1
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Yoshida N, Kikuchi H, Hirai M, Balikagala B, Anywar DA, Taka H, Kaga N, Miura Y, Fukuda N, Odongo-Aginya EI, Kubohara Y, Mita T. A longer-chain acylated derivative of Dictyostelium differentiation-inducing factor-1 enhances the antimalarial activity against Plasmodium parasites. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116243. [PMID: 38697310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The spread of malarial parasites resistant to first-line treatments such as artemisinin combination therapies is a global health concern. Differentiation-inducing factor 1 (DIF-1) is a chlorinated alkylphenone (1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) hexan-1-one) originally found in the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum. We previously showed that some derivatives of DIF-1, particularly DIF-1(+2) (1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) octan-1-one), exert potent antimalarial activities. In this study, we synthesised DIF-1(+3) (1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) nonan-1-one). We then evaluated the effects of DIF-1(+3) in vitro on Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo over 7 days (50-100 mg/kg/day) in a mouse model of Plasmodium berghei. DIF-1(+3) exhibited a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of approximately 20-30 % of DIF-1(+2) in three laboratory strains with a selectivity index > 263, including in strains resistant to chloroquine and artemisinin. Parasite growth and multiplication were almost completely suppressed by treatment with 100 mg/kg DIF-1(+3). The survival time of infected mice was significantly increased (P = 0.006) with no apparent adverse effects. In summary, addition of an acyl group to DIF-1(+2) to prepare DIF-1(+3) substantially enhanced antimalarial activity, even in drug-resistant malaria, indicating the potential of applying DIF-1(+3) for malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yoshida
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Division of Natural Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirai
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Betty Balikagala
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Denis A Anywar
- Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Hikari Taka
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Naoko Kaga
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Miura
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Fukuda
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | | | - Yuzuru Kubohara
- Laboratory of Health and Life Science, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Mita
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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2
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Araya R, Men S, Uekusa Y, Yu Z, Kikuchi H, Daitoku K, Minakawa M, Kawaguchi S, Furukawa KI, Oshima Y, Imaizumi T, Seya K. The inhibitory effect of DIF-3 on polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-induced innate immunity activation in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2024; 154:157-165. [PMID: 38395516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
For the treatment and prevention of autoinflammatory diseases, it is essential to develop the drug, regulating the innate immune system. Although differentiation-inducing factor (DIF) derivatives, extracted from the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum, exhibit immunomodulatory effects, their effects on the regulation of innate immunity in brain are unknown. In this study, we used the human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line, hCMEC/D3, to investigate the effects of DIF derivatives on the generation of C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL) 10 and interferon (IFN)-β induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC). DIF-3 (1-10 μM), but not DIF-1 and DIF-2, dose-dependently inhibited the biosynthesis of not only CXCL10 but also CXCL16 and C-C motif chemokine 2 induced by poly IC. DIF-3 also strongly decreased IFN-β mRNA expression and protein release from the cells induced by poly IC through the prohibition of p65, a subtype of NF-ĸB, not interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 phosphorylation. In the docking simulation study, we confirmed that DIF-3 had a high affinity to p65. These results suggest that DIF-3 regulates the innate immune system by inhibiting TLR3/IFN-β signaling axis through the NF-ĸB phosphorylation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusei Araya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shihu Men
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Uekusa
- Division of Natural Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Zaiqiang Yu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Division of Natural Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Daitoku
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Masahito Minakawa
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Furukawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
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3
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Kubohara Y, Fukunaga Y, Shigenaga A, Kikuchi H. Dictyostelium Differentiation-Inducing Factor 1 Promotes Glucose Uptake via Direct Inhibition of Mitochondrial Malate Dehydrogenase in Mouse 3T3-L1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1889. [PMID: 38339168 PMCID: PMC10855897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Differentiation-inducing factor 1 (DIF-1), found in Dictyostelium discoideum, has antiproliferative and glucose-uptake-promoting activities in mammalian cells. DIF-1 is a potential lead for the development of antitumor and/or antiobesity/antidiabetes drugs, but the mechanisms underlying its actions have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we searched for target molecules of DIF-1 that mediate the actions of DIF-1 in mammalian cells by identifying DIF-1-binding proteins in human cervical cancer HeLa cells and mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells using affinity chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and found mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (MDH2) to be a DIF-1-binding protein in both cell lines. Since DIF-1 has been shown to directly inhibit