Sci 2021; 12:27. [PMID: 35053771 PMCID: PMC8773624 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslexia, a specific reading disability, is a common (up to 10% of children) and highly heritable (~70%) neurodevelopmental disorder. Behavioral and molecular genetic approaches are aimed towards dissecting its significant genetic component. In the proposed review, we will summarize advances in twin and molecular genetic research from the past 20 years. First, we will briefly outline the clinical and educational presentation and epidemiology of dyslexia. Next, we will summarize results from twin studies, followed by molecular genetic research (e.g., genome-wide association studies (GWASs)). In particular, we will highlight converging key insights from genetic research. (1) Dyslexia is a highly polygenic neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex genetic architecture. (2) Dyslexia categories share a large proportion of genetics with continuously distributed measures of reading skills, with shared genetic risks also seen across development. (3) Dyslexia genetic risks are shared with those implicated in many other neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., developmental language disorder and dyscalculia). Finally, we will discuss the implications and future directions. As the diversity of genetic studies continues to increase through international collaborate efforts, we will highlight the challenges in advances of genetics discoveries in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina Erbeli
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Marianne Rice
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Silvia Paracchini
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK;
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Kujala T, Sihvonen AJ, Thiede A, Palo-Oja P, Virtala P, Numminen J, Laasonen M. Voxel and surface based whole brain analysis shows reading skill associated grey matter abnormalities in dyslexia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10862. [PMID: 34035329 PMCID: PMC8149879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder with a substantial negative influence on the individual's academic achievement and career. Research on its neuroanatomical origins has continued for half a century, yielding, however, inconsistent results, lowered total brain volume being the most consistent finding. We set out to evaluate the grey matter (GM) volume and cortical abnormalities in adult dyslexic individuals, employing a combination of whole-brain voxel- and surface-based morphometry following current recommendations on analysis approaches, coupled with rigorous neuropsychological testing. Whilst controlling for age, sex, total intracranial volume, and performance IQ, we found both decreased GM volume and cortical thickness in the left insula in participants with DD. Moreover, they had decreased GM volume in left superior temporal gyrus, putamen, globus pallidus, and parahippocampal gyrus. Higher GM volumes and cortical thickness in these areas correlated with better reading and phonological skills, deficits of which are pivotal to DD. Crucially, total brain volume did not influence our results, since it did not differ between the groups. Our findings demonstrating abnormalities in brain areas in individuals with DD, which previously were associated with phonological processing, are compatible with the leading hypotheses on the neurocognitive origins of DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teija Kujala
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3 B, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Aleksi J Sihvonen
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3 B, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Thiede
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3 B, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Palo-Oja
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3 B, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Virtala
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3 B, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Numminen
- Department of Radiology, Töölö Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Laasonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Phoniatrics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Humanities, Philosophical Faculty, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
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10
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The Polygenic Nature and Complex Genetic Architecture of Specific Learning Disorder. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050631. [PMID: 34068951 PMCID: PMC8156942 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is a multifactorial, neurodevelopmental disorder which may involve persistent difficulties in reading (dyslexia), written expression and/or mathematics. Dyslexia is characterized by difficulties with speed and accuracy of word reading, deficient decoding abilities, and poor spelling. Several studies from different, but complementary, scientific disciplines have investigated possible causal/risk factors for SLD. Biological, neurological, hereditary, cognitive, linguistic-phonological, developmental and environmental factors have been incriminated. Despite worldwide agreement that SLD is highly heritable, its exact biological basis remains elusive. We herein present: (a) an update of studies that have shaped our current knowledge on the disorder’s genetic architecture; (b) a discussion on whether this genetic architecture is ‘unique’ to SLD or, alternatively, whether there is an underlying common genetic background with other neurodevelopmental disorders; and, (c) a brief discussion on whether we are at a position of generating meaningful correlations between genetic findings and anatomical data from neuroimaging studies or specific molecular/cellular pathways. We conclude with open research questions that could drive future research directions.
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11
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Chutko LS, Surushkina SY, Yakovenko EA, I Anisimova T, Didur MD, Chekalova SA. [Executive functions disorders in children with dyslexia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:38-45. [PMID: 33728849 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112102138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the severity of disorders of executive functions in children with dyslexia and to assess the effectiveness of treatment of this pathology with cortexin. MATERIAL AND METHODS The main study group included 60 children, aged 8-11 years, with a specific reading disorder (F.81.0). Reading skills were assessed using methods of T.A. Fotekova, T.V. Akhutina. Diagnostic examination included neurological examination with dyspraxia test, electroencephalography with visual and quantitative analysis. To objectify the severity of memory impairments, the «Working memory» technique was used. Attention and impulsivity disorders were quantified using SNAP-IY and the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA). The control group consisted of 60 children of the same age without symptoms of dyslexia. Cortexin was used to treat 30 patients from the study group, 30 patients received encephabol. A control study to analyze the effectiveness of the therapy was carried out one month after the end of therapy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Children with dyslexia are characterized by a higher level of inattention and impulsivity, as well as significantly lower indicators of working memory compared to children from the control group. The decrease in attention and working memory as well as an increased level of impulsivity are manifestations of impaired executive functions in children with dyslexia. The results of the control study after treatment showed a significant increase in reading skills in both groups. In addition, there was an improvement in indicators of attention and working memory. However, the effectiveness of treatment with cortexin was slightly higher compared to encephabol (improvement was noted in 73.3% and 60.0%of patients, respectively). According to a comparative analysis of EEG results, after a course of treatment with cortexin, children with dyslexia have significant neurophysiological changes that indicate the activation of the brain regulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Chutko
- N. Bekhtereva Institute of Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S Yu Surushkina
- N. Bekhtereva Institute of Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E A Yakovenko
- N. Bekhtereva Institute of Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - T I Anisimova
- N. Bekhtereva Institute of Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M D Didur
- N. Bekhtereva Institute of Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S A Chekalova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
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12
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Nora A, Renvall H, Ronimus M, Kere J, Lyytinen H, Salmelin R. Children at risk for dyslexia show deficient left-hemispheric memory representations for new spoken word forms. Neuroimage 2021; 229:117739. [PMID: 33454404 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a specific learning disorder with impairments in reading and spelling acquisition. Apart from literacy problems, dyslexics show inefficient speech encoding and deficient novel word learning, with underlying problems in phonological processing and learning. These problems have been suggested to be related to deficient specialization of the left hemisphere for language processing. To examine this possibility, we tracked with magnetoencephalography (MEG) the activation of the bilateral temporal cortices during formation of neural memory traces for new spoken word forms in 7-8-year-old children with high familial dyslexia risk and in controls. The at-risk children improved equally to their peers in overt repetition of recurring new word forms, but were poorer in explicit recognition of the recurring word forms. Both groups showed reduced activation for the recurring word forms 400-1200 ms after word onset in the right auditory cortex, replicating the results of our previous study on typically developing children (Nora et al., 2017, Children show right-lateralized effects of spoken word-form learning. PLoS ONE 12(2): e0171034). However, only the control group consistently showed a similar reduction of activation for recurring word forms in the left temporal areas. The results highlight the importance of left-hemispheric phonological processing for efficient phonological representations and its disruption in dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nora
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, and Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University, P.O. Box 12200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - H Renvall
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, and Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University, P.O. Box 12200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - M Ronimus
- Niilo Mäki Instituutti, FI-40100 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - J Kere
- Department of Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Lyytinen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - R Salmelin
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, and Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University, P.O. Box 12200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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Genome-wide association study reveals new insights into the heritability and genetic correlates of developmental dyslexia. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3004-3017. [PMID: 33057169 PMCID: PMC8505236 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a learning disorder affecting the ability to read, with a heritability of 40-60%. A notable part of this heritability remains unexplained, and large genetic studies are warranted to identify new susceptibility genes and clarify the genetic bases of dyslexia. We carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 2274 dyslexia cases and 6272 controls, testing associations at the single variant, gene, and pathway level, and estimating heritability using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. We also calculated polygenic scores (PGSs) based on large-scale GWAS data for different neuropsychiatric disorders and cortical brain measures, educational attainment, and fluid intelligence, testing them for association with dyslexia status in our sample. We observed statistically significant (p < 2.8 × 10-6) enrichment of associations at the gene level, for LOC388780 (20p13; uncharacterized gene), and for VEPH1 (3q25), a gene implicated in brain development. We estimated an SNP-based heritability of 20-25% for DD, and observed significant associations of dyslexia risk with PGSs for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (at pT = 0.05 in the training GWAS: OR = 1.23[1.16; 1.30] per standard deviation increase; p = 8 × 10-13), bipolar disorder (1.53[1.44; 1.63]; p = 1 × 10-43), schizophrenia (1.36[1.28; 1.45]; p = 4 × 10-22), psychiatric cross-disorder susceptibility (1.23[1.16; 1.30]; p = 3 × 10-12), cortical thickness of the transverse temporal gyrus (0.90[0.86; 0.96]; p = 5 × 10-4), educational attainment (0.86[0.82; 0.91]; p = 2 × 10-7), and intelligence (0.72[0.68; 0.76]; p = 9 × 10-29). This study suggests an important contribution of common genetic variants to dyslexia risk, and novel genomic overlaps with psychiatric conditions like bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and cross-disorder susceptibility. Moreover, it revealed the presence of shared genetic foundations with a neural correlate previously implicated in dyslexia by neuroimaging evidence.
