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Verma S, Giagnocavo SD, Curtin MC, Arumugam M, Osburn-Staker SM, Wang G, Atkinson A, Nix DA, Lum DH, Cox JE, Hilgendorf KI. Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein Secreted by Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Promotes Peritumoral Fibrosis. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:1655-1666. [PMID: 38888911 PMCID: PMC11224648 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-24-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a modifiable predisposition factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. This suggests a localized, reciprocal interaction between breast cancer cells and the surrounding mammary white adipose tissue. To investigate how breast cancer cells alter the composition and function of adipose tissue, we screened the secretomes of 10 human breast cancer cell lines for the ability to modulate the differentiation of adipocyte stem and progenitor cells. The screen identified an adipogenic modulator, zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAG/AZGP1) that is secreted by triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. TNBC-secreted ZAG inhibits adipogenesis and instead induces the expression of fibrotic genes. Accordingly, depletion of ZAG in TNBC cells attenuates fibrosis in white adipose tissue and inhibits tumor growth. Further, high expression of ZAG is linked to poor prognosis in patients with TNBC but not in patients with other clinical subtypes of breast cancer. Our findings suggest a role of TNBC-secreted ZAG in promoting the transdifferentiation of adipocyte stem and progenitor cells into cancer-associated fibroblasts to support tumorigenesis. SIGNIFICANCE Functional screening of breast cancer secretomes revealed that triple-negative breast cancer promotes fibrosis in the adipose tissue microenvironment by secreting zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein and promoting the transdifferentiation of adipocyte stem cells into myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | | | - Meghan C. Curtin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Menusha Arumugam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Sandra M. Osburn-Staker
- Metabolomics, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Guoying Wang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Aaron Atkinson
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - David A. Nix
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - David H. Lum
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - James E. Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
- Metabolomics, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Keren I. Hilgendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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Verma S, Giagnocavo SD, Curtin MC, Arumugam M, Osburn-Staker SM, Wang G, Atkinson A, Nix DA, Lum DH, Cox JE, Hilgendorf KI. Zinc Alpha-2-Glycoprotein (ZAG/AZGP1) secreted by triple-negative breast cancer promotes tumor microenvironment fibrosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.04.583349. [PMID: 38496643 PMCID: PMC10942361 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.04.583349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a predisposition factor for breast cancer, suggesting a localized, reciprocal interaction between breast cancer cells and the surrounding mammary white adipose tissue. To investigate how breast cancer cells alter the composition and function of adipose tissue, we screened the secretomes of ten human breast cancer cell lines for the ability to modulate the differentiation of adipocyte stem and progenitor cells (ASPC). The screen identified a key adipogenic modulator, Zinc Alpha-2-Glycoprotein (ZAG/AZGP1), secreted by triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. TNBC-secreted ZAG inhibits adipogenesis and instead induces the expression of fibrotic genes. Accordingly, depletion of ZAG in TNBC cells attenuates fibrosis in white adipose tissue and inhibits tumor growth. Further, high expression of ZAG in TNBC patients, but not other clinical subtypes of breast cancer, is linked to poor prognosis. Our findings suggest a role of TNBC-secreted ZAG in promoting the transdifferentiation of ASPCs into cancer-associated fibroblasts to support tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Meghan C Curtin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Menusha Arumugam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sandra M Osburn-Staker
- Metabolomics, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Guoying Wang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aaron Atkinson
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David A Nix
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David H Lum
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James E Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Metabolomics, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Keren I Hilgendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Lead contact:
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Gómez-García I, Fernández-Quintela A, Portillo MP, Trepiana J. Changes in brown adipose tissue induced by resveratrol and its analogue pterostilbene in rats fed with a high-fat high-fructose diet. J Physiol Biochem 2023:10.1007/s13105-023-00985-x. [PMID: 37843714 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-023-00985-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural bioactive compounds have attracted a great deal of attention since some of them can act as thermogenesis activators. In recent years, special interest has been placed on resveratrol and its analogue pterostilbene, a dimethylether derivative that shows higher bioavailability. The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of resveratrol and its derivative pterostilbene on the thermogenic capacity of interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) in rats under a high-fat high-fructose diet. Rats were divided into four experimental groups: control, high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHF) and HFHF diet supplemented with 30 mg/kg body weight/day of pterostilbene (PT30) or resveratrol (RSV30), for eight weeks. Weights of adipose tissues, iBAT triglycerides, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) and citrate synthase (CS) activities, protein levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), sirtuins (SIRT1 and 3), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), glucose transporter (GLUT4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), nuclear respiratory factor (NRF1), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), CD36 and FATP1 fatty acid transporters, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC1) activation and the batokines EPDR1 and NRG4 were assessed in iBAT. The results show that some key proteins related to thermogenesis were modified by either pterostilbene or resveratrol, although the lack of effects on other crucial proteins of the thermogenic machinery suggest that these compounds were not able to stimulate this process in iBAT. Overall, these data suggest that the effects of stilbenes on brown adipose tissue thermogenic capacity depend on the metabolic status, and more precisely on the presence or absence of obesity, although further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Gómez-García
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Alfredo Fernández-Quintela
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Puy Portillo
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jenifer Trepiana
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Distinct AMPK-Mediated FAS/HSL Pathway Is Implicated in the Alleviating Effect of Nuciferine on Obesity and Hepatic Steatosis in HFD-Fed Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091898. [PMID: 35565866 PMCID: PMC9101490 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuciferine (Nuci), the main aporphine alkaloid component in lotus leaf, was reported to reduce lipid accumulation in vitro. Herein we investigated whether Nuci prevents obesity in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and the underlying mechanism in liver/HepG2 hepatocytes and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) /adipocytes. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with HFD supplemented with Nuci (0.10%) for 12 weeks. We found that Nuci significantly reduced body weight and fat mass, improved glycolipid profiles, and enhanced energy expenditure in HFD-fed mice. Nuci also ameliorated hepatic steatosis and decreased the size of adipocytes. Furthermore, Nuci remarkably promoted the phosphorylation of AMPK, suppressed lipogenesis (SREBP1, FAS, ACC), promoted lipolysis (HSL, ATGL), and increased the expressions of adipokines (FGF21, ZAG) in liver and eWAT. Besides, fatty acid oxidation in liver and thermogenesis in eWAT were also activated by Nuci. Similar results were further observed at cellular level, and these beneficial effects of Nuci in cells were abolished by an effective AMPK inhibitor compound C. In conclusion, Nuci supplementation prevented HFD-induced obesity, attenuated hepatic steatosis, and reduced lipid accumulation in liver/hepatocytes and eWAT/adipocytes through regulating AMPK-mediated FAS/HSL pathway. Our findings provide novel insight into the clinical application of Nuci in treating obesity and related complications.
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Ren Y, Zhao H, Yin C, Lan X, Wu L, Du X, Griffiths HR, Gao D. Adipokines, Hepatokines and Myokines: Focus on Their Role and Molecular Mechanisms in Adipose Tissue Inflammation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:873699. [PMID: 35909571 PMCID: PMC9329830 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.873699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) is a hallmark of obesity and contributes to various metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Inflammation in ATs is characterized by macrophage infiltration and the activation of inflammatory pathways mediated by NF-κB, JNK, and NLRP3 inflammasomes. Adipokines, hepatokines and myokines - proteins secreted from AT, the liver and skeletal muscle play regulatory roles in AT inflammation via endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine pathways. For example, obesity is associated with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory adipokines (e.g., leptin, resistin, chemerin, progranulin, RBP4, WISP1, FABP4, PAI-1, Follistatin-like1, MCP-1, SPARC, SPARCL1, and SAA) and reduced levels of anti-inflammatory adipokines such as adiponectin, omentin, ZAG, SFRP5, CTRP3, vaspin, and IL-10. Moreover, some hepatokines (Fetuin A, DPP4, FGF21, GDF15, and MANF) and myokines (irisin, IL-6, and DEL-1) also play pro- or anti-inflammatory roles in AT inflammation. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of these organokines and their role in AT inflammation and related metabolic abnormalities. It serves to highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of these organokines and their clinical significance. Insights into the roles and mechanisms of these organokines could provide novel and potential therapeutic targets for obesity-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Ren
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunyan Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xi Lan
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Litao Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaojuan Du
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Helen R. Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Gao
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Center, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Dan Gao,
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Zhao Y, Li H, Donelan W, Li S, Tang D. Expression of Recombinant Rat Secretable FNDC5 in Pichia Pastoris and Detection of Its Biological Activity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:852015. [PMID: 35321332 PMCID: PMC8936140 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.852015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
