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Muñoz-Moreno R, Martínez-Romero C, García-Sastre A. Induction and Evasion of Type-I Interferon Responses during Influenza A Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a038414. [PMID: 32661015 PMCID: PMC8485741 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are contagious pathogens and one of the leading causes of respiratory tract infections in both humans and animals worldwide. Upon infection, the innate immune system provides the first line of defense to neutralize or limit the replication of invading pathogens, creating a fast and broad response that brings the cells into an alerted state through the secretion of cytokines and the induction of the interferon (IFN) pathway. At the same time, IAVs have developed a plethora of immune evasion mechanisms in order to avoid or circumvent the host antiviral response, promoting viral replication. Herein, we will review and summarize already known and recently described innate immune mechanisms that host cells use to fight IAV viral infections as well as the main strategies developed by IAVs to overcome such powerful defenses during this fascinating virus-host interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Muñoz-Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Carles Martínez-Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Anti-Influenza Effect of Nanosilver in a Mouse Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040679. [PMID: 33202939 PMCID: PMC7712555 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study assesses copper metabolism of the host organism as a target of antiviral strategy, basing on the "virocell" concept. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used as a specific active agent because they reduce the level of holo-ceruloplasmin, the main extracellular cuproenzyme. The mouse model of influenza virus A infection was used with two doses: 1 LD50 and 10 LD50. Three treatment regimens were used: Scheme 1-mice were pretreated 4 days before infection and then every day during infection development; Scheme 2-mice were pretreated four days before infection and on the day of virus infection; Scheme 3-virus infection and AgNP treatment started simultaneously, and mice were injected with AgNPs until the end of the experiment. The mice treated by Scheme 1 demonstrated significantly lower mortality, the protection index reached 60-70% at the end of the experiment, and mean lifespan was prolonged. In addition, the treatment of the animals with AgNPs resulted in normalization of the weight dynamics. Despite the amelioration of the infection, AgNP treatment did not influence influenza virus replication. The possibility of using nanosilver as an effective indirectly-acting antiviral drug is discussed.
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Chen KK, Minakuchi M, Wuputra K, Ku CC, Pan JB, Kuo KK, Lin YC, Saito S, Lin CS, Yokoyama KK. Redox control in the pathophysiology of influenza virus infection. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:214. [PMID: 32689931 PMCID: PMC7370268 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggered in response to external and internal ligands in cells and animals, redox homeostasis is transmitted via signal molecules involved in defense redox mechanisms through networks of cell proliferation, differentiation, intracellular detoxification, bacterial infection, and immune reactions. Cellular oxidation is not necessarily harmful per se, but its effects depend on the balance between the peroxidation and antioxidation cascades, which can vary according to the stimulus and serve to maintain oxygen homeostasis. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are generated during influenza virus (IV) infection have critical effects on both the virus and host cells. In this review, we outline the link between viral infection and redox control using IV infection as an example. We discuss the current state of knowledge on the molecular relationship between cellular oxidation mediated by ROS accumulation and the diversity of IV infection. We also summarize the potential anti-IV agents available currently that act by targeting redox biology/pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ker-Kong Chen
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan ,Department of Densitory, Kaohisung University Hospital, Kaohisung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Moeko Minakuchi
- grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseca University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan
| | - Kenly Wuputra
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 80807 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 80807 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Jia-Bin Pan
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 80807 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- grid.412027.20000 0004 0620 9374Department Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Shigeo Saito
- grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseca University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan ,Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology Institute, Yalta, Tochigi, 329-1471 Japan
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 80807 Taiwan ,grid.412036.20000 0004 0531 9758Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
| | - Kazunari K. Yokoyama
- grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseca University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 80807 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan ,grid.412027.20000 0004 0620 9374Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
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Keshavarz M, Solaymani-Mohammadi F, Namdari H, Arjeini Y, Mousavi MJ, Rezaei F. Metabolic host response and therapeutic approaches to influenza infection. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:15. [PMID: 32161622 PMCID: PMC7059726 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on available metabolomic studies, influenza infection affects a variety of cellular metabolic pathways to ensure an optimal environment for its replication and production of viral particles. Following infection, glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis increase in infected cells continually, which results in higher glucose consumption. The pentose phosphate shunt, as another glucose-consuming pathway, is enhanced by influenza infection to help produce more nucleotides, especially ATP. Regarding lipid species, following infection, levels of triglycerides, phospholipids, and several lipid derivatives undergo perturbations, some of which are associated with inflammatory responses. Also, mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation decreases significantly simultaneously with an increase in biosynthesis of fatty acids and membrane lipids. Moreover, essential amino acids are demonstrated to decline in infected tissues due to the production of large amounts of viral and cellular proteins. Immune responses against influenza infection, on the other hand, could significantly affect metabolic pathways. Mainly, interferon (IFN) production following viral infection affects cell function via alteration in amino acid synthesis, membrane composition, and lipid metabolism. Understanding metabolic alterations required for influenza virus replication has revealed novel therapeutic methods based on targeted inhibition of these cellular metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Keshavarz