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Liebig J, Friederici AD, Neef NE. Auditory brainstem measures and genotyping boost the prediction of literacy: A longitudinal study on early markers of dyslexia. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 46:100869. [PMID: 33091833 PMCID: PMC7576516 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-domain profiles advance retrospective prediction of emergent literacy. DCDC2 and KIAA0319 risk variants influence emergent spelling skills. Combined DYX2 and auditory brainstem measures enhance predictive model fits. Additional benefit of preliterate phonological awareness on predictive power.
Literacy acquisition is impaired in children with developmental dyslexia resulting in lifelong struggle to read and spell. Proper diagnosis is usually late and commonly achieved after structured schooling started, which causes delayed interventions. Legascreen set out to develop a preclinical screening to identify children at risk of developmental dyslexia. To this end we examined 93 preliterate German children, half of them with a family history of dyslexia and half of them without a family history. We assessed standard demographic and behavioral precursors of literacy, acquired saliva samples for genotyping, and recorded speech-evoked brainstem responses to add an objective physiological measure. Reading and spelling was assessed after two years of structured literacy instruction. Multifactorial regression analyses considering demographic information, genotypes, and auditory brainstem encoding, predicted children’s literacy skills to varying degrees. These predictions were improved by adding the standard psychometrics with a slightly higher impact on spelling compared to reading comprehension. Our findings suggest that gene-brain-behavior profiling has the potential to determine the risk of developmental dyslexia. At the same time our results imply the need for a more sophisticated assessment to fully account for the disparate cognitive profiles and the multifactorial basis of developmental dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Liebig
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nicole E Neef
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Nishiyama KV, Satta Y, Gojobori J. Do Genes Associated with Dyslexia of Chinese Characters Evolve Neutrally? Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060658. [PMID: 32560373 PMCID: PMC7349701 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslexia, or reading disability, is found to have a genetic basis, and several related genes have been reported. We investigated whether natural selection has acted on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were reported to be associated with risk/non-risk for the reading disability of Chinese characters. We applied recently developed 2D SFS-based statistics to SNP data of East Asian populations to examine whether there is any sign of selective sweep. While neutrality was not rejected for most SNPs, significant signs of selection were detected for two linkage disequilibrium (LD) regions containing the reported SNPs of GNPTAB and DCDC2. Furthermore, we searched for a selection target site among the SNPs in these LD regions, because a causal site is not necessarily a reported SNP but could instead be a tightly linked site. In both LD regions, we found candidate target sites, which may have an effect on expression regulation and have been selected, although which genes these SNPs affect remains unknown. Because most people were not engaged in reading until recently, it is unlikely that there has been selective pressure on reading ability itself. Consistent with this, our results suggest a possibility of genetic hitchhiking, whereby alleles of the reported SNPs may have increased in frequency together with the selected target, which could have functions for other genes and traits apart from reading ability.
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Poor neural and perceptual phoneme discrimination during acoustic variation in dyslexia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8646. [PMID: 32457322 PMCID: PMC7250843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas natural acoustic variation in speech does not compromise phoneme discrimination in healthy adults, it was hypothesized to be a challenge for developmental dyslexics. We investigated dyslexics’ neural and perceptual discrimination of native language phonemes during acoustic variation. Dyslexics and non-dyslexics heard /æ/ and /i/ phonemes in a context with fo variation and then in a context without it. Mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a responses to phoneme changes were recorded with electroencephalogram to compare groups during ignore and attentive listening. Perceptual phoneme discrimination in the variable context was evaluated with hit-ratios and reaction times. MMN/N2bs were diminished in dyslexics in the variable context. Hit-ratios were smaller in dyslexics than controls. MMNs did not differ between groups in the context without variation. These results suggest that even distinctive vowels are challenging to discriminate for dyslexics when the context resembles natural variability of speech. This most likely reflects poor categorical perception of phonemes in dyslexics. Difficulties to detect linguistically relevant invariant information during acoustic variation in speech may contribute to dyslexics’ deficits in forming native language phoneme representations during infancy. Future studies should acknowledge that simple experimental paradigms with repetitive stimuli can be insensitive to dyslexics’ speech processing deficits.
