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Dalen KT, Li Y. Regulation of lipid droplets and cholesterol metabolism in adrenal cortical cells. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 124:79-136. [PMID: 38408810 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The adrenal gland is composed of two distinctly different endocrine moieties. The interior medulla consists of neuroendocrine chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline, while the exterior cortex consists of steroidogenic cortical cells that produce steroid hormones, such as mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisone and cortisol) and androgens. Synthesis of steroid hormones in cortical cells requires substantial amounts of cholesterol, which is the common precursor for steroidogenesis. Cortical cells may acquire cholesterol from de novo synthesis and uptake from circulating low- and high-density lipoprotein particles (LDL and HDL). As cholesterol is part of the plasma membrane in all mammalian cells and an important regulator of membrane fluidity, cellular levels of free cholesterol are tightly regulated. To ensure a robust supply of cholesterol for steroidogenesis and to avoid cholesterol toxicity, cortical cells store large amounts of cholesterol as cholesteryl esters in intracellular lipid droplets. Cortical steroidogenesis relies on both mobilization of cholesterol from lipid droplets and constant uptake of circulating cholesterol to replenish lipid droplet stores. This chapter will describe mechanisms involved in cholesterol uptake, cholesteryl ester synthesis, lipid droplet formation, hydrolysis of stored cholesteryl esters, as well as their impact on steroidogenesis. Additionally, animal models and human diseases characterized by altered cortical cholesteryl ester storage, with or without abnormal steroidogenesis, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Tomas Dalen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; The Norwegian Transgenic Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Yuchuan Li
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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Jia W, Wu X, Shi L. Naturally forming benzoic acid orientates perilipin to facilitate glyceride-type polyunsaturated fatty acid degradation via fermentation behavior. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1650-1671. [PMID: 36710193 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Naturally forming benzoic acid in fermented dairy products accumulates in organisms and biomagnifies through collateral transport. The association between benzoic acid agglomeration and susceptible lipid nutrients remains obscure. Horizontal analysis of lipidomic alteration in response to benzoic acid was conducted and the spatially proteomic map was constructed using label-free quantitative proteomics. From synergistic integration of multi-omics in benzoic acid accumulated fermented goat milk model, the biological processes of significant proteins mostly focused on glyceride-type polyunsaturated fatty acids degradation (143.818 ± 0.51 mg/kg to 104.613 ± 0.29 mg/kg). As a physiological barrier shield, perilipin, which is coated on the surface of lipid droplets, protects triacylglycerols from cytosolic lipases, thus preventing triglyceride hydrolysis. The expression of perilipin decreased by 90% compared with the control group, leading to the decrease of triglycerides. Benzoic acid suppressed phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines synthesis by attenuating choline phosphotransferase and ethanolamine phosphotransferase. Less diglyceride generated by the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid entered choline phosphotransferase and ethanolamine phosphotransferase-mediated glycerophospholipid metabolisms. Fermentation of goat milk at a low temperature and less incubation time leads to the production of less benzoic acid and mitigation of lipid nutrient loss. The present study delineated the molecular landscape of fermented goat milk containing endogenous benzoic acid and further dissected the trajectory guiding lipid alteration to advance control of benzoic acid residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021 China; Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Xi'an, 710021 China.