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | - Haideh Namdari
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Arjeini
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- National Influenza Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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DNA mismatch repair is required for the host innate response and controls cellular fate after influenza virus infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1964-1977. [PMID: 31358986 PMCID: PMC6814535 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the cytopathic nature of influenza A virus (IAV) replication, we
recently reported that a subset of lung epithelial club cells is able to
intrinsically clear virus and survive infection. However, the mechanisms that
drive cell survival during a normally lytic infection remained unclear. Using a
loss-of-function screening approach, we discovered that the DNA mismatch repair
(MMR) pathway is essential for club cell survival of IAV infection. Repair of
virally-induced oxidative damage by the DNA MMR pathway not only allowed cell
survival of infection but also facilitated host gene transcription, including
the expression of antiviral and stress response genes. Enhanced viral
suppression of the DNA MMR pathway prevented club cell survival and increased
the severity of viral disease in vivo. Altogether, these
results identify previously unappreciated roles for DNA MMR as a central
modulator of cellular fate and a contributor to the innate antiviral response,
which together, control influenza viral disease severity.
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Wang R, Zhu Y, Lin X, Ren C, Zhao J, Wang F, Gao X, Xiao R, Zhao L, Chen H, Jin M, Ma W, Zhou H. Influenza M2 protein regulates MAVS-mediated signaling pathway through interacting with MAVS and increasing ROS production. Autophagy 2019; 15:1163-1181. [PMID: 30741586 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1580089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus can evade host innate immune response that is involved in several viral proteins with complicated mechanisms. To date, how influenza A M2 protein modulates the host innate immunity remains unclear. Herein, we showed that M2 protein colocalized and interacted with MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein) on mitochondria, and positively regulated MAVS-mediated innate immunity. Further studies revealed that M2 induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that was required for activation of macroautophagy/autophagy and enhancement of MAVS signaling pathway. Importantly, the proton channel activity of M2 protein was demonstrated to be essential for ROS production and antagonizing the autophagy pathway to control MAVS aggregation, thereby enhancing MAVS signal activity. In conclusion, our studies provided novel insights into mechanisms of M2 protein in modulating host antiviral immunity and uncovered a new mechanism into biology and pathogenicity of influenza A virus. Abbreviations: AKT/PKB: AKT serine/threonine kinase; Apo: apocynin; ATG5: autophagy related 5; BAPTA-AM: 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis; BECN1: beclin 1; CARD: caspase recruitment domain; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; CQ: chloroquine; DCF: dichlorodihyd-rofluorescein; DPI: diphenyleneiodonium; DDX58: DExD/H-box helicase 58; eGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; EGTA: ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; hpi: hours post infection; IAV: influenza A virus; IFN: interferon; IP: immunoprecipitation; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; ISRE: IFN-stimulated response elements; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; MOI, multiplicity of infection; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NC: negative control; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; PI3K: class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase; RLR: RIG-I-like-receptor; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SEV: sendai virus; TM: transmembrane; TMRM: tetramethylrhodamine methylester; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Yinxing Zhu
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Xian Lin
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Chenwei Ren
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Jiachang Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Xiaochen Gao
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Rong Xiao
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Lianzhong Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Meilin Jin
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- c Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
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Redox Biology of Respiratory Viral Infections. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080392. [PMID: 30049972 PMCID: PMC6115776 DOI: 10.3390/v10080392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses cause infections of the upper or lower respiratory tract and they are responsible for the common cold—the most prevalent disease in the world. In many cases the common cold results in severe illness due to complications, such as fever or pneumonia. Children, old people, and immunosuppressed patients are at the highest risk and require fast diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. However, the availability and efficiencies of existing therapeutic approaches vary depending on the virus. Investigation of the pathologies that are associated with infection by respiratory viruses will be paramount for diagnosis, treatment modalities, and the development of new therapies. Changes in redox homeostasis in infected cells are one of the key events that is linked to infection with respiratory viruses and linked to inflammation and subsequent tissue damage. Our review summarizes current knowledge on changes to redox homeostasis, as induced by the different respiratory viruses.
