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Stojanović NM, Randjelović PJ, Maslovarić A, Kostić M, Raičević V, Sakač M, Bjedov S. How do different bile acid derivatives affect rat macrophage function - Friends or foes? Chem Biol Interact 2023; 383:110688. [PMID: 37648052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to an increased need for new immunomodulatory agents, many previously known molecules have been structurally modified in order to obtain new drugs, preserving at the same time some of the benevolent characteristics of the parent molecule. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of a selected library of bile acid derivatives (BAD) using a broad spectrum of assays, evaluating rat peritoneal macrophages viability, cell membrane damage, lysosomal and adhesion function, and nitric oxide and cytokine production as a response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Also, in silico studies on two bile acid-activated receptors were conducted and the results were related to the observed in vitro effects. All tested BAD exerted significant toxicity in concentrations higher than 10 μM, which was determined based on mitochondria and cell membrane damage in a panel of assays. On the other hand, at lower concentrations, the tested BAD proved to be immunomodulatory since they affected lysosomal function, cell adhesion capacities and the ability to produce inflammatory cytokines in response to a stimulus. One of the compounds proved to exhibit significant toxicity toward macrophages, but also caused a concentration-dependent decrease in nitric oxide levels and was identified as a potential farnesoid X receptor agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola M Stojanović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000, Niš, Serbia.
| | - Pavle J Randjelović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | | | - Miloš Kostić
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Vidak Raičević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija Sakač
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Srđan Bjedov
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Saettele AL, Wong HTC, Kindt KS, Warchol ME, Sheets L. Prolonged Dexamethasone Exposure Enhances Zebrafish Lateral-Line Regeneration But Disrupts Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Hair Cell Function. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2022; 23:683-700. [PMID: 36261670 PMCID: PMC9789251 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-022-00875-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone is commonly used to treat inner ear disorders. Previous work in larval zebrafish has shown that dexamethasone treatment enhances hair cell regeneration, yet dexamethasone has also been shown to inhibit regeneration of peripheral nerves after lesion. We therefore used the zebrafish model to determine the impact of dexamethasone treatment on lateral-line hair cells and primary afferents. To explore dexamethasone in the context of regeneration, we used copper sulfate (CuSO4) to induce hair cell loss and retraction of nerve terminals, and then allowed animals to recover in dexamethasone for 48 h. Consistent with previous work, we observed significantly more regenerated hair cells in dexamethasone-treated larvae. Importantly, we found that the afferent processes beneath neuromasts also regenerated in the presence of dexamethasone and formed an appropriate number of synapses, indicating that innervation of hair cells was not inhibited by dexamethasone. In addition to regeneration, we also explored the effects of prolonged dexamethasone exposure on lateral-line homeostasis and function. Following dexamethasone treatment, we observed hyperpolarized mitochondrial membrane potentials (ΔΨm) in neuromast hair cells and supporting cells. Hair cells exposed to dexamethasone were also more vulnerable to neomycin-induced cell death. In response to a fluid-jet delivered saturating stimulus, calcium influx through hair cell mechanotransduction channels was significantly reduced, yet presynaptic calcium influx was unchanged. Cumulatively, these observations indicate that dexamethasone enhances hair cell regeneration in lateral-line neuromasts, yet also disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis, making hair cells more vulnerable to ototoxic insults and possibly impacting hair cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Saettele
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hiu-Tung C Wong
- Section On Sensory Cell Development and Function, National Institutes On Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Katie S Kindt
- Section On Sensory Cell Development and Function, National Institutes On Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Mark E Warchol
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lavinia Sheets
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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3
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Jayaprakash S, Hegde M, Girisa S, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Lee EHC, Yap KCH, Sethi G, Kumar AP, Kunnumakkara AB. Demystifying the Functional Role of Nuclear Receptors in Esophageal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810952. [PMID: 36142861 PMCID: PMC9501100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC), an aggressive and poorly understood disease, is one of the top causes of cancer-related fatalities. GLOBOCAN 2020 reports that there are 544,076 deaths and 604,100 new cases expected worldwide. Even though there are various advancements in treatment procedures, this cancer has been reported as one of the most difficult cancers to cure, and to increase patient survival; treatment targets still need to be established. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a type of transcription factor, which has a key role in several biological processes such as reproduction, development, cellular differentiation, stress response, immunity, metabolism, lipids, and drugs, and are essential regulators of several diseases, including cancer. Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of NRs in tumor immunology and proved the well-known roles of multiple NRs in modulating proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. There are surplus of studies conducted on NRs and their implications in EC, but only a few studies have demonstrated the diagnostic and prognostic potential of NRs. Therefore, there is still a paucity of the role of NRs and different ways to target them in EC cells to stop them from spreading malignancy. This review emphasizes the significance of NRs in EC by discussing their diverse agonists as well as antagonists and their response to tumor progression. Additionally, we emphasize NRs’ potential to serve as a novel therapeutic target and their capacity to treat and prevent EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujitha Jayaprakash
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt
| | - E. Hui Clarissa Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Chun-Hong Yap
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Correspondence: (A.P.K.); (A.B.K.)
| | - Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Correspondence: (A.P.K.); (A.B.K.)
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Brinca AT, Ramalhinho AC, Sousa Â, Oliani AH, Breitenfeld L, Passarinha LA, Gallardo E. Follicular Fluid: A Powerful Tool for the Understanding and Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1254. [PMID: 35740276 PMCID: PMC9219683 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) represents one of the leading causes of anovulatory infertility and affects 5% to 20% of women worldwide. Until today, both the subsequent etiology and pathophysiology of PCOS remain unclear, and patients with PCOS that undergo assisted reproductive techniques (ART) might present a poor to exaggerated response, low oocyte quality, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, as well as changes in the follicular fluid metabolites pattern. These abnormalities originate a decrease of Metaphase II (MII) oocytes and decreased rates for fertilization, cleavage, implantation, blastocyst conversion, poor egg to follicle ratio, and increased miscarriages. Focus on obtaining high-quality embryos has been taken into more consideration over the years. Nowadays, the use of metabolomic analysis in the quantification of proteins and peptides in biological matrices might predict, with more accuracy, the success in assisted reproductive technology. In this article, we review the use of human follicular fluid as the matrix in metabolomic analysis for diagnostic and ART predictor of success for PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teresa Brinca
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.T.B.); (Â.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Ana Cristina Ramalhinho
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.T.B.); (Â.S.); (L.B.)
- Assisted Reproduction Laboratory of Academic Hospital of Cova da Beira, 6200-251 Covilhã, Portugal;
- C4-Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ângela Sousa
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.T.B.); (Â.S.); (L.B.)
| | - António Hélio Oliani
- Assisted Reproduction Laboratory of Academic Hospital of Cova da Beira, 6200-251 Covilhã, Portugal;
- São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Luiza Breitenfeld
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.T.B.); (Â.S.); (L.B.)
- C4-Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís A. Passarinha
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.T.B.); (Â.S.); (L.B.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departament of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.T.B.); (Â.S.); (L.B.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
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Role of Bile Acids and Nuclear Receptors in Acupuncture in Improving Crohn's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5814048. [PMID: 35600949 PMCID: PMC9122672 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5814048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate the transcription of target genes. Bile acids (BAs) can be used as effector molecules to regulate physiological processes in the gut, and NRs are important receptors for bile acid signaling. Relevant studies have shown that NRs are closely related to the occurrence of Crohn's disease (CD). Although the mechanism of NRs in CD has not been clarified completely, growing evidence shows that NRs play an important role in regulating intestinal immunity, mucosal barrier, and intestinal flora. NRs can participate in the progress of CD by mediating inflammation, immunity, and autophagy. As the important parts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy, acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of CD curative mechanism can get a lot of research support. At the same time, acupuncture and moxibustion can regulate the changes of related NRs. Therefore, to explore whether acupuncture can regulate BA circulation and NRs expression and then participate in the disease progression of CD, a new theoretical basis for acupuncture treatment of CD is provided.