| | - Xixuan Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021 China
| | - Lin Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021 China
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Liu G, Zhang K, Shi Y, Lai Y. Glabellar wrinkle correction by autologous fat transplantation and evidence of human adipose tissue regeneration in a nude mouse model. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:3213-3219. [PMID: 34383987 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fat grafts are increasingly applied in augmenting soft tissue defects and correcting static wrinkles, but the outcome is always unpredictable because of high absorption rate. Perilipin1 (Plin1) and perilipin2 (Plin2), two perilipin family proteins on lipid droplets in adipocytes, are reported to be used as biomarkers to evaluate adipocyte regeneration in vivo. AIMS The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of glabellar wrinkle correction with autologous fat grafting and to observe human adipose regeneration in a nude mouse model. PATIENTS/METHODS Ten patients with 16 moderate or severe glabellar wrinkles underwent wrinkle correction by subcutaneously injecting autologous lipoaspirates obtained from the abdomen. The injection dose was 0.05 ml per 5 mm. The aspirated adipose tissue (0.05 ml) was also injected under the scalps of nude mice. Fat grafts were explanted at 3, 7, 15, 30, and 120 days after transplantation and the dynamic cellular changes were evaluated by HE staining and immunostaining of Plin1 and Plin2. RESULTS Among the sixteen wrinkle lines, thirteen were obviously improved 4 months after procedure. Eight of the ten patients were satisfied with their wrinkle correction effects. The fat grafts demonstrated a continuous changing process from degeneration to regeneration in the mouse model without significant absorption and necrosis. It was Plin1, not Plin2 that was expressed in mature adipocytes. After transplantation, Plin1 expression was lost in dead fat cells while Plin2 expression was activated in newly regenerated adipocytes. After 120 days, all the surviving adipocytes were negative for Plin2 but positive for Plin1 again. CONCLUSIONS Micro-volume fat transplantation was an easy and safe method to improve glabellum wrinkle lines, and the regenerative process of human adipose tissue could be verified in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangpeng Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxian Lai
- Biotherapy Center, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ma X, Zhi Z, Zhang S, Zhou C, Mechler A, Liu P. Validating an artificial organelle: Studies of lipid droplet-specific proteins on adiposome platform. iScience 2021; 24:102834. [PMID: 34368652 PMCID: PMC8326204 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies are urgently needed to characterize the functions of the lipid droplet (LD). Here, adiposome, an artificial LD mimetic platform, was validated by comparative in vitro bioassays. Scatchard analysis found that the binding of perilipin 2 (PLIN2) to the adiposome surface was saturable. Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) was found to inhibit PLIN2 binding while it did not impede perilipin 3 (PLIN3). Structural analysis combined with mutagenesis revealed that the 73rd glutamic acid of PLIN2 is significant for the effect of PtdIns on the PLIN2 binding. Furthermore, adiposome was also found to be an ideal platform for in situ enzymatic activity measurement of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). The significant serine mutants of ATGL were found to cause the loss of lipase activity. Our study demonstrates the adiposome as a powerful, manipulatable model system that mimics the function of LD for binding and enzymatic activity studies of LD proteins in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Ma
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zelun Zhi
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia
| | - Shuyan Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Adam Mechler
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Zhang K, Chen X, Zhang P, Liu G. Perilipin2 is an Earlier Marker Than Perilipin1 for Identifying Adipocyte Regeneration in Fat Grafts. Aesthet Surg J 2021; 41:NP646-NP652. [PMID: 33319243 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjaa360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both perilipin1 (Plin1) and perilipin2 (Plin2) play a crucial role in regulating lipid droplet (LD) formation in fat cells. Plin2 is expressed early in the adipocyte differentiation process but is replaced by Plin1 after cell maturation. In free fat grafts, only a small number of adipocytes remain alive or are replaced by newly regenerated fat cells. It is known that Plin1-positive adipocytes participate in regeneration, but the characteristics of Plin2 expression during this process are still poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate whether Plin2 is a more precise early marker for detecting adipocyte regeneration in fat grafts than Plin1. METHODS Autologous fat tissue (120 mg) harvested from inguinal fat pads was injected under the scalps of C57 mice. Samples were explanted at days 3, 7, 15, and 30 after transplantation. Changes in sample size and weight were evaluated. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunostaining of Plin1 and Plin2 expression were performed. RESULTS Plin1, but not Plin2, expression was detected in the freshly harvested fat, but the latter was activated after grafting. Newly regenerated Plin2-positive adipocytes increased from day 3 to day 7 and then declined, whereas the number of Plin1-positive fat cells decreased first and began to increase after day 15. The expression levels of Plin1 and Plin2 mRNA demonstrated similar changes over time. At day 30, adipocytes lost Plin2 expression and were positive for Plin1 again. CONCLUSIONS Our experiments showed convincing evidence that Plin2 expression could be used to detect early adipocyte regeneration in grafted fat tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Guangpeng Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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Örenay ÖM, Sarıfakıoğlu E, Gülekon A. Evaluation of perilipin 2 and melanocortin 5 receptor serum levels with sebogenesis in acne vulgaris patients. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2021. [DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2021.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wang H, Wen X, Yan M, Chang M, Zhang G, Peng W, Wu Y, Shen Y, Zhou J, Li H. The role of perilipin 2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 281:103497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Kirpich IA, Warner DR, Feng W, Joshi-Barve S, McClain CJ, Seth D, Zhong W, Zhou Z, Osna NA, Kharbanda KK. Mechanisms, biomarkers and targets for therapy in alcohol-associated liver injury: From Genetics to nutrition: Summary of the ISBRA 2018 symposium. Alcohol 2020; 83:105-114. [PMID: 31129175 PMCID: PMC7043088 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The symposium "Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Targets for Therapy in Alcohol-associated Liver Injury: From Genetics to Nutrition" was held at the 19th Congress of International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism on September 13th, 2018 in Kyoto, Japan. The goal of the symposium was to discuss the importance of genetics and nutrition in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) development from mechanistic and therapeutic perspectives. The following is a summary of this session addressing the gene polymorphisms in ALD, the role of zinc in gut-liver axis perturbations associated with ALD, highlighting the importance of dietary fat in ALD pathogenesis, the hepatic n6 and n3 PUFA oxylipin pattern associated with ethanol-induced liver injury, and finally deliberating on new biomarkers for alcoholic hepatitis and their implications for diagnosis and therapy. This summary of the symposium will benefit junior and senior faculty currently investigating alcohol-induced organ pathology as well as undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate students and fellows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dennis R Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Devanshi Seth
- Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia, And Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Leyland B, Boussiba S, Khozin-Goldberg I. A Review of Diatom Lipid Droplets. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9020038. [PMID: 32098118 PMCID: PMC7168155 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic nutrient availability and photon flux density of diatom habitats necessitate buffering capabilities in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis. This is accomplished by the biosynthesis and turnover of storage lipids, which are sequestered in lipid droplets (LDs). LDs are an organelle conserved among eukaryotes, composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a polar lipid monolayer. LDs shield the intracellular environment from the accumulation of hydrophobic compounds and function as a carbon and electron sink. These functions are implemented by interconnections with other intracellular systems, including photosynthesis and autophagy. Since diatom lipid production may be a promising objective for biotechnological exploitation, a deeper understanding of LDs may offer targets for metabolic engineering. In this review, we provide an overview of diatom LD biology and biotechnological potential.
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Hidalgo I, Nájera N, Meaney E, Pérez-Durán J, Valdespino-Vazquez Y, Villarreal F, Ceballos G. Effects of (-)-epicatechin on the time course of the expression of perilipins in a diet-induced model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 77:108296. [PMID: 32007822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The existing treatments for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are not completely effective. The need for new alternatives without adverse effects and low cost, such as the flavonoid (-)-epicatechin (EC), which has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and cardiovascular diseases, arises. The objective of this work was to analyze EC effects in the NASH induced by a Paigen-type diet (PD). Mice were administered with (1) normal chow and water, (2) PD + fructose 30% and (3) PD + fructose 30% + EC (1 mg/kg) per gavage during 9 weeks. At the end of each treatment, serum was collected for analysis of the biochemical profile and liver enzymes. The liver was collected for microscopic analysis and for the evaluation of the relative expression of Plin2, Plin3, CD36, adiponectin and UCP2. Results showed that EC reduced weight gain and decreased triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG/high-density lipoprotein and the activity of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase), suggesting lower liver damage. The microscopic analysis showed less "balloonization" of the hepatocyte, small drops of lipids, less accumulation of collagen and infiltration of inflammatory cells as compared to nontreated group. Finally, a decrease in the expression of Plin 2 was observed. While CD36 decreased, adiponectin and UCP2 increased. In conclusion, EC improves the biochemical profile, the microscopic characteristics and protein expression. Therefore, it may be a possible therapeutic approach for NASH since it prevents the progression of the hepatic and metabolic damage induced by high-fat diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hidalgo
- Seccion de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340 Ciudad de Mexico, CDMX
| | - Nayelli Nájera
- Seccion de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340 Ciudad de Mexico, CDMX
| | - Eduardo Meaney
- Seccion de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340 Ciudad de Mexico, CDMX
| | - Javier Pérez-Durán
- Laboratorio de Genetica y Genomica humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Lomas de Chapultepec, 11000 Ciudad de Mexico, CDMX
| | - Yolotzin Valdespino-Vazquez
- Anatomia Patologica. Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Lomas de Chapultepec, 11000 Ciudad de Mexico, CDMX
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Seccion de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340 Ciudad de Mexico, CDMX.