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Vangeti S, Yu M, Smed-Sörensen A. Respiratory Mononuclear Phagocytes in Human Influenza A Virus Infection: Their Role in Immune Protection and As Targets of the Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1521. [PMID: 30018617 PMCID: PMC6037688 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viruses have become increasingly important with recurrent epidemics. Influenza A virus (IAV), a respiratory virus displaying continuous re-emergence, contributes significantly to global morbidity and mortality, especially in young children, immunocompromised, and elderly people. IAV infection is typically confined to the airways and the virus replicates in respiratory epithelial cells but can also infect resident immune cells. Clearance of infection requires virus-specific adaptive immune responses that depend on early and efficient innate immune responses against IAV. Mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs), comprising monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages, have common but also unique features. In addition to being professional antigen-presenting cells, MNPs mediate leukocyte recruitment, sense and phagocytose pathogens, regulate inflammation, and shape immune responses. The immune protection mediated by MNPs can be compromised during IAV infection when the cells are also targeted by the virus, leading to impaired cytokine responses and altered interactions with other immune cells. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly clear that immune cells differ depending on their anatomical location and that it is important to study them where they are expected to exert their function. Defining tissue-resident MNP distribution, phenotype, and function during acute and convalescent human IAV infection can offer valuable insights into understanding how MNPs maintain the fine balance required to protect against infections that the cells are themselves susceptible to. In this review, we delineate the role of MNPs in the human respiratory tract during IAV infection both in mediating immune protection and as targets of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Vangeti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meng Yu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Klemm C, Boergeling Y, Ludwig S, Ehrhardt C. Immunomodulatory Nonstructural Proteins of Influenza A Viruses. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:624-636. [PMID: 29373257 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Influenza epidemics and pandemics still represent a severe public health threat and cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. As intracellular parasites, influenza viruses are strongly dependent on the host cell machinery. To ensure efficient production of progeny viruses, viral proteins extensively interfere with cellular signalling pathways to inhibit antiviral responses or to activate virus-supportive functions. Here, we review various functions of the influenza virus nonstructural proteins NS1, PB1-F2, and PA-X in infected cells and how post-transcriptional modifications of these proteins affect the viral life cycle. Furthermore, we discuss newly discovered interactions between these proteins and the antiviral interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Klemm
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Inducible Lung Epithelial Resistance Requires Multisource Reactive Oxygen Species Generation To Protect against Viral Infections. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00696-18. [PMID: 29764948 PMCID: PMC5954225 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00696-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral pneumonias cause profound worldwide morbidity, necessitating novel strategies to prevent and treat these potentially lethal infections. Stimulation of intrinsic lung defenses via inhalation of synergistically acting Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists protects mice broadly against pneumonia, including otherwise-lethal viral infections, providing a potential opportunity to mitigate infectious threats. As intact lung epithelial TLR signaling is required for the inducible resistance and as these cells are the principal targets of many respiratory viruses, the capacity of lung epithelial cells to be therapeutically manipulated to function as autonomous antiviral effectors was investigated. Our work revealed that mouse and human lung epithelial cells could be stimulated to generate robust antiviral responses that both reduce viral burden and enhance survival of isolated cells and intact animals. The antiviral protection required concurrent induction of epithelial reactive oxygen species (ROS) from both mitochondrial and dual oxidase sources, although neither type I interferon enrichment nor type I interferon signaling was required for the inducible protection. Taken together, these findings establish the sufficiency of lung epithelial cells to generate therapeutically inducible antiviral responses, reveal novel antiviral roles for ROS, provide mechanistic insights into inducible resistance, and may provide an opportunity to protect patients from viral pneumonia during periods of peak vulnerability.IMPORTANCE Viruses are the most commonly identified causes of pneumonia and inflict unacceptable morbidity, despite currently available therapies. While lung epithelial cells are principal targets of respiratory viruses, they have also been recently shown to contribute