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Channabasappa S, Caldwell S, Kanthan R, Singh B. Retinoid receptors are expressed in mouse and human lungs. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:2281-2289. [PMID: 35338615 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid receptors are members of nuclear receptor superfamily consisting of two distinct families: RARs (retinoic acid receptors) and RXRs (retinoid X receptors). Each family contains three receptor subtypes α, β, and γ. Retinoids transduce their effects through binding to retinoid receptors and inhibit transcription factors such as activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) both of which regulate the transcription of several inflammatory genes. Considering the role of retinoid receptors in lung physiology, we need a precise understanding of their expression in normal and inflamed lungs. We used light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry and Western blot to determine the expression of retinoid receptors in a murine model of endotoxin-induced (E. coli; 055:B5, 80 μg intranasal) acute lung inflammation and normal human lungs. Western blot showed expression of all six retinoid receptor subtypes in normal and inflamed mouse lungs. Immunohistology localized differential expression of retinoid receptors in airway epithelium, alveolar/septal macrophages, vascular endothelium and alveolar septum in mouse lungs. Intranasal LPS challenge in mice resulted in increased expression of RXRα in airway epithelium compared to control animals. All six retinoid receptor subtypes were expressed in normal human lungs. Immunoelectron microscopy further confirmed the localization of all the receptors in various lung cells including the nucleus of these cells. The basal and altered expression of retinoid receptors in normal and inflamed lungs, respectively, may suggest their roles in lung pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rani Kanthan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Baljit Singh
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Saskatoon, Canada
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7
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Chen J, Zhu J, Zhu T, Cui J, Deng Z, Chen K, Chang C, Geng Y, Chen F, Ouyang K, Xiong J, Wang M, Wang D, Zhu W. Pathological changes of frozen shoulder in rat model and the therapeutic effect of PPAR-γ agonist. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:891-901. [PMID: 33222263 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Frozen shoulder is a common shoulder disorder characterized by a gradual increase of pain and a limited range of motion. However, its pathophysiologic mechanisms remain unclear and there is no consensus as to the most effective treatment. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) on fibrosis and inflammatory response of the shoulder joint of rat models and to explore the therapeutic effect of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist. In the study, the effect of PPAR-γ agonist CDDO-IM treatment on cell proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix proteins synthesis (vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, and collagen III) were tested by cell proliferation test, scratches test, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. The frozen shoulder was also established on the rat model by injecting adenovirus-TGF-β1 into rats' shoulder capsule. Pathological changes of the frozen shoulder tissue of the experimental group and PPAR-γ agonist treatment group were evaluated. The stiffness of joints of the three groups was tested. Inflammatory mediators' expression including cyclooxygenase-1, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α of the shoulder was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the expression of extracellular matrix proteins was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that pathological changes of the frozen shoulder in the rat model include an abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and disorder of fibrous structure, while rosiglitazone reduced the severity of the frozen shoulder in the treatment group. Clinically, PPAR-γ agonists may be a promising target for the treatment of the frozen shoulder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjun Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tianfei Zhu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaming Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chongfei Chang
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiyun Geng
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kan Ouyang
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianyi Xiong
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Manyi Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Daping Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Shahzad S, Willcox M. Immuno-pathogenesis of nCOVID-19 and a possible host-directed therapy including anti-inflammatory and anti-viral prostaglandin (PG J 2) for effective treatment and reduction in the death toll. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110080. [PMID: 32683221 PMCID: PMC7341031 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2, also known as 2019-nCoV especially in China) replicate and divide in host cells. During this they are partly hidden from the innate immune responses although inflammatory consequences of viral replication still occur. We propose that anti-inflammatory antiviral prostaglandins may not only restrict viral replication but also prevent inflammatory responses in the lungs and other vital organs that are known to be part of the immuno-pathogenesis of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The combination of anti-inflammatory antiviral prostaglandins with interferons may lead to the clearance of viruses inside growth-restricted infected cells. However, further experimental studies and clinical trials should be conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these possible therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Shahzad
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Thai JD, Gregory KE. Bioactive Factors in Human Breast Milk Attenuate Intestinal Inflammation during Early Life. Nutrients 2020; 12:E581. [PMID: 32102231 PMCID: PMC7071406 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk is well known as the ideal source of nutrition during early life, ensuring optimal growth during infancy and early childhood. Breast milk is also the source of many unique and dynamic bioactive components that play a key role in the development of the immune system. These bioactive components include essential microbes, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), immunoglobulins, lactoferrin and dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. These factors all interact with intestinal commensal bacteria and/or immune cells, playing a critical role in establishment of the intestinal microbiome and ultimately influencing intestinal inflammation and gut health during early life. Exposure to breast milk has been associated with a decreased incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a devastating disease characterized by overwhelming intestinal inflammation and high morbidity among preterm infants. For this reason, breast milk is considered a protective factor against NEC and aberrant intestinal inflammation common in preterm infants. In this review, we will describe the key microbial, immunological, and metabolic components of breast milk that have been shown to play a role in the mechanisms of intestinal inflammation and/or NEC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D. Thai
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katherine E. Gregory
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Department of Nursing, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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Kumar NG, Contaifer D, Madurantakam P, Carbone S, Price ET, Van Tassell B, Brophy DF, Wijesinghe DS. Dietary Bioactive Fatty Acids as Modulators of Immune Function: Implications on Human Health. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2974. [PMID: 31817430 PMCID: PMC6950193 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease that can influence the immune status of the individual and contribute to persistent low-grade inflammation. In recent years, there has been an increased appreciation of the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in improving immune function and reduction of systemic inflammation via the modulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on immune cells. Extensive research on the use of bioactive lipids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and their metabolites have illustrated the importance of these pro-resolving lipid mediators in modulating signaling through PRRs. While their mechanism of action, bioavailability in the blood, and their efficacy for clinical use forms an active area of research, they are found widely administered as marine animal-based supplements like fish oil and krill oil to promote health. The focus of this review will be to discuss the effect of these bioactive fatty acids and their metabolites on immune cells and the resulting inflammatory response, with a brief discussion about modern methods for their analysis using mass spectrometry-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naren Gajenthra Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Daniel Contaifer
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (D.C.); (E.T.P.); (B.V.T.); (D.F.B.)
| | - Parthasarathy Madurantakam
- Department of General Practice, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Salvatore Carbone
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA;
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Elvin T. Price
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (D.C.); (E.T.P.); (B.V.T.); (D.F.B.)
| | - Benjamin Van Tassell
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (D.C.); (E.T.P.); (B.V.T.); (D.F.B.)
| | - Donald F. Brophy
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (D.C.); (E.T.P.); (B.V.T.); (D.F.B.)
| | - Dayanjan S. Wijesinghe
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (D.C.); (E.T.P.); (B.V.T.); (D.F.B.)
- da Vinci Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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11
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Jian Z, Liu R, Zhu X, Smerin D, Zhong Y, Gu L, Fang W, Xiong X. The Involvement and Therapy Target of Immune Cells After Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2167. [PMID: 31572378 PMCID: PMC6749156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
After ischemic stroke, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier is compromised. Peripheral immune cells, including neutrophils, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages, infiltrate into the ischemic brain tissue and play an important role in regulating the progression of ischemic brain injury. In this review, we will discuss the role of different immune cells after stroke in the secondary inflammatory reaction and focus on the phenotypes and functions of macrophages in ischemic stroke, as well as briefly introduce the anti-ischemic stroke therapy targeting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, China
| | - Xiqun Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daniel Smerin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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12
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15-Deoxy-∆- 12,14-Prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), an Endogenous Ligand of PPAR- γ: Function and Mechanism. PPAR Res 2019; 2019:7242030. [PMID: 31467514 PMCID: PMC6699332 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7242030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
15-Deoxy-∆-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), a natural peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist, has been explored in some detail over the last 20 years. By triggering the PPAR-γ signalling pathway, it plays many roles and exerts antitumour, anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, antifibrosis, and antiangiogenesis effects. Although many synthetic PPAR-γ receptor agonists have been developed, as an endogenous product of PPAR-γ receptors, 15d-PGJ2 has beneficial characteristics including rapid expression and the ability to contribute to a natural defence mechanism. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in our knowledge of the biological role of 15d-PGJ2 mediated through PPAR-γ. It is important to understand its structure, synthesis, and functional mechanisms to develop preventive agents and limit the progression of associated diseases.