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Listenberger L, Townsend E, Rickertsen C, Hains A, Brown E, Inwards EG, Stoeckman AK, Matis MP, Sampathkumar RS, Osna NA, Kharbanda KK. Decreasing Phosphatidylcholine on the Surface of the Lipid Droplet Correlates with Altered Protein Binding and Steatosis. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120230. [PMID: 30477200 PMCID: PMC6316228 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) in the liver. Here, we explore the composition of hepatic LDs in a rat model of AFLD. Five to seven weeks of alcohol consumption led to significant increases in hepatic triglyceride mass, along with increases in LD number and size. Additionally, hepatic LDs from rats with early alcoholic liver injury show a decreased ratio of surface phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). This occurred in parallel with an increase in the LD association of perilipin 2, a prominent LD protein. To determine if changes to the LD phospholipid composition contributed to differences in protein association with LDs, we constructed liposomes that modeled the LD PC:PE ratios in AFLD and control rats. Reducing the ratio of PC to PE increased the binding of perilipin 2 to liposomes in an in vitro experiment. Moreover, we decreased the ratio of LD PC:PE in NIH 3T3 and AML12 cells by culturing these cells in choline-deficient media. We again detected increased association of specific LD proteins, including perilipin 2. Taken together, our experiments suggest an important link between LD phospholipids, protein composition, and lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Listenberger
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Townsend
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA.
| | - Cassandra Rickertsen
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA.
| | - Anastasia Hains
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Brown
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA.
| | - Emily G Inwards
- Department of Chemistry, Bethel University, St. Paul, MN 55112, USA.
| | | | - Mitchell P Matis
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE and Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
| | - Rebecca S Sampathkumar
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE and Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
| | - Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE and Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE and Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
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Zhao H, Wang J, Fang D, Lee O, Chatterton RT, Stearns V, Khan SA, Bulun SE. Adiposity Results in Metabolic and Inflammation Differences in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women Consistent with the Difference in Breast Cancer Risk. HORMONES & CANCER 2018; 9:229-239. [PMID: 29546532 PMCID: PMC10355891 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-018-0329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal but not in premenopausal women. Many factors may be responsible for this difference. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms by which the genes related to the AMPK pathway, inflammation, and estrogen actions are affected by adiposity in breast tissue with the objective of identifying differences that may explain the different breast cancer risk in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Random fine needle aspirates (rFNAs) of breast tissue were collected from 57 premenopausal and 55 postmenopausal women and were classified as normal weight, overweight, or obese. Expression levels of 21 target genes were determined using a TaqMan Low Density Array procedure. Breast tissue estradiol levels were measured by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry procedure, and serum estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured by a radioimmunoassay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. We found that in postmenopausal women, serum and tissue estradiol levels were increased in those who were overweight, and serum FSH levels were decreased in obese status. Interestingly, RPS6KB1, an AMPK downstream-responsive gene for protein synthesis and cell growth, and estrogen receptor α (encoded by the ESR1 gene) and its target gene GATA3 were significantly decreased in rFNA of premenopausal, obese women. In postmenopausal women, RPS6KB1, ESR1, and GATA3 expression remained unchanged in relation to adiposity. However, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), cyclin D1 (CCND1), and another ESR1 target gene, TFF1, were elevated in rFNA of obese postmenopausal women. Thus, as bodyweight increases, gene expression is indicative of increased proliferation in postmenopausal women but decreased proliferation in premenopausal women. Overall, our data reveal a novel process by which obesity promotes the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal but not premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, 303 E. Superior Street, Suite 4-121, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - J Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - O Lee
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R T Chatterton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - V Stearns
