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Krohn F, Lancini E, Ludwig M, Leiman M, Guruprasath G, Haag L, Panczyszyn J, Düzel E, Hämmerer D, Betts M. Noradrenergic neuromodulation in ageing and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105311. [PMID: 37437752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small brainstem structure located in the lower pons and is the main source of noradrenaline (NA) in the brain. Via its phasic and tonic firing, it modulates cognition and autonomic functions and is involved in the brain's immune response. The extent of degeneration to the LC in healthy ageing remains unclear, however, noradrenergic dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite their differences in progression at later disease stages, the early involvement of the LC may lead to comparable behavioural symptoms such as preclinical sleep problems and neuropsychiatric symptoms as a result of AD and PD pathology. In this review, we draw attention to the mechanisms that underlie LC degeneration in ageing, AD and PD. We aim to motivate future research to investigate how early degeneration of the noradrenergic system may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD and PD which may also be relevant to other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Krohn
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - E Lancini
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - M Ludwig
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Leiman
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - G Guruprasath
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - L Haag
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Panczyszyn
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - E Düzel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London UK-WC1E 6BT, UK; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - D Hämmerer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London UK-WC1E 6BT, UK; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Betts
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Peterson AL, Siddiqui G, Sloan EK, Creek DJ. β-Adrenoceptor regulation of metabolism in U937 derived macrophages. Mol Omics 2021; 17:583-595. [PMID: 34105576 DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00057h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages have important roles in the immune system including clearing pathogens and wound healing. Metabolic phenotypes in macrophages have been associated with functional phenotypes, where pro-inflammatory macrophages have an increased rate of glycolysis and anti-inflammatory macrophages primarily use oxidative phosphorylation. β-adrenoceptor (βAR) signalling in macrophages has been implicated in disease states such as cancer, atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The impact of βAR signalling on macrophage metabolism has not been defined. Using metabolomics and proteomics, we describe the impact of βAR signalling on macrophages treated with isoprenaline. We found that βAR signalling alters proteins involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement and redox homeostasis of the cell. We showed that βAR signalling in macrophages shifts glucose metabolism from glycolysis towards the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathways. We also show that βAR signalling perturbs purine metabolism by accumulating adenylate and guanylate pools. Taken together, these results indicate that βAR signalling shifts metabolism to support redox processes and upregulates proteins involved in cytoskeletal changes, which may contribute to βAR effects on macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Peterson
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Dudek KA, Dion‐Albert L, Kaufmann FN, Tuck E, Lebel M, Menard C. Neurobiology of resilience in depression: immune and vascular insights from human and animal studies. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:183-221. [PMID: 31421056 PMCID: PMC7891571 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic and recurrent psychiatric condition characterized by depressed mood, social isolation and anhedonia. It will affect 20% of individuals with considerable economic impacts. Unfortunately, 30-50% of depressed individuals are resistant to current antidepressant treatments. MDD is twice as prevalent in women and associated symptoms are different. Depression's main environmental risk factor is chronic stress, and women report higher levels of stress in daily life. However, not every stressed individual becomes depressed, highlighting the need to identify biological determinants of stress vulnerability but also resilience. Based on a reverse translational approach, rodent models of depression were developed to study the mechanisms underlying susceptibility vs resilience. Indeed, a subpopulation of animals can display coping mechanisms and a set of biological alterations leading to stress resilience. The aetiology of MDD is multifactorial and involves several physiological systems. Exacerbation of endocrine and immune responses from both innate and adaptive systems are observed in depressed individuals and mice exhibiting depression-like behaviours. Increasing attention has been given to neurovascular health since higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases is found in MDD patients and inflammatory conditions are associated with depression, treatment resistance and relapse. Here, we provide an overview of endocrine, immune and vascular changes associated with stress vulnerability vs. resilience in rodents and when available, in humans. Lack of treatment efficacy suggests that neuron-centric treatments do not address important causal biological factors and better understanding of stress-induced adaptations, including sex differences, could contribute to develop novel therapeutic strategies including personalized medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A. Dudek
- Department of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceFaculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research CenterUniversité LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
| | - Laurence Dion‐Albert
- Department of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceFaculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research CenterUniversité LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
| | - Fernanda Neutzling Kaufmann
- Department of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceFaculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research CenterUniversité LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
| | - Ellen Tuck
- Smurfit Institute of GeneticsTrinity CollegeDublinIreland
| | - Manon Lebel
- Department of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceFaculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research CenterUniversité LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
| | - Caroline Menard
- Department of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceFaculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research CenterUniversité LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
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Wang Y, He S, Xiong X, Liu J, Xie B, Yao Y, Yin J, Zi L, Wang X, Tang Y, Zhao Q. Left Stellate Ganglion Ablation Inhibits Ventricular Arrhythmias through Macrophage Regulation in Canines with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:891-901. [PMID: 33456346 PMCID: PMC7807184 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.50976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the potential mechanism of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) after acute ischemic stroke and explore the effects of left stellate gangling (LSG) ablation on VAs induced by stroke in canines. Materials and Methods: Twenty canines were randomly divided into the sham-operated group (n=6), AS group (n=7) and SGA group (n=7). Cerebral ischemic model was established in the AS group and the SGA group by right acute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). LSG ablation was performed in the SGA group as soon as MCAO. After 3 days, atrial electrophysiology and neural activity were measured in vivo. The levels of norepinephrine (NE) in plasma and ventricle were detected by ELISA. The levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and NF-κB p65 in ventricle were detected by western blotting. The pro-inflammatory polarization of macrophages in ventricle was detected by immunofluorescence. Results: Higher ventricular tachycardia (VT) inducibility and lower ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) were observed in the AS group compared with those in the sham-operated group, associated with higher LSG activity and NE levels, increased number of M1 macrophages and secretion of inflammatory cytokines in ventricle (all P<0.001). Compared with the AS group, the SGA group had lower VT inducibility and higher VFT, combined with lower NE levels, and reduced number of M1 macrophages and secretion of inflammatory cytokines in ventricle (all P<0.001). Conclusion: LSG ablation could reduce VAs vulnerability after acute stroke by preventing the macrophages polarization and activation induced by sympathetic hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shanqing He