MDH2 activity, we compared the effects of DIF-1 and the MDH2 inhibitor LW6 on the growth of HeLa and 3T3-L1 cells and on glucose uptake in confluent 3T3-L1 cells in vitro. In both HeLa and 3T3-L1 cells, DIF-1 at 10-40 μM dose-dependently suppressed growth, whereas LW6 at 20 μM, but not at 2-10 μM, significantly suppressed growth in these cells. In confluent 3T3-L1 cells, DIF-1 at 10-40 μM significantly promoted glucose uptake, with the strongest effect at 20 μM DIF-1, whereas LW6 at 2-20 μM significantly promoted glucose uptake, with the strongest effect at 10 μM LW6. Western blot analyses showed that LW6 (10 μM) and DIF-1 (20 μM) phosphorylated and, thus, activated AMP kinase in 3T3-L1 cells. Our results suggest that MDH2 inhibition can suppress cell growth and promote glucose uptake in the cells, but appears to promote glucose uptake more strongly than it suppresses cell growth. Thus, DIF-1 may promote glucose uptake, at least in part, via direct inhibition of MDH2 and a subsequent activation of AMP kinase in 3T3-L1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kubohara
- Laboratory of Health and Life Science, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai 270-1695, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukunaga
- Department of Animal Risk Management, Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi 288-0025, Japan;
| | - Ayako Shigenaga
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Inzai 270-1695, Japan;
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Division of Natural Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan;
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Kubohara Y, Fukunaga Y, Kikuchi H, Kuwayama H. Pharmacological Evidence That Dictyostelium Differentiation-Inducing Factor 1 Promotes Glucose Uptake Partly via an Increase in Intracellular cAMP Content in Mouse 3T3-L1 Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:7926. [PMID: 38067655 PMCID: PMC10708055 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation-inducing factor 1 (DIF-1) isolated from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum can inhibit mammalian calmodulin-dependent cAMP/cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE1) in vitro. DIF-1 also promotes glucose uptake, at least in part, via a mitochondria- and AMPK-dependent pathway in mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells, but the mechanism underlying this effect has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of DIF-1 on intracellular cAMP and cGMP levels, as well as the effects that DIF-1 and several compounds that increase cAMP and cGMP levels have on glucose uptake in confluent 3T3-L1 cells. DIF-1 at 20 μM (a concentration that promotes glucose uptake) increased the level of intracellular cAMP by about 20% but did not affect the level of intracellular cGMP. Neither the PDE1 inhibitor 8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine at 10-200 μM nor the broad-range PDE inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine at 40-400 μM had any marked effects on glucose uptake. The membrane-permeable cAMP analog 8-bromo-cAMP at 200-1000 μM significantly promoted glucose uptake (by 20-25%), whereas the membrane-permeable cGMP analog 8-bromo-cGMP at 3-100 μM did not affect glucose uptake. The adenylate cyclase activator forskolin at 1-10 μM promoted glucose uptake by 20-30%. Thus, DIF-1 may promote glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 cells, at least in part, via an increase in intracellular cAMP level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kubohara
- Laboratory of Health and Life Science, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai 270-1695, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukunaga
- Department of Animal Risk Management, Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi 288-0025, Japan;
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Division of Natural Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan;
| | - Hidekazu Kuwayama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan;
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Kuwayama H, Kikuchi H, Kubohara Y. Derivatives of Differentiation-Inducing Factor 1 Differentially Control Chemotaxis and Stalk Cell Differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:873. [PMID: 37372157 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation-inducing factors 1 and 2 (DIF-1 and DIF-2) are small lipophilic signal molecules that induce stalk cell differentiation but differentially modulate chemotaxis toward cAMP in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum; DIF-1 suppresses chemotactic cell movement in shallow cAMP gradients, whereas DIF-2 promotes it. The receptor(s) for DIF-1 and DIF-2 have not yet been identified. We examined the effects of nine derivatives of DIF-1 on chemotactic cell movement toward cAMP and compared their chemotaxis-modulating activity and stalk cell differentiation-inducing activity in wild-type and mutant strains. The DIF derivatives differentially affected chemotaxis and stalk cell differentiation; for example, TM-DIF-1 suppressed chemotaxis and showed poor stalk-inducing activity, DIF-1(3M) suppressed chemotaxis and showed strong stalk-inducing activity, and TH-DIF-1 promoted chemotaxis. These results suggest that DIF-1 and DIF-2 have at least three receptors: one for stalk cell induction and two for chemotaxis modulation. In addition, our results show that the DIF derivatives can be used to analyze the DIF-signaling pathways in D. discoideum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Kuwayama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Division of Natural Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Kubohara
- Laboratory of Health and Life Science, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai 270-1695, Japan