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S E Bulun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Schmölz L, Schubert M, Kirschner J, Kluge S, Galli F, Birringer M, Wallert M, Lorkowski S. Long-chain metabolites of vitamin E: Interference with lipotoxicity via lipid droplet associated protein PLIN2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:919-927. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Speziali G, Liesinger L, Gindlhuber J, Leopold C, Pucher B, Brandi J, Castagna A, Tomin T, Krenn P, Thallinger GG, Olivieri O, Martinelli N, Kratky D, Schittmayer M, Birner-Gruenberger R, Cecconi D. Myristic acid induces proteomic and secretomic changes associated with steatosis, cytoskeleton remodeling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein turnover and exosome release in HepG2 cells. J Proteomics 2018; 181:118-130. [PMID: 29654920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Myristic acid, the 14-carbon saturated fatty acid (C14:0), is associated to an increased cardiovascular disease risk. Since it is found in low concentration in cells, its specific properties have not been fully analyzed. The aim of this study was to explore the cell response to this fatty acid to help explaining clinical findings on the relationship between C14:0 and cardiovascular disease. The human liver HepG2 cell line was used to investigate the hepatic response to C14:0 in a combined proteomic and secretomic approach. A total of 47 intracellular and 32 secreted proteins were deregulated after treatments with different concentrations of C14:0. Data are available via ProteomeXchange (PXD007902). In addition, C14:0 treatment of primary murine hepatocytes confirmed that C14:0 induces lipid droplet accumulation and elevates perilipin-2 levels. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that C14:0 modulates lipid droplet formation and cytoskeleton organization, induce ER stress, changes in exosome and extracellular miRNA sorting in HepG2cells. Our data provide for the first time a proteomic profiling of the effects of C14:0 in human hepatoma cells and contribute to the elucidation of molecular mechanisms through which this fatty acid may cause adverse health effects. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Myristic acid is correlated with an increase in plasma cholesterol and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. This study is the first example of an integration of proteomic and secretomic analysis of HepG2 cells to investigate the specific properties and functional roles of myristic acid on hepatic cells. Our analyses will lead to a better understanding of the myristic acid induced effects and can elicit new diagnostic and treatment strategies based on altered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Speziali
- Department of Biotechnology, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Liesinger
- Research Unit of Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Juergen Gindlhuber
- Research Unit of Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Leopold
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bettina Pucher
- Research Unit of Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Computational Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Jessica Brandi
- Department of Biotechnology, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy
| | - Annalisa Castagna
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, P.le L.A. Scuro 10, Verona, Italy
| | - Tamara Tomin
- Research Unit of Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Krenn
- Research Unit of Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard G Thallinger
- Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Computational Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Oliviero Olivieri
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, P.le L.A. Scuro 10, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, P.le L.A. Scuro 10, Verona, Italy
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Research Unit of Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Research Unit of Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Daniela Cecconi
- Department of Biotechnology, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy.
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15
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Čopič A, Antoine-Bally S, Giménez-Andrés M, La Torre Garay C, Antonny B, Manni MM, Pagnotta S, Guihot J, Jackson CL. A giant amphipathic helix from a perilipin that is adapted for coating lipid droplets. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1332. [PMID: 29626194 PMCID: PMC5889406 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How proteins are targeted to lipid droplets (LDs) and distinguish the LD surface from the surfaces of other organelles is poorly understood, but many contain predicted amphipathic helices (AHs) that are involved in targeting. We have focused on human perilipin 4 (Plin4), which contains an AH that is exceptional in terms of length and repetitiveness. Using model cellular systems, we show that AH length, hydrophobicity, and charge are important for AH targeting to LDs and that these properties can compensate for one another, albeit at a loss of targeting specificity. Using synthetic lipids, we show that purified Plin4 AH binds poorly to lipid bilayers but strongly interacts with pure triglycerides, acting as a coat and forming small oil droplets. Because Plin4 overexpression alleviates LD instability under conditions where their coverage by phospholipids is limiting, we propose that the Plin4 AH replaces the LD lipid monolayer, for example during LD growth. Lipid droplets are cellular organelles important for cellular homeostasis and their disruption has been implicated in many diseases. Here the authors use a large amphipathic helix from perilipin 4 to uncover parameters important for specific lipid droplet targeting and stabilization of the oil core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alenka Čopič
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Sandra Antoine-Bally
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Giménez-Andrés
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - César La Torre Garay
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Antonny
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Marco M Manni
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Jeanne Guihot
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Catherine L Jackson
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013, Paris, France
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16