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Baojun Xie
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yajun Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Junkui Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Liuliu Zi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanhong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qingyan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
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Dong X, Wu D, Zhang Y, Jia L, Pan X, Sun J, Pan LL. Cathelicidin Modulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching through ROS/IL-6 Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060491. [PMID: 32516877 PMCID: PMC7346167 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are stromal cells of the blood vessels and their differentiation is thought to be essential during atherosclerosis. Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptides (CRAMP) are suggested to play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. Even so, the relationship of CRAMP and VSMC remains unclear. The present study was to determine whether CRAMP regulates VSMC phenotypic transformation and underlying mechanisms. We demonstrated that CRAMP could reverse platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced VSMC phenotypic transformation, evidencing by increasing α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), smooth muscle 22α (SM22α) and decreasing of proliferation and migration. Further studies showed that CRAMP inhibited nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-induced autocrine of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which further activated of janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator 3 (STAT3). Meanwhile, our data showed that CRAMP can significantly inhibit PDGF-BB enhanced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level which further affected the NF-κB signaling pathway, indicating that CRAMP can regulate the phenotypic transformation of VSMC by regulating oxidative stress. These results indicated that CRAMP regulated the differentiation of VSMC by inhibiting ROS-mediated IL-6 autocrine, suggesting that targeting CRAMP is a potential avenue for regulating the differentiation of VSMC and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Dong
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; (X.D.); (D.W.); (L.J.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; (Y.Z.); (X.P.)
| | - Di Wu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; (X.D.); (D.W.); (L.J.)
| | - Yihan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; (Y.Z.); (X.P.)
| | - Lingling Jia
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; (X.D.); (D.W.); (L.J.)
| | - Xiaohua Pan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; (Y.Z.); (X.P.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; (Y.Z.); (X.P.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (L.-L.P.); Tel.: +86-510-85197370 (J.S.); +86-510-85328363 (L.-L.P.)
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; (X.D.); (D.W.); (L.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (L.-L.P.); Tel.: +86-510-85197370 (J.S.); +86-510-85328363 (L.-L.P.)
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Fitzgerald PJ. Serious infection may systemically increase noradrenergic signaling and produce psychological effects. Med Hypotheses 2020; 139:109692. [PMID: 32234608 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Serious infection elicits inflammatory processes that act through a range of molecular pathways, including cytokine signaling. It is not established however that noradrenaline (NA), a widely distributed neurotransmitter in the brain that is also a principal output molecule of the sympathetic nervous system, can produce psychological effects associated with infection. This paper puts forth the hypothesis that through neural-immune crosstalk, serious infection increases noradrenergic signaling, both in the central nervous system and in peripheral organs. In this manner, elevated noradrenergic transmission may help produce basic symptoms of infection such as fever, fatigue, aches and pains (including headache), nausea, and loss of appetite. NA may also promote cognitive impairment, major depression, unipolar mania, and even epileptic seizures in some cases. The paper focuses on three major types of infection: influenza (viral), tuberculosis (bacterial), malaria (parasitic), while also summarizing the potential relationship between NA and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Four lines of evidence are used to test association between NA and influenza, tuberculosis, and malaria: direct measures of NA and its metabolites; and incidence of hypertension, bipolar mania, and epileptic seizures, since the latter three conditions may be associated with elevated NA. In addition, heart rate variability data are examined with respect to a number of infectious diseases, since those data provide information on sympathetic nervous system activity. While the data do not unequivocally support elevated noradrenergic signaling promoting psychological symptomatology with infection, many studies are consistent with this view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Fitzgerald
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Norepinephrine Induces Lung Microvascular Endothelial Cell Death by NADPH Oxidase-Dependent Activation of Caspase-3. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2563764. [PMID: 32104529 PMCID: PMC7037482 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2563764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) is the naturally occurring adrenergic agonist that is released in response to hypotension, and it is routinely administered in clinical settings to treat moderate to severe hypotension that may occur during general anesthesia and shock states. Although NE has incontestable beneficial effects on blood pressure maintenance during hypotensive conditions, deleterious effects of NE on endothelial cell function may occur. In particular, the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NADPH oxidase (Nox) on the deleterious effects of NE on endothelial cell function have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the effects of NE on ROS production in rat lung microvascular endothelial cells (RLMEC) and its contribution to cell death. RLMEC were treated with NE (5 ng/mL) for 24 hours and ROS production was assessed by CellROX and DCFDA fluorescence. Nox activity was assessed by NADPH-stimulated ROS production in isolated membranes and phosphorylation of p47phox; cell death was assessed by flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation. Caspase activation was assessed by fluorescent microscopy. Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 mRNA expression was assessed by real-time PCR. NE increased ROS production, Nox activity, p47phox phosphorylation, Nox2 and Nox4 mRNA content, caspase-3 activation, and RLMEC death. Phentolamine, an α1-adrenoreceptor antagonist, inhibited NE-induced ROS production and Nox activity and partly inhibited cell death while β-blockade had no effect. Apocynin and PEGSOD inhibited NE-induced caspase-3 activation and cell death while direct inhibition of caspase-3 abrogated NE-induced cell death. PEG-CAT inhibited NE-induced cell death but not caspase-3 activation. Collectively, these results indicate that NE induces RLMEC death via activation of Nox by α-adrenergic signaling and caspase-3-dependent pathways. NE has deleterious effects on RLMECs that may be important to its long-term therapeutic use.