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HIRAYAMA AIRI, ISHIGAKI HIROTAKA, TAKAHASHI KATSUNORI, MIURA YUSUKE, KIKUCHI HARUHISA, KUBOHARA YUZURU. Dictyostelium Differentiation-inducing Factor Derivatives Reduce the Glycosylation of PD-L1 in MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells. JUNTENDO IJI ZASSHI = JUNTENDO MEDICAL JOURNAL 2023; 69:105-115. [PMID: 38854456 PMCID: PMC11153063 DOI: 10.14789/jmj.jmj22-0039-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a metastatic and intractable cancer with limited treatment options. Refractory cancer cells often express the immune checkpoint molecules programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2, which inhibit the anticancer effects of T cells. Differentiation-inducing factors, originally found in Dictyostelium discoideum, and their derivatives possess strong antiproliferative activity, at least in part by reducing cyclin D1 expression in various cancer cells, but their effects on PD-L1/PD-L2 have not been examined. In this study, we investigate the effects of six DIF compounds (DIFs) on the expression of PD-L1/PD-L2 and cyclin D1/D3 in MDA-MB-231 cells, a model TNBC cell line. Methods MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated for 5 or 15 h with or without DIFs, and the mRNA expression of cyclin D1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Whereas, MDA-MD-231 cells were incubated for 12 or 24 h with or without DIFs, and the protein expression of cyclins D1 and D3, PD-L1, and PD-L2 were assessed by Western blotting. Results As expected, some DIFs strongly reduced cyclin D1/D3 protein expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. Contrary to our expectation, DIFs had little effect on PD-L1 mRNA expression or increased it transiently. However, some DIFs partially reduced glycosylated PD-L1 and increased non-glycosylated PD-L1 in MDA-MB-231 cells. The level of PD-L2 was very low in these cells. Conclusions Since PD-L1 glycosylation plays an important role in preventing T cells from attacking cancer cells, such DIFs may promote T cell attack on cancer cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - YUZURU KUBOHARA
- Corresponding author: Yuzuru Kubohara, Laboratory of Health and Life Science, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai City, Chiba 270-1695, Japan, TEL: +81-476-98-1001 FAX: +81-476-98-1011 E-mail:
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7
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Mita T, Hirai M, Maki Y, Nahar S, Yoshida N, Oshima Y, Kikuchi H, Kubohara Y. Derivatives of Dictyostelium differentiation-inducing factors suppress the growth of Plasmodium parasites in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114834. [PMID: 34774530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, which is caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, remains a major endemic public health problem worldwide. Since artemisinin combination therapies are used as a first-line treatment in all endemic regions, the emergence of parasites resistant to these regimens has become a serious problem. Differentiation-inducing factor 1 (DIF-1) is a chlorinated alkylphenone originally found in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. DIF-1 and its derivatives exhibit a range of biological activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of 41 DIF derivatives on the growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro using four laboratory strains and 12 field isolates. Micromolar concentrations of several DIF derivatives strongly suppressed the growth of the four laboratory strains, including strains that exhibited resistance to chloroquine and artemisinin, as well as strains that were susceptible to these drugs. In addition, DIF-1(+2), the most potent derivative, strongly suppressed the growth of 12 field isolates. We also examined the effects of DIF-1(+2) on the activity of the rodent malarial parasite Plasmodium berghei in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of DIF-1(+2) over 4 days (50 or 70 mg/kg/day) significantly suppressed the growth of the parasite in the blood with no apparent adverse effects, and a dose of 70 mg/kg/day significantly prolonged animal survival. These results suggest that DIF derivatives, such as DIF-1(+2), could serve as new lead compounds for the development of antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Mita
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Makoto Hirai
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Maki
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Saifun Nahar
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshida
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Head Office for Open Innovation Strategy, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Kubohara
- Laboratory of Health and Life Science, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
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Kubohara Y, Homma Y, Shibata H, Oshima Y, Kikuchi H. Dictyostelium Differentiation-Inducing Factor-1 Promotes Glucose Uptake, at Least in Part, via an AMPK-Dependent Pathway in Mouse 3T3-L1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2293. [PMID: 33669058 PMCID: PMC7956221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) is a chlorinated alkylphenone (a polyketide) found in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. DIF-1 and its derivative, DIF-1(3M) promote glucose consumption in vitro in mammalian cells and in vivo in diabetic rats; they are expected to be the leading antiobesity and antidiabetes compounds. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the actions of DIF-1 and DIF-1(3M). In isolated mouse liver mitochondria, these compounds at 2-20 μM promoted oxygen consumption in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that they act as mitochondrial uncouplers, whereas CP-DIF-1 (another derivative of DIF-1) at 10-20 μM had no effect. In confluent mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblasts, DIF-1 and DIF-1(3M) but not CP-DIF-1 induced phosphorylation (and therefore activation) of AMP kinase (AMPK) and promoted glucose consumption and metabolism. The DIF-induced glucose consumption was reduced by compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) or AMPK knock down. These data suggest that DIF-1 and DIF-1(3M) promote glucose uptake, at least in part, via an AMPK-dependent pathway in 3T3-L1 cells, whereas cellular metabolome analysis revealed that DIF-1 and DIF-1(3M) may act differently at least in part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kubohara
- Laboratory of Health and Life Science, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Homma
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Shibata
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan;
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (Y.O.); (H.K.)
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (Y.O.); (H.K.)