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Beilstein F, Lemasson M, Pène V, Rainteau D, Demignot S, Rosenberg AR. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 is downregulated by hepatitis C virus: impact on production of lipo-viro-particles. Gut 2017; 66:2160-2169. [PMID: 27582510 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HCV is intimately linked with the liver lipid metabolism, devoted to the efflux of triacylglycerols stored in lipid droplets (LDs) in the form of triacylglycerol-rich very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs): (i) the most infectious HCV particles are those of lowest density due to association with triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins and (ii) HCV-infected patients frequently develop hepatic steatosis (increased triacylglycerol storage). The recent identification of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) as an LD phospholipid-remodelling enzyme prompted us to investigate its role in liver lipid metabolism and HCV infectious cycle. DESIGN Huh-7.5.1 cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) were infected with JFH1-HCV. LPCAT1 depletion was achieved by RNA interference. Cells were monitored for LPCAT1 expression, lipid metabolism and HCV production and infectivity. The density of viral particles was assessed by isopycnic ultracentrifugation. RESULTS Upon HCV infection, both Huh-7.5.1 cells and PHH had decreased levels of LPCAT1 transcript and protein, consistent with transcriptional downregulation. LPCAT1 depletion in either naive or infected Huh-7.5.1 cells resulted in altered lipid metabolism characterised by LD remodelling, increased triacylglycerol storage and increased secretion of VLDL. In infected Huh-7.5.1 cells or PHH, LPCAT1 depletion increased production of the viral particles of lowest density and highest infectivity. CONCLUSIONS We have identified LPCAT1 as a modulator of liver lipid metabolism downregulated by HCV, which appears as a viral strategy to increase the triacylglycerol content and hence infectivity of viral particles. Targeting this metabolic pathway may represent an attractive therapeutic approach to reduce both the viral titre and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Beilstein
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,EPHE, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Lemasson
- Université Paris Descartes, EA 4474 «Hepatitis C Virology», Paris, France
| | - Véronique Pène
- Université Paris Descartes, EA 4474 «Hepatitis C Virology», Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvie Demignot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,EPHE, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - Arielle R Rosenberg
- Université Paris Descartes, EA 4474 «Hepatitis C Virology», Paris, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Service de Virologie, Paris, France
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17
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Kimmel AR, Sztalryd C. The Perilipins: Major Cytosolic Lipid Droplet-Associated Proteins and Their Roles in Cellular Lipid Storage, Mobilization, and Systemic Homeostasis. Annu Rev Nutr 2017; 36:471-509. [PMID: 27431369 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The discovery by Dr. Constantine Londos of perilipin 1, the major scaffold protein at the surface of cytosolic lipid droplets in adipocytes, marked a fundamental conceptual change in the understanding of lipolytic regulation. Focus then shifted from the enzymatic activation of lipases to substrate accessibility, mediated by perilipin-dependent protein sequestration and recruitment. Consequently, the lipid droplet became recognized as a unique, metabolically active cellular organelle and its surface as the active site for novel protein-protein interactions. A new area of investigation emerged, centered on lipid droplets' biology and their role in energy homeostasis. The perilipin family is of ancient origin and has expanded to include five mammalian genes and a growing list of evolutionarily conserved members. Universally, the perilipins modulate cellular lipid storage. This review provides a summary that connects the perilipins to both cellular and whole-body homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Kimmel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
| | - Carole Sztalryd
- The Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201;
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18
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The Role of Lipid Bodies in the Microglial Aging Process and Related Diseases. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3140-3148. [PMID: 28699057 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid bodies (LBs) have long been considered to be organelles merely for the storage of neutral lipids. However, recent studies have shown the significance of LBs in signal transduction, especially in glial cells, including microglia. Microglial cells are the resident mononuclear phagocytes in the central nervous system and have a close relationship with the aging process and neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence suggests that LBs accumulate and are remodeled during the aging process and the development of neuroinflammatory conditions. However, the mechanisms underlying the formation of LBs under these conditions and the mechanism by which LB remodeling influences the progression of neurodegeneration remain to be clarified. In this review, we have summarized the findings from recent studies with the aim of further elucidating these issues.
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19