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Wang Y, Xiong X, Xie B, Liu J, Yang M, Yin J, Zi L, Wang X, Tang Y, Huang C, Fu H, Zhao Q. A brain-stellate ganglion-atrium network regulates atrial fibrillation vulnerability through macrophages in acute stroke. Life Sci 2019; 237:116949. [PMID: 31605712 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS New-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) is frequently observed following acute stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the brain-stellate ganglion-atrium network on AF vulnerability in a canine model with acute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-six dogs were randomly divided into the sham-operated group (n = 6), acute stroke (AS) group (n = 7), stellate ganglion ablation (SGA) group (n = 6) and clodronate liposome (CL) group (n = 7). In the sham-operated group, dogs received craniotomy without MCAO. Cerebral ischemic model was established in AS dogs by right MCAO. Right MCAO along with SGA and CL injection into the atrium was performed in SGA and CL dogs, respectively. After 3 days, atrial electrophysiology, neural activity, and the phenotype and function of macrophages in the atrium were studied in all the dogs. KEY FINDINGS Higher AF inducibility (24.4 ± 4.4% versus 4.4 ± 2.2%, P < 0.05) and AF duration (15.7 ± 3.8 s versus 2.6 ± 1.1 s, P < 0.05) were observed in the AS group compared with the sham-operated group, and were associated with increased left stellate ganglion activity, higher macrophage infiltration and higher levels of inflammatory cytokines in the atrium. SGA or CL injection sharply suppressed AF inducibility (5.5 ± 2.7% versus 24.4 ± 4.4%; 5.3 ± 3.2% versus 24.4 ± 4.4%, both P < 0.05) and AF duration (2.9 ± 1.2 s versus 15.7 ± 3.8 s; 3.6 ± 1.0 s versus 15.7 ± 3.8 s, both P < 0.05) in canines with acute stroke. SIGNIFICANCE A brain-stellate ganglion-atrium network may increase AF vulnerability through macrophage activation after acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Baojun Xie
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Junkui Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Liuliu Zi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanhong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Congxin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Haixia Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Henan Provincial Peoples Hospital, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China.
| | - Qingyan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China.
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Kalinichenko LS, Kornhuber J, Müller CP. Individual differences in inflammatory and oxidative mechanisms of stress-related mood disorders. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 55:100783. [PMID: 31415777 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emotional stress leads to the development of peripheral disorders and is recognized as a modifiable risk factor for psychiatric disorders, particularly depression and anxiety. However, not all individuals develop the negative consequences of emotional stress due to different stress coping strategies and resilience to stressful stimuli. In this review, we discuss individual differences in coping styles and the potential mechanisms that contribute to individual vulnerability to stress, such as parameters of the immune system and oxidative state. Initial differences in inflammatory and oxidative processes determine resistance to stress and stress-related disorders via the alteration of neurotransmitter content in the brain and biological fluids. Differences in coping styles may serve as possible predictors of resistance to stress and stress-related disorders, even before stressful conditions. The investigation of natural variabilities in stress resilience may allow the development of new methods for preventive medicine and the personalized treatment of stress-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Kalinichenko
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - J Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Yoshimura R, Kishi T, Iwata N. Plasma levels of IL-6 in patients with untreated major depressive disorder: comparison with catecholamine metabolites. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2655-2661. [PMID: 31686824 PMCID: PMC6752655 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s195379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IL-6 and catecholamines play roles in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). AIM The present study investigated associations between plasma IL-6 and plasma catecholamine metabolites in patients with MDD. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A total of 148 patients (male/female 65/83, age 49.5±12.1 years) who met the criteria for MDD based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV and 40 participants as healthy controls (HC; male/female 23/17, age 44.0±10.5 years) were enrolled in the present study. Plasma levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, and plasma IL-6 levels were measured using ELISA. RESULTS No correlations were observed among plasma IL-6 levels, MHPG levels, and HVA levels in patients with MDD. Plasma IL-6 levels in patients with MDD were significantly higher than in the HC. A positive correlation was found between plasma IL-6 levels and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-17 scores. CONCLUSION No correlations existed between plasma IL-6 levels and plasma catecholamine metabolite levels in patients with MDD, and the severity of depressive state was related to plasma IL-6 levels in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Yoshimura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka8078555, Japan
| | - Taro Kishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Medical University, Toyoake Aichi4701192, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Medical University, Toyoake Aichi4701192, Japan