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9
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Halogen-Substituted Derivatives of Dictyostelium Differentiation-Inducing Factor-1 Suppress Serum-Induced Cell Migration of Human Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cells in Vitro. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9070256. [PMID: 31261818 PMCID: PMC6681295 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly proliferative and metastatic, and because it lacks three major molecular targets for chemotherapy (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal receptor 2), it is extremely refractory. Differentiation-inducing factor 1 (DIF-1) and DIF-3, which are chlorinated alkylphenones, are lead anticancer compounds found in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Here, we examined the in vitro effects of DIF-1, DIF-3, and 25 DIF derivatives on cell proliferation and serum-induced cell migration in human MDA-MB-231 cells, a model TNBC cell line. We found that Br-DIF-1, a chlorine-to-bromine-substituted derivative of DIF-1, strongly suppressed cell migration (IC50, 3.8 μM) with negligible effects on cell proliferation (IC50, >20 μM). We then synthesized 18 derivatives of Br-DIF-1 and examined the in vitro effects of these derivatives on cell proliferation and serum-induced cell migration in MDA-MB-231 cells. Among the derivatives, Br-DIF-1(+1), Br-DIF-1(+2), and Br-DIF-3(+2) exhibited strong anti-cell migration activities with IC50 values of 1.5, 1.0, and 3.1 μM, respectively, without affecting cell proliferation (IC50, >20 μM). These results suggest that these Br-DIF derivatives are good lead compounds for the development of anti-metastatic drugs against TNBC.
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10
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Antimicrobial Activities of Dictyostelium Differentiation-Inducing Factors and Their Derivatives. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050163. [PMID: 31035614 PMCID: PMC6571789 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
At the end of its life cycle, the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum forms a fruiting body consisting of spores and a multicellular stalk. Originally, the chlorinated alkylphenone differentiation-inducing factors (DIFs) -1 and -3 were isolated as stalk cell inducers in D. discoideum. Later, DIFs and their derivatives were shown to possess several biologic activities including antitumor and anti-Trypanosoma properties. In this study, we examined the antibacterial activities of approximately 30 DIF derivatives by using several bacterial species. Several of the DIF derivatives strongly suppressed the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the sub-micromolar to low-micromolar range. In contrast, none of the DIF derivatives evaluated had any noteworthy effect on the growth of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (MIC, >100 µM). Most importantly, several of the DIF derivatives strongly inhibited the growth of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that treatment with DIF derivatives led to the formation of distinct multilayered structures consisting of cell wall or plasma membrane in S. aureus. The present results suggest that DIF derivatives are good lead compounds for developing novel antimicrobials.
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Kubohara Y, Kikuchi H. Dictyostelium: An Important Source of Structural and Functional Diversity in Drug Discovery. Cells 2018; 8:E6. [PMID: 30583484 PMCID: PMC6356392 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is an excellent model organism for the study of cell and developmental biology because of its simple life cycle and ease of use. Recent findings suggest that Dictyostelium and possibly other genera of cellular slime molds, are potential sources of novel lead compounds for pharmacological and medical research. In this review, we present supporting evidence that cellular slime molds are an untapped source of lead compounds by examining the discovery and functions of polyketide differentiation-inducing factor-1, a compound that was originally isolated as an inducer of stalk-cell differentiation in D. discoideum and, together with its derivatives, is now a promising lead compound for drug discovery in several areas. We also review other novel compounds, including secondary metabolites, that have been isolated from cellular slime molds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kubohara
- Laboratory of Health and Life Science, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan.
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V, Saedi P, Momeni T. Applications of Friedel-Crafts reactions in total synthesis of natural products. RSC Adv 2018; 8:40061-40163. [PMID: 35558228 PMCID: PMC9091380 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07325b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, Friedel-Crafts (FC) reactions have been acknowledged as the most useful and powerful synthetic tools for the construction of a special kind of carbon-carbon bond involving an aromatic moiety. Its stoichiometric and, more recently, its catalytic procedures have extensively been studied. This reaction in recent years has frequently been used as a key step (steps) in the total synthesis of natural products and targeted complex bioactive molecules. In this review, we try to underscore the applications of intermolecular and intramolecular FC reactions in the total syntheses of natural products and complex molecules, exhibiting diverse biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Pegah Saedi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Tayebeh Momeni
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