FNDC5 is the precursor of the myokine irisin proposed to exhibit favorable metabolic activity, including anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects. The diversity of FNDC5 transcripts has been reported by several studies, but the role and existence of these transcripts are not well defined. In our previous study, a novel secretable FNDC5 (sFNDC5) isoform lacking the transmembrane region was found in rat INS-1 cells and multiple rat tissues. In the current study, we established a high-yield system for the expression and purification of sFNDC5 in Pichia pastoris, and functional investigations were undertaken using 3T3-L1 cells. We discovered that this new isoform has similar and even stronger biological functions than irisin, which may be due to its more complete structure without cleavage. Hence, we believe that sFNDC5, as the first identified readily secretable derivative, can better induce lipolysis and can potentially prevent obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - William Donelan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shiwu Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dongqi Tang
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Dongqi Tang,
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Zahid H, Lau AM, Kelly SM, Karu K, Gor J, Perkins SJ, McDermott LC. Identification of diverse lipid-binding modes in the groove of zinc α 2 glycoprotein reveals its functional versatility. FEBS J 2021; 289:1876-1896. [PMID: 34817923 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ZAG is a multifunctional glycoprotein with a class I MHC-like protein fold and an α1-α2 lipid-binding groove. The intrinsic ZAG ligand is unknown. Our previous studies showed that ZAG binds the dansylated C11 fatty acid, DAUDA, differently to the boron dipyrromethane C16 fatty acid, C16 -BODIPY. Here, the molecular basis for this difference was elucidated. Multi-wavelength analytical ultracentrifugation confirmed that DAUDA and C16 -BODIPY individually bind to ZAG and compete for the same binding site. Molecular docking of lipid-binding in the structurally related Cluster of differentiation 1 proteins predicted nine conserved ligand contact residues in ZAG. Twelve mutants were accordingly created by alanine scanning site directed mutagenesis for characterisation. Mutation of Y12 caused ZAG to misfold. Mutation of K147, R157 and A158 abrogated C16 -BODIPY but not DAUDA binding. L69 and T169 increased the fluorescence emission intensity of C16 -BODIPY but not of DAUDA compared to wild-type ZAG and showed that C16 -BODIPY binds close to T169 and L69. Distance measurements of the crystal structure revealed K147 forms a salt bridge with D83. A range of bioactive bulky lipids including phospholipids and sphingolipids displaced DAUDA from the ZAG binding site but unexpectedly did not displace C16 -BODIPY. We conclude that the ZAG α1-α2 groove contains separate but overlapping sites for DAUDA and C16 -BODIPY and is involved in binding to a bulkier and wider repertoire of lipids than previously reported. This work suggested that the in vivo activity of ZAG may be dictated by its lipid ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Zahid
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, UK
| | - Andy M Lau
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, UK
| | - Sharon M Kelly
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Kersti Karu
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, UK
| | - Jayesh Gor
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, UK
| | - Stephen J Perkins
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, UK
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Tang Y, Zhang W, Sheng T, He X, Xiong X. Overview of the molecular mechanisms contributing to the formation of cancer‑associated adipocytes (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:768. [PMID: 34490479 PMCID: PMC8430316 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes are the main stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. In addition to serving as energy stores for triglycerides, adipocytes may function as an active endocrine organ. The crosstalk between adipocytes and cancer cells was shown to promote the migration, invasion and proliferation of cancer cells and to cause phenotypic and functional changes in adipocytes. Tumor-derived soluble factors, such as TNF-α, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, Wnt3a, IL-6, and exosomal microRNAs (miRNA/miRs), including miR-144, miR-126, miR-155, as well as other miRNAs, have been shown to act on adipocytes at the tumor invasion front, resulting in the formation of cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs) with diminished reduced terminal differentiation markers and a dedifferentiated phenotype. In addition, the number and size of CAA lipid droplets have been found to be significantly reduced compared with those of mature adipocytes, whereas inflammatory cytokines and proteases are overexpressed. The aim of the present review was to summarize the latest findings on the biological changes of CAAs and the potential role of tumor-adipocyte crosstalk in the formation of CAAs, in the hope of providing novel perspectives for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Tang
- Second Clinical Medical School, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical School, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tianqiang Sheng
- Second Clinical Medical School, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xi He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Namkhah Z, Naeini F, Ostadrahimi A, Tutunchi H, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ. The association of the adipokine zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and related risk factors: A comprehensive systematic review. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e13985. [PMID: 33404166 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The adipokine zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein (ZAG), a multidisciplinary protein, is involved in lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis and energy balance. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the expression of ZAG is mainly downregulated in obesity and obesity-related conditions. In the present study, we assessed the association of ZAG with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the related risk factors including obesity, metabolic factors and inflammatory parameters, with emphasis on potential mechanisms underlying these associations. METHODS PRISMA guidelines were followed in this review. Systematic searches were performed using the PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus, EMBASE, ProQuest and Google Scholar databases, up to August 2020 for all relevant published papers. RESULTS Out of 362 records screened, 34 articles were included in the final analysis. According to the studies reviewed here, ZAG appears to exert a protective effect against NAFLD by enhancing mRNA expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ, promoting mRNA expression levels of the lipolysis-related genes, reducing mRNA expression levels of the lipogenesis-related genes, increasing hepatic fatty acid oxidation, ameliorating hepatic steatosis, promoting the activity of brown adipose tissue and the expression of thermogenesis-related genes, modulating energy balance and glucose homeostasis, and elevating plasma levels of healthy adipokines such as adiponectin. ZAG can also be involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses by attenuation of the expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators. CONCLUSION According to the studies reviewed here, ZAG is suggested to be a promising therapeutic target for NAFLD. However, the favourable effects of ZAG need to be confirmed in prospective cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Namkhah
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Naeini
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Helda Tutunchi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Banaszak M, Górna I, Przysławski J. Zinc and the Innovative Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein Adipokine Play an Important Role in Lipid Metabolism: A Critical Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062023. [PMID: 34208404 PMCID: PMC8231141 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies indicate that zinc and the new zinc-related adipokine, zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG), are involved in lipid metabolism. Excess body fat lowers blood concentrations of Zn and ZAG, leading not only to the development of obesity but also to other components of the metabolic syndrome. Zinc homeostasis disorders in the body negatively affect the lipid profile and cytokine secretion. Zinc appears to be a very important ZAG homeostasis regulator. The physiological effects of ZAG are related to lipid metabolism, but studies show that ZAG also affects glucose metabolism and is linked to insulin resistance. ZAG has a zinc binding site in its structure, which may indicate that ZAG mediates the effect of zinc on lipid metabolism. The review aimed to verify the available studies on the effects of zinc and ZAG on lipid metabolism. A literature review within the scope of this research area was conducted using articles available in PubMed (including MEDLINE), Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases. An analysis of available studies has shown that zinc improves hepatic lipid metabolism and has an impact on the lipid profile. Numerous studies have found that zinc supplementation in overweight individuals significantly reduced blood levels of total cholesterol, LDL (Low-density lipoprotein)cholesterol and triglycerides, potentially reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Some results also indicate that it increases HDL-C (High-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels. ZAG has been shown to play a significant role in reducing obesity and improving insulin sensitivity, both in experimental animal model studies and in human studies. Furthermore, ZAG at physiologically relevant concentrations increases the release of adiponectin from human adipocytes. In addition, ZAG has been shown to inhibit in vitro leptin production. Further studies are needed to provide more data on the role of zinc and zinc-α2-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Banaszak
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Ilona Górna
- Department of Bromatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-354 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-854-7204
| | - Juliusz Przysławski
- Department of Bromatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-354 Poznan, Poland;
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Abstract
During nearly 100 years of research on cancer cachexia (CC), science has been reciting the same mantra: it is a multifactorial syndrome. The aim of this paper is to show that the symptoms are many, but they have a single cause: anoxia. CC is a complex and devastating condition that affects a high proportion of advanced cancer patients. Unfortunately, it cannot be reversed by traditional nutritional support and it generally reduces survival time. It is characterized by significant weight loss, mainly from fat deposits and skeletal muscles. The occurrence of cachexia in cancer patients is usually a late phenomenon. The conundrum is why do similar patients with similar tumors, develop cachexia and others do not? Even if cachexia is mainly a metabolic dysfunction, there are other issues involved such as the activation of inflammatory responses and crosstalk between different cell types. The exact mechanism leading to a wasting syndrome is not known, however there are some factors that are surely involved, such as anorexia with lower calorie intake, increased glycolytic flux, gluconeogenesis, increased lipolysis and severe tumor hypoxia. Based on this incomplete knowledge we put together a scheme explaining the molecular mechanisms behind cancer cachexia, and surprisingly, there is one cause that explains all of its characteristics: anoxia. With this different view of CC we propose a treatment based on the physiopathology that leads from anoxia to the symptoms of CC. The fundamentals of this hypothesis are based on the idea that CC is the result of anoxia causing intracellular lactic acidosis. This is a dangerous situation for cell survival which can be solved by activating energy consuming gluconeogenesis. The process is conducted by the hypoxia inducible factor-1α. This hypothesis was built by putting together pieces of evidence produced by authors working on related topics.