importantly to therapeutically inducible antimicrobial responses. This work finds that lung cells can be stimulated to protect themselves against viral challenges, even in the absence of leukocytes, both reducing viral burden and improving survival. Further, it was found that the protection occurs via unexpected induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from spatially segregated sources without reliance on type I interferon signaling. Coordinated multisource ROS generation has not previously been described against viruses, nor has ROS generation been reported for epithelial cells against any pathogen. Thus, these findings extend the potential clinical applications for the strategy of inducible resistance to protect vulnerable people against viral infections and also provide new insights into the capacity of lung cells to protect against infections via novel ROS-dependent mechanisms.
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Virulent PB1-F2 residues: effects on fitness of H1N1 influenza A virus in mice and changes during evolution of human influenza A viruses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7474. [PMID: 29749408 PMCID: PMC5945659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific residues of influenza A virus (IAV) PB1-F2 proteins may enhance inflammation or cytotoxicity. In a series of studies, we evaluated the function of these virulence-associated residues in the context of different IAV subtypes in mice. Here, we demonstrate that, as with the previously assessed pandemic 1968 (H3N2) IAV, PB1-F2 inflammatory residues increase the virulence of H1N1 IAV, suggesting that this effect might be a universal feature. Combining both inflammatory and cytotoxic residues in PB1-F2 enhanced virulence further, compared to either motif alone. Residues from these virulent motifs have been present in natural isolates from human seasonal IAV of all subtypes, but there has been a trend toward a gradual reduction in the number of virulent residues over time. However, human IAV of swine and avian origin tend to have more virulent residues than do the human-adapted seasonal strains, raising the possibility that donation of PB1 segments from these zoonotic viruses may increase the severity of some seasonal human strains. Our data suggest the value of surveillance of virulent residues in both human and animal IAV to predict the severity of influenza season.
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12
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Kim K, Chung MH, Park S, Cha J, Baek JH, Lee SY, Choi SY. ER stress attenuation by Aloe-derived polysaccharides in the protection of pancreatic β-cells from free fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:797-803. [PMID: 29684344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance, a pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, is associated with obesity. Lipotoxicity in obesity leads to the dysfunction and death of pancreatic β-cells and inadequate insulin production, thereby aggravating type 2 diabetes. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of Aloe vera polysaccharides (APs) as an anti-hyperglycemic agent and their mechanisms of action. Gel polysaccharides from Aloe extracts were separated using ultrafiltration devices with molecular weight-cutoff membranes, and the protective effect of APs on pancreatic β-cells in response to free fatty acids (FFAs) was determined. Hamster pancreatic β-cell line HIT-T15 was treated with palmitate and APs to analyze cellular responses. We observed a large number of apoptotic β-cell death after treatment with high levels of palmitate, but this was efficiently prevented by the addition of APs in a dose-dependent manner. It was found that the anti-apoptotic properties of APs were largely due to the relief of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling. APs were effective in interfering with the FFA-induced activation of the PERK and IRE1 pathways as well as ROS generation, thereby protecting pancreatic β-cells from lipotoxicity. Although variation in the chain length of APs can influence the activity of FFA-mediated ER stress signaling in different ways, polysaccharide mixtures with molecular weights higher than 50 kDa showed greater antiapoptotic and antioxidant activity in β-cells. After oral administration of APs, markedly lowering fasting blood glucose levels were observed in db/db mice, providing evidence of the potential of APs as an alternative insulin sensitizer. Therefore, it was concluded that APs have a protective effect against type 2 diabetes by modulating obesity-induced ER stress in pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisoo Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hwa Chung
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Cha