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Takahashi K, Kikuchi H, Nguyen VH, Oshima Y, Ishigaki H, Nakajima-Shimada J, Kubohara Y. Biological Activities of Novel Derivatives of Differentiation-Inducing Factor 3 from Dictyostelium discoideum. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:1941-1947. [PMID: 29093342 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation-inducing factor-3 (DIF-3; 1-(3-chloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one), which is found in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, is a potential candidate compound for the development of new medicines; DIF-3 and its derivatives possess several beneficial biological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-Trypanosoma cruzi, and immunoregulatory effects. To assess the relationship between the biological activities of DIF-3 and its chemical structure, particularly in regard to its alkoxy group and the length of the alkyl chains at the acyl group, we synthesized two derivatives of DIF-3, 1-(3-chloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)octan-1-one (DIF-3(+3)) and 1-(3-chloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-butoxyphenyl)-hexan-1-one (Hex-DIF-3), and investigated their biological activities in vitro. At micro-molar levels, DIF-3(+3) and Hex-DIF-3 exhibited strong anti-proliferative effects in tumor cell cultures, but their anti-T. cruzi activities at 1 µM in vitro were not as strong as those of other known DIF derivatives. In addition, Hex-DIF-3 at 5 µM significantly suppressed mitogen-induced interleukin-2 production in vitro in Jurkat T cells. These results suggest that DIF-3(+3) and Hex-DIF-3 are promising leads for the development of anti-cancer and immunosuppressive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Takahashi
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Gunma Paz College
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Van Hai Nguyen
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Hirotaka Ishigaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Gunma Paz College
| | - Junko Nakajima-Shimada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University
| | - Yuzuru Kubohara
- Laboratory of Health and Life Science, Graduate School of Heath and Sports Science, Juntendo University
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Kubohara Y, Kikuchi H, Nguyen VH, Kuwayama H, Oshima Y. Evidence that differentiation-inducing factor-1 controls chemotaxis and cell differentiation, at least in part, via mitochondria in D. discoideum. Biol Open 2017; 6:741-751. [PMID: 28619991 PMCID: PMC5483011 DOI: 10.1242/bio.021345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation-inducing factor-1 [1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one (DIF-1)] is an important regulator of cell differentiation and chemotaxis in the development of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum However, the entire signaling pathways downstream of DIF-1 remain to be elucidated. To characterize DIF-1 and its potential receptor(s), we synthesized two fluorescent derivatives of DIF-1, boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-conjugated DIF-1 (DIF-1-BODIPY) and nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD)-conjugated DIF-1 (DIF-1-NBD), and investigated their biological activities and cellular localization. DIF-1-BODIPY (5 µM) and DIF-1 (2 nM) induced stalk cell differentiation in the DIF-deficient strain HM44 in the presence of cyclic adenosine monosphosphate (cAMP), whereas DIF-1-NBD (5 µM) hardly induced stalk cell differentiation under the same conditions. Microscopic analyses revealed that the biologically active derivative, DIF-1-BODIPY, was incorporated by stalk cells at late stages of differentiation and was localized to mitochondria. The mitochondrial uncouplers carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), at 25-50 nM, and dinitrophenol (DNP), at 2.5-5 µM, induced partial stalk cell differentiation in HM44 in the presence of cAMP. DIF-1-BODIPY (1-2 µM) and DIF-1 (10 nM), as well as CCCP and DNP, suppressed chemotaxis in the wild-type strain Ax2 in shallow cAMP gradients. These results suggest that DIF-1-BODIPY and DIF-1 induce stalk cell differentiation and modulate chemotaxis, at least in part, by disturbing mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kubohara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan .,Laboratory of Health and Life Science, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Van Hai Nguyen
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Kuwayama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Glutathione S-transferase 4 is a putative DIF-binding protein that regulates the size of fruiting bodies in Dictyostelium discoideum. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 8:219-226. [PMID: 28955959 PMCID: PMC5613964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the development of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, two chlorinated compounds, the differentiation-inducing factors DIF-1 and DIF-2, play important roles in the regulation of both cell differentiation and chemotactic cell movement. However, the receptors of DIFs and the components of DIF signaling systems have not previously been elucidated. To identify the receptors for DIF-1 and DIF-2, we here performed DIF-conjugated affinity gel chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and identified the glutathione S-transferase GST4 as a major DIF-binding protein. Knockout and overexpression mutants of gst4 (gst4- and gst4OE, respectively) formed fruiting bodies, but the fruiting bodies of gst4- cells were smaller than those of wild-type Ax2 cells, and those of gst4OE cells were larger than those of Ax2 cells. Both chemotaxis regulation and in vitro stalk cell formation by DIFs in the gst4 mutants were similar to those of Ax2 cells. These results suggest that GST4 is a DIF-binding protein that regulates the sizes of cell aggregates and fruiting bodies in D. discoideum.