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Zhou Z, Chen Y, Ni W, Liu T. Upregulation of Nuclear Factor IA Suppresses Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:1009-1016. [PMID: 30721172 PMCID: PMC6373224 DOI: 10.12659/msm.912132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is part of the cardiovascular pathological processes, including atherosclerosis. Nuclear factor IA (NFIA) influences atherosclerosis development; however, its effects on ERS remain unknown. This study investigated the effect of NFIA on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced ERS and apoptosis in endothelial cells. Material/Methods Ox-LDL was used to induce lipotoxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to establish an in vitro oxidative injury model transfected with pcDNA3.0-NFIA. The cytotoxic response was detected using an assay to determine the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Morphological changes in cell apoptosis were detected using Hoechst 33258 staining. The proportion of apoptotic cells, releases of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were determined using flow cytometry. The expression levels of apoptosis- and ERS-related molecules were detected through Western blotting. Results NFIA expression was downregulated in the in vitro oxidative cell-injury model. Exposure of HUVECs to ox-LDL resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis, decrease in ROS levels, and loss of ΔΨm. Overexpression of NFIA remarkably inhibited ERS and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis induced by ox-LDL in HUVECs by reversing the effect of ox-LDL on the expression of JNK1, p-JNK1, CHOP, Cyt C, and Bax. Conclusions These results demonstrated that NFIA might have beneficial effects in the prevention of ox-LDL-induced ERS and apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells. This study provided new insights into the mechanism of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Nanchong, The Second Clinical School of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yu Chen
- Comprehensive Ward, Central Hospital of Nanchong, The Second Clinical School of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Ni
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Nanchong, The Second Clinical School of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Nanchong, The Second Clinical School of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
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Xu JY, Xiong YY, Lu XT, Yang YJ. Regulation of Type 2 Immunity in Myocardial Infarction. Front Immunol 2019; 10:62. [PMID: 30761134 PMCID: PMC6362944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 immunity participates in the pathogeneses of helminth infection and allergic diseases. Emerging evidence indicates that the components of type 2 immunity are also involved in maintaining metabolic hemostasis and facilitating the healing process after tissue injury. Numerous preclinical studies have suggested regulation of type 2 immunity-related cytokines, such as interleukin-4, -13, and -33, and cell types, such as M2 macrophages, mast cells, and eosinophils, affects cardiac functions after myocardial infarction (MI), providing new insights into the importance of immune modulation in the infarcted heart. This review provides an overview of the functions of these cytokines and cells in the setting of MI as well as their potential to predict the severity and prognosis of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Yan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Lu
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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15
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Alonso-Herranz L, Porcuna J, Ricote M. Isolation and Purification of Tissue Resident Macrophages for the Analysis of Nuclear Receptor Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1951:59-73. [PMID: 30825144 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9130-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tissue resident macrophages (TRMs) are multifunctional immune cells present in all tissues, contributing to the correct development, homeostasis, and protection against pathogens and injury. TRMs are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous, as a result of both the diversity of tissue environments in which they reside and their complex origin. Furthermore, some specific TRM populations are controlled by nuclear receptors. A widely used method for studying the role of nuclear receptors in immune cells is flow cytometry. Although flow cytometry is extensively used in tissues such as the peripheral blood, lymph nodes, peritoneal cavity, and bone marrow, there is a need for protocols for the study TRMs in solid tissues.In this chapter, we describe a comprehensive protocol for obtaining single-cell suspensions of resident macrophages from the pleural cavity, heart, lung, spleen, and kidney, and we present detailed gating strategies for the study of nuclear receptor activity in different TRM subsets within these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alonso-Herranz
- Myocardial Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Porcuna
- Myocardial Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Myocardial Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Watanabe M, Kakuta H. Retinoid X Receptor Antagonists. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082354. [PMID: 30103423 PMCID: PMC6121510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonists are not only useful as chemical tools for biological research, but are also candidate drugs for the treatment of various diseases, including diabetes and allergies, although no RXR antagonist has yet been approved for clinical use. In this review, we present a brief overview of RXR structure, function, and target genes, and describe currently available RXR antagonists, their structural classification, and their evaluation, focusing on the latest research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Watanabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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17
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Treuter E, Fan R, Huang Z, Jakobsson T, Venteclef N. Transcriptional repression in macrophages-basic mechanisms and alterations in metabolic inflammatory diseases. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2959-2977. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eckardt Treuter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED); Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Rongrong Fan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED); Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED); Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Tomas Jakobsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- UMR_S 1138 Cordeliers Research; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); Sorbonne Universités; Université Pierre et Marie-Curie; Paris France
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18
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Lim TKY, Anderson KM, Hari P, Di Falco M, Reihsen TE, Wilcox GL, Belani KG, LaBoissiere S, Pinto MR, Beebe DS, Kehl LJ, Stone LS. Evidence for a Role of Nerve Injury in Painful Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: A Cross-Sectional Proteomic Analysis of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2017; 18:1253-1269. [PMID: 28652204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (DD) is a cause of low back pain (LBP) in some individuals. However, although >30% of adults have DD, LBP only develops in a subset of individuals. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying nonpainful versus painful DD, human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was examined using differential expression shotgun proteomic techniques comparing healthy control participants, subjects with nonpainful DD, and patients with painful DD scheduled for spinal fusion surgery. Eighty-eight proteins were detected, 27 of which were differentially expressed. Proteins associated with DD tended to be related to inflammation (eg, cystatin C) regardless of pain status. In contrast, most differentially expressed proteins in DD-associated chronic LBP patients were linked to nerve injury (eg, hemopexin). Cystatin C and hemopexin were selected for further examination using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a larger cohort. While cystatin C correlated with DD severity but not pain or disability, hemopexin correlated with pain intensity, physical disability, and DD severity. This study shows that CSF can be used to study mechanisms underlying painful DD in humans, and suggests that while painful DD is associated with nerve injury, inflammation itself is not sufficient to develop LBP. PERSPECTIVE CSF was examined for differential protein expression in healthy control participants, pain-free adults with asymptomatic intervertebral DD, and LBP patients with painful intervertebral DD. While DD was related to inflammation regardless of pain status, painful degeneration was associated with markers linked to nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony K Y Lim
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kathleen M Anderson
- Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Pawan Hari
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Marcos Di Falco
- Genome Quebec, McGill University Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Troy E Reihsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - George L Wilcox
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kumar G Belani
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sylvie LaBoissiere
- Genome Quebec, McGill University Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - David S Beebe
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lois J Kehl
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Minnesota Head & Neck Pain Clinic, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Laura S Stone
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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19
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Zhou H, Zhang J, Eyers F, Xiang Y, Herbert C, Tay HL, Foster PS, Yang M. Identification of the microRNA networks contributing to macrophage differentiation and function. Oncotarget 2016; 7:28806-20. [PMID: 27119502 PMCID: PMC5045358 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited evidence is available about the specific miRNA networks that regulate differentiation of specific immune cells. In this study, we characterized miRNA expression and associated alterations in expression with putative mRNA targets that are critical during differentiation of macrophages. In an effort to map the dynamic changes in the bone marrow (BM), we profiled whole BM cultures during differentiation into macrophages. We identified 112 miRNAs with expression patterns that were differentially regulated 5-fold or more during BMDM development. With TargetScan and MeSH databases, we identified 1267 transcripts involved in 30 canonical pathways linked to macrophage biology as potentially regulated by these specific 112 miRNAs. Furthermore, by employing miRanda and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) analysis systems, we identified 18 miRNAs that are temporally linked to the expression of CSF1R, CD36, MSR1 and SCARB1; 7 miRNAs linked to the regulation of the transcription factors RUNX1 and PU.1, and 14 miRNAs target the nuclear receptor PPARα and PPARγ. This novel information provides an important reference resource for further study of the functional links between miRNAs and their target mRNAs for the regulation of differentiation and function of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, ChangChun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, ChangChun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fiona Eyers