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12
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Rodríguez A, Catalán V, Ramírez B, Unamuno X, Portincasa P, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Frühbeck G, Becerril S. Impact of adipokines and myokines on fat browning. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 76:227-240. [PMID: 32236810 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of leptin in 1994, the adipose tissue (AT) is not just considered a passive fat storage organ but also an extremely active secretory and endocrine organ that secretes a large variety of hormones, called adipokines, involved in energy metabolism. Adipokines may not only contribute to AT dysfunction and obesity, but also in fat browning, a process that induces a phenotypic switch from energy-storing white adipocytes to thermogenic brown fat-like cells. The fat browning process and, consequently, thermogenesis can also be stimulated by physical exercise. Contracting skeletal muscle is a metabolically active tissue that participates in several endocrine functions through the production of bioactive factors, collectively termed myokines, proposed as the mediators of physical activity-induced health benefits. Myokines affect muscle mass, have profound effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, and promote browning and thermogenesis of white AT in an endocrine and/or paracrine manner. The present review focuses on the role of different myokines and adipokines in the regulation of fat browning, as well as in the potential cross-talk between AT and skeletal muscle, in order to control body weight, energy expenditure and thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - V Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - B Ramírez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - X Unamuno
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Medical Engineering Laboratory, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - P Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Policlinico Hospital, University of Bari Medical School, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - J Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - G Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain.,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain. .,Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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13
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Fan G, Dang X, Li Y, Chen J, Zhao R, Yang X. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein promotes browning of white adipose tissue in cold-exposed male mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 501:110669. [PMID: 31790716 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The promotion of white adipose tissue (WAT) browning has emerged as a promising therapeutic target to increase energy expenditure and decrease weight gain. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is a newly identified adipokine that regulates lipid metabolism. It shows high expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT), but whether ZAG plays a key role in the browning of white adipose tissue is still largely unclear. In the present study, we explored the relationship between ZAG and the browning of WAT in cold-exposed ZAG knockout (KO) mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes with overexpressed ZAG. The results showed that cold stress induced marked accumulation of ZAG in wild type (WT) mice. Additionally, ZAG deficiency inhibited the loss of body weight and adipose tissue weight in cold stressed mice. ZAG KO mice were resistant to cold-induced expression of browning markers and energy metabolism in WAT. Furthermore, replenishment ZAG plasmid improved the reduction in cold-induced browning of WAT in ZAG KO mice. In vitro, ZAG overexpression promoted browning and mitochondrial biogenesis and increased the expression of β3-AR and P-P38 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These findings demonstrate that ZAG can promote the browning of white adipose tissue and can serve as a potential therapeutic target for treating metabolic diseases such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Dang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yanfei Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Jinglong Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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14
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Severo JS, Morais JBS, Beserra JB, Dos Santos LR, de Sousa Melo SR, de Sousa GS, de Matos Neto EM, Henriques GS, do Nascimento Marreiro D. Role of Zinc in Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein Metabolism in Obesity: a Review of Literature. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 193:81-88. [PMID: 30929134 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01702-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Excessive adipose tissue promotes the manifestation of endocrine disorders such as reduction of the secretion of zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG), an adipokine with anti-inflammatory and lipid-mobilizing activity. The molecular structure of this adipokine includes binding sites for zinc, a trace element with important antioxidant and immunological proprieties that also participates in energy metabolism and stimulates the function of ZAG. The objective of this review is to highlight current data on the metabolism of ZAG in obesity and the role of zinc in this process. The identified studies show that subjects with obesity have low serum concentrations of zinc and ZAG, as well as low expression of the genes encoding this protein. Thus, zinc appears to be an important regulator of the homeostasis of ZAG in the body; however, alterations in the metabolism of zinc in obesity appear to compromise the functions of ZAG. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between zinc and ZAG metabolism and its repercussions in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Soares Severo
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, Teresina, Piaui, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Beatriz Silva Morais
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, Teresina, Piaui, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Jessica Batista Beserra
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, Teresina, Piaui, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Loanne Rocha Dos Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, Teresina, Piaui, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Stéfany Rodrigues de Sousa Melo
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, Teresina, Piaui, 64049-550, Brazil
| | | | - Emídio Marques de Matos Neto
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Simeone Henriques
- School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627 Pres. Antônio Carlos Ave. Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dilina do Nascimento Marreiro
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, Teresina, Piaui, 64049-550, Brazil.