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Key Words
- Cellular slime mold
- DIF-1
- DIF-1, differentiation-inducing factor 1, 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one
- DIF-1-NH2, amino derivative of DIF-1, 6-amino-1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one
- DIF-2
- DIF-2, differentiation-inducing factor-2, 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)pentan-1-one
- Dictyostelium discoideum
- GSH, glutathione
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- Glutathione S-transferase
- LC/MS/MS, liquid chromatography–mass-mass spectrometry (liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry)
- THPH, 1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)hexan-1-one
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Kawaharada R, Nakamura A, Takahashi K, Kikuchi H, Oshima Y, Kubohara Y. Oral administration of Dictyostelium differentiation-inducing factor 1 lowers blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci 2016; 155:56-62. [PMID: 27131631 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Differentiation-inducing factor 1 (DIF-1), originally discovered in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, and its derivatives possess pharmacological activities, such as the promotion of glucose uptake in non-transformed mammalian cells in vitro. Accordingly, DIFs are considered promising lead candidates for novel anti-diabetic drugs. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-diabetic and toxic effects of DIF-1 in mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells in vitro and in diabetic rats in vivo. Main methods We investigated the in vitro effects of DIF-1 and DIF-1(3M), a derivative of DIF-1, on glucose metabolism in 3T3-L1 cells by using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOF-MS). We also examined the effects of DIF-1 on blood glucose levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rats. KEY FINDINGS CE-TOF-MS revealed that 20μM DIF-1 and 20μM DIF-1(3M) promoted glucose uptake and metabolism in 3T3-L1 cells. Oral administration of DIF-1 (30mg/kg) significantly lowered basal blood glucose levels in STZ-treated rats and promoted a decrease in blood glucose levels after oral glucose loading (2.5g/kg) in the rats. In addition, daily oral administration of DIF-1 (30mg/kg/day) for 1wk significantly lowered the blood glucose levels in STZ-treated rats but did not affect their body weight and caused only minor alterations in the levels of other blood analytes. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that DIF-1 may be a good lead compound for the development of anti-diabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Kawaharada
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki 370-0033, Japan
| | - Akio Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Oncology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8515, Japan
| | - Katsunori Takahashi
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Gunma Paz College, Takasaki 370-0006, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Kubohara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan; Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai City 270-1695, Japan.
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Oladimeji P, Kubohara Y, Kikuchi H, Oshima Y, Rusch C, Skerl R, Diakonova M. A Derivative of Differentiation-Inducing Factor-3 Inhibits PAK1 Activity and Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:1-6. [PMID: 26688830 PMCID: PMC4682050 DOI: 10.23937/2378-3419/2/4/1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation-inducing factors 1-3 (DIFs 1-3), chlorinated alkylphenones identified in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, are considered anti-tumor agents because they inhibit proliferation of a variety of mammalian tumor cells in vitro. Although the anti-proliferative effects of DIF-1 and DIF-3 are well-documented, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of DIFs have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we examined the effects of DIFs and their derivatives on PAK1, a key serine-threonine kinase, which is activated by multiple ligands and regulates cell proliferation. We examined the effect of DIF derivatives on PAK1 kinase activity in cells. We also examined the effect of DIF-3(+1) derivative on PAK1 kinase activity in vitro, cyclin D1 promoter activity and breast cancer cell proliferation. It was found that some derivatives strongly inhibited PAK1 kinase activity in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells stably over expressing PAK1. Among the derivatives, DIF-3(+1) was most potent, which directly inhibited kinase activity of recombinant purified PAK1 in an in vitro kinase assay. Furthermore, DIF-3(+1) strongly inhibited both cyclin D1 promoter activity and proliferation of MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells stably over expressing PAK1 in response to prolactin, estrogen, epidermal growth factor and heregulin. In the present study we propose PAK1 as DIF-3(+1) target mediating its anti-proliferative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Oladimeji
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuzuru Kubohara
- Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan ; Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Courtney Rusch
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebekah Skerl
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria Diakonova
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA
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Development of novel DIF-1 derivatives that selectively suppress innate immune responses. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4311-4315. [PMID: 26122773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The multiple pharmacological activities of differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum led us to examine the use of DIF-1 as a 'drug template' to develop promising seed compounds for drug discovery. DIF-1 and its derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their regulatory activities in innate immune responses. We found two new derivatives (4d and 5e) with highly selective inhibitory activities against production of the antimicrobial peptide attacin in Drosophila S2 cells and against production of interleukin-2 in Jurkat cells.