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cristan Herbert
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hock L. Tay
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul S. Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Ming Yang
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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20
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Anti-Inflammatory Effect of 1,3,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-8-isoprenylxanthone Isolated from Twigs of Garcinia esculenta on Stimulated Macrophage. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:350564. [PMID: 26538826 PMCID: PMC4619971 DOI: 10.1155/2015/350564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Garcinia Linn. plants having rich natural xanthones and benzophenones with anti-inflammatory activity attracted a great deal of attention to discover and develop them as potential drug candidates. Through screening targeting nitric oxide accumulation in stimulated macrophage, we found that 1,3,5,7-tetrahydroxy-8-isoprenylxanthone (TIE) had potential anti-inflammatory effect. To understand how TIE elicits its anti-inflammatory activity, we uncovered that it significantly inhibits the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS/IFNγ-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In further study, we showed that TIE reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), two key molecules responsible for the production of NO and PGE2 during inflammation progress. Additionally, TIE also suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α. TIE-led suppression in iNOS, COX-2, and cytokines production were probably the consequence of TIE's capability to block ERK and p38MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, TIE blocked activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) as well as NF-κB regulation of miR155 expression. Our study suggests that TIE may represent as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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21
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Fumagalli S, Perego C, Pischiutta F, Zanier ER, De Simoni MG. The ischemic environment drives microglia and macrophage function. Front Neurol 2015; 6:81. [PMID: 25904895 PMCID: PMC4389404 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of myeloid origin, such as microglia and macrophages, act at the crossroads of several inflammatory mechanisms during pathophysiology. Besides pro-inflammatory activity (M1 polarization), myeloid cells acquire protective functions (M2) and participate in the neuroprotective innate mechanisms after brain injury. Experimental research is making considerable efforts to understand the rules that regulate the balance between toxic and protective brain innate immunity. Environmental changes affect microglia/macrophage functions. Hypoxia can affect myeloid cell distribution, activity, and phenotype. With their intrinsic differences, microglia and macrophages respond differently to hypoxia, the former depending on ATP to activate and the latter switching to anaerobic metabolism and adapting to hypoxia. Myeloid cell functions include homeostasis control, damage-sensing activity, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, all distinctive features of these cells. Specific markers and morphologies enable to recognize each functional state. To ensure homeostasis and activate when needed, microglia/macrophage physiology is finely tuned. Microglia are controlled by several neuron-derived components, including contact-dependent inhibitory signals and soluble molecules. Changes in this control can cause chronic activation or priming with specific functional consequences. Strategies, such as stem cell treatment, may enhance microglia protective polarization. This review presents data from the literature that has greatly advanced our understanding of myeloid cell action in brain injury. We discuss the selective responses of microglia and macrophages to hypoxia after stroke and review relevant markers with the aim of defining the different subpopulations of myeloid cells that are recruited to the injured site. We also cover the functional consequences of chronically active microglia and review pivotal works on microglia regulation that offer new therapeutic possibilities for acute brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fumagalli
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy ; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Carlo Perego
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
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Yang M, Qiu W, Chen B, Chen J, Liu S, Wu M, Wang KJ. The in vitro immune modulatory effect of bisphenol A on fish macrophages via estrogen receptor α and nuclear factor-κB signaling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:1888-1895. [PMID: 25565130 DOI: 10.1021/es505163v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical. Employing primary macrophages from head kidney of red common carp (Cyprinus carpio), the present study aimed to evaluate the immune modulatory effect of BPA and to explore its potential action mechanism associated with estrogen receptor (ER) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways. A dynamic response process was observed in macrophages upon various concentrations of BPA exposure, which significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity of macrophages at 0.1, 1, or 10 μg/L, but instead induced the apoptosis at 100, 1000, and 10,000 μg/L. A potential pro-inflammatory effect of BPA exposure was suggested, judging from the increased production of nitrite oxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS), the induction of interleukin-1β mRNA and protein, as well as NF-κB and other NF-κB-associated immune gene expression. Following BPA coexposure with the ER or NF-κB antagonist, the induction of ROS, ERα, and NF-κB-associated immune gene expression was significantly inhibited, implying interaction between those two pathways. This study thus indicated that low doses of BPA exposure alone could significantly disturb the immune response of fish primary macrophages in vitro, and for the first time revealed the synergistic action of ERα and NF-κB transcription factors in the BPA effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 China
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23
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Keenan CR, Radojicic D, Li M, Radwan A, Stewart AG. Heterogeneity in mechanisms influencing glucocorticoid sensitivity: the need for a systems biology approach to treatment of glucocorticoid-resistant inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 150:81-93. [PMID: 25596317 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have impressive anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects and show a diversity of actions across a variety of cell phenotypes. Implicit in efforts to optimize GCs as anti-inflammatory agents for any or all indications is the notion that the relevant mechanism(s) of action of GCs are fully elucidated. However, recent advances in understanding GC signalling mechanisms have revealed remarkable complexity and contextual dependence, calling into question whether the mechanisms of action are sufficiently well-described to embark on optimization. In the current review, we address evidence for differences in the mechanism of action in different cell types and contexts, and discuss contrasts in mechanisms of glucocorticoid insensitivity, with a focus on asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Given this complexity, we consider the potential breadth of impact and selectivity of strategies directed to reversing the glucocorticoid insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Keenan
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Danica Radojicic
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Meina Li
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Asmaa Radwan
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Hu YW, Zhao JY, Li SF, Huang JL, Qiu YR, Ma X, Wu SG, Chen ZP, Hu YR, Yang JY, Wang YC, Gao JJ, Sha YH, Zheng L, Wang Q. RP5-833A20.1/miR-382-5p/NFIA-dependent signal transduction pathway contributes to the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and inflammatory reaction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:87-101. [PMID: 25265644 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the number one cause of death in Western countries and threatens to become the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs are emerging as new players in gene regulation, but how long noncoding RNAs operate in the development of atherosclerosis remains unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using microarray analysis, we found that long noncoding RNA RP5-833A20.1 expression was upregulated, whereas nuclear factor IA (NFIA) expression was downregulated in human acute monocytic leukemia macrophage-derived foam cells. Moreover, we showed that long noncoding RNA RP5-833A20.1 may decreases NFIA expression by inducing hsa-miR-382-5p expression in vitro. We found that the RP5-833A20.1/hsa-miR-382-5p/NFIA pathway is essential to the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and inflammatory responses in human acute monocytic leukemia macrophages. Lentivirus-mediated NFIA overexpression increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol circulation, reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol circulation, decreased circulation of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein, enhanced reverse cholesterol transport, and promoted regression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that the RP5-833A20.1/miR-382-5p/NFIA pathway was essential to the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and inflammatory reactions and suggested that NFIA may represent a therapeutic target to ameliorate cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Hu
- From the Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-W.H., J.-Y.Z., S.-F.L., J.-L.H., Y.-R.Q., S.-G.W., Z.-P.C., Y.-R.H., J.-Y.Y., Y.-C.W., J.-J.G., Y.-H.S., L.Z., Q.W.) and Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhao
- From the Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-W.H., J.-Y.Z., S.-F.L., J.-L.H., Y.-R.Q., S.-G.W., Z.-P.C., Y.-R.H., J.-Y.Y., Y.-C.W., J.-J.G., Y.-H.S., L.Z., Q.W.) and Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Fen Li
- From the Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-W.H., J.-Y.Z., S.-F.L., J.-L.H., Y.-R.Q., S.-G.W., Z.-P.C., Y.-R.H., J.-Y.Y., Y.-C.W., J.-J.G., Y.-H.S., L.Z., Q.W.) and Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Lan Huang
- From the Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-W.H., J.-Y.Z., S.-F.L., J.-L.H., Y.-R.Q., S.-G.W., Z.-P.C., Y.-R.H., J.-Y.Y., Y.-C.W., J.-J.G., Y.-H.S., L.Z., Q.W.) and Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Rong Qiu
- From the Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-W.H., J.-Y.Z., S.-F.L., J.-L.H., Y.-R.Q., S.-G.W., Z.-P.C., Y.-R.H., J.-Y.Y., Y.-C.W., J.-J.G., Y.-H.S., L.Z., Q.W.) and Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Ma
- From the Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-W.H., J.-Y.Z., S.-F.L., J.-L.H., Y.-R.Q., S.-G.W., Z.-P.C., Y.-R.H., J.-Y.Y., Y.-C.W., J.-J.G., Y.-H.S., L.Z., Q.W.) and Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Guo Wu