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Finnell JE, Moffitt CM, Hesser LA, Harrington E, Melson MN, Wood CS, Wood SK. The contribution of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in the emergence of defeat-induced inflammatory priming. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 79:102-113. [PMID: 30707932 PMCID: PMC6591045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to psychosocial stress is known to precipitate the emergence of stress related psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. While mechanisms by which this occurs remain largely unclear, recent evidence points towards a causative role for inflammation. Neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine (NE), are capable of regulating expression of proinflammatory cytokines and thus may contribute to the emergence of stress-related disorders. The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major source of norepinephrine (NE) to the brain and therefore the current study utilized N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4), an LC selective noradrenergic neurotoxin, to determine the discrete involvement of the LC-NE system in social defeat-induced inflammation in LC projection regions including the central amygdala (CeA), dorsal raphe (DR) and plasma. In the current study, rats were exposed to brief social defeat or control manipulations on 5 consecutive days. To determine whether a history of social defeat enhanced or "primed" the inflammatory response to a subsequent defeat exposure, all rats regardless of stress history were exposed to an acute social defeat challenge immediately preceeding tissue collection. As anticipated, prior history of social defeat primed inflammatory responses in the plasma and CeA while neuroinflammation in the DR was markedly reduced. Notably, DSP-4 treatment suppressed stress-induced circulating inflammatory cytokines independent of prior stress history. In contrast, neuroinflammation in the CeA and DR were greatly augmented selectively in DSP-4 treated rats with a history of social defeat. Together these data highlight the dichotomous nature of NE in stress-induced inflammatory priming in the periphery and the brain and directly implicate the LC-NE system in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Finnell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Casey M Moffitt
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - L Ande Hesser
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Evelynn Harrington
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Michael N Melson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Christopher S Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States.
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Willemze RA, Welting O, van Hamersveld P, Verseijden C, Nijhuis LE, Hilbers FW, Meijer SL, Heesters BA, Folgering JHA, Darwinkel H, Blancou P, Vervoordeldonk MJ, Seppen J, Heinsbroek SEM, de Jonge WJ. Loss of intestinal sympathetic innervation elicits an innate immune driven colitis. Mol Med 2019; 25:1. [PMID: 30616543 PMCID: PMC6322236 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system exert control over innate immune responses. In inflammatory bowel disease, sympathetic innervation in intestinal mucosa is reduced. Our aim was to investigate the role of sympathetic innervation to the intestine on regulation of the innate immune responses. METHODS In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, we evaluated the effect of adrenergic receptor activation on cytokine production and metabolic profile. In vivo, the effect of sympathetic denervation on mucosal innate immune responses using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), or using surgical transection of the superior mesenteric nerve (sympathectomy) was tested in Rag1-/- mice that lack T- and B-lymphocytes. RESULTS In murine macrophages, adrenergic β2 receptor activation elicited a dose-dependent reduction of LPS-induced cytokines, reduced LPS-induced glycolysis and increased maximum respiration. Sympathectomy led to a significantly decreased norepinephrine concentration in intestinal tissue. Within 14 days after sympathectomy, mice developed clinical signs of colitis, colon oedema and excess colonic cytokine production. Both 6-OHDA and sympathectomy led to prominent goblet cell depletion and histological damage of colonic mucosa. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the sympathetic nervous system plays a regulatory role in constraining innate immune cell reactivity towards microbial challenges, likely via the adrenergic β2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose A Willemze
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Olaf Welting
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia van Hamersveld
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Verseijden
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens E Nijhuis
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francisca W Hilbers
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren L Meijer
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H A Folgering
- Charles River Laboratories, Discovery, De Mudden 16, 9747 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Darwinkel
- Charles River Laboratories, Discovery, De Mudden 16, 9747 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Blancou
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Nice Sophia Antipolis University, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Jurgen Seppen
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid E M Heinsbroek
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Rossi SP, Walenta L, Rey-Ares V, Köhn FM, Schwarzer JU, Welter H, Calandra RS, Frungieri MB, Mayerhofer A. Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor-mediated inflammatory responses in human testicular peritubular cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 474:1-9. [PMID: 29407194 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Stress activates the sympathetic nervous system and is linked to impaired fertility in man. We hypothesized that catecholamines by acting on testicular cells have a role in these events, possibly by fostering an inflammatory environment. The cells of the wall of seminiferous tubules, human testicular peritubular cells (HTPCs), express adrenergic receptors (ADRs) α1B, α1D, β1 and β2. A selective α1-ADR agonist, phenylephrine, increased intracellular Ca2+-levels in cultured HTPCs and induced COX-2, IL-6 and MCP-1 mRNA expression without affecting IL-1β mRNA. These changes were paralleled by a significant increase in the secretion of IL-6 and MCP-1. Epinephrine was also effective, but salbutamol, a selective β2-ADR agonist was not. Our results suggest that stress-associated elevation of catecholamines may be able to promote inflammatory events by targeting peritubular cells in the human testis. Blockage of α1-ADRs may therefore be a novel way to interfere with stress-related impairment of male reproductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Paola Rossi
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), D-82152 Planegg, Germany; Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lena Walenta
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Verónica Rey-Ares
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | | | | | - Harald Welter
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Ricardo Saúl Calandra
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Beatriz Frungieri
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), D-82152 Planegg, Germany.