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Kubohara Y, Komachi M, Homma Y, Kikuchi H, Oshima Y. Derivatives of Dictyostelium differentiation-inducing factors inhibit lysophosphatidic acid-stimulated migration of murine osteosarcoma LM8 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:800-5. [PMID: 26056940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a common metastatic bone cancer that predominantly develops in children and adolescents. Metastatic osteosarcoma remains associated with a poor prognosis; therefore, more effective anti-metastatic drugs are needed. Differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1), -2, and -3 are novel lead anti-tumor agents that were originally isolated from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Here we investigated the effects of a panel of DIF derivatives on lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced migration of mouse osteosarcoma LM8 cells by using a Boyden chamber assay. Some DIF derivatives such as Br-DIF-1, DIF-3(+2), and Bu-DIF-3 (5-20 μM) dose-dependently suppressed LPA-induced cell migration with associated IC50 values of 5.5, 4.6, and 4.2 μM, respectively. On the other hand, the IC50 values of Br-DIF-1, DIF-3(+2), and Bu-DIF-3 versus cell proliferation were 18.5, 7.2, and 2.0 μM, respectively, in LM8 cells, and >20, 14.8, and 4.3 μM, respectively, in mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblasts (non-transformed). Together, our results demonstrate that Br-DIF-1 in particular may be a valuable tool for the analysis of cancer cell migration, and that DIF derivatives such as DIF-3(+2) and Bu-DIF-3 are promising lead anti-tumor agents for the development of therapies that suppress osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kubohara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan; Department of Health Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Inzai 270-1695, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Komachi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Homma
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Kubohara Y, Kikuchi H, Matsuo Y, Oshima Y, Homma Y. Properties of a non-bioactive fluorescent derivative of differentiation-inducing factor-3, an anti-tumor agent found in Dictyostelium discoideum. Biol Open 2014; 3:289-96. [PMID: 24682009 PMCID: PMC3988798 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20146585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation-inducing factor-3 (DIF-3), found in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, and its derivatives, such as butoxy-DIF-3 (Bu-DIF-3), are potent anti-tumor agents. To investigate the activity of DIF-like molecules in tumor cells, we recently synthesized a green fluorescent DIF-3 derivative, BODIPY-DIF-3G, and analyzed its bioactivity and cellular localization. In this study, we synthesized a red (orange) fluorescent DIF-3 derivative, BODIPY-DIF-3R, and compared the cellular localization and bioactivities of the two BODIPY-DIF-3s in HeLa human cervical cancer cells. Both fluorescent compounds penetrated the extracellular membrane within 0.5 h and localized mainly to the mitochondria. In formalin-fixed cells, the two BODIPY-DIF-3s also localized to the mitochondria, indicating that the BODIPY-DIF-3s were incorporated into mitochondria independently of the mitochondrial membrane potential. After treatment for 3 days, BODIPY-DIF-3G, but not BODIPY-DIF-3R, induced mitochondrial swelling and suppressed cell proliferation. Interestingly, the swollen mitochondria were stainable with BODIPY-DIF-3G but not with BODIPY-DIF-3R. When added to isolated mitochondria in vitro, BODIPY-DIF-3G increased dose-dependently the rate of O2 consumption, but BODIPY-DIF-3R did not. These results suggest that the bioactive BODIPY-DIF-3G suppresses cell proliferation, at least in part, by altering mitochondrial activity, whereas the non-bioactive BODIPY-DIF-3R localizes to the mitochondria but does not affect mitochondrial activity or cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kubohara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
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Kubohara Y, Kikuchi H, Matsuo Y, Oshima Y, Homma Y. Mitochondria are the target organelle of differentiation-inducing factor-3, an anti-tumor agent isolated from Dictyostelium discoideum [corrected]. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72118. [PMID: 23977224 PMCID: PMC3744471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation-inducing factor-3 (DIF-3), found in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, and its derivatives such as butoxy-DIF-3 (Bu-DIF-3) are potent anti-tumor agents. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the actions of DIF-3 remain to be elucidated. In this study, we synthesized a green fluorescent derivative of DIF-3, BODIPY-DIF-3, and a control fluorescent compound, Bu-BODIPY (butyl-BODIPY), and investigated how DIF-like molecules behave in human cervical cancer HeLa cells by using both fluorescence and electron microscopy. BODIPY-DIF-3 at 5–20 µ M suppressed cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, whereas Bu-BODIPY had minimal effect on cell growth. When cells were incubated with BODIPY-DIF-3 at 20 µM, it penetrated cell membranes within 0.5 h and localized mainly in mitochondria, while Bu-BODIPY did not stain the cells. Exposure of cells for 1–3 days to DIF-3, Bu-DIF-3, BODIPY-DIF-3, or CCCP (a mitochondrial uncoupler) induced substantial mitochondrial swelling, suppressing cell growth. When added to isolated mitochondria, DIF-3, Bu-DIF-3, and BOIDPY-DIF-3, like CCCP, dose-dependently promoted the rate of oxygen consumption, but Bu-BODIPY did not. Our results suggest that these bioactive DIF-like molecules suppress cell growth, at least in part, by disturbing mitochondrial activity. This is the first report showing the cellular localization and behavior of DIF-like molecules in mammalian tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kubohara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuo
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Homma
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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Kikuchi H, Kubohara Y, Nguyen VH, Katou Y, Oshima Y. Novel chlorinated dibenzofurans isolated from the cellular slime mold, Polysphondylium filamentosum, and their biological activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4628-33. [PMID: 23746784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular slime molds are expected to have the huge potential for producing secondary metabolites including polyketides, and we have studied the diversity of secondary metabolites of cellular slime molds for their potential utilization as new biological resources for natural product chemistry. From the methanol extract of fruiting bodies of Polysphondylium filamentosum, we obtained new chlorinated benzofurans Pf-1 (4) and Pf-2 (5) which display multiple biological activities; these include stalk cell differentiation-inducing activity in the well-studied cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum, and inhibitory activities on cell proliferation in mammalian cells and gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Derivatives of Dictyostelium discoideum differentiation-inducing factor-3 suppress the activities of Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1603-10. [PMID: 23511088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease (human American trypanosomiasis), which is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is responsible for numerous deaths each year; however, established treatments for the disease are limited. Differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) and DIF-3 are chlorinated alkylphenones originally found in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum that have been shown to possess pharmacological activities. Here, we investigated the effects of DIF-3 derivatives on the infection rate and growth of T. cruzi by using an in vitro assay system utilizing host human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells. Certain DIF-3 derivatives, such as butoxy-DIF-3 (Bu-DIF-3), at micro-molar levels strongly suppressed both the infection rate and growth of T. cruzi in HT1080 cells and exhibited little toxicity for HT1080 cells. For example, the IC50 of DIF-3 and Bu-DIF-3 versus the growth of T. cruzi in HT1080 cells were 3.95 and 0.72μM, respectively, and the LD50 of the two compounds versus HT1080 cells were both greater than 100μM. We also examined the effects of DIF-3 and Bu-DIF-3 on T. cruzi activity in C57BL/6 mice. Intraperitoneally administered Bu-DIF-3 (50mg/kg) significantly suppressed the number of trypomastigotes in blood with no apparent adverse effects. These results strongly suggest that DIF-3 derivatives could be new lead compounds in the development of anti-trypanosomiasis drugs.