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15
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Liu M, Liu Z, Zhu H, Wang L, Yang H, Yan K, Gong F, Pan H, Zeng Y. Serum Zinc- α2-Glycoprotein Levels in Patients with or without Coronary Artery Disease in Chinese North Population. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:7864721. [PMID: 32184822 PMCID: PMC7063206 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7864721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD), the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, has imposed huge health and economic burdens globally. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is a novel adipokine. Increasing evidence suggests the close relationship between serum ZAG levels and various cardiometabolic risk factors. However, the relationship between serum ZAG levels and CAD is still not fully clarified. We conducted this study to evaluate serum ZAG levels and its association with cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 129 patients with CAD, 99 patients with noncoronary artery disease (NCAD), and 121 controls were recruited in this retrospective study. CAD (coronary artery stenosis ≥50%) or NCAD (coronary artery stenosis <50%) patients who underwent coronary angiography were diagnosed according to the American Heart Association criteria. Serum ZAG levels were determined via commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The results showed that serum ZAG levels in CAD and NCAD groups were significantly decreased when compared with those in the control group. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that the grouping variable (control, NCAD, and CAD) was an independent determinant of serum ZAG levels (β = -0.328, P < 0.001) after controlling other confounding factors. Further multivariate ordinary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the risk of grouping at one level higher in subjects with the lowest tertile of ZAG levels was 2.28-fold higher than those with the highest tertile levels (OR = 3.281, 95% CI 1.782-6.038, P < 0.001). The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that serum ZAG could distinguish CAD patients (AUC = 0.706, 95% CI, 0.643-0.770, P < 0.05), NCAD patients (AUC = 0.673, 95% CI, 0.602-0.743, P < 0.05), and NCAD and CAD patients (AUC = 0.692, 95% CI, 0.633-0.750, P < 0.05) from controls. In conclusion, serum ZAG levels were significantly decreased in NCAD/CAD patients. The decreased serum ZAG levels were independently associated with the presence of NCAD/CAD. ZAG might serve as a candidate diagnostic biomarker for NCAD/CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Kemin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fengying Gong
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Leiva M, Matesanz N, Pulgarín-Alfaro M, Nikolic I, Sabio G. Uncovering the Role of p38 Family Members in Adipose Tissue Physiology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:572089. [PMID: 33424765 PMCID: PMC7786386 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.572089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex functions of adipose tissue have been a focus of research interest over the past twenty years. Adipose tissue is not only the main energy storage depot, but also one of the largest endocrine organs in the body and carries out crucial metabolic functions. Moreover, brown and beige adipose depots are major sites of energy expenditure through the activation of adaptive, non-shivering thermogenesis. In recent years, numerous signaling molecules and pathways have emerged as critical regulators of adipose tissue, in both homeostasis and obesity-related disease. Among the best characterized are members of the p38 kinase family. The activity of these kinases has emerged as a key contributor to the biology of the white and brown adipose tissues, and their modulation could provide new therapeutic approaches against obesity. Here, we give an overview of the roles of the distinct p38 family members in adipose tissue, focusing on their actions in adipogenesis, thermogenic activity, and secretory function.
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17
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Crystal structure of zinc-α2-glycoprotein in complex with a fatty acid reveals multiple different modes of protein-lipid binding. Biochem J 2019; 476:2815-2834. [PMID: 31506272 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is a 42 kDa adipokine which regulates body fat mass and is associated with cachexia and obesity. ZAG belongs to the major histocompatibility complex class I protein family and binds long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in its groove formed from the α1 and α2 domains. To identify the molecular basis of its lipid-binding function, we determined the first crystal structure at 2.49 Å resolution for fatty acid-bound ZAG, where the ligand was the fluorescent 11-(dansylamino)undecanoic acid (DAUDA). The 192 kDa crystallographic asymmetric unit contained six ZAG and eight fatty acid molecules in unique conformations. Six fatty acid molecules were localised to the ZAG grooves, where their tails were bound in two distinct conformations. The carboxylate groups of three fatty acids projected out of the groove, while the fourth was hydrogen bonded with R73 inside the groove. Other ligand-residue contacts were primarily hydrophobic. A new fatty acid site was revealed for two further DAUDA molecules at the ZAG α3 domains. Following conformational changes from unbound ZAG, the α3 domains formed tetrameric β-barrel structures lined by fatty acid molecules that doubled the binding capacity of ZAG. Analytical ultracentrifugation revealed that ZAG in solution was a monomer in the absence of DAUDA, but formed small amounts of tetramers with DAUDA. By showing that ZAG binds fatty acids in different locations, we demonstrate an augmented mechanism for fatty acid binding in ZAG that is distinct from other known fatty acid binding proteins, and may be relevant to cachexia.