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Pires-Lapa MA, Carvalho-Sousa CE, Cecon E, Fernandes PA, Markus RP. β-Adrenoceptors Trigger Melatonin Synthesis in Phagocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082182. [PMID: 30049944 PMCID: PMC6121262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetylserotonin), the pineal hormone, is also synthesized by immune-competent cells. The pineal hormone signals darkness, while melatonin synthesized on demand by activated macrophages at any hour of the day acts locally, favoring regulatory/tolerant phenotypes. Activation of β-adrenoceptors in pinealocytes is the main route for triggering melatonin synthesis. However, despite the well-known role of β-adrenoceptors in the resolution macrophage phenotype (M2), and the relevance of macrophage synthesized melatonin in facilitating phagocytic activity, there is no information regarding whether activation of β-adrenoceptors would induce melatonin synthesis by monocytes. Here we show that catecholamines stimulate melatonin synthesis in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages. Activation of β-adrenoceptors promotes the synthesis of melatonin by stimulating cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway and by activating the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Considering the great number of macrophages around sympathetic nerve terminals, and the relevance of this system for maintaining macrophages in stages compatible to low-grade inflammation, our data open the possibility that extra-pineal melatonin acts as an autocrine/paracrine signal in macrophages under resolution or tolerant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Pires-Lapa
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology, Deartment of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Claudia E Carvalho-Sousa
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology, Deartment of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Erika Cecon
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology, Deartment of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunoendocrinology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Regina P Markus
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology, Deartment of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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The role of catecholamines in HIV neuropathogenesis. Brain Res 2018; 1702:54-73. [PMID: 29705605 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The success of anti-retroviral therapy has improved the quality of life and lifespan of HIV + individuals, transforming HIV infection into a chronic condition. These improvements have come with a cost, as chronic HIV infection and long-term therapy have resulted in the emergence of a number of new pathologies. This includes a variety of the neuropathological and neurocognitive effects collectively known as HIVassociated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) or NeuroHIV. These effects persist even in the absence of viral replication, suggesting that they are mediated the long-term changes in the CNS induced by HIV infection rather than by active replication. Among these effects are significant changes in catecholaminergic neurotransmission, especially in dopaminergic brain regions. In HIV-infected individuals not treated with ARV show prominent neuropathology is common in dopamine-rich brain regions and altered autonomic nervous system activity. Even infected individuals on therapy, there is significant dopaminergic neuropathology, and elevated stress and norepinephrine levels correlate with a decreased effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs. As catecholamines function as immunomodulatory factors, the resultant dysregulation of catecholaminergic tone could substantially alter the development of HIVassociated neuroinflammation and neuropathology. In this review, we discuss the role of catecholamines in the etiology of HIV neuropathogenesis. Providing a comprehensive examination of what is known about these molecules in the context of HIV-associated disease demonstrates the importance of further studies in this area, and may open the door to new therapeutic strategies that specifically ameliorate the effects of catecholaminergic dysregulation on NeuroHIV.
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16
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Kong WN, Cui Y, Fu YJ, Lei Y, Ci Y, Bao Y, Zhao S, Xie L, Chang YZ, Zhao SE. The α1-adrenergic receptor is involved in hepcidin upregulation induced by adrenaline and norepinephrine via the STAT3 pathway. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5517-5527. [PMID: 29377263 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated body iron stores are associated with hypertension progression, while hypertension is associated with elevated plasma catecholamine levels in patients. However, there is a gap in our understanding of the connection between catecholamines and iron regulation. Hepcidin is a key iron-regulatory hormone, which maintains body iron balance. In the present study, we investigated the effects of adrenaline (AD) and norepinephrine (NE) on hepatic hepcidin regulation. Mice were treated with AD, NE, phenylephrine (PE, α1-adrenergic receptor agonist), prazosin (PZ, α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist), and/or propranolol (Pro, β-adrenergic receptor antagonist). The levels of hepcidin, as well as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), ferroportin 1 (FPN1), and ferritin-light (Ft-L) protein in the liver or spleen, were assessed. Six hours after AD, NE, or PE treatment, hepatic hepcidin mRNA levels increased. Pretreatment with PZ, but not Pro, abolished the effects of AD or NE on STAT3 phosphorylation and hepatic hepcidin expression. When mice were treated with AD or NE continuously for 7 days, an increase in hepatic hepcidin mRNA levels and serum hepcidin concentration was also observed. Meanwhile, the expected downstream effects of elevated hepcidin, namely decreased FPN1 expression and increased Ft-L protein and non-heme iron concentrations in the spleen, were observed after the continuous AD or NE treatments. Taken together, we found that AD or NE increase hepatic hepcidin expression via the α1-adrenergic receptor and STAT3 pathways in mice. The elevated hepatic hepcidin decreased FPN1 levels in the spleen, likely causing the increased iron accumulation in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Na Kong
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China.,Bioreactor and Protein Drug Research and Development Center of Hebei Universities, Hebei Chemical and Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yanmei Cui
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Lei
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yunzhe Ci
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China.,Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yongping Bao
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Shuqiang Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Lide Xie
- Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Shu-E Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China.,The 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
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17