- KJM Aloe R&D Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Shin-Young Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Kang Won Natuinal University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yun Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Jung KI, Pyo CW, Choi SY. Influenza A virus-induced autophagy contributes to enhancement of virus infectivity by SOD1 downregulation in alveolar epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:960-966. [PMID: 29548827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Infection with influenza A virus (IAV) A/WSN/1933 (H1N1) causes oxidative stress and severe lung injury. We have demonstrated that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during IAV infection is tightly regulated by superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and correlated with viral replication in alveolar epithelial cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying SOD1 reduction during IAV infection is uncertain. Here we demonstrate that the autophagy pathway is activated by IAV infection and involved in enhanced ROS generation in the early phase of infection. We observed that IAV infection induced autophagic vacuolation, leading to autophagic degradation of cellular proteins, including the protease sensitive antioxidant SOD1. Silencing of the microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) gene in A549 cells supported the critical role of autophagy in the ROS increase. The decrease in viral titer and viral polymerase activity caused by LC3 silencing or the autophagy inhibitor clearly evidenced the involvement of autophagy in the control of ROS generation and viral infectivity. Therefore, we concluded that early stage IAV infection induces autophagic degradation of antioxidant enzyme SOD1, thereby contributing to increased ROS generation and viral infectivity in alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Il Jung
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Chul Woong Pyo
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Sang-Yun Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea.
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14
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Wang QW, Su Y, Sheng JT, Gu LM, Zhao Y, Chen XX, Chen C, Li WZ, Li KS, Dai JP. Anti-influenza A virus activity of rhein through regulating oxidative stress, TLR4, Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB signal pathways. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191793. [PMID: 29385192 PMCID: PMC5791991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhein, an anthraquinone compound existing in many traditional herbal medicines, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective activities, but its anti-influenza A virus (IAV) activity is ambiguous. In the present study, through plaque inhibition assay, time-of-addition assay, antioxidant assay, qRT-PCR, ELISA, and western blotting assays, we investigated the anti-IAV effect and mechanism of action of rhein in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that rhein could significantly inhibit IAV adsorption and replication, decrease IAV-induced oxidative stress, activations of TLR4, Akt, p38, JNK MAPK, and NF-κB pathways, and production of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in vitro. Oxidant H2O2 and agonists of TLR4, Akt, p38/JNK and IKK/NF-κB could significantly antagonize the inhibitory effects of rhein on IAV-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and IAV replication. Through an in vivo test in mice, we also found that rhein could significantly improve the survival rate, lung index, pulmonary cytokines, and pulmonary histopathological changes. Rhein also significantly decreased pulmonary viral load at a high dose. In conclusion, rhein can inhibit IAV adsorption and replication, and the mechanism of action to inhibit IAV replication may be due to its ability to suppress IAV-induced oxidative stress and activations of TLR4, Akt, p38, JNK MAPK, and NF-κB signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Wen Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Sheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Ming Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kang-Sheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Ping Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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CD151, a novel host factor of nuclear export signaling in influenza virus infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:1799-1817. [PMID: 29274410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of influenza A virus (IAV) infection, the crucial virus-host interactions during the viral replication cycle still remain incomplete. Tetraspanin CD151 is highly expressed in the human respiratory tract, but its pathological role in IAV infection is unknown. OBJECTIVES We sought to characterize the functional role and mechanisms of action of CD151 in IAV infection of the upper and lower respiratory tracts with H1N1 and H3N2 strains. METHODS We used CD151-null mice in an in vivo model of IAV infection and clinical donor samples of in vitro-differentiated human nasal epithelial cells cultured at air-liquid interface. RESULTS As compared with wild-type infected mice, CD151-null infected mice exhibited a significant reduction in virus titer and improvement in survival that is associated with pronounced host antiviral response and inflammasome activation together with accelerated lung repair. Interestingly, we show that CD151 complexes newly synthesized viral proteins with host nuclear export proteins and stabilizes microtubule complexes, which are key processes necessary for the polarized trafficking of viral progeny to the host plasma membrane for assembly. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new mechanistic insights into our understanding of IAV infection. We show that CD151 is a critical novel host factor of nuclear export signaling whereby the IAV nuclear export uses it to complement its own nuclear export proteins (a site not targeted by current therapy), making this regulation unique, and holds promise for the development of novel alternative/complementary strategies to reduce IAV severity.