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18
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Mukherjee S, Choi M, Yun JW. Novel regulatory roles of carboxylesterase 3 in lipid metabolism and browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1089-1098. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of carboxylesterase 3 (Ces3) in the lipolysis of adipocytes has been overlooked, as 2 major lipolytic enzymes, hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase, play more powerful roles in lipolysis. In this study, we explored the effects of Ces3 in lipid metabolism by activating and inhibiting, as well as silencing, Ces3-encoding gene in 3T3-L1 cell model. Our results demonstrated that activation of Ces3 increased adipogenesis, and attenuated lipogenesis, whereas it promoted lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. In addition, activated Ces3 led to enhanced expression of core fat browning marker genes and proteins, suggesting that Ces3 may play a pivotal role in fat browning and thermogenesis. In contrast, deficiency of Ces3 nullified the browning effect in white adipocytes, along with decreased adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Interestingly, the expression pattern of adipose triglyceride lipase was in line with Ces3, whereas hormone-sensitive lipase was independently regulated irrespective of Ces3 expression levels, suggesting that Ces3 may play an important and compensatory role in the breakdown of triglycerides in white adipocytes. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that activation of Ces3 contributes in the browning of white adipocytes, and maintains a balance in lipid metabolism, which could be a potential strategy in fighting against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
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Bruderer R, Muntel J, Müller S, Bernhardt OM, Gandhi T, Cominetti O, Macron C, Carayol J, Rinner O, Astrup A, Saris WHM, Hager J, Valsesia A, Dayon L, Reiter L. Analysis of 1508 Plasma Samples by Capillary-Flow Data-Independent Acquisition Profiles Proteomics of Weight Loss and Maintenance. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1242-1254. [PMID: 30948622 PMCID: PMC6553938 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive, high throughput analysis of the plasma proteome has the potential to enable holistic analysis of the health state of an individual. Based on our own experience and the evaluation of recent large-scale plasma mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomic studies, we identified two outstanding challenges: slow and delicate nano-flow liquid chromatography (LC) and irreproducibility of identification of data-dependent acquisition (DDA). We determined an optimal solution reducing these limitations with robust capillary-flow data-independent acquisition (DIA) MS. This platform can measure 31 plasma proteomes per day. Using this setup, we acquired a large-scale plasma study of the diet, obesity and genes dietary (DiOGenes) comprising 1508 samples. Proving the robustness, the complete acquisition was achieved on a single analytical column. Totally, 565 proteins (459 identified with two or more peptide sequences) were profiled with 74% data set completeness. On average 408 proteins (5246 peptides) were identified per acquisition (319 proteins in 90% of all acquisitions). The workflow reproducibility was assessed using 34 quality control pools acquired at regular intervals, resulting in 92% data set completeness with CVs for protein measurements of 10.9%.The profiles of 20 apolipoproteins could be profiled revealing distinct changes. The weight loss and weight maintenance resulted in sustained effects on low-grade inflammation, as well as steroid hormone and lipid metabolism, indicating beneficial effects. Comparison to other large-scale plasma weight loss studies demonstrated high robustness and quality of biomarker candidates identified. Tracking of nonenzymatic glycation indicated a delayed, slight reduction of glycation in the weight maintenance phase. Using stable-isotope-references, we could directly and absolutely quantify 60 proteins in the DIA.In conclusion, we present herein the first large-scale plasma DIA study and one of the largest clinical research proteomic studies to date. Application of this fast and robust workflow has great potential to advance biomarker discovery in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Muntel
- From the ‡Biognosys, 8952 Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Tejas Gandhi
- From the ‡Biognosys, 8952 Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Charlotte Macron
- §Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Carayol
- §Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Rinner
- From the ‡Biognosys, 8952 Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Arne Astrup
- ¶Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wim H M Saris
- ‖NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Hager
- §Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armand Valsesia
- §Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Dayon
- §Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Reiter
- From the ‡Biognosys, 8952 Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland;
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Xiao XH, Qi XY, Li JY, Wang YB, Wang YD, Liao ZZ, Yang J, Ran L, Wen GB, Liu JH. Serum zinc-α2-glycoprotein levels are elevated and correlated with thyroid hormone in newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism. BMC Endocr Disord 2019; 19:12. [PMID: 30670019 PMCID: PMC6343254 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-019-0336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is a recently novel lipolytic adipokine implicated in regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in many metabolic disorders. In vitro and animal studies suggest that thyroid hormones (TH) up-regulates ZAG production in hepatocytes. However, there is no data evaluating the possible relationship between ZAG and TH in a human model of hyperthyroidism. The objective of the present study is to assess the association of serum ZAG levels with TH and lipid profile in patients with hyperthyroidism before and after methimazole treatment. METHODS A total of 120 newly diagnosed overt hyperthyroidism and 122 healthy control subjects were recruited. Of them, 39 hyperthyroidism patients were assigned to receive methimazole treatment as follow-up study for 2 months. RESULTS The clinical consequence showed that serum ZAG levels were elevated in patients with hyperthyroidism (P < 0.01). Adjust for age, gender and BMI, serum ZAG levels were positively related with serum free T3 (FT3), free T4 (FT4) levels and negatively correlated with serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) levels in hyperthyroidism subjects (all P < 0.01). After methimazole treatment, serum ZAG levels were decreased and the decline was associated with decreased FT3, FT4 and increased TC levels (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION We conclude that ZAG may be involved in the pathogenesis of lipid metabolism disorder in patients with hyperthyroidism. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR-ROC-17012943 . Registered 11 October 2017, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hua Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Xiao-Yan Qi
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Jiao-Yang Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Yi-Bing Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Ya-Di Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Zhe-Zhen Liao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Li Ran
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Ge-Bo Wen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Jiang-Hua Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
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Expression and Function of Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:540-550. [PMID: 30610461 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-00332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG), encoded by the AZGP1 gene, is a major histocompatibility complex I molecule and a lipid-mobilizing factor. ZAG has been demonstrated to promote lipid metabolism and glucose utilization, and to regulate insulin sensitivity. Apart from adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney, ZAG also occurs in brain tissue, but its distribution in brain is debatable. Only a few studies have investigated ZAG in the brain. It has been found in the brains of patients with Krabbe disease and epilepsy, and in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal lobe dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Both ZAG protein and AZGP1 mRNA are decreased in epilepsy patients and animal models, while overexpression of ZAG suppresses seizure and epileptic discharges in animal models of epilepsy, but knowledge of the specific mechanism of ZAG in epilepsy is limited. In this review, we summarize the known roles and molecular mechanisms of ZAG in lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism, and in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, and discuss the possible mechanisms by which it suppresses epilepsy.