- From the Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-W.H., J.-Y.Z., S.-F.L., J.-L.H., Y.-R.Q., S.-G.W., Z.-P.C., Y.-R.H., J.-Y.Y., Y.-C.W., J.-J.G., Y.-H.S., L.Z., Q.W.) and Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Chen
- From the Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-W.H., J.-Y.Z., S.-F.L., J.-L.H., Y.-R.Q., S.-G.W., Z.-P.C., Y.-R.H., J.-Y.Y., Y.-C.W., J.-J.G., Y.-H.S., L.Z., Q.W.) and Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya-Rong Hu
- From the Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-W.H., J.-Y.Z., S.-F.L., J.-L.H., Y.-R.Q., S.-G.W., Z.-P.C., Y.-R.H., J.-Y.Y., Y.-C.W., J.-J.G., Y.-H.S., L.Z., Q.W.) and Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-Yao Yang
- From the Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-W.H., J.-Y.Z., S.-F.L., J.-L.H., Y.-R.Q., S.-G.W., Z.-P.C., Y.-R.H., J.-Y.Y., Y.-C.W., J.-J.G., Y.-H.S., L.Z., Q.W.) and Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Chao Wang
- From the Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-W.H., J.-Y.Z., S.-F.L., J.-L.H., Y.-R.Q., S.-G.W., Z.-P.C., Y.-R.H., J.-Y.Y., Y.-C.W., J.-J.G., Y.-H.S., L.Z., Q.W.) and Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ji-Juan Gao
- From the Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-W.H., J.-Y.Z., S.-F.L., J.-L.H., Y.-R.Q., S.-G.W., Z.-P.C., Y.-R.H., J.-Y.Y., Y.-C.W., J.-J.G., Y.-H.S., L.Z., Q.W.) and Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Hua Sha
- From the Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-W.H., J.-Y.Z., S.-F.L., J.-L.H., Y.-R.Q., S.-G.W., Z.-P.C., Y.-R.H., J.-Y.Y., Y.-C.W., J.-J.G., Y.-H.S., L.Z., Q.W.) and Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- From the Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-W.H., J.-Y.Z., S.-F.L., J.-L.H., Y.-R.Q., S.-G.W., Z.-P.C., Y.-R.H., J.-Y.Y., Y.-C.W., J.-J.G., Y.-H.S., L.Z., Q.W.) and Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- From the Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-W.H., J.-Y.Z., S.-F.L., J.-L.H., Y.-R.Q., S.-G.W., Z.-P.C., Y.-R.H., J.-Y.Y., Y.-C.W., J.-J.G., Y.-H.S., L.Z., Q.W.) and Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Ethyl Acetate Extract of Artemisia anomala S. Moore Displays Potent Anti-Inflammatory Effect. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:681352. [PMID: 24744815 PMCID: PMC3972921 DOI: 10.1155/2014/681352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia anomala S. Moore has been widely used in China to treat inflammatory diseases for hundreds of years. However, mechanisms associated with its anti-inflammatory effect are not clear. In this study, we prepared ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, n-BuOH, and aqueous extracts from ethanol extract of Artemisia anomala S. Moore. Comparing anti-inflammatory effects of these extracts, we found that ethyl acetate extract of this herb (EAFA) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS/IFNγ-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. EAFA suppressed the production of NO in a time- and dose-dependent manner without eliciting cytotoxicity to RAW264.7 cells. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying EAFA's anti-inflammatory effect, we showed that EAFA increased total cellular anti-oxidant capacity while reducing the amount of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in stimulated RAW264.7 cells. EAFA also suppressed the expression of IL-1β and IL-6, whereas it elevates the level of heme oxygenase-1. These EAFA-induced events were apparently associated with NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways because the DNA binding activity of p50/p65 was impaired and the activities of both ERK and JNK were decreased in EFEA-treated cells comparing to untreated cells. Our findings suggest that EAFA exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the expression of iNOS.
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D'Amore S, Vacca M, Graziano G, D'Orazio A, Cariello M, Martelli N, Di Tullio G, Salvia R, Grandaliano G, Belfiore A, Pellegrini F, Palasciano G, Moschetta A. Nuclear receptors expression chart in peripheral blood mononuclear cells identifies patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2289-301. [PMID: 24060638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear receptors are a class of 48 ligand-activated transcription factors identified as key players of metabolic and developmental processes. Most of these receptors are potential targets for pharmacological strategies in the Metabolic Syndrome. In the present study, we analyzed changes in the mRNA expression of nuclear receptors in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with Metabolic Syndrome, in order to identify novel biomarkers of disease and candidate targets for putative therapeutical approaches. METHODS AND RESULTS We enrolled thirty healthy controls (14 M:16 F) and thirty naïve patients (16 M: 14 F; >3 criteria for Metabolic Syndrome upon Adult Treatment Panel III) without organ damage. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we assessed the expression patterns of nuclear receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 33/48 nuclear receptors were expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In patients with Metabolic Syndrome, we found a significant down-regulation of the entire PPAR, NR4A and RAR families, together with a repression of RXRα, VDR, and Rev-Erbα. Furthermore, we performed a novel statistical analysis with classification trees, which allowed us to depict a predictive core of nuclear receptor expression patterns characterizing subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. Random Forest Analysis identified NOR1 and PPARδ, which were both reduced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and specifically in CD14(+) cells (mostly monocytes), as classifiers of Metabolic Syndrome, with high specificity and sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Our results point to the use of PPAR and NR4A mRNA levels in the overall peripheral blood mononuclear cells as biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome and bona fide putative targets of pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona D'Amore
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Italy; National Cancer Research Center, IRCCS Oncologico Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy; Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
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Rőszer T, Menéndez-Gutiérrez MP, Cedenilla M, Ricote M. Retinoid X receptors in macrophage biology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:460-8. [PMID: 23701753 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) form a distinct and unique subclass within the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. RXRs regulate a plethora of genetic programs, including cell differentiation, the immune response, and lipid and glucose metabolism. Recent advances reveal that RXRs are important regulators of macrophages, key players in inflammatory and metabolic disorders. This review outlines the versatility of RXR action in the control of macrophage gene transcription through its heterodimerization with other NRs or through RXR homodimerization. We also highlight the potential of RXR-controlled transcriptional programs as targets for the treatment of pathologies associated with altered macrophage function, such as atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, autoimmunity, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Rőszer
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Liu H, Wang J, Zhou W, Wang Y, Yang L. Systems approaches and polypharmacology for drug discovery from herbal medicines: an example using licorice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:773-93. [PMID: 23415946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice, one of the oldest and most popular herbal medicines in the world, has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine as a cough reliever, anti-inflammatory, anti-anabrosis, immunomodulatory, anti-platelet, antiviral (hepatitis) and detoxifying agent. Licorice was used as an example to show drug discovery from herbal drugs using systems approaches and polypharmacology. AIM OF THE STUDY Herbal medicines are becoming more mainstream in clinical practice and show value in treating and preventing diseases. However, due to its extreme complexity both in chemical components and mechanisms of action, deep understanding of botanical drugs is still difficult. Thus, a comprehensive systems approach which could identify active ingredients and their targets in the crude drugs and more importantly, understand the biological basis for the pharmacological properties of herbal medicines is necessary. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a novel systems pharmacology model that integrates oral bioavailability screening, drug-likeness evaluation, blood-brain barrier permeation, target identification and network analysis has been established to investigate the herbal medicines. RESULTS The comprehensive systems approach effectively identified 73 bioactive components from licorice and 91 potential targets for this medicinal herb. These 91 targets are closely associated with a series of diseases of respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and gastrointestinal system, etc. These targets are further mapped to drug-target and drug-target-disease networks to elucidate the mechanism of this herbal medicine. CONCLUSION This work provides a novel in silico strategy for investigation of the botanical drugs containing a huge number of components, which has been demonstrated by the well-studied licorice case. This attempt should be helpful for understanding definite mechanisms of action for herbal medicines and discovery of new drugs from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Zhang X, Feng J, Zhu P, Zhao Z. Ketamine Inhibits Calcium Elevation and Hydroxyl Radical and Nitric Oxide Production in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated NR8383 Alveolar Macrophages. Inflammation 2013; 36:1094-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Role of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant allergies and respiratory diseases. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:730568. [PMID: 23049602 PMCID: PMC3461300 DOI: 10.1155/2012/730568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutrition has critical effects on the developing structures and functions of the fetus. Malnutrition during pregnancy can result in low birth weight and small for gestational age babies, increase risk for infection, and impact the immune system. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been reported to have immunomodulatory effects. Decreased consumption of omega-6 PUFAs, in favor of more anti-inflammatory omega-3 PUFAs in modern diets, has demonstrated the potential protective role of omega-3 PUFAs in allergic and respiratory diseases. In this paper, we examine the role of PUFAs consumption during pregnancy and early childhood and its influence on allergy and respiratory diseases. PUFAs act via several mechanisms to modulate immune function. Omega-3 PUFAs may alter the T helper (Th) cell balance by inhibiting cytokine production which in turn inhibits immunoglobulin E synthesis and Th type 2 cell differentiation. PUFAs may further modify cellular membrane, induce eicosanoid metabolism, and alter gene expression. These studies indicate the benefits of omega-3 PUFAs supplementation. Nevertheless, further investigations are warranted to assess the long-term effects of omega-3 PUFAs in preventing other immune-mediated diseases, as well as its effects on the later immunodefense and health status during early growth and development.
