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Kang N, Ji Z, Li Y, Gao J, Wu X, Zhang X, Duan Q, Zhu C, Xu Y, Wen L, Shi X, Liu W. Metabolite-derived damage-associated molecular patterns in immunological diseases. FEBS J 2024; 291:2051-2067. [PMID: 37432883 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are typically derived from the endogenous elements of necrosis cells and can trigger inflammatory responses by activating DAMPs-sensing receptors on immune cells. Failure to clear DAMPs may lead to persistent inflammation, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of immunological diseases. This review focuses on a newly recognized class of DAMPs derived from lipid, glucose, nucleotide, and amino acid metabolic pathways, which are then termed as metabolite-derived DAMPs. This review summarizes the reported molecular mechanisms of these metabolite-derived DAMPs in exacerbating inflammation responses, which may attribute to the pathology of certain types of immunological diseases. Additionally, this review also highlights both direct and indirect clinical interventions that have been explored to mitigate the pathological effects of these DAMPs. By summarizing our current understanding of metabolite-derived DAMPs, this review aims to inspire future thoughts and endeavors on targeted medicinal interventions and the development of therapies for immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenglin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinfeng Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medical of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Wen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medical of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medical of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
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George M, Lang M, Gali CC, Babalola JA, Tam-Amersdorfer C, Stracke A, Strobl H, Zimmermann R, Panzenboeck U, Wadsack C. Liver X Receptor Activation Attenuates Oxysterol-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Fetoplacental Endothelial Cells. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081186. [PMID: 37190095 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized cholesterol derivatives whose systemic levels are found elevated in pregnancy disorders such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Oxysterols act through various cellular receptors and serve as a key metabolic signal, coordinating inflammation. GDM is a condition of low-grade chronic inflammation accompanied by altered inflammatory profiles in the mother, placenta and fetus. Higher levels of two oxysterols, namely 7-ketocholesterol (7-ketoC) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC), were observed in fetoplacental endothelial cells (fpEC) and cord blood of GDM offspring. In this study, we tested the effects of 7-ketoC and 7β-OHC on inflammation and investigated the underlying mechanisms involved. Primary fpEC in culture treated with 7-ketoC or 7β-OHC, induced the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling, which resulted in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Liver-X receptor (LXR) activation is known to repress inflammation. Treatment with LXR synthetic agonist T0901317 dampened oxysterol-induced inflammatory responses. Probucol, an inhibitor of LXR target gene ATP-binding cassette transporter A-1 (ABCA-1), antagonized the protective effects of T0901317, suggesting a potential involvement of ABCA-1 in LXR-mediated repression of inflammatory signaling in fpEC. TLR-4 inhibitor Tak-242 attenuated pro-inflammatory signaling induced by oxysterols downstream of the TLR-4 inflammatory signaling cascade. Taken together, our findings suggest that 7-ketoC and 7β-OHC contribute to placental inflammation through the activation of TLR-4. Pharmacologic activation of LXR in fpEC decelerates its shift to a pro-inflammatory phenotype in the presence of oxysterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meekha George
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Magdalena Lang
- Otto-Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Carmen Tam-Amersdorfer
- Otto-Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anika Stracke
- Otto-Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Herbert Strobl
- Otto-Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ute Panzenboeck
- Otto-Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- BioTech-Med, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Yang M, Tian S, Lin Z, Fu Z, Li C. Costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules of B7-CD28 family in cardiovascular atherosclerosis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31667. [PMID: 36397436 PMCID: PMC9666218 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the active involvement of vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Vascular inflammatory events within atherosclerotic plaques are predominated by innate antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells, macrophages, and adaptive immune cells such as T lymphocytes. The interaction between APCs and T cells is essential for the initiation and progression of vascular inflammation during atherosclerosis formation. B7-CD28 family members that provide either costimulatory or coinhibitory signals to T cells are important mediators of the cross-talk between APCs and T cells. The balance of different functional members of the B7-CD28 family shapes T cell responses during inflammation. Recent studies from both mouse and preclinical models have shown that targeting costimulatory molecules on APCs and T cells may be effective in treating vascular inflammatory diseases, especially atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding how APC and T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by focusing on B7-CD28 family members and provide insight into the immunotherapeutic potential of targeting B7-CD28 family members in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Electrophysiological Center of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Simeng Tian
- Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhoujun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenkun Fu
- Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Immunology, Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, China
- * Correspondence: Zhenkun Fu, Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (e-mail. ); Chenggang Li, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (e-mail. )
| | - Chenggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * Correspondence: Zhenkun Fu, Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (e-mail. ); Chenggang Li, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (e-mail. )
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Udhaya Kumar S, Thirumal Kumar D, Bithia R, Sankar S, Magesh R, Sidenna M, George Priya Doss C, Zayed H. Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes and Molecular Pathways in Familial Hypercholesterolemia Involved in Atherosclerosis: A Systematic and Bioinformatics Approach. Front Genet 2020; 11:734. [PMID: 32760426 PMCID: PMC7373787 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is one of the major risk factor for the progression of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. This study focused on identifying the dysregulated molecular pathways and core genes that are differentially regulated in FH and to identify the possible genetic factors and potential underlying mechanisms that increase the risk to atherosclerosis in patients with FH. Methods: The Affymetrix microarray dataset (GSE13985) from the GEO database and the GEO2R statistical tool were used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the white blood cells (WBCs) of five heterozygous FH patients and five healthy controls. The interaction between the DEGs was identified by applying the STRING tool and visualized using Cytoscape software. MCODE was used to determine the gene cluster in the interactive networks. The identified DEGs were subjected to the DAVID v6.8 webserver and ClueGo/CluePedia for functional annotation, such as gene ontology (GO) and enriched molecular pathway analysis of DEGs. Results: We investigated the top 250 significant DEGs (p-value < 0.05; fold two change ≥ 1 or ≤ -1). The GO analysis of DEGs with significant differences revealed that they are involved in critical biological processes and molecular pathways, such as myeloid cell differentiation, peptidyl-lysine modification, signaling pathway of MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor, and cell-cell adhesion. The analysis of enriched KEGG pathways revealed the association of the DEGs in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and cardiac muscle contraction. The genes involved in the molecular pathways were shown to be differentially regulated by either activating or inhibiting the genes that are essential for the canonical signaling pathways. Our study identified seven core genes (UQCR11, UBE2N, ADD1, TLN1, IRAK3, LY96, and MAP3K1) that are strongly linked to FH and lead to a higher risk of atherosclerosis. Conclusion: We identified seven core genes that represent potential molecular biomarkers for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis and might serve as a platform for developing therapeutics against both FH and atherosclerosis. However, functional studies are further needed to validate their role in the pathogenesis of FH and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Udhaya Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - D. Thirumal Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - R. Bithia
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Srivarshini Sankar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - R. Magesh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, India
| | - Mariem Sidenna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, Qatar University, QU Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - C. George Priya Doss
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, Qatar University, QU Health, Doha, Qatar
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5
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MD2 activation by direct AGE interaction drives inflammatory diabetic cardiomyopathy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2148. [PMID: 32358497 PMCID: PMC7195432 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to induce inflammation in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the mechanisms of TLR4 activation remain unclear. Here we examine the role of myeloid differentiation 2 (MD2), a co-receptor of TLR4, in high glucose (HG)- and diabetes-induced inflammatory cardiomyopathy. We show increased MD2 in heart tissues of diabetic mice and serum of human diabetic subjects. MD2 deficiency in mice inhibits TLR4 pathway activation, which correlates with reduced myocardial remodeling and improved cardiac function. Mechanistically, we show that HG induces extracellular advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which bind directly to MD2, leading to formation of AGEs-MD2-TLR4 complex and initiation of pro-inflammatory pathways. We further detect elevated AGE-MD2 complexes in heart tissues and serum of diabetic mice and human subjects with DCM. In summary, we uncover a new mechanism of HG-induced inflammatory responses and myocardial injury, in which AGE products directly bind MD2 to drive inflammatory DCM. The mechanisms underlying cardiac inflammation in diabetic cardiomyopathy are incompletely understood. Here the authors show that advanced glycation end products bind to the TLR4 co-receptor MD2 initiating pro-inflammatory pathways.