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Arisawa K, Mitsudome H, Yoshida K, Sugimoto S, Ishikawa T, Fujiwara Y, Ichi I. Saturated fatty acid in the phospholipid monolayer contributes to the formation of large lipid droplets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:641-647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Mirheydari M, Rathnayake SS, Frederick H, Arhar T, Mann EK, Cocklin S, Kooijman EE. Insertion of perilipin 3 into a glycero(phospho)lipid monolayer depends on lipid headgroup and acyl chain species. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1465-76. [PMID: 27256689 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m068205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are organelles that contribute to various cellular functions that are vital for life. Aside from acting as a neutral lipid storage depot, they are also involved in building new membranes, synthesis of steroid hormones, and cell signaling. Many aspects of LD structure and function are not yet well-understood. Here we investigate the interaction of perilipin 3, a member of the perilipin family of LD binding proteins, and three N-terminal truncation mutants with lipid monolayers. The interaction is studied as a function of surface pressure for a series of systematically chosen lipids. We find that the C terminus of perilipin 3 has different insertion behavior from that of the longer truncation mutants and the full-length protein. Inclusion of N-terminal sequences with the C terminus decreases the ability of the protein construct to insert in lipid monolayers. Coupling of anionic lipids to negative spontaneous curvature facilitates protein interaction and insertion. The C terminus shows strong preference for lipids with more saturated fatty acids. This work sheds light on the LD binding properties and function of the different domains of perilipin 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mirheydari
- Departments of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
| | | | - Hannah Frederick
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
| | - Taylor Arhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045
| | | | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
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21
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The physiological expression of scavenger receptor SR-B1 in canine endometrial and placental epithelial cells and its potential involvement in pathogenesis of pyometra. Theriogenology 2016; 85:1599-1609.e2. [PMID: 26898415 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pyometra, the purulent inflammation of the uterus, is a common uterine disease of bitches that has potentially life-threatening consequences. The opportunistic bacterial infection of the uterus often progresses into the serious systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In a previous study, we characterized epithelial foam cells in the canine endometrial surface occurring in metestrus, and we regularly observed pronounced epithelial foam-cell formations in pyometra-affected uteri. Therefore, it was assumed that the mechanism behind lipid droplet accumulation in surface epithelial cells might even increase bacterial binding capacity and promote pyometra development. Lipid droplet accumulation in epithelial cells is accomplished via specialized lipid receptors called scavenger receptors (SR). Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) is an important receptor for lipid accumulation in diverse cell types, but it is also a strong binding partner for bacteria, and thereby enhances bacterial adhesion and clinical signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In the present study, after the isolation of metestrous surface epithelial cells from canine uteri by laser capture microdissection, SR-B1 was identified at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and also at the protein level by means of immunohistochemistry. In pyometra-affected uteri, SR-B1 mRNA expression was higher than that in the healthy control samples, and SR-B1 protein was expressed in the surface and crypt epithelial cells. Furthermore, to understand the physiological role of SR-B1 expression in the metestrus surface epithelial cells, we investigated its expression in the epithelial cells of the glandular chambers of canine placenta in different stages of gestation because these cells are also characterized by lipid droplet accumulation. SR-B1 was present in the placental epithelial cells of the glandular chambers from 25 to 30 and 45 to 50 days of gestation, where basal and basal and/or apical expression patterns were observed. The physiological expression of SR-B1 in metestrous endometrial surface epithelia might be related to the implantation process and embryo development, as SR-B1 was also identified in the epithelial cells of the canine placental chambers. The increased levels of SR-B1 in pyometra-affected uteri indicate a potential role for this scavenger receptor in endometrial bacterial adhesion.
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22
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Membrane lipid compositional sensing by the inducible amphipathic helix of CCT. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1861:847-861. [PMID: 26747646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The amphipathic helical (AH) membrane binding motif is recognized as a major device for lipid compositional sensing. We explore the function and mechanism of sensing by the lipid biosynthetic enzyme, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT). As the regulatory enzyme in phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis, CCT contributes to membrane PC homeostasis. CCT directly binds and inserts into the surface of bilayers that are deficient in PC and therefore enriched in lipids that enhance surface charge and/or create lipid packing voids. These two membrane physical properties induce the folding of the CCT M domain into a ≥60 residue AH. Membrane binding activates catalysis by a mechanism that has been partially deciphered. We review the evidence for CCT compositional sensing, and the membrane and protein determinants for lipid selective membrane-interactions. We consider the factors that promote the binding of CCT isoforms to the membranes of the ER, nuclear envelope, or lipid droplets, but exclude CCT from other organelles and the plasma membrane. The CCT sensing mechanism is compared with several other proteins that use an AH motif for membrane compositional sensing. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The cellular lipid landscape edited by Tim P. Levine and Anant K. Menon.