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Bieder A, Yoshihara M, Katayama S, Krjutškov K, Falk A, Kere J, Tapia-Páez I. Dyslexia Candidate Gene and Ciliary Gene Expression Dynamics During Human Neuronal Differentiation. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2944-2958. [PMID: 32445086 PMCID: PMC7320047 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with complex genetic mechanisms. A number of candidate genes have been identified, some of which are linked to neuronal development and migration and to ciliary functions. However, expression and regulation of these genes in human brain development and neuronal differentiation remain uncharted. Here, we used human long-term self-renewing neuroepithelial stem (lt-NES, here termed NES) cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells to study neuronal differentiation in vitro. We characterized gene expression changes during differentiation by using RNA sequencing and validated dynamics for selected genes by qRT-PCR. Interestingly, we found that genes related to cilia were significantly enriched among upregulated genes during differentiation, including genes linked to ciliopathies with neurodevelopmental phenotypes. We confirmed the presence of primary cilia throughout neuronal differentiation. Focusing on dyslexia candidate genes, 33 out of 50 DD candidate genes were detected in NES cells by RNA sequencing, and seven candidate genes were upregulated during differentiation to neurons, including DYX1C1 (DNAAF4), a highly replicated DD candidate gene. Our results suggest a role of ciliary genes in differentiating neuronal cells and show that NES cells provide a relevant human neuronal model to study ciliary and DD candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bieder
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 9, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Masahito Yoshihara
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 9, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 9, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kaarel Krjutškov
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 9, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia.,Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 9, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden. .,Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland. .,School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Bieder A, Einarsdottir E, Matsson H, Nilsson HE, Eisfeldt J, Dragomir A, Paucar M, Granberg T, Li TQ, Lindstrand A, Kere J, Tapia-Páez I. Rare variants in dynein heavy chain genes in two individuals with situs inversus and developmental dyslexia: a case report. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:87. [PMID: 32357925 PMCID: PMC7193346 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a neurodevelopmental learning disorder with high heritability. A number of candidate susceptibility genes have been identified, some of which are linked to the function of the cilium, an organelle regulating left-right asymmetry development in the embryo. Furthermore, it has been suggested that disrupted left-right asymmetry of the brain may play a role in neurodevelopmental disorders such as DD. However, it is unknown whether there is a common genetic cause to DD and laterality defects or ciliopathies. Case presentation Here, we studied two individuals with co-occurring situs inversus (SI) and DD using whole genome sequencing to identify genetic variants of importance for DD and SI. Individual 1 had primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a rare, autosomal recessive disorder with oto-sino-pulmonary phenotype and SI. We identified two rare nonsynonymous variants in the dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 gene (DNAH5): a previously reported variant c.7502G > C; p.(R2501P), and a novel variant c.12043 T > G; p.(Y4015D). Both variants are predicted to be damaging. Ultrastructural analysis of the cilia revealed a lack of outer dynein arms and normal inner dynein arms. MRI of the brain revealed no significant abnormalities. Individual 2 had non-syndromic SI and DD. In individual 2, one rare variant (c.9110A > G;p.(H3037R)) in the dynein axonemal heavy chain 11 gene (DNAH11), coding for another component of the outer dynein arm, was identified. Conclusions We identified the likely genetic cause of SI and PCD in one individual, and a possibly significant heterozygosity in the other, both involving dynein genes. Given the present evidence, it is unclear if the identified variants also predispose to DD and further studies into the association between laterality, ciliopathies and DD are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bieder
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hans Matsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Harriet E Nilsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jesper Eisfeldt
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anca Dragomir
- Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Paucar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Granberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tie-Qiang Li
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindstrand
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Isabel Tapia-Páez
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 30, 171 76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lipowska M, Łada AB, Pawlicka P, Jurek P. The use of the Warnke Method in dyslexia therapy for children. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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An extensive pattern of atypical neural speech-sound discrimination in newborns at risk of dyslexia. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:634-646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gialluisi A, Andlauer TFM, Mirza-Schreiber N, Moll K, Becker J, Hoffmann P, Ludwig KU, Czamara D, St Pourcain B, Brandler W, Honbolygó F, Tóth D, Csépe V, Huguet G, Morris AP, Hulslander J, Willcutt EG, DeFries JC, Olson RK, Smith SD, Pennington BF, Vaessen A, Maurer U, Lyytinen H, Peyrard-Janvid M, Leppänen PHT, Brandeis D, Bonte M, Stein JF, Talcott JB, Fauchereau F, Wilcke A, Francks C, Bourgeron T, Monaco AP, Ramus F, Landerl K, Kere J, Scerri TS, Paracchini S, Fisher SE, Schumacher J, Nöthen MM, Müller-Myhsok B, Schulte-Körne G. Genome-wide association scan identifies new variants associated with a cognitive predictor of dyslexia. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:77. [PMID: 30741946 PMCID: PMC6370792 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is one of the most prevalent learning disorders, with high impact on school and psychosocial development and high comorbidity with conditions like attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and anxiety. DD is characterized by deficits in different cognitive skills, including word reading, spelling, rapid naming, and phonology. To investigate the genetic basis of DD, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of these skills within one of the largest studies available, including nine cohorts of reading-impaired and typically developing children of European ancestry (N = 2562-3468). We observed a genome-wide significant effect (p < 1 × 10-8) on rapid automatized naming of letters (RANlet) for variants on 18q12.2, within MIR924HG (micro-RNA 924 host gene; rs17663182 p = 4.73 × 10-9), and a suggestive association on 8q12.3 within NKAIN3 (encoding a cation transporter; rs16928927, p = 2.25 × 10-8). rs17663182 (18q12.2) also showed genome-wide significant multivariate associations with RAN measures (p = 1.15 × 10-8) and with all the cognitive traits tested (p = 3.07 × 10-8), suggesting (relational) pleiotropic effects of this variant. A polygenic risk score (PRS) analysis revealed significant genetic overlaps of some of the DD-related traits with educational attainment (EDUyears) and ADHD. Reading and spelling abilities were positively associated with EDUyears (p ~ [10-5-10-7]) and negatively associated with ADHD PRS (p ~ [10-8-10-17]). This corroborates a long-standing hypothesis on the partly shared genetic etiology of DD and ADHD, at the genome-wide level. Our findings suggest new candidate DD susceptibility genes and provide new insights into the genetics of dyslexia and its comorbities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gialluisi
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Sypartially), Munich, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Till F M Andlauer
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Sypartially), Munich, Germany
| | - Nazanin Mirza-Schreiber
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Moll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Becker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin U Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - William Brandler
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ferenc Honbolygó
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre of Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dénes Tóth
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre of Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valéria Csépe
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre of Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, Universiy of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacqueline Hulslander
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Erik G Willcutt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John C DeFries
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Richard K Olson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Shelley D Smith
- Developmental Neuroscience Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bruce F Pennington
- Developmental Neuropsychology Lab & Clinic, Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Anniek Vaessen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience & Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Urs Maurer
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Heikki Lyytinen
- Centre for Research on Learning and Teaching, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Paavo H T Leppänen
- Centre for Research on Learning and Teaching, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Milene Bonte
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience & Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - John F Stein
- Department of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joel B Talcott
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fabien Fauchereau
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Arndt Wilcke
- Cognitive Genetics Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clyde Francks
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anthony P Monaco
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Franck Ramus
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, EHESS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Karin Landerl
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria and BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Molecular Medicine Program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas S Scerri
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research & Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes Schumacher
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Sypartially), Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Gerd Schulte-Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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Reading disability due to an ocular motor disorder: A case of an adolescent girl with a previous diagnosis of dyslexia. Brain Dev 2019; 41:187-190. [PMID: 30266219 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dyslexia is a reading disability characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition, which are thought to stem from a phonological processing impairment. Herein we report the case of a 13-year-old girl who received the diagnosis of dyslexia at age 12 years. We considered this diagnosis to be incorrect because her reading difficulty was caused by a spontaneously repeated eye movement toward the vertical direction; the eyes were likely to show slow, upward drifts followed by quick downward movement at the physical examination, and the amplitude of the downward movement was increased when she changed eye positions to look at the upper direction in the evaluation of the eye tracker. Although we considered there was the possibility that the spontaneously repeated eye movement was classified as the spontaneous downbeat nystagmus, the eye tracker showed the transition of the gaze starting from and returning to was inconsistent with nystagmus, and we concluded that the term of nystagmus like abnormal eye movement was appropriate for the expression of the spontaneously repeated eye movement. There was no apparent abnormality on head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and whole exome sequencing showed no known candidate genes to explain the cerebellar dysfunction. An accumulation of similar cases in the future should help elucidate the pathomechanism observed in this case, and we should fully pay attention to evaluate the neurological aspects of the patients before settling on the diagnosis of dyslexia.