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16
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Sarvestani ST, McAuley JL. The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in regulation of antiviral responses to influenza A virus infection. Antiviral Res 2017; 148:32-42. [PMID: 29097227 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system provides the host with both a dynamic barrier to prevent infection and a means to which rapid anti-microbial responses can be mounted. The inflammasome pathway is a critical host early response mechanism that enables detection of pathogens and initiates production of inflammatory cytokines, inducing recruitment of effector cells to the site of infection. The complete mechanism of inflammasome activation requires two signals: an initial priming step upon detection of pathogen, followed by activation of intracellular pattern recognition receptors critical to the formation of the inflammasome complex. The inflammasome complex is made of intracellular multiprotein oligomers which includes a sensor protein such as the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) like receptor proteins (NLRP), and an adapter protein, ASC, which critically activates pro-caspase-1. The mature caspase-1 then proteolytically cleaves cytosolic pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18, which are then secreted as inflammatory cytokines that activate the inflammatory arm of the immune response to infection. Active caspase-1 also results in pyroptosis, which is a form of cell death triggered by inflammation. The induction and activation of IL-1β and IL-18 are considered critical signatures for inflammasome activation. With focus upon influenza A virus infection, this review will address present knowledge on the mechanisms of inflammasome complex activation, particularly how the viral components modulate activation of the cytosolic NOD-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3)-dependent inflammasome complex. We also discuss potential therapeutic strategies that target the inflammasome to ameliorate illness, as well as novel methods of vaccination that target inflammasome stimulation with the aim to increase efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush T Sarvestani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Julie L McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
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17
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McBee ME, Chionh YH, Sharaf ML, Ho P, Cai MWL, Dedon PC. Production of Superoxide in Bacteria Is Stress- and Cell State-Dependent: A Gating-Optimized Flow Cytometry Method that Minimizes ROS Measurement Artifacts with Fluorescent Dyes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:459. [PMID: 28377755 PMCID: PMC5359317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in microbial metabolism and stress response has emerged as a major theme in microbiology and infectious disease. Reactive fluorescent dyes have the potential to advance the study of ROS in the complex intracellular environment, especially for high-content and high-throughput analyses. However, current dye-based approaches to measuring intracellular ROS have the potential for significant artifacts. Here, we describe a robust platform for flow cytometric quantification of ROS in bacteria using fluorescent dyes, with ROS measurements in 10s-of-1000s of individual cells under a variety of conditions. False positives and variability among sample types (e.g., bacterial species, stress conditions) are reduced with a flexible four-step gating scheme that accounts for side- and forward-scattered light (morphological changes), background fluorescence, DNA content, and dye uptake to identify cells producing ROS. Using CellROX Green dye with Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Mycobacterium bovis BCG as diverse model bacteria, we show that (1) the generation of a quantifiable CellROX Green signal for superoxide, but not hydrogen peroxide-induced hydroxyl radicals, validates this dye as a superoxide detector; (2) the level of dye-detectable superoxide does not correlate with cytotoxicity or antibiotic sensitivity; (3) the non-replicating, antibiotic tolerant state of nutrient-deprived mycobacteria is associated with high levels of superoxide; and (4) antibiotic-induced production of superoxide is idiosyncratic with regard to both the species and the physiological state of the bacteria. We also show that the gating method is applicable to other fluorescent indicator dyes, such as the 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester and 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride for cellular esterase and reductive respiratory activities, respectively. These results demonstrate that properly controlled flow cytometry coupled with fluorescent probes provides precise and accurate quantitative analysis of ROS generation and metabolic changes in stressed bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E McBee
- Infectious Disease Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yok H Chionh
- Infectious Disease Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and TechnologySingapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Mariam L Sharaf
- Infectious Disease Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peiying Ho
- Infectious Disease Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maggie W L Cai
- Infectious Disease Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and TechnologySingapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Peter C Dedon