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23
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Chakraborty PK, Xiong X, Mustafi SB, Saha S, Dhanasekaran D, Mandal NA, McMeekin S, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P. Role of cystathionine beta synthase in lipid metabolism in ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:37367-84. [PMID: 26452259 PMCID: PMC4741935 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated lipid metabolism is implicated in poor survival in ovarian cancer (OC) and other cancers; however, current lipogenesis-targeting strategies lack cancer cell specificity. Here, we identify a novel role of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), a sulphur amino acid metabolizing enzyme highly expressed in several ovarian cancer cell lines, in driving deregulated lipid metabolism in OC. We examined the role of CBS in regulation of triglycerides, cholesterol and lipogenic enzymes via the lipogenic transcription factors SREBP1 and SREBP2. CBS silencing attenuated the expression of number of key enzymes involved in lipid synthesis (FASN and ACC1). Additionally CBS abrogates lipid uptake in OC cells. Gene silencing of CBS or SREBPs abrogated cellular migration and invasion in OC, while ectopic expression of SREBPs can rescue phenotypic effects of CBS silencing by restoring cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, CBS represses SREBP1 and SREBP2 at the transcription levels by modulating the transcription factor Sp1. We further established the roles of both CBS and SREBPs in regulating ovarian tumor growth in vivo. In orthotopic tumor models, CBS or SREBP silencing resulted in reduced tumor cells proliferation, blood vessels formation and lipid content. Hence, cancer-selective disruption of the lipid metabolism pathway is possible by targeting CBS and, at least for OC, promises a profound benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir K. Chakraborty
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Xunhao Xiong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Soumyajit Banerjee Mustafi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sounik Saha
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Danny Dhanasekaran
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nawajes A. Mandal
- Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Scott McMeekin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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24
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Kory N, Thiam AR, Farese RV, Walther TC. Protein Crowding Is a Determinant of Lipid Droplet Protein Composition. Dev Cell 2015; 34:351-63. [PMID: 26212136 PMCID: PMC4536137 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are lipid storage organelles that grow or shrink, depending on the availability of metabolic energy. Proteins recruited to LDs mediate many metabolic functions, including phosphatidylcholine and triglyceride synthesis. How the LD protein composition is tuned to the supply and demand for lipids remains unclear. We show that LDs, in contrast to other organelles, have limited capacity for protein binding. Consequently, macromolecular crowding plays a major role in determining LD protein composition. During lipolysis, when LDs and their surfaces shrink, some, but not all, proteins become displaced. In vitro studies show that macromolecular crowding, rather than changes in monolayer lipid composition, causes proteins to fall off the LD surface. As predicted by a crowding model, proteins compete for binding to the surfaces of LDs. Moreover, the LD binding affinity determines protein localization during lipolysis. Our findings identify protein crowding as an important principle in determining LD protein composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kory
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Abdou-Rachid Thiam
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, École Normale Supérieure de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Tobias C Walther
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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25
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D'Andrea S. Lipid droplet mobilization: The different ways to loosen the purse strings. Biochimie 2015; 120:17-27. [PMID: 26187474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic lipid droplets are dynamic lipid-storage organelles that play a crucial role as reservoirs of metabolic energy and membrane precursors. These organelles are present in virtually all cell types, from unicellular to pluricellular organisms. Despite similar structural organization, lipid droplets are heterogeneous in morphology, distribution and composition. The protein repertoire associated to lipid droplet controls the organelle dynamics. Distinct structural lipid droplet proteins are associated to specific lipolytic pathways. The role of these structural lipid droplet-associated proteins in the control of lipid droplet degradation and lipid store mobilization is discussed. The control of the strictly-regulated lipolysis in lipid-storing tissues is compared between mammals and plants. Differences in the cellular regulation of lipolysis between lipid-storing tissues and other cell types are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine D'Andrea
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
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Barisch C, Paschke P, Hagedorn M, Maniak M, Soldati T. Lipid droplet dynamics at early stages of Mycobacterium marinum infection in Dictyostelium. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1332-49. [PMID: 25772333 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets exist in virtually every cell type, ranging not only from mammals to plants, but also to eukaryotic and prokaryotic unicellular organisms such as Dictyostelium and bacteria. They serve among other roles as energy reservoir that cells consume in times of starvation. Mycobacteria and some other intracellular pathogens hijack these organelles as a nutrient source and to build up their own lipid inclusions. The mechanisms by which host lipid droplets are captured by the pathogenic bacteria are extremely poorly understood. Using the powerful Dictyostelium discoideum/Mycobacterium marinum infection model, we observed that, immediately after their uptake, lipid droplets translocate to the vicinity of the vacuole containing live but not dead mycobacteria. Induction of lipid droplets in Dictyostelium prior to infection resulted in a vast accumulation of neutral lipids and sterols inside the bacterium-containing compartment. Subsequently, under these conditions, mycobacteria accumulated much larger lipid inclusions. Strikingly, the Dictyostelium homologue of perilipin and the murine perilipin 2 surrounded bacteria that had escaped to the cytosol of Dictyostelium or microglial BV-2 cells respectively. Moreover, bacterial growth was inhibited in Dictyostelium plnA knockout cells. In summary, our results provide evidence that mycobacteria actively manipulate the lipid metabolism of the host from very early infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Barisch
- Department of Biochemistry, Science II, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peggy Paschke
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Monica Hagedorn
- Section Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Maniak
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Science II, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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