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Chen T, Huang W, Qian J, Luo W, Shan P, Cai Y, Lin K, Wu G, Liang G. Macrophage-derived myeloid differentiation protein 2 plays an essential role in ox-LDL-induced inflammation and atherosclerosis. EBioMedicine 2020; 53:102706. [PMID: 32151799 PMCID: PMC7063167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Although Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been involved in inflammatory atherosclerosis, the exact mechanisms by which oxidized-low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL) activates TLR4 and elicits inflammatory genesis are not fully known. Myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) is an extracellular molecule indispensable for lipopolysaccharide recognition of TLR4. Method Apoe−/−Md2−/− mice and pharmacological inhibitor of MD2 were used in this study. We also reconstituted Apoe−/− mice with either Apoe−/− or Apoe−/−Md2−/− marrow-derived cells. Mechanistic studies were performed in primary macrophages, HEK-293T cells, and cell-free system. Finding MD2 levels are elevated in atherosclerotic lesion macrophages, and MD2 deficiency or pharmacological inhibition in mice reduces the inflammation and stunts the development of atherosclerotic lesions in Apoe−/− mice fed with high-fat diet. Transfer of marrow-derived cells from Apoe-Md2 double knockout mice to Apoe knockout mice confirmed the critical role of bone marrow-derived MD2 in inflammatory factor induction and atherosclerosis development. Mechanistically, we show that MD2 does not alter ox-LDL uptake by macrophages but is required for TLR4 activation and inflammation via directly binding to ox-LDL, which triggers MD2/TLR4 complex formation and TLR4-MyD88-NFκB pro-inflammatory cascade. Interpretation We provide a mechanistic basis of ox-LDL-induced macrophage inflammation, illustrate the role of macrophage-derived MD2 in atherosclerosis, and support the therapeutic potential of MD2 targeting in atherosclerosis-driven cardiovascular diseases. Funding This work was supported by the National Key Research Project of China (2017YFA0506000), National Natural Science Foundation of China (21961142009, 81930108, 81670244, and 81700402), and Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LY19H020004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiwei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinfu Qian
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wu Luo
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peiren Shan
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Cai
- The Affiliated Cangnan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Lin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gaojun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guang Liang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhuji Biomedicine Institute, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Gonen A, Miller YI. From Inert Storage to Biological Activity-In Search of Identity for Oxidized Cholesteryl Esters. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:602252. [PMID: 33329402 PMCID: PMC7715012 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.602252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Esterification of cholesterol is a universal mechanism to store and transport large quantities of cholesterol between organs and tissues and to avoid toxicity of the excess of cellular cholesterol. Intended for transport and storage and thus to be inert, cholesteryl esters (CEs) reside in hydrophobic cores of circulating lipoproteins and intracellular lipid droplets. However, the inert identity of CEs is dramatically changed if cholesterol is esterified to a polyunsaturated fatty acid and subjected to oxidative modification. Post-synthetic, or epilipidomic, oxidative modifications of CEs are mediated by specialized enzymes, chief among them are lipoxygenases, and by free radical oxidation. The complex repertoire of oxidized CE (OxCE) products exhibit various, context-dependent biological activities, surveyed in this review. Oxidized fatty acyl chains in OxCE can be hydrolyzed and re-esterified, thus seeding oxidized moieties into phospholipids (PLs), with OxPLs having different from OxCEs biological activities. Technological advances in mass spectrometry and the development of new anti-OxCE antibodies make it possible to validate the presence and quantify the levels of OxCEs in human atherosclerotic lesions and plasma. The article discusses the prospects of measuring OxCE levels in plasma as a novel biomarker assay to evaluate risk of developing cardiovascular disease and efficacy of treatment.
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Gonen A, Choi SH, Miu P, Agatisa-Boyle C, Acks D, Taylor AM, McNamara CA, Tsimikas S, Witztum JL, Miller YI. A monoclonal antibody to assess oxidized cholesteryl esters associated with apoAI and apoB-100 lipoproteins in human plasma. J Lipid Res 2018; 60:436-445. [PMID: 30563909 PMCID: PMC6358287 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d090852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is associated with increased lipid peroxidation, leading to generation of multiple oxidation-specific epitopes (OSEs), contributing to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestation. Oxidized cholesteryl esters (OxCEs) are a major class of OSEs found in human plasma and atherosclerotic tissue. To evaluate OxCEs as a candidate biomarker, we generated a novel mouse monoclonal Ab (mAb) specific to an OxCE modification of proteins. The mAb AG23 (IgG1) was raised in C57BL6 mice immunized with OxCE-modified keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and hybridomas were screened against OxCE-modified BSA. This method ensures mAb specificity to the OxCE modification, independent of a carrier protein. AG23 specifically stained human carotid artery atherosclerotic lesions. An ELISA method, with AG23 as a capture and either anti-apoAI or anti-apoB-100 as the detection Abs, was developed to assay apoAI and apoB-100 lipoproteins that have one or more OxCE epitopes. OxCE-apoA or OxCE-apoB did not correlate with the well-established oxidized phospholipid-apoB biomarker. In a cohort of subjects treated with atorvastatin, OxCE-apoA was significantly lower than in the placebo group, independent of the apoAI levels. These results suggest the potential diagnostic utility of a new biomarker assay to measure OxCE-modified lipoproteins in patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Gonen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Soo-Ho Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Phuong Miu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Colin Agatisa-Boyle
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Daniel Acks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Angela M Taylor
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Coleen A McNamara
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yury I Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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9