- Infectious Disease Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and TechnologySingapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, CambridgeMA, USA
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18
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Qi X, Zhang H, Wang Q, Wang J. The NS1 protein of avian influenza virus H9N2 induces oxidative-stress-mediated chicken oviduct epithelial cells apoptosis. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3183-3192. [PMID: 27902334 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus infection (AIV) in hens is often related to oviduct tissue damage. The viral non-structural NS1 protein is thought to play a key role in regulating the pathogenicity of AIV, but its exact function in this process remains elusive. In this study, the pro-apoptosis effect of H9N2 NS1 protein was examined on chicken oviduct epithelial cells (COECs) and our data indicated that NS1-induced oxidative stress was a contributing factor in apoptosis. Our data indicate that NS1 protein level was correlated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) in COECs transfected with NS1 expression plasmids. Interestingly, decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, were observed in NS1-transfected COECs. Treatment of COECs with antioxidants, such as pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC), significantly inhibited NS1-induced apoptosis. Moreover, although antioxidant treatment has little effect on the activation of caspase-8 in NS1-transfected cells, the activation of caspase-3/9 and Bax/Bcl-2 were significantly downregulated. Taken together, the results of our study demonstrated that expression of H9N2 NS1 alone is sufficient to trigger oxidative stress in COECs. Additionally, NS1 protein can induce cellular apoptosis via activating ROS accumulation and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signalling in COECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Qi
- Veterinary Medicine College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Huizhu Zhang
- Veterinary Medicine College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Qiuzhen Wang
- Veterinary Medicine College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Veterinary Medicine College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
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19
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PathCellNet: Cell-type specific pathogen-response network explorer. J Immunol Methods 2016; 439:15-22. [PMID: 27659011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen specific immune response is a complex interplay between several innate and adaptive immune cell-types. Innate immune cells play a critical role in pathogen recognition and initiating the antigen specific adaptive immune response. Despite specific functional roles of the innate immune cells, they share several anti-viral pathways. The question then becomes, what is the overlap in the transcriptional changes induced upon viral infections across different cell-types? Here we investigate the extent to which gene signatures are conserved across innate immune cell-types by performing a comparative analysis of transcriptomic data. Particularly, we integrate transcriptomic datasets measuring response of two innate immune cells (epithelial and dendritic cells) to influenza virus. The study reveals cell-type specific regulatory genes and a conserved network between the two cell-types. Additionally, novel functionally associated gene clusters are identified which are robustly defined across multiple independent studies. These gene clusters can be used in future investigation, and to facilitate their use we release PathCellNet (version 0), a cloud based tool to explore cell-type specific connectivity of user-defined genes. In the future, expansion of PathCellNet will allow exploration of cell-type specific responses across a variety of pathogens and cell-types.
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20
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The Influenza Virus H5N1 Infection Can Induce ROS Production for Viral Replication and Host Cell Death in A549 Cells Modulated by Human Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) Overexpression. Viruses 2016; 8:v8010013. [PMID: 26761025 PMCID: PMC4728573 DOI: 10.3390/v8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic H5N1 infections are often accompanied by excessive pro-inflammatory response, high viral titer, and apoptosis; as such, the efficient control of these infections poses a great challenge. The pathogenesis of influenza virus infection is also related to oxidative stress. However, the role of endogenic genes with antioxidant effect in the control of influenza viruses, especially H5N1 viruses, should be further investigated. In this study, the H5N1 infection in lung epithelial cells decreased Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) expression at mRNA and protein levels. Forced SOD1 expression significantly inhibited the H5N1-induced increase in reactive oxygen species, decreased pro-inflammatory response, prevented p65 and p38 phosphorylation, and impeded viral ribonucleoprotein nuclear export and viral replication. The SOD1 overexpression also rescued H5N1-induced cellular apoptosis and alleviated H5N1-caused mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, this study described the role of SOD1 in the replication of H5N1 influenza virus and emphasized the relevance of this enzyme in the control of H5N1 replication in epithelial cells. Pharmacological modulation or targeting SOD1 may open a new way to fight H5N1 influenza virus.
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