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Leicht CA, Paulson TAW, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Bishop NC. Arm and Intensity-Matched Leg Exercise Induce Similar Inflammatory Responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1161-8. [PMID: 26765632 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The amount of active muscle mass can influence the acute inflammatory response to exercise, associated with reduced risk for chronic disease. This may affect those restricted to upper body exercise, for example, due to injury or disability. The purpose of this study was to compare the inflammatory responses for arm exercise and intensity-matched leg exercise. METHODS Twelve male individuals performed three 45-min constant load exercise trials after determination of peak oxygen uptake for arm exercise (V˙O2peak A) and cycling (V˙O2peak C): 1) arm cranking exercise at 60% V˙O2peak A, 2) moderate cycling at 60% V˙O2peak C, and 3) easy cycling at 60% V˙O2peak A. Cytokine, adrenaline, and flow cytometric analysis of monocyte subsets were performed before and up to 4 h postexercise. RESULTS Plasma IL-6 increased from resting concentrations in all trials; however, postexercise concentrations were higher for arm exercise (1.73 ± 1.04 pg·mL) and moderate cycling (1.73 ± 0.95 pg·mL) compared with easy cycling (0.87 ± 0.41 pg·mL; P < 0.04). Similarly, the plasma IL-1ra concentration in the recovery period was higher for arm exercise (325 ± 139 pg·mL) and moderate cycling (316 ± 128 pg·mL) when compared with easy cycling (245 ± 77 pg·mL, P < 0.04). Arm exercise and moderate cycling induced larger increases in monocyte numbers and larger increases of the classical monocyte subset in the recovery period than easy cycling (P < 0.05). The postexercise adrenaline concentration was lowest for easy cycling (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Arm exercise and cycling at the same relative exercise intensity induces a comparable acute inflammatory response; however, cycling at the same absolute oxygen uptake as arm exercise results in a blunted cytokine, monocyte, and adrenaline response. Relative exercise intensity appears to be more important to the acute inflammatory response than modality, which is of major relevance for populations restricted to upper body exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof A Leicht
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
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18
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da Silva Franco N, Lubaczeuski C, Guizoni DM, Victorio JA, Santos-Silva JC, Brum PC, Carneiro EM, Davel AP. Propranolol treatment lowers blood pressure, reduces vascular inflammatory markers and improves endothelial function in obese mice. Pharmacol Res 2017; 122:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zadka Ł, Dzięgiel P, Kulus M, Olajossy M. Clinical Phenotype of Depression Affects Interleukin-6 Synthesis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2017; 37:231-245. [PMID: 28418766 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is not a single disease, but a number of various ailments that form one entity. Psychomotor retardation, anhedonia, sleep disorders, an increased suicide risk, and anxiety are the main symptoms that often define the clinical diagnosis of depression. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), as one of the proinflammatory cytokines, seems to be overexpressed during certain mental disorders, including MDD. Overexpression of IL-6 in depression is thought to be a factor associated with bad prognosis and worse disease course. IL-6 may directly affect brain functioning and production of neurotransmitters; moreover, its concentration is correlated with certain clinical symptoms within the wide range of depressive symptomatology. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between IL-6 synthesis and psychosomatic functioning of the patient. This article discusses potential sources and significance of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Zadka
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław, Poland .,2 II Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Independent Public Teaching Hospital No 1 in Lublin, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Kulus
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Olajossy
- 2 II Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Independent Public Teaching Hospital No 1 in Lublin, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
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20
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Yoshimura R, Katsuki A, Atake K, Hori H, Igata R, Konishi Y. Influence of fluvoxamine on plasma interleukin-6 or clinical improvement in patients with major depressive disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:437-441. [PMID: 28243095 PMCID: PMC5317346 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s123121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The etiology of depression remains unknown. There is, however, a growing body of evidence that cytokines are involved in the pathophysiology of depression. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of fluvoxamine on plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and on clinical improvement of the depressive state. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) were enrolled in the study. Thirteen were male and 17 were female, and their ages ranged from 26 to 70 years (mean ± standard deviation 45.0±14.2). The patients were treated with fluvoxamine for 8 weeks. The dosages of fluvoxamine varied among the patients and, based on ethical considerations, were not fixed. RESULTS The fluvoxamine doses were positively related to plasma fluvoxamine levels (r =0.8798, P<0.001). A significant correlation was observed between the patients' plasma IL-6 levels and their 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD17) scores (r =0.4555, P=0.0010). A positive correlation was found between the delta plasma IL-6 (week 0-week 8) and the delta HAMD17 (week 0-week 8) (r =0.5226, P=0.002). CONCLUSION Effect of fluvoxamine on IL-6 is partially associated with its clinical efficacy for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Yoshimura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Asuka Katsuki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Atake
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hori
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryohei Igata
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Konishi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
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21