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Guidi LG, Velayos‐Baeza A, Martinez‐Garay I, Monaco AP, Paracchini S, Bishop DVM, Molnár Z. The neuronal migration hypothesis of dyslexia: A critical evaluation 30 years on. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:3212-3233. [PMID: 30218584 PMCID: PMC6282621 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The capacity for language is one of the key features underlying the complexity of human cognition and its evolution. However, little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate normal or impaired linguistic ability. For developmental dyslexia, early postmortem studies conducted in the 1980s linked the disorder to subtle defects in the migration of neurons in the developing neocortex. These early studies were reinforced by human genetic analyses that identified dyslexia susceptibility genes and subsequent evidence of their involvement in neuronal migration. In this review, we examine recent experimental evidence that does not support the link between dyslexia and neuronal migration. We critically evaluate gene function studies conducted in rodent models and draw attention to the lack of robust evidence from histopathological and imaging studies in humans. Our review suggests that the neuronal migration hypothesis of dyslexia should be reconsidered, and the neurobiological basis of dyslexia should be approached with a fresh start.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz G. Guidi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Antonio Velayos‐Baeza
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Isabel Martinez‐Garay
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Division of NeuroscienceSchool of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | | | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Mascheretti S, Andreola C, Scaini S, Sulpizio S. Beyond genes: A systematic review of environmental risk factors in specific reading disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 82:147-152. [PMID: 29566979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While an understanding of the genetic contributions to specific reading disorder (RD) is emerging, there is no agreement about which putative hazard factors are clearly involved in the aetiology of this disorder. AIMS A literature review looking at the impact of environmental risk variables implicated in RD either per se or when interacting with the genes. METHODS AND PROCEDURES We performed a systematic literature review using the following keywords: dyslexia OR reading disability AND environmental risk factors OR environmental hazard factors, in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus and PsycINFO, without any time restrictions. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Gestational weeks and birth weight are among the pre- and peri-natal risk factors shown to reliably predict reading readiness and the odds of having RD. Inconclusive findings have been reported for maternal cigarette smoking, family history of psychiatric and medical diseases, and risk of miscarriage. A broad definition of familial socio-economic status and home literacy environment have been identified as good life-long risk predictors of reading skills. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We highlighted the need to consider environmental hazards, their interactions and interactions with RD-candidate genes in the study of the aetiology of RD in order to provide much-needed insight into how these variables influence reading skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mascheretti
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Chiara Andreola
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
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Rios DM, Correia Rios M, Bandeira ID, Queiros Campbell F, de Carvalho Vaz D, Lucena R. Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Reading Skills of Children and Adolescents With Dyslexia. Child Neurol Open 2018; 5:2329048X18798255. [PMID: 30306098 PMCID: PMC6174647 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x18798255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rehabilitation techniques have been used to facilitate reading acquisition in dyslexia. However, many individuals continue to present academic impairment throughout life. New intervention strategies are necessary to further help this population. Objectives: Assess the impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on reading skills in children and adolescents with dyslexia. Methods: The study was conducted with one-group pretest–posttest. Participants received 2 mA transcranial direct current stimulation during 30 minutes for 5 consecutive days. Reading performance was measured by a group of tasks (identification and reading of letters, syllables, words, nonwords, and text). Results: A significant increase in the number of correct answers for nonwords and text tasks was observed after transcranial direct current stimulation (P = .035 and P = .012, respectively). Conclusion: The transcranial direct current stimulation seems to be a promising tool for the treatment of reading problems in dyslexia. Future studies are necessary to confirm the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and to establish optimal intervention protocol in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Medeiros Rios
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Igor Dórea Bandeira
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Queiros Campbell
- Department of Biomorphology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Carvalho Vaz
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rita Lucena
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Devasenapathy S, Midha R, Naskar T, Mehta A, Prajapati B, Ummekulsum M, Sagar R, Singh NC, Sinha S. A pilot Indian family-based association study between dyslexia and Reelin pathway genes, DCDC2 and ROBO1, identifies modest association with a triallelic unit TAT in the gene RELN. Asian J Psychiatr 2018; 37:121-129. [PMID: 30199849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests as a reading disability despite normal intelligence and adequate educational opportunity. Twin and family studies have indicated a genetic component, while genome-wide studies have implicated a number of susceptibility genes, most of which have direct or indirect roles in neuronal migration. Reelin (RELN) has important biological functions facilitating migration of neurons. Polymorphisms in RELN have been implicated in related disorders like autism and schizophrenia but have not been examined in dyslexia. We hypothesized that not only RELN, but its interactors in the neuronal migration pathway may play roles in the etiology of dyslexia. Twenty two functional variants across six RELN signalling genes (RELN, VLDLR, APOER2, DAB1, LIS1 and NDEL1) and two dyslexia candidate genes (DCDC2 and ROBO1) were analyzed for association in twenty six nuclear and three extended families with individuals affected with dyslexia. Univariate association analysis was suggestive of association (puncorrected = 0.01) with rs362746 in RELN which however did not withstand Bonferroni corrections (pcorrected = 0.21). Multimarker tests indicated significant association (p = 0.037), based on which we tested for haplotype associations. Although there were no significant haplotypic associations, we found that a three marker unit with rs3808039 and rs2072403 flanking and independently in linkage disequilibrium with rs362746 was significantly overtransmitted (risk allelic combination - TAT) to dyslexia affected individuals in the sample (p = 0.002). Our results suggest preliminary evidence for a new potential risk variant in the RELN locus for dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rashi Midha
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122051, India
| | - Teesta Naskar
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122051, India
| | - Anuradha Mehta
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122051, India
| | | | | | - Rajesh Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110026, India
| | - Nandini C Singh
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122051, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122051, India
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Perdue MV, Mascheretti S, Kornilov SA, Jasińska KK, Ryherd K, Einar Mencl W, Frost SJ, Grigorenko EL, Pugh KR, Landi N. Common variation within the SETBP1 gene is associated with reading-related skills and patterns of functional neural activation. Neuropsychologia 2018; 130:44-51. [PMID: 30009840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological population studies highlight the presence of substantial individual variability in reading skill, with approximately 5-10% of individuals characterized as having specific reading disability (SRD). Despite reported substantial heritability, typical for a complex trait, the specifics of the connections between reading and the genome are not understood. Recently, the SETBP1 gene has been implicated in several complex neurodevelopmental syndromes and disorders that impact language. Here, we examined the relationship between common polymorphisms in this gene, reading, and reading associated behaviors using data from an ongoing project on the genetic basis of SRD (n = 135). In addition, an exploratory analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between SETBP1 and brain activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI; n = 73). Gene-based analyses revealed a significant association between SETBP1 and phonological working memory, with rs7230525 as the strongest associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). fMRI analysis revealed that the rs7230525-T allele is associated with functional neural activation during reading and listening to words and pseudowords in the right inferior parietal lobule (IPL). These findings suggest that common genetic variation within SETBP1 is associated with reading behavior and reading-related brain activation patterns in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan V Perdue
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sara Mascheretti
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, LC, Italy
| | - Sergey A Kornilov
- Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation, and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kaja K Jasińska
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Linguistics and Cognitive Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Kayleigh Ryherd
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Elena L Grigorenko
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA; Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation, and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; St. Petersburg State University, Russia