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Hernandes MS, Lima LS, Scavone C, Lopes LR, Britto LRG. Eye enucleation activates the transcription nuclear factor kappa-B in the rat superior colliculus. Neurosci Lett 2012; 521:104-8. [PMID: 22634628 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ocular enucleation produces significant morphological and physiological changes in central visual areas. However, our knowledge of the molecular events resulting from eye enucleation in visual brain areas remains elusive. We characterized here the transcription nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation induced by ocular enucleation in the rat superior colliculus (SC). We also tested the effectiveness of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone in inhibiting its activation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays to detect NF-κB indicated that this transcription factor is activated in the SC from 1h to day 15 postlesion. The expression of p65 and p50 proteins in the nuclear extracts was also increased. Dexamethasone treatment was able to significantly inhibit NF-κB activation. These findings suggest that this transcriptional factor is importantly involved in the visual system short-term processes that ensue after retinal lesions in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Hernandes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, USP, SP, Brazil.
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Liu X, Yu H, Yang L, Li C, Li L. 15-Deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) attenuates the biological activities of monocyte/macrophage cell lines. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:654-61. [PMID: 22560326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages link the innate and adaptive immune systems, and in inflammatory disorders their activation leads to tissue damage. 15-Deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), a natural peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligand, has garnered much interest because it possesses anti-inflammatory properties in a number of experimental models. However, whether it regulates monocytes/macrophage pathophysiology is still unknown. This study was designed to examine the effects of 15d-PGJ(2) on the phagocytosis, proliferation and inflammatory cytokines generation in mouse monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and J774A.1 cells upon lipopolysaccharide challenge. Our results showed that 15d-PGJ(2) inhibited the phagocytic activity and cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and suppressed proinflammatory cytokines expression, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β1, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. These effects were independent of PPARγ, because PPARγ agonist (troglitazone or ciglitazone) and PPARγ antagonist (GW9662) did not affect these activities mentioned above in cells. Treatment of 15d-PGJ(2) also did not modulate expression and distribution of PPARγ. However, these effects of 15d-PGJ(2) were abrogated by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Moreover, treatment of 15d-PGJ(2) induced a significant increase in reactive oxygen species production in RAW264.7 and J774A.1 cells. In conclusion, 15d-PGJ(2) attenuates the biological activities of mouse monocyte/macrophage cell line cells involving oxidative stress, independently of PPARγ. These data further underline the anti-inflammation potential of 15d-PGJ(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Role of PPARs in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection: Implications for Chagas Disease Therapy. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:528435. [PMID: 22448167 PMCID: PMC3289900 DOI: 10.1155/2012/528435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), remains a substantial public health concern and an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Latin America. T. cruzi infection causes an intense inflammatory response in diverse tissues by triggering local expression of inflammatory mediators, which results in the upregulation of the levels of cytokines and chemokines, and important cardiac alterations in the host, being one of the most characteristic damages of Chagas disease. Therefore, controlling the inflammatory reaction becomes critical for the control of the proliferation of the parasite and of the evolution of Chagas disease. The nuclear receptors known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have emerged as key regulators of lipid metabolism and inflammation. The precise role of PPAR ligands in T. cruzi infection or in Chagas disease is poorly understood. This review summarizes our knowledge about T. cruzi infection as well as about the activation of PPARs and the potential role of their ligands in the resolution of inflammation, with the aim to address a new pharmacological approach to improve the host health.
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Bogie JFJ, Stinissen P, Hellings N, Hendriks JJA. Myelin-phagocytosing macrophages modulate autoreactive T cell proliferation. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:85. [PMID: 21781347 PMCID: PMC3149992 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which macrophages play a central role. Initially, macrophages where thought to be merely detrimental in MS, however, recent evidence suggests that their functional phenotype is altered following myelin phagocytosis. Macrophages that have phagocytosed myelin may be less inflammatory and may exert beneficial effects. The presence of myelin-containing macrophages in CNS-draining lymph nodes and perivascular spaces of MS patients suggests that these cells are ideally positioned to exert an immune regulatory role. Therefore we evaluated in this study the effect of myelin-phagocytosing macrophages on lymphocyte reactivity. Methods Thioglycolate-elicited rat peritoneal macrophages were loaded with myelin and cocultured with myelin-basic protein (MBP) or ovalbumin (OVA) reactive lymphocytes. Lymphocyte proliferation was determined by CFSE-labeling. The role of nitric oxide in regulating lymphocyte proliferation was assessed by addition of an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase to the coculture. In vivo immune regulation was investigated by treating MBP- and OVA-immunized animals subcutaneously with myelin. Cognate antigen specific lymphocyte proliferation and nitric oxide production were determined 9d post-immunization. Results In this study we demonstrate that myelin-phagocytosing macrophages inhibit TCR-triggered lymphocyte proliferation in an antigen-independent manner. The observed immune suppression is mediated by an increase in NO production by myelin-phagocytosing macrophages upon contact with lymphocytes. Additionally, myelin delivery to primarily CD169+ macrophages in popliteal lymph nodes of OVA-immunized animals results in a reduced cognate antigen specific proliferation. In contrast to OVA-immunized animals, lymphocytes from MBP-immunized animals displayed an increased proliferation after stimulation with their cognate antigen, indicating that myelin-phagocytosing macrophages have dual effects depending on the specificity of surrounding lymphocytes. Conclusions Collectively our data show that myelin phagocytosis leads to an altered macrophage function that inhibits lymphocyte proliferation. Additionally, results from this study indicate that myelin-phagocytosing macrophages fulfill a dual role in vivo. On one hand they aggravate autoimmunity by activating myelin-reactive lymphocytes and on the other hand they suppress lymphocyte reactivity by producing NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen F J Bogie
- Hasselt University/Transnational University Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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David S, Kroner A. Repertoire of microglial and macrophage responses after spinal cord injury. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12:388-99. [PMID: 21673720 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 994] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages from the peripheral circulation and those derived from resident microglia are among the main effector cells of the inflammatory response that follows spinal cord trauma. There has been considerable debate in the field as to whether the inflammatory response is good or bad for tissue protection and repair. Recent studies on macrophage polarization in non-neural tissues have shed much light on their changing functional states. In the context of this literature, we discuss the activation of macrophages and microglia following spinal cord injury, and their effects on repair. Harnessing their anti-inflammatory properties could pave the way for new therapeutic strategies for spinal cord trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel David
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1A4.