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Huan HB, Wen XD, Chen XJ, Wu L, Wu LL, Zhang L, Yang DP, Zhang X, Bie P, Qian C, Xia F. Sympathetic nervous system promotes hepatocarcinogenesis by modulating inflammation through activation of alpha1-adrenergic receptors of Kupffer cells. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:118-134. [PMID: 27585737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is known to play a significant role in tumor initiation and metastasis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) frequently occurs in cirrhotic livers after chronic inflammation, and the SNS is hyperactive in advanced liver cirrhosis. However, it remains unclear whether the SNS promotes hepatocarcinogenesis by modulating chronic liver inflammation. In this study, a retrospective pathological analysis and quantification of sympathetic nerve fiber densities (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH+) in HCC patients, and diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats were performed. Our data showed that high density of sympathetic nerve fibers and α1-adrenergic receptors (ARs) of Kupffer cells (KCs) were associated with a poor prognosis of HCC. Sympathetic denervation or blocking of α1-ARs decreased DEN-induced HCC incidence and tumor development. In addition, synergistic effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in hepatocarcinogenesis were observed. The suppression of the SNS reduced IL-6 and TGF-β expression, which suppressed hepatocarcinogenesis, and KCs play a key role in this process. After the ablation of KCs, IL-6 and TGF-β expression and the development of HCC were inhibited. This study demonstrates that sympathetic innervation is crucial for hepatocarcinogenesis and that the SNS promotes hepatocarcinogenesis by activating α1-ARs of KCs to boost the activation of KCs and to maintain the inflammatory microenvironment. These results indicate that sympathetic denervation or α1-ARs blockage may represent novel treatment approaches for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Huan
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu-Dong Wen
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Chen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education China, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Li Wu
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Da-Peng Yang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education China, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Bie
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education China, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Xia
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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22
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Salicio VMM, Fett CA, Salicio MA, Brandäo CFCCM, Stoppiglia LF, Fett WCR, Botelho AC. THE EFFECT OF CAFFEINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON TRAINED INDIVIDUALS SUBJECTED TO MAXIMAL TREADMILL TEST. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2016; 14:16-23. [PMID: 28480382 PMCID: PMC5411867 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v14i1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Intense physical training increases oxidative stress and inflammation, resulting into muscle and cellular damage. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of caffeine supplementation on trained young individuals subjected to two treadmill maximal tests. Materials and Methods: It was a double-blind and crossover study comprising 24 active individuals within the age group 18-30 years. The comparisons were conducted: the effect of exercise (week 1 x 2) and caffeine intake (GC x GP) on thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) variables during pre-exercise time (30 min. after caffeine or placebo intake) and post-exercise (5 min after treadmill test). Results: The comparison between weeks 1 and 2 showed increase in the first week, in the following items: TBARS, IL-6 and IL-10 in the GC and GP groups. The comparison within the same week showed that GC individuals presented lower post-exercise TBARS values in the first and second weeks; IL- 6 presented higher post-exercise values in the GC group in both weeks. The paired analysis comparing pre- and post-exercise, with and without caffeine showed that IL-6 presented higher post-exercise values in the GC group. Conclusion: Caffeine used by athletes can decrease oxidative stress. The increased IL-6 suggest that this ergogenic supplement may stimulate muscle hypertrophy, since IL-6 has myokine effect. However, the caffeine effect on IL-6 level and muscle hypertrophy increase should be better investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Martins Mana Salicio
- Physiotherapy Department of Várzea Grande University (UNIVAG). Education: Physiotherapy. Várzea Grande - MT, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Fett
- Laboratory of the Research Center for Physical Fitness, Computers, Metabolism, Sport and Health. Federal University of Mato Grosso (NAFIMES-UFMT). Education: Physical Education. Cuiaba - MT, Brazil
| | - Marcos Adriano Salicio
- Physiotherapy Department of Várzea Grande University (UNIVAG). Education: Physiotherapy. Várzea Grande - MT, Brazil
| | - Camila Fernanda Costa Cunha Moraes Brandäo
- Laboratory of the Research Center for Physical Fitness, Computers, Metabolism, Sport and Health. Federal University of Mato Grosso (NAFIMES-UFMT). Education: Physical Education. Cuiaba - MT, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fabrizio Stoppiglia
- Laboratory of the Research Center for Physical Fitness, Computers, Metabolism, Sport and Health. Federal University of Mato Grosso (NAFIMES-UFMT). Education: Nutrition. Cuiaba - MT, Brazil
| | - Waléria Christiane Rezende Fett
- Laboratory of the Research Center for Physical Fitness, Computers, Metabolism, Sport and Health. Federal University of Mato Grosso (NAFIMES-UFMT). Education: Physical Education. Cuiaba - MT, Brazil
| | - And Clovis Botelho
- Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT). Education: Medicine. Cuiaba - MT, Brazil
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23
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Wen X, Huan H, Wang X, Chen X, Wu L, Zhang Y, Liu W, Bie P, Xia F. Sympathetic neurotransmitters promote the process of recellularization in decellularized liver matrix via activating the IL-6/Stat3 pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:065007. [PMID: 27811394 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/6/065007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recellularized liver, as an approach for hepatic tissue engineering, is an effective alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation for end-stage hepatic failure. When compared with normal liver, recellularized liver has a disparity in hepatocyte viability and function, owing to the difficulty of fully simulating the microenvironment of liver. Although the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is considered an important constituent of liver function, few studies have examined the effect of the SNS on hepatic tissue engineering. It is imperative to explore the regulation of the SNS on a tissue-like configuration to obtain an intact recellularized liver with better hepatic function. We have observed that various subtypes of adrenergic receptors (ARs) are expressed on the hepatocyte membrane. Salbutamol, an agonist of β2-AR, promoted cell proliferation, albumin secretion and urea synthesis in the recellularized liver. Cytokines were screened in isoprenaline/salbutamol-treated recellularized liver, and the expression of IL-6 was significantly increased. Isoprenaline or salbutamol especially promoted the expression of Stat 3 and phosphorylated Stat 3, contributing to the activation of IL-6/Stat 3 signalling in promoting hepatocyte proliferation and recellularized liver function. This study suggests that activation of β2-AR accelerated hepatocyte proliferation and improved recellularized liver function by mediating the IL-6/Stat 3 signalling pathway, indicating that nervous system regulation may be an essential component contributing to the complexity of recellularized liver in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Wen