| | - Kenneth R Pugh
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicole Landi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Altay MA, Görker I. Assessment of Psychiatric Comorbidity and WISC-R Profiles in Cases Diagnosed with Specific Learning Disorder According to DSM-5 Criteria. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2018; 55:127-134. [PMID: 30057453 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2017.18123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this study, the frequency of psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents who were diagnosed with specific learning disorder, the factors that affect the frequency of comorbidity, the subtypes of specific learning disorder and the effects on cognitive profile have been investigated. Methods Our study was performed among 80 cases with the age range 6-15 years who diagnosed with specific learning disorder Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department between January and June 2015. In the study, DSM-IV Based Screening and Evaluation Scale for Child and Adolescent Behavioral Disorders, Specific Learning Disability Evaluation Scale and the WISC-R test were performed. During the interview, reading-writing-math abilities evaluation list (error analysis) was performed in order to define the specific learning disorder subgroup and to evaluate the detailed error profile of the specific learning disorder subgroup. Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-age Children-Present and Lifetime Turkish Version (KSADS) was performed to detect psychiatric comorbidity diagnoses. Results 92.5% of the cases have a comorbid psychiatric disorder. The most frequent psychiatric comorbidity was attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (82.3%), followed by specific phobia (46.3%), oppositional defiant disorder (26.3%), enuresis (25%) and tic disorders (22.5%). Psychiatric comorbidity is detected more often in patients with specific learning disorder accompanied by attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. The most frequent subtype of specific learning disorder is combined type disorder consisting of reading, writing and math disorder (37.5%). The WISC-R score of the patients who had math disorder were found to be lower than the others, and also it was detected that they learned reading and writing later, and have more comorbid psychiatric disorders. Conclusion The results of our study indicate that associated psychiatric disorders are frequent with specific learning disorder. Specific learning disorder should not be considered as a single disorder, but should be assessed and treated with comorbid psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengühan Araz Altay
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Edirne Sultan 1. Murat State Hospital, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Işık Görker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
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Gu H, Hou F, Liu L, Luo X, Nkomola PD, Xie X, Li X, Song R. Genetic variants in the CNTNAP2 gene are associated with gender differences among dyslexic children in China. EBioMedicine 2018; 34:165-170. [PMID: 30017804 PMCID: PMC6116347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that males have a higher prevalence of developmental dyslexia (DD) than females. Although the mechanism underlying this gender difference remains unknown, the contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) gene, which shows sex-specific patterns in some neurodevelopmental disorders, has attracted extensive attention. This study aimed to explore whether CNTNAP2 shows a sex-specific association with DD in a Chinese population. Methods Using genomic DNA samples of 726 students [372 cases (282 male, 90 female), 354 controls (267 male, 87 female)], we genotyped five SNPs of CNTNAP2. Gender-stratified logistic regression models were used to determine the relationships between the CNTNAP2 variants and DD. Findings After adjustment for the false discovery rate (FDR), two SNPs (rs3779031, rs987456) of CNTNAP2 were associated with DD risk in females but not in males. Female participants carrying the rs3779031 G allele had a lower risk of DD than those with the A genotype [GG vs AA: OR (95%CI) = 0.281 (0.097–0.814)]. The rs987456 CC genotype was associated with a decreased risk of DD in females [CC vs AA+CA: OR (95%CI) = 0.222 (0.078–0.628)]. Furthermore, the interaction between CNTNAP2 (rs987456) and environmental factors (scheduled reading time) played a protective role in females [OR (95%CI) = 0.431 (0.188–0.987)]. Interpretation We performed a genetic association study on CNTNAP2 variants and DD. The sex specificity of CNTNAP2 in DD, along with the gene-environment interaction may help us to understand gender differences in DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiting Gu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Fang Hou
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Lingfei Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xiu Luo
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Pauline Denis Nkomola
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xinyan Xie
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Ranran Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
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The influence of DCDC2 risk genetic variants on reading: Testing main and haplotypic effects. Neuropsychologia 2018; 130:52-58. [PMID: 29803723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a complex neurodevelopmental heritable disorder. Among DD candidate genes, DCDC2 is one of the most replicated, with rs793862, READ1 and rs793842 likely contribute to phenotypic variability in reading (dis)ability. In this study, we tested the effects of these genetic variants on DD as a categorical trait and on quantitative reading-related measures in a sample of 555 Italian nuclear families with 930 offspring, of which 687 were diagnosed with DD. We conducted both single-marker and haplotype analyses, finding that the READ1-deletion was significantly associated with reading, whereas no significant haplotype associations were found. Our findings add further evidence to support the hypothesis of a DCDC2 contribution to inter-individual variation in distinct indicators of reading (dis)ability in transparent languages (i.e., reading accuracy and speed), suggesting a potential pleiotropic effect.
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32
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Langer N, Peysakhovich B, Zuk J, Drottar M, Sliva DD, Smith S, Becker BLC, Grant PE, Gaab N. White Matter Alterations in Infants at Risk for Developmental Dyslexia. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1027-1036. [PMID: 26643353 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a heritable condition characterized by persistent difficulties in learning to read. White matter alterations in left-lateralized language areas, particularly in the arcuate fasciculus (AF), have been observed in DD, and diffusion properties within the AF correlate with (pre-)reading skills as early as kindergarten. However, it is unclear how early these alterations can be observed. We investigated white matter structure in 14 infants with (FHD+; ages 6.6-17.6 months) and 18 without (FHD-; ages 5.1-17.6 months) familial risk for DD. Diffusion scans were acquired during natural sleep, and early language skills were assessed. Tractography for bilateral AF was reconstructed using manual and automated methods, allowing for independent validation of results. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was calculated at multiple nodes along the tracts for more precise localization of group differences. The analyses revealed significantly lower FA in the left AF for FHD+ compared with FHD- infants, particularly in the central portion of the tract. Moreover, expressive language positively correlated with FA across groups. Our results demonstrate that atypical brain development associated with DD is already present within the first 18 months of life, suggesting that the deficits associated with DD may result from altered structural connectivity in left-hemispheric regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Langer
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barbara Peysakhovich
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Zuk
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marie Drottar
- Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Danielle D Sliva
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA.,Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara Smith
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bryce L C Becker
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Ellen Grant
- Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nadine Gaab
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Mascheretti S, Gori S, Trezzi V, Ruffino M, Facoetti A, Marino C. Visual motion and rapid auditory processing are solid endophenotypes of developmental dyslexia. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 17:70-81. [PMID: 28834383 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although a genetic component is known to have an important role in the etiology of developmental dyslexia (DD), we are far from understanding the molecular etiopathogenetic pathways. Reduced measures of neurobiological functioning related to reading (dis)ability, i.e. endophenotypes (EPs), are promising targets for gene finding and the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms. In a sample of 100 nuclear families with DD (229 offspring) and 83 unrelated typical readers, we tested whether a set of well-established, cognitive phenotypes related to DD [i.e. rapid auditory processing (RAP), rapid automatized naming (RAN), multisensory nonspatial attention and visual motion processing] fulfilled the criteria of the EP construct. Visual motion and RAP satisfied all testable criteria (i.e. they are heritable, associate with the disorder, co-segregate with the disorder within a family and represent reproducible measures) and are therefore solid EPs of DD. Multisensory nonspatial attention satisfied three of four criteria (i.e. it associates with the disorder, co-segregates with the disorder within a family and represents a reproducible measure) and is therefore a potential EP for DD. Rapid automatized naming is heritable but does not meet other criteria of the EP construct. We provide the first evidence of a methodologically and statistically sound approach for identifying EPs for DD to be exploited as a solid alternative basis to clinical phenotypes in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Mascheretti