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Jiang A, Zhang S, Li Z, Liang R, Ren S, Li J, Pu Y, Yang J. miR-615-3p promotes the phagocytic capacity of splenic macrophages by targeting ligand-dependent nuclear receptor corepressor in cirrhosis-related portal hypertension. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:672-80. [PMID: 21565892 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypersplenism is a condition in which the spleen is overactive. It is common in patients with cirrhosis-related portal hypertension. The over-activated hemophagocytic splenic macrophages are an important cause of hypersplenism. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 21-22 nt single-stranded RNAs expressed endogenously, which play important roles in many diseases. We have found by microarray, previously, that miR-615-3p is highly expressed in splenic macrophages of hypersplenism. In this study, we found that miR-615-3p enhanced the phagocytic capacity of splenic macrophages. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that ligand-dependent nuclear receptor corepressor (LCoR) was a potential phagocytosis-related target of miR-615-3p. This was proved by dual luciferase assay and Western blot in THP-1 cells and normal/hypersplenisum splenic macrophages. Our results showed that the presence of miR-615-3p repressed the expression of LCoR, a derepressor of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), which has been confirmed to be able to promote the phagocytic capacity of macrophages. In conclusion, high expression of miR-615-3p in over-activated splenic macrophages depresses LCoR expression, low level of LCoR derepresses the expression of PPARγ and finally upregulated PPARγ enhances the phagocytic capacity of splenic macrophages. This finding might be useful in the study of hypersplenism and other macrophage-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Kim HJ, Noh JS, Kwon MJ, Song SH, Suh HS, Kim MJ, Song YO. Lipid Lowering and Antioxidant Effects of Newly Synthesized 4-[(Butylsulfinyl)methyl]-1,2-benzenediol (SMBD) in Diet-induced Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.11.3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Núñez V, Alameda D, Rico D, Mota R, Gonzalo P, Cedenilla M, Fischer T, Boscá L, Glass CK, Arroyo AG, Ricote M. Retinoid X receptor alpha controls innate inflammatory responses through the up-regulation of chemokine expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10626-31. [PMID: 20498053 PMCID: PMC2890831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913545107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) plays a central role in the regulation of many intracellular receptor signaling pathways and can mediate ligand-dependent transcription by forming homodimers or heterodimers with other nuclear receptors. Although several members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily have emerged as important regulators of macrophage gene expression, the existence in vivo of an RXR signaling pathway in macrophages has not been established. Here, we provide evidence that RXRalpha regulates the transcription of the chemokines Ccl6 and Ccl9 in macrophages independently of heterodimeric partners. Mice lacking RXRalpha in myeloid cells exhibit reduced levels of CCL6 and CCL9, impaired recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation, and lower susceptibility to sepsis. These studies demonstrate that macrophage RXRalpha plays key roles in the regulation of innate immunity and represents a potential target for immunotherapy of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rubén Mota
- bVascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalo
- bVascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | | | - Thierry Fischer
- cDepartment of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- dInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain; and
| | - Christopher K. Glass
- eDepartment of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alicia G. Arroyo
- bVascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Departments of aRegenerative Cardiology and
- 3To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Park MC, Kwon YJ, Chung SJ, Park YB, Lee SK. Liver X receptor agonist prevents the evolution of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49:882-90. [PMID: 20159908 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liver X receptors (LXRs) have been characterized as regulators of macrophage inflammatory pathways. Synthetic LXR agonists inhibit the macrophage response to bacterial pathogens and antagonize the induction of a number of pro-inflammatory genes. The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of synthetic LXR agonist, GW3965, treatment on the evolution of arthritis and inflammatory response in a murine CIA model. METHODS Intradermal injection of bovine type II CIA in DBA/1 mice. Along with the induction of CIA, mice were treated with oral GW3965 (0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg/day) or vehicle from Day 1 to Day 40. Clinical assessment for arthritis scores and histopathological assessment of joint sections were performed. The expression of inflammatory mediators was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were determined using ELISA. RESULTS The CIA incidence was 100% on Day 27 and the severity progressed until Day 35 with histological features of cartilage erosion in vehicle-treated mice. GW3965 treatment significantly reduced the arthritis incidence and attenuated the clinical and histological severity, compared with vehicle-treated mice. GW3965 treatment also significantly reduced inflammatory mediator production in joint sections and serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that activation of LXRs suppresses the onset of CIA and reduces inflammation and joint destruction in CIA mice. The data could suggest that LXR treatment is an effective prophylactic approach to suppress the evolution of synovitis and resultant joint destruction observed in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Haas MJ, Mooradian AD. Regulation of high-density lipoprotein by inflammatory cytokines: establishing links between immune dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26:90-9. [PMID: 20047197 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is a primary co-morbidity in metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes and obesity. One contributing risk factor for coronary artery disease is low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLc). Several factors influence steady-state HDLc levels, including diet, genetics and environment. Perhaps more important to coronary artery disease is factors that attribute to the dynamics of reverse cholesterol transport, storage, and excretion of excess cholesterol. HDLc biogenesis, clearance and innate ability to serve as a cholesterol acceptor and transporter all contribute to HDLc's function as a negative regulator of cardiovascular disease. With the recent failure of torcetrapid, focus is being placed on HDLc biology and its role in various metabolic diseases. Low HDLc levels are often associated with an increased state of background inflammation. Recently, several syndromes with clear pro-inflammatory components have been shown to be inversely correlated with low HDLc levels in the absence of obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Early studies with HDLc during the acute-phase response suggest that HDLc is substantially physically modified during acute infection and sepsis, and recent studies show that HDLc is physically modified by chronic pro-inflammatory disease. In this review, several of these connections are described and cytokine signalling related to HDLc is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Haas
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, 653-1 West Eighth Street, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA.
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Microarray analysis reveals the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B signaling by aristolochic acid in normal human kidney (HK-2) cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:227-36. [PMID: 20139906 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of aristolochic acid (AA), a major active component of plants from the Aristolochiaceae family using microarray analysis. METHODS Human kidney (HK-2) cells were treated with AA (0, 10, 30, and 90 micromol/L) for 24 h, and the cell viability was measured by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Complementary DNA microarrays were used to investigate the gene expression pattern of HK-2 cells exposed to AA in triplicate. A quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was used to verify the microarray data for selected nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB)-regulated genes. Furthermore, the subcellular localization of NF-kappaB p65 was visualized by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy in HK-2 cells. The NF-kappaB activity was examined by a luciferase reporter assay in HK-2/NF-kappaB transgenic cells. RESULTS AA exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in HK-2 cells and induced alterations in the gene expression profiles related to the DNA damage response, DNA repair, macromolecule metabolic process, carbohydrate metabolic process, DNA metabolic process, apoptosis, cell cycle, and transcription. In addition, 9 biological pathways associated with immunomodulatory functions were down-regulated in AA-treated HK-2 cells. A network analysis revealed that NF-kappaB played a central role in the network topology. Among NF-kappaB-regulated genes, 8 differentially expressed genes were verified by qRT-PCR. The inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by AA was further confirmed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and by NF-kappaB luciferase reporter assay. CONCLUSION Our data revealed that AA could suppress NF-kappaB activity in normal human cells, perhaps partially accounting for the reported anti-inflammatory effects of some plants from the genus Aristolochia.