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Ann SJ, Kim KK, Cheon EJ, Noh HM, Hwang I, Yu JW, Park S, Kang SM, Manabe I, Miller YI, Kim S, Lee SH. Palmitate and minimally-modified low-density lipoprotein cooperatively promote inflammatory responses in macrophages. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29518116 PMCID: PMC5843266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased consumption of Western-type diets and environmental insults lead to wide-spread increases in the plasma levels of saturated fatty acids and lipoprotein oxidation. The aim of this study is to examine whether palmitate and minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL) exert an additive effect on macrophage activation. We found that CXCL2 and TNF-α secretion as well as ERK and p38 phosphorylation were additively increased by co-treatment of J774 macrophages with palmitate and mmLDL in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, the analysis of differentially expressed genes using the KEGG database revealed that several pathways, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and genes were significantly altered. These results were validated with real-time PCR, showing upregulation of Il-6, Csf3, Il-1β, and Clec4d. The present study demonstrated that palmitate and mmLDL additively potentiate the LPS-induced activation of macrophages. These results suggest the existence of synergistic mechanisms by which saturated fatty acids and oxidized lipoproteins activate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-jin Ann
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ka-Kyung Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Cheon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Min Noh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inhwa Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Wook Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungha Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Min Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Disease Biology and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yury I. Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Sangwoo Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SH Lee); (S Kim)
| | - Sang-Hak Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SH Lee); (S Kim)
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Fang Q, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Li W, Han J, Huang W, Liang G, Wang Y. Inhibition of myeloid differentiation factor-2 attenuates obesity-induced cardiomyopathy and fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:252-262. [PMID: 28965884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity causes cardiovascular diseases, including cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, via chronic tissue inflammation. Myeloid differentiation factor-2 (MD2), a binding protein of lipopolysaccharide, is functionally essential for the activation of proinflammatory pathways in endotoxin-induced acute inflammatory diseases. Here we tested the hypothesis that MD2 plays a central role in obesity-induced cardiomyopathy. Wildtype or MD2 knockout mice were fed with a high fat diet (HFD) or normal diet (Control) for total 16weeks, and MD2 inhibitor L6H21 (20mg/kg) or vehicle (1% CMC-Na) were administered from the beginning of the 9th week. HFD induced significant weight gain and cardiac hypertrophy, with increased cardiac fibrosis and inflammation. L6H21 administration or MD2 knockout attenuated HFD-induced obesity, inflammation and cardiac remodeling. In vitro exposure of H9C2 cells to high lipids induced cell hypertrophy with activated JNK/ERK and NF-κB pathways, which was abolished by pretreatment of MD2 inhibitor L6H21. Our results demonstrate that MD2 is essential to obesity-related cardiac hypertrophy through activating JNK/ERK and NF-κB-dependent cardiac inflammatory pathways. Targeting MD2 would be a therapeutic approach to prevent obesity-induced cardiac injury and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Fang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingying Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lintao Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weixin Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jibo Han
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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11
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Miller YI, Shyy JYJ. Context-Dependent Role of Oxidized Lipids and Lipoproteins in Inflammation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:143-152. [PMID: 27931771 PMCID: PMC5253098 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), which contains hundreds of different oxidized lipid molecules, is a hallmark of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. The same oxidized lipids found in OxLDL are also formed in apoptotic cells, and are present in tissues as well as in the circulation under pathological conditions. In many disease contexts, oxidized lipids constitute damage signals, or patterns, that activate pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and significantly contribute to inflammation. Here, we review recent discoveries and emerging trends in the field of oxidized lipids and the regulation of inflammation, focusing on oxidation products of polyunsaturated fatty acids esterified into cholesteryl esters (CEs) and phospholipids (PLs). We also highlight context-dependent activation and biased agonism of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and the NLRP3 inflammasome, among other signaling pathways activated by oxidized lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury I Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - John Y-J Shyy
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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12
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MD2 mediates angiotensin II-induced cardiac inflammation and remodeling via directly binding to Ang II and activating TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 112:9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Choi SH, Sviridov D, Miller YI. Oxidized cholesteryl esters and inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:393-397. [PMID: 27368140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis proposes that oxidized LDL is a major causative factor in the development of atherosclerosis. Although this hypothesis has received strong mechanistic support and many animal studies demonstrated profound atheroprotective effects of antioxidants, which reduce LDL oxidation, the results of human clinical trials with antioxidants were mainly negative, except in selected groups of patients with clearly increased systemic oxidative stress. We propose that even if reducing lipoprotein oxidation in humans might be difficult to achieve, deeper understanding of mechanisms by which oxidized LDL promotes atherosclerosis and targeting these specific mechanisms will offer novel approaches to treatment of cardiovascular disease. In this review article, we focus on oxidized cholesteryl esters (OxCE), which are a major component of minimally and extensively oxidized LDL and of human atherosclerotic lesions. OxCE and OxCE-protein covalent adducts induce profound biological effects. Among these effects, OxCE activate macrophages via toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and spleen tyrosine kinase and induce macropinocytosis resulting in lipid accumulation, generation of reactive oxygen species and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Specific inhibition of OxCE-induced TLR4 activation, as well as blocking other inflammatory effects of OxCE, may offer novel treatments of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid modification and lipid peroxidation products in innate immunity and inflammation edited by Christoph J. Binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Ho Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Yury I Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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