- Child Psychopathology Unit; Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini Italy
| | - S. Gori
- Child Psychopathology Unit; Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini Italy
- Department of Human and Social Sciences; University of Bergamo; Bergamo Italy
| | - V. Trezzi
- Child Psychopathology Unit; Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini Italy
| | - M. Ruffino
- Child Psychopathology Unit; Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini Italy
| | - A. Facoetti
- Child Psychopathology Unit; Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini Italy
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - C. Marino
- Child Psychopathology Unit; Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea; Bosisio Parini Italy
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; University of Toronto; ON Canada
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34
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Rendall AR, Tarkar A, Contreras-Mora HM, LoTurco JJ, Fitch RH. Deficits in learning and memory in mice with a mutation of the candidate dyslexia susceptibility gene Dyx1c1. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 172:30-38. [PMID: 25989970 PMCID: PMC4646737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dyslexia is a learning disability characterized by difficulty learning to read and write. The underlying biological and genetic etiology remains poorly understood. One candidate gene, dyslexia susceptibility 1 candidate 1 (DYX1C1), has been shown to be associated with deficits in short-term memory in dyslexic populations. The purpose of the current study was to examine the behavioral phenotype of a mouse model with a homozygous conditional (forebrain) knockout of the rodent homolog Dyx1c1. Twelve Dyx1c1 conditional homozygous knockouts, 7 Dyx1c1 conditional heterozygous knockouts and 6 wild-type controls were behaviorally assessed. Mice with the homozygous Dyx1c1 knockout showed deficits on memory and learning, but not on auditory or motor tasks. These findings affirm existing evidence that DYX1C1 may play an underlying role in the development of neural systems important to learning and memory, and disruption of this function could contribute to the learning deficits seen in individuals with dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Rendall
- Department of Psychology/Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
| | - Aarti Tarkar
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3156, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Hector M Contreras-Mora
- Department of Psychology/Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Joseph J LoTurco
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3156, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - R Holly Fitch
- Department of Psychology/Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
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Identification of NCAN as a candidate gene for developmental dyslexia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9294. [PMID: 28839234 PMCID: PMC5570950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A whole-genome linkage analysis in a Finnish pedigree of eight cases with developmental dyslexia (DD) revealed several regions shared by the affected individuals. Analysis of coding variants from two affected individuals identified rs146011974G > A (Ala1039Thr), a rare variant within the NCAN gene co-segregating with DD in the pedigree. This variant prompted us to consider this gene as a putative candidate for DD. The RNA expression pattern of the NCAN gene in human tissues was highly correlated (R > 0.8) with that of the previously suggested DD susceptibility genes KIAA0319, CTNND2, CNTNAP2 and GRIN2B. We investigated the association of common variation in NCAN to brain structures in two data sets: young adults (Brainchild study, Sweden) and infants (FinnBrain study, Finland). In young adults, we found associations between a common genetic variant in NCAN, rs1064395, and white matter volume in the left and right temporoparietal as well as the left inferior frontal brain regions. In infants, this same variant was found to be associated with cingulate and prefrontal grey matter volumes. Our results suggest NCAN as a new candidate gene for DD and indicate that NCAN variants affect brain structure.
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The role of READ1 and KIAA0319 genetic variations in developmental dyslexia: testing main and interactive effects. J Hum Genet 2017; 62:949-955. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2017.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Parrila RK, Protopapas A. Dyslexia and word reading problems. STUDIES IN WRITTEN LANGUAGE AND LITERACY 2017. [DOI: 10.1075/swll.15.19par] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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38
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Audio-visual speech perception in adult readers with dyslexia: an fMRI study. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 12:357-368. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Mascheretti S, Trezzi V, Giorda R, Boivin M, Plourde V, Vitaro F, Brendgen M, Dionne G, Marino C. Complex effects of dyslexia risk factors account for ADHD traits: evidence from two independent samples. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:75-82. [PMID: 27501527 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental dyslexia (DD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are among the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, whose etiology involves multiple risk factors. DD and ADHD co-occur in the same individuals much more often than would be expected by chance. Several studies have found significant bivariate heritability, and specific genes associated with either DD or ADHD have been investigated for association in the other disorder. Moreover, there are likely to be gene-by-gene and gene-by-environment interaction effects (G × G and G × E, respectively) underlying the comorbidity between DD and ADHD. We investigated the pleiotropic effects of 19 SNPs spanning five DD genes (DYX1C1, DCDC2, KIAA0319, ROBO1, and GRIN2B) and seven DD environmental factors (smoke, miscarriage, birth weight, breastfeeding, parental age, socioeconomic status, and parental education) for main, either (a) genetic or (b) environmental, (c) G × G, and (d) G × E upon inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. We then attempted replication of these findings in an independent twin cohort. METHODS Marker-trait association was analyzed by implementing the Quantitative Transmission Disequilibrium Test (QTDT). Environmental associations were tested by partial correlations. G × G were investigated by a general linear model equation and a family-based association test. G × E were analyzed through a general test for G × E in sib pair-based association analysis of quantitative traits. RESULTS DCDC2-rs793862 was associated with hyperactivity/impulsivity via G × G (KIAA0319) and G × E (miscarriage). Smoke was significantly correlated with hyperactivity/impulsivity. We replicated the DCDC2 × KIAA0319 interaction upon hyperactivity/impulsivity in the twin cohort. CONCLUSIONS DD genetic (DCDC2) and environmental factors (smoke and miscarriage) underlie ADHD traits supporting a potential pleiotropic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mascheretti
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Vittoria Trezzi
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Roberto Giorda
- Molecular Biology Lab, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Michel Boivin
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Ecole de Psychologie, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.,Institute of Genetic, Neurobiological, and Social Foundations of Child Development, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vickie Plourde
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Ecole de Psychologie, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psycho-Education, GRIP, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mara Brendgen
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ginette Dionne
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Ecole de Psychologie, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Cecilia Marino
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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40
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Neurogenetics of developmental dyslexia: from genes to behavior through brain neuroimaging and cognitive and sensorial mechanisms. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e987. [PMID: 28045463 PMCID: PMC5545717 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a complex neurodevelopmental deficit characterized by impaired reading acquisition, in spite of adequate neurological and sensorial conditions, educational opportunities and normal intelligence. Despite the successful characterization of DD-susceptibility genes, we are far from understanding the molecular etiological pathways underlying the development of reading (dis)ability. By focusing mainly on clinical phenotypes, the molecular genetics approach has yielded mixed results. More optimally reduced measures of functioning, that is, intermediate phenotypes (IPs), represent a target for researching disease-associated genetic variants and for elucidating the underlying mechanisms. Imaging data provide a viable IP for complex neurobehavioral disorders and have been extensively used to investigate both morphological, structural and functional brain abnormalities in DD. Performing joint genetic and neuroimaging studies in humans is an emerging strategy to link DD-candidate genes to the brain structure and function. A limited number of studies has already pursued the imaging-genetics integration in DD. However, the results are still not sufficient to unravel the complexity of the reading circuit due to heterogeneous study design and data processing. Here, we propose an interdisciplinary, multilevel, imaging-genetic approach to disentangle the pathways from genes to behavior. As the presence of putative functional genetic variants has been provided and as genetic associations with specific cognitive/sensorial mechanisms have been reported, new hypothesis-driven imaging-genetic studies must gain momentum. This approach would lead to the optimization of diagnostic criteria and to the early identification of 'biologically at-risk' children, supporting the definition of adequate and well-timed prevention strategies and the implementation of novel, specific remediation approach.