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Carolan BJ, Harvey BG, Hackett NR, O'Connor TP, Cassano PA, Crystal RG. Disparate oxidant gene expression of airway epithelium compared to alveolar macrophages in smokers. Respir Res 2009; 10:111. [PMID: 19919714 PMCID: PMC2787510 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The small airway epithelium and alveolar macrophages are exposed to oxidants in cigarette smoke leading to epithelial dysfunction and macrophage activation. In this context, we asked: what is the transcriptome of oxidant-related genes in small airway epithelium and alveolar macrophages, and does their response differ substantially to inhaled cigarette smoke? METHODS Using microarray analysis, with TaqMan RT-PCR confirmation, we assessed oxidant-related gene expression in small airway epithelium and alveolar macrophages from the same healthy nonsmoker and smoker individuals. RESULTS Of 155 genes surveyed, 87 (56%) were expressed in both cell populations in nonsmokers, with higher expression in alveolar macrophages (43%) compared to airway epithelium (24%). In smokers, there were 15 genes (10%) up-regulated and 7 genes (5%) down-regulated in airway epithelium, but only 3 (2%) up-regulated and 2 (1%) down-regulated in alveolar macrophages. Pathway analysis of airway epithelium showed oxidant pathways dominated, but in alveolar macrophages immune pathways dominated. CONCLUSION Thus, the response of different cell-types with an identical genome exposed to the same stress of smoking is different; responses of alveolar macrophages are more subdued than those of airway epithelium. These findings are consistent with the observation that, while the small airway epithelium is vulnerable, alveolar macrophages are not "diseased" in response to smoking. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT00224185 and NCT00224198.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J Carolan
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
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Paterniti I, Genovese T, Mazzon E, Crisafulli C, Di Paola R, Galuppo M, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S. Liver X receptor agonist treatment regulates inflammatory response after spinal cord trauma. J Neurochem 2009; 112:611-24. [PMID: 19891733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) and LXRbeta are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of T0901317, a potent LXR receptor ligand, in a mouse model of spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI was induced by the application of vascular clips (force of 24 g) to the dura via a four-level T5-T8 laminectomy in mice. Treatment with T0901317, 1 and 6 h after the SCI, significantly decreased (i) the degree of spinal cord inflammation and tissue injury (histological score); (ii) neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity); (iii) inducible nitric oxide synthase expression; (iv) nitrotyrosine, lipid peroxidation, and poly-ADP-ribose formation; (v) pro-inflammatory cytokines expression; (vi) nuclear factor-kappa B activation; and (vii) apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated UTP end labeling staining, FAS ligand, Bax, and Bcl-2 expression). Moreover, T0901317 significantly ameliorated the loss of limb function (evaluated by motor recovery score). These data suggest that LXR ligand may be useful in the treatment of inflammation associated with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Paterniti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
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Koning N, Uitdehaag BMJ, Huitinga I, Hoek RM. Restoring immune suppression in the multiple sclerosis brain. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 89:359-68. [PMID: 19800386 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a very disabling inflammatory demyelinating disease of the brain of unknown etiology. Current therapies can reduce new lesion development and partially prevent clinical disease activity, but none can halt the progression, or cure the disease. We will review current therapeutic strategies, which are mostly discussed in literature in terms of their effective inhibition of T cells. However, we argue that many of these treatments also influence the myeloid compartment. Interestingly, recent evidence indicates that myelin phagocytosis by infiltrated macrophages and activated microglia is not just a hallmark of multiple sclerosis, but also a key determinant of lesion development and disease progression. We reason that severe side effects and/or insufficient effectiveness of current treatments necessitates the search for novel therapeutic targets, and postulate that these should aim at manipulation of the activation and phagocytic capacity of macrophages and microglia. We will discuss three candidate targets with high potential, namely the complement receptor 3, CD47-SIRPalpha interaction as well as CD200-CD200R interaction. Blocking the actions of complement receptor 3 could inhibit myelin phagocytosis, as well as migration of myeloid cells into the brain. CD47 and CD200 are known to inhibit macrophage/microglia activation through binding to their receptors SIRPalpha and CD200R, expressed on phagocytes. Triggering these receptors may thus dampen the inflammatory response. Our recent findings indicate that the CD200-CD200R interaction is the most specific and hence probably best-suited target to suppress excessive macrophage and microglia activation, and restore immune suppression in the brain of patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Koning
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Blumenthal A, Isovski F, Rhee KY. Tuberculosis and host metabolism: ancient associations, fresh insights. Transl Res 2009; 154:7-14. [PMID: 19524868 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have repeatedly identified malnutrition as a risk factor for tuberculosis (TB), which is the leading bacterial cause of deaths worldwide. The biologic basis for this association, however, remains unclear. Recent work has uncovered a large array of signaling molecules lying at the intersection of metabolic and immune signaling, among which nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) and the insulin receptor have emerged as 2 prototypic examples. Existing knowledge indicates that the physiologic functions of many NHRs overlap with known epidemiologic risk factors for TB and that diabetes, itself, predisposes to TB. Here, we assimilate these data and identify a potential mechanism that may help to explain the long-standing clinical association between TB and host metabolism. Together, these data emphasize the underused potential of interdisciplinary dialog in current TB research efforts.
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Renga B, Migliorati M, Mencarelli A, Fiorucci S. Reciprocal regulation of the bile acid-activated receptor FXR and the interferon-γ-STAT-1 pathway in macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:564-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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47
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Hadoke PWF, Iqbal J, Walker BR. Therapeutic manipulation of glucocorticoid metabolism in cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:689-712. [PMID: 19239478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential for manipulation of glucocorticoid metabolism in cardiovascular disease was revolutionized by the recognition that access of glucocorticoids to their receptors is regulated in a tissue-specific manner by the isozymes of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Selective inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 have been shown recently to ameliorate cardiovascular risk factors and inhibit the development of atherosclerosis. This article addresses the possibility that inhibition of 11beta-hydroxsteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in cells of the cardiovascular system contributes to this beneficial action. The link between glucocorticoids and cardiovascular disease is complex as glucocorticoid excess is linked with increased cardiovascular events but glucocorticoid administration can reduce atherogenesis and restenosis in animal models. There is considerable evidence that glucocorticoids can interact directly with cells of the cardiovascular system to alter their function and structure and the inflammatory response to injury. These actions may be regulated by glucocorticoid and/or mineralocorticoid receptors but are also dependent on the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases which may be expressed in cardiac, vascular (endothelial, smooth muscle) and inflammatory (macrophages, neutrophils) cells. The activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in these cells is dependent upon differentiation state, the action of pro-inflammaotory cytokines and the influence of endogenous inhibitors (oxysterols, bile acids). Further investigations are required to clarify the link between glucocorticoid excess and cardiovascular events and to determine the mechanism through which glucocorticoid treatment inhibits atherosclerosis/restenosis. This will provide greater insights into the potential benefit of selective 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors in treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W F Hadoke
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
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Webb P. Alternative macrophage activation and the regulation of metabolism. F1000 BIOLOGY REPORTS 2009; 1:2. [PMID: 20948666 PMCID: PMC2920685 DOI: 10.3410/b1-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are white blood cells that have important roles in phagocytosis and immune responses. A series of recent papers reveals that nuclear receptors influence the precise pathway of macrophage phenotype polarization and that these effects protect against insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, the most important group of diseases facing the industrialized world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Webb
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research 6565 Fannin Street, F8-045, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
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Varga T, Nagy L. Nuclear receptors, transcription factors linking lipid metabolism and immunity: the case of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38:695-707. [PMID: 18837794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.02022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to lipids has a major effect on mammalian cells. Naturally, it has a profound impact on their metabolism, but it can also significantly alter their cellular and molecular phenotypes and responses. This latter is via specific signalling pathways leading to alterations in the expression of genes and gene networks. Multicellular organisms utilize a specialized group of proteins to detect and transduce lipid signals to the level of the expression of the genome. These proteins, termed nuclear hormone receptors, are lipid-activated transcription factors regulating gene expression upon binding of small fatty ligands. In this review, we discuss the role and contribution of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) to macrophage and dendritic cell biology and also to gut epithelial cell function. We discuss how using different experimental systems and approaches the pathways activating the receptor and its target genes can be identified and complex biological processes unravelled. It appears that PPAR gamma is part of the macrophage's response to pathogenic lipoproteins and it coordinately regulates lipid uptake and efflux. Intriguingly, in another cell type of the immune system, dendritic cells, the receptor has overlapping, but distinct functions. In these cells, activation of PPAR gamma leads to altered immune phenotype characterized by increased phagocytic capacity, antigen processing and lipid antigen presenting capacity. This nuclear hormone receptor links lipid metabolism and immune cell function and these links provide unique insights into the regulatory logic of normal physiological responses and certain pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Varga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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50
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Gottrand F. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids influence the immune system of infants. J Nutr 2008; 138:1807S-1812S. [PMID: 18716191 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.9.1807s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several events occur during the first months of life that allow the immune system to become competent and functional. The aim of this article is to review the rationale and evidence of an influence of (n-3) long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) on the immune system of infants. The (n-3) LCPUFA exert their immunomodulatory activities at different levels. The (n-3) LCPUFA metabolites induce eicosanoid production, alter gene expression, and modify lipid raft composition, altering T-cell signaling; all contribute to immunological functional changes. However, the roles of these mechanisms and the types of T or other immunological cells involved remain unclear at present. Moreover, the effect of (n-3) LCPUFA on the immune system of infants may vary according to dose, time of exposure, and profile of the immune system (T-helper, Th1/Th2). Most of the interventional studies in infancy have been performed for the prevention of allergy. They all confirmed influence on T-cell function and cytokine profiles, but clinically beneficial effects are more conflicting. Supplementation of the maternal diet in pregnancy or early childhood with (n-3) LCPUFA is potentially a noninvasive intervention strategy to prevent the development of allergy, infection, and possibly other immune-mediated diseases. However, any long-term in vivo effects on (n-3) LCPUFA early in life for immunomodulatory defense in infants and later on immune status and health remain to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Gottrand
- EA 3925, IFR 114, Faculty of Medicine and University of Lille 2, Lille, France.
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