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Gao SX, Guo J, Fan GQ, Qiao Y, Zhao RQ, Yang XJ. ZAG alleviates HFD-induced insulin resistance accompanied with decreased lipid depot in skeletal muscle in mice. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2277-2286. [PMID: 30318474 PMCID: PMC6277152 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m082180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, intramuscular lipids have been viewed as a cause of insulin resistance due to their ability to suppress insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is an adipokine involved in lipolysis of white adipose tissue (WAT). To investigate the action of ZAG on insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet (HFD), which affects the intramuscular fat, mice were divided into three groups, normal diet, HFD, and ZAG treatment under HFD (HFZ). The results showed that the insulin sensitivity of ZAG-treated mice was significantly improved. The body weight, WAT weight, and intramuscular fat were significantly decreased in the HFZ group compared with the HFD group. The lipolytic enzymes, including phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase, were significantly upregulated in the skeletal muscle of mice that received the ZAG treatment compared with the HFD group. Insulin signaling proteins, such as phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 and cell membrane glucose transporter type 4, were also significantly increased in the skeletal muscle of the ZAG-treated group. Furthermore, a metabolic rate study showed that ZAG overexpression increases the respiratory exchange ratio and heat production. In vitro, ZAG treatment promotes glucose uptake and decreases intracellular lipids in C2C12 myotubes. Taken together, these data showed that overexpression of ZAG alleviates HFD-induced insulin resistance in mice, along with decreasing the lipid content of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qiang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-Qian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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Xiao XH, Wang YD, Qi XY, Wang YY, Li JY, Li H, Zhang PY, Liao HL, Li MH, Liao ZZ, Yang J, Xu CX, Wen GB, Liu JH. Zinc alpha2 glycoprotein protects against obesity-induced hepatic steatosis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1418-1430. [PMID: 30006580 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic steatosis, impaired insulin sensitivity, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Our previous studies indicated that zinc alpha2 glycoprotein (ZAG) alleviates palmitate (PA)-induced intracellular lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. This study is to further characterize the roles of ZAG on the development of hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance (IR), and inflammation. METHODS ZAG protein levels in the livers of NAFLD patients, high-fat diet (HFD)-induced or genetically (ob/ob) induced obese mice, and in PA-treated hepatocytes were determined by western blotting. C57BL/6J mice injected with an adenovirus expressing ZAG were fed HFD for indicated time to induce hepatic steatosis, IR, and inflammation, and then biomedical, histological, and metabolic analyses were conducted to identify pathologic alterations in these mice. The molecular mechanisms underlying ZAG-regulated hepatic steatosis were further explored and verified in mice and hepatocytes. RESULTS ZAG expression was decreased in NAFLD patient liver biopsy samples, obese mice livers, and PA-treated hepatocytes. Simultaneously, ZAG overexpression alleviated intracellular lipid accumulation via upregulating adiponectin and lipolytic genes (FXR, PPARα, etc.) while downregulating lipogenic genes (SREBP-1c, LXR, etc.) in obese mice as well as in cultured hepatocytes. ZAG improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance via activation of IRS/AKT signaling. Moreover, ZAG significantly inhibited NF-ĸB/JNK signaling and thus resulting in suppression of obesity-associated inflammatory response in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that ZAG could protect against NAFLD by ameliorating hepatic steatosis, IR, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hua Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Ya-Di Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Qi
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jiao-Yang Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Pei-Ying Zhang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Hai-Lin Liao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Mei-Hua Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhe-Zhen Liao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Can-Xin Xu
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ge-Bo Wen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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