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41
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Powers SJ, Wang Y, Beach SD, Sideridis GD, Gaab N. Examining the relationship between home literacy environment and neural correlates of phonological processing in beginning readers with and without a familial risk for dyslexia: an fMRI study. ANNALS OF DYSLEXIA 2016; 66:337-360. [PMID: 27550556 PMCID: PMC5061614 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-016-0134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a language-based learning disability characterized by persistent difficulty in learning to read. While an understanding of genetic contributions is emerging, the ways the environment affects brain functioning in children with developmental dyslexia are poorly understood. A relationship between the home literacy environment (HLE) and neural correlates of reading has been identified in typically developing children, yet it remains unclear whether similar effects are observable in children with a genetic predisposition for dyslexia. Understanding environmental contributions is important given that we do not understand why some genetically at-risk children do not develop dyslexia. Here, we investigate for the first time the relationship between HLE and the neural correlates of phonological processing in beginning readers with (FHD+, n = 29) and without (FHD-, n = 21) a family history of developmental dyslexia. We further controlled for socioeconomic status to isolate the neurobiological mechanism by which HLE affects reading development. Group differences revealed stronger correlation of HLE with brain activation in the left inferior/middle frontal and right fusiform gyri in FHD- compared to FHD+ children, suggesting greater impact of HLE on manipulation of phonological codes and recruitment of orthographic representations in typically developing children. In contrast, activation in the right precentral gyrus showed a significantly stronger correlation with HLE in FHD+ compared to FHD- children, suggesting emerging compensatory networks in genetically at-risk children. Overall, our results suggest that genetic predisposition for dyslexia alters contributions of HLE to early reading skills before formal reading instruction, which has important implications for educational practice and intervention models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Powers
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yingying Wang
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara D Beach
- Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology Program, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georgios D Sideridis
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nadine Gaab
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Developmental Medicine, Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Boston, 1 Autumn Street, Mailbox # 713, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Tammimies K, Bieder A, Lauter G, Sugiaman-Trapman D, Torchet R, Hokkanen ME, Burghoorn J, Castrén E, Kere J, Tapia-Páez I, Swoboda P. Ciliary dyslexia candidate genes DYX1C1 and DCDC2 are regulated by Regulatory Factor X (RFX) transcription factors through X-box promoter motifs. FASEB J 2016; 30:3578-3587. [PMID: 27451412 PMCID: PMC5024701 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500124rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
DYX1C1, DCDC2, and KIAA0319 are
three of the most replicated dyslexia candidate genes (DCGs). Recently, these DCGs
were implicated in functions at the cilium. Here, we investigate the regulation of
these DCGs by Regulatory Factor X transcription factors (RFX TFs), a gene family
known for transcriptionally regulating ciliary genes. We identify conserved X-box
motifs in the promoter regions of DYX1C1, DCDC2, and
KIAA0319 and demonstrate their functionality, as well as the
ability to recruit RFX TFs using reporter gene and electrophoretic mobility shift
assays. Furthermore, we uncover a complex regulation pattern between
RFX1, RFX2, and RFX3 and their
significant effect on modifying the endogenous expression of DYX1C1
and DCDC2 in a human retinal pigmented epithelial cell line
immortalized with hTERT (hTERT-RPE1). In addition, induction of ciliogenesis
increases the expression of RFX TFs and DCGs. At the protein level, we show that
endogenous DYX1C1 localizes to the base of the cilium, whereas DCDC2 localizes along
the entire axoneme of the cilium, thereby validating earlier localization studies
using overexpression models. Our results corroborate the emerging role of DCGs in
ciliary function and characterize functional noncoding elements, X-box promoter
motifs, in DCG promoter regions, which thus can be targeted for mutation screening in
dyslexia and ciliopathies associated with these genes.—Tammimies, K., Bieder,
A., Lauter, G., Sugiaman-Trapman, D., Torchet, R., Hokkanen, M.-E., Burghoorn, J.,
Castrén, E., Kere, J., Tapia-Páez, I., Swoboda, P. Ciliary dyslexia
candidate genes DYX1C1 and DCDC2 are regulated by
Regulatory Factor (RF) X transcription factors through X-box promoter motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Tammimies
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Bieder
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Gilbert Lauter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Rachel Torchet
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Burghoorn
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Eero Castrén
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Isabel Tapia-Páez
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden;
| | - Peter Swoboda
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden;
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Ozernov-Palchik O, Yu X, Wang Y, Gaab N. Lessons to be learned: how a comprehensive neurobiological framework of atypical reading development can inform educational practice. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016; 10:45-58. [PMID: 27766284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dyslexia is a heritable reading disorder with an estimated prevalence of 5-17%. A multiple deficit model has been proposed that illustrates dyslexia as an outcome of multiple risks and protective factors interacting at the genetic, neural, cognitive, and environmental levels. Here we review the evidence on each of these levels and discuss possible underlying mechanisms and their reciprocal interactions along a developmental timeline. Current and potential implications of neuroscientific findings for contemporary challenges in the field of dyslexia, as well as for reading development and education in general, are then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Ozernov-Palchik
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02115, United States; Center for Reading and Language Research, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - Xi Yu
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Yingying Wang
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Nadine Gaab
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
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Massinen S, Wang J, Laivuori K, Bieder A, Tapia Paez I, Jiao H, Kere J. Genomic sequencing of a dyslexia susceptibility haplotype encompassing ROBO1. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:4. [PMID: 26877820 PMCID: PMC4751651 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The DYX5 locus for developmental dyslexia was mapped to chromosome 3 by linkage study of a large Finnish family, and later, roundabout guidance receptor 1 (ROBO1) was implicated as a candidate gene at DYX5 with suppressed expression from the segregating rare haplotype. A functional magnetoencephalographic study of several family members revealed abnormal auditory processing of interaural interaction, supporting a defect in midline crossing of auditory pathways. In the current study, we have characterized genetic variation in the broad ROBO1 gene region in the DYX5-linked family, aiming to identify variants that would increase our understanding of the altered expression of ROBO1. Methods We have used a whole genome sequencing strategy on a pooled sample of 19 individuals in combination with two individually sequenced genomes. The discovered genetic variants were annotated and filtered. Subsequently, the most interesting variants were functionally tested using relevant methods, including electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), luciferase assay, and gene knockdown by lentiviral small hairpin RNA (shRNA) in lymphoblasts. Results We found one novel intronic single nucleotide variant (SNV) and three novel intergenic SNVs in the broad region of ROBO1 that were specific to the dyslexia susceptibility haplotype. Functional testing by EMSA did not support the binding of transcription factors to three of the SNVs, but one of the SNVs was bound by the LIM homeobox 2 (LHX2) protein, with increased binding affinity for the non-reference allele. Knockdown of LHX2 in lymphoblast cell lines extracted from subjects from the DYX5-linked family showed decreasing expression of ROBO1, supporting the idea that LHX2 regulates ROBO1 also in human. Conclusions The discovered variants may explain the segregation of dyslexia in this family, but the effect appears subtle in the experimental settings. Their impact on the developing human brain remains suggestive based on the association and subtle experimental support. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s11689-016-9136-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Massinen
- Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Krista Laivuori
- Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Bieder
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabel Tapia Paez
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong Jiao