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, Peoples's Republic of China. General Surgery Center, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610083, Peoples's Republic of China. These authors contributed equally to this work
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24
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Atzori M, Cuevas-Olguin R, Esquivel-Rendon E, Garcia-Oscos F, Salgado-Delgado RC, Saderi N, Miranda-Morales M, Treviño M, Pineda JC, Salgado H. Locus Ceruleus Norepinephrine Release: A Central Regulator of CNS Spatio-Temporal Activation? Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:25. [PMID: 27616990 PMCID: PMC4999448 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) is synthesized in the Locus Coeruleus (LC) of the brainstem, from where it is released by axonal varicosities throughout the brain via volume transmission. A wealth of data from clinics and from animal models indicates that this catecholamine coordinates the activity of the central nervous system (CNS) and of the whole organism by modulating cell function in a vast number of brain areas in a coordinated manner. The ubiquity of NE receptors, the daunting number of cerebral areas regulated by the catecholamine, as well as the variety of cellular effects and of their timescales have contributed so far to defeat the attempts to integrate central adrenergic function into a unitary and coherent framework. Since three main families of NE receptors are represented-in order of decreasing affinity for the catecholamine-by: α2 adrenoceptors (α2Rs, high affinity), α1 adrenoceptors (α1Rs, intermediate affinity), and β adrenoceptors (βRs, low affinity), on a pharmacological basis, and on the ground of recent studies on cellular and systemic central noradrenergic effects, we propose that an increase in LC tonic activity promotes the emergence of four global states covering the whole spectrum of brain activation: (1) sleep: virtual absence of NE, (2) quiet wake: activation of α2Rs, (3) active wake/physiological stress: activation of α2- and α1-Rs, (4) distress: activation of α2-, α1-, and β-Rs. We postulate that excess intensity and/or duration of states (3) and (4) may lead to maladaptive plasticity, causing-in turn-a variety of neuropsychiatric illnesses including depression, schizophrenic psychoses, anxiety disorders, and attention deficit. The interplay between tonic and phasic LC activity identified in the LC in relationship with behavioral response is of critical importance in defining the short- and long-term biological mechanisms associated with the basic states postulated for the CNS. While the model has the potential to explain a large number of experimental and clinical findings, a major challenge will be to adapt this hypothesis to integrate the role of other neurotransmitters released during stress in a centralized fashion, like serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine, as well as those released in a non-centralized fashion, like purines and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Atzori
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis PotosíSan Luis Potosí, Mexico; School for Behavior and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Cuevas-Olguin
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Eric Esquivel-Rendon
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Roberto C Salgado-Delgado
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Nadia Saderi
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Marcela Miranda-Morales
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Mario Treviño
- Laboratory of Cortical Plasticity and Learning, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Juan C Pineda
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida, Mexico
| | - Humberto Salgado
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida, Mexico
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25
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Feinstein DL, Kalinin S, Braun D. Causes, consequences, and cures for neuroinflammation mediated via the locus coeruleus: noradrenergic signaling system. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:154-178. [PMID: 26968403 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aside from its roles in as a classical neurotransmitter involved in regulation of behavior, noradrenaline (NA) has other functions in the CNS. This includes restricting the development of neuroinflammatory activation, providing neurotrophic support to neurons, and providing neuroprotection against oxidative stress. In recent years, it has become evident that disruption of physiological NA levels or signaling is a contributing factor to a variety of neurological diseases and conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Multiple Sclerosis. The basis for dysregulation in these diseases is, in many cases, due to damage occurring to noradrenergic neurons present in the locus coeruleus (LC), the major source of NA in the CNS. LC damage is present in AD, multiple sclerosis, and a large number of other diseases and conditions. Studies using animal models have shown that experimentally induced lesion of LC neurons exacerbates neuropathology while treatments to compensate for NA depletion, or to reduce LC neuronal damage, provide benefit. In this review, we will summarize the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions of NA, summarize examples of how LC damage worsens disease, and discuss several approaches taken to treat or prevent reductions in NA levels and LC neuronal damage. Further understanding of these events will be of value for the development of treatments for AD, multiple sclerosis, and other diseases and conditions having a neuroinflammatory component. The classical neurotransmitter noradrenaline (NA) has critical roles in modulating behaviors including those involved in sleep, anxiety, and depression. However, NA can also elicit anti-inflammatory responses in glial cells, can increase neuronal viability by inducing neurotrophic factor expression, and can reduce neuronal damage due to oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals. NA is primarily produced by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressing neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC), a relatively small brainstem nucleus near the IVth ventricle which sends projections throughout the brain and spinal cord. It has been known for close to 50 years that LC neurons are lost during normal aging, and that loss is exacerbated in neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. LC neuronal damage and glial activation has now been documented in a variety of other neurological conditions and diseases, however, the causes of LC damage and cell loss remain largely unknown. A number of approaches have been developed to address the loss of NA and increased inflammation associated with LC damage, and several methods are being explored to directly minimize the extent of LC neuronal cell loss or function. In this review, we will summarize some of the consequences of LC loss, consider several factors that likely contribute to that loss, and discuss various ways that have been used to increase NA or to reduce LC damage. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Feinstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Sergey Kalinin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Braun
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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