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Einarsdottir E, Svensson I, Darki F, Peyrard-Janvid M, Lindvall JM, Ameur A, Jacobsson C, Klingberg T, Kere J, Matsson H. Mutation in CEP63 co-segregating with developmental dyslexia in a Swedish family. Hum Genet 2015; 134:1239-48. [PMID: 26400686 PMCID: PMC4628622 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is the most common learning disorder in children. Problems in reading and writing are likely due to a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors, resulting in reduced power of studies of the genetic factors underlying developmental dyslexia. Our approach in the current study was to perform exome sequencing of affected and unaffected individuals within an extended pedigree with a familial form of developmental dyslexia. We identified a two-base mutation, causing a p.R229L amino acid substitution in the centrosomal protein 63 kDa (CEP63), co-segregating with developmental dyslexia in this pedigree. This mutation is novel, and predicted to be highly damaging for the function of the protein. 3D modelling suggested a distinct conformational change caused by the mutation. CEP63 is localised to the centrosome in eukaryotic cells and is required for maintaining normal centriole duplication and control of cell cycle progression. We found that a common polymorphism in the CEP63 gene had a significant association with brain white matter volume. The brain regions were partly overlapping with the previously reported region influenced by polymorphisms in the dyslexia susceptibility genes DYX1C1 and KIAA0319. We hypothesise that CEP63 is particularly important for brain development and might control the proliferation and migration of cells when those two events need to be highly coordinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Idor Svensson
- Department of Psychology, Linneaus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Fahimeh Darki
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Myriam Peyrard-Janvid
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jessica M Lindvall
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences (BILS), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adam Ameur
- Uppsala Genome Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Torkel Klingberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Molecular Neurology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hans Matsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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de Zeeuw EL, de Geus EJ, Boomsma DI. Meta-analysis of twin studies highlights the importance of genetic variation in primary school educational achievement. Trends Neurosci Educ 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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47
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Che A, Truong DT, Fitch RH, LoTurco JJ. Mutation of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene Dcdc2 Enhances Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission Between Layer 4 Neurons in Mouse Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:3705-3718. [PMID: 26250775 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in DCDC2 have been associated with reading disability in humans, and targeted mutation of Dcdc2 in mice causes impairments in both learning and sensory processing. In this study, we sought to determine whether Dcdc2 mutation affects functional synaptic circuitry in neocortex. We found mutation in Dcdc2 resulted in elevated spontaneous and evoked glutamate release from neurons in somatosensory cortex. The probability of release was decreased to wild-type level by acute application of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists when postsynaptic NMDARs were blocked by intracellular MK-801, and could not be explained by elevated ambient glutamate, suggesting altered, nonpostsynaptic NMDAR activation in the mutants. In addition, we determined that the increased excitatory transmission was present at layer 4-layer 4 but not thalamocortical connections in Dcdc2 mutants, and larger evoked synaptic release appeared to enhance the NMDAR-mediated effect. These results demonstrate an NMDAR activation-gated, increased functional excitatory connectivity between layer 4 lateral connections in somatosensory neocortex of the mutants, providing support for potential changes in cortical connectivity and activation resulting from mutation of dyslexia candidate gene Dcdc2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Che
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology.,Current address: Weill Cornell Medical College, Brain & Mind Research Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Dongnhu T Truong
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Current address: Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - R Holly Fitch
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Männel C, Meyer L, Wilcke A, Boltze J, Kirsten H, Friederici AD. Working-memory endophenotype and dyslexia-associated genetic variant predict dyslexia phenotype. Cortex 2015; 71:291-305. [PMID: 26283516 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia, a severe impairment of literacy acquisition, is known to have a neurological basis and a strong genetic background. However, effects of individual genetic variations on dyslexia-associated deficits are only moderate and call for the assessment of the genotype's impact on mediating neuro-endophenotypes by the imaging genetics approach. Using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in German participants with and without dyslexia, we investigated gray matter changes and their association with impaired phonological processing, such as reduced verbal working memory. These endophenotypical alterations were, together with dyslexia-associated genetic variations, examined on their suitability as potential predictors of dyslexia. We identified two gray matter clusters in the left posterior temporal cortex related to verbal working memory capacity. Regional cluster differences correlated with genetic risk variants in TNFRSF1B. High-genetic-risk participants exhibit a structural predominance of auditory-association areas relative to auditory-sensory areas, which may partly compensate for deficient early auditory-sensory processing stages of verbal working memory. The reverse regional predominance observed in low-genetic-risk participants may in turn reflect reliance on these early auditory-sensory processing stages. Logistic regression analysis further supported that regional gray matter differences and genetic risk interact in the prediction of individuals' diagnostic status: With increasing genetic risk, the working-memory related structural predominance of auditory-association areas relative to auditory-sensory areas classifies participants with dyslexia versus control participants. Focusing on phonological deficits in dyslexia, our findings suggest endophenotypical changes in the left posterior temporal cortex could comprise novel pathomechanisms for verbal working memory-related processes translating TNFRSF1B genotype into the dyslexia phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Männel
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Lars Meyer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arndt Wilcke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Holger Kirsten
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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An assessment of gene-by-gene interactions as a tool to unfold missing heritability in dyslexia. Hum Genet 2015; 134:749-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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50
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Matsson H, Huss M, Persson H, Einarsdottir E, Tiraboschi E, Nopola-Hemmi J, Schumacher J, Neuhoff N, Warnke A, Lyytinen H, Schulte-Körne G, Nöthen MM, Leppänen PHT, Peyrard-Janvid M, Kere J. Polymorphisms in DCDC2 and S100B associate with developmental dyslexia. J Hum Genet 2015; 60:399-401. [PMID: 25877001 PMCID: PMC4521290 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies of complex traits have become increasingly successful as progress is made in next-generation sequencing. We aimed at discovering single nucleotide variation present in known and new candidate genes for developmental dyslexia: CYP19A1, DCDC2, DIP2A, DYX1C1, GCFC2 (also known as C2orf3), KIAA0319, MRPL19, PCNT, PRMT2, ROBO1 and S100B. We used next-generation sequencing to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the exons of these 11 genes in pools of 100 DNA samples of Finnish individuals with developmental dyslexia. Subsequent individual genotyping of those 100 individuals, and additional cases and controls from the Finnish and German populations, validated 92 out of 111 different single-nucleotide variants. A nonsynonymous polymorphism in DCDC2 (corrected P=0.002) and a noncoding variant in S100B (corrected P=0.016) showed a significant association with spelling performance in families of German origin. No significant association was found for the variants neither in the Finnish case-control sample set nor in the Finnish family sample set. Our findings further strengthen the role of DCDC2 and implicate S100B, in the biology of reading and spelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Matsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mikael Huss
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden [2] Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Persson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ettore Tiraboschi
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jaana Nopola-Hemmi
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Gynecology and Pediatrics, Jorvi Hospital, University Central Hospital, Espoo, Finland
| | - Johannes Schumacher
- Institute of Human Genetics and Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nina Neuhoff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Warnke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Heikki Lyytinen
- Department of Psychology and Child Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Gert Schulte-Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Myriam Peyrard-Janvid
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- 1] Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden [2] Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden [3] Molecular Neurology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [4] Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
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