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Isolation, synthesis, and biological activity of biphenyl and m-terphenyl-type compounds from Dictyostelium cellular slime molds. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Seya K, Kanemaru K, Matsuki M, Hongo K, Kitahara H, Kikuchi H, Oshima Y, Kubohara Y, Okumura K, Motomura S, Furukawa KI. Br-DIF-1 accelerates dimethyl sulphoxide-induced differentiation of P19CL6 embryonic carcinoma cells into cardiomyocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:870-9. [PMID: 21671902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stem cell transplantation therapy is a promising option for treatment of severe ischaemic heart disease. Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) differentiates P19CL6 embryonic carcinoma cells into cardiomyocyte-like cells, but with low differentiation capacity. To improve the degree of this differentiation, we have assessed several derivatives of the differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1), originally found in the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum, on P19CL6 cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH P19CL6 cells were cultured with each derivative and 1% DMSO for up to 16 days. Differentiation was assessed by measuring the number of beating and non-beating aggregates, and the expression of genes relevant to cardiac tissue. The mechanism of action was investigated using a T-type Ca(2+) channel blocker. KEY RESULTS Of all the DIF-1 derivatives tested only Br-DIF-1 showed any effects on cardiomyocyte differentiation. In the presence of 1% DMSO, Br-DIF-1 (0.3-3 µM) significantly and dose-dependently increased the number of spontaneously beating aggregates compared with 1% DMSO alone, by day 16. Expression of mRNA for T-type calcium channels was significantly increased by Br-DIF-1 + 1% DMSO compared with 1% DMSO alone. Mibefradil (a T-type Ca(2+) channel blocker; 100 nM) and a small interfering RNA for the T-type Ca(2+) channel both significantly decreased the beating rate of aggregates induced by Br-DIF-1 + 1% DMSO. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Br-DIF-1 accelerated the differentiation, induced by 1% DMSO, of P19CL6 cells into spontaneously beating cardiomyocyte-like cells, partly by enhancing the expression of the T-type Ca(2+) channel gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Seya
- Department of Pharmacology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Yasuike S, Nishioka M, Kakusawa N, Kurita J. Simple and efficient copper-catalyzed S-arylation of diaryl disulfides with triarylbismuthanes under aerobic conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Takahashi K, Murakami M, Kikuchi H, Oshima Y, Kubohara Y. Derivatives of Dictyostelium differentiation-inducing factors promote mitogen-activated IL-2 production via AP-1 in Jurkat cells. Life Sci 2011; 88:480-5. [PMID: 21238462 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Differentiation-inducing factors (DIFs) are chlorinated alkylphenones found in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. DIF derivatives exhibit antiproliferative activities and promote glucose consumption in mammalian cells in vitro. Here, we assessed the ability of DIFs to regulate the immune system in a mammalian cell-line and investigated their mechanisms of action. MAIN METHODS We examined the effects of 30 DIF derivatives on concanavalin A-induced interleukin-2 (IL-2) production (CIIP) in Jurkat T-cells. We also examined the effects of these DIF derivatives on the activity of three transcription factors required for CIIP: namely, activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). KEY FINDINGS A reporter gene assay suggested that 2 DIF derivatives, termed DIF-1(+1) and DIF-3(3M), significantly promoted CIIP in Jurkat cells, at least in part, by enhancing the activity of AP-1. These 2 DIF derivatives had no significant effect on concanavalin A-induced interferon-γ production. SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest that DIF derivatives could be developed as novel drugs for the activation of IL-2 production and resultant stimulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
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Kuwayama H, Kikuchi H, Oshima Y, Kubohara Y. Artificial Compounds Differentially Control Dictyostelium Chemotaxis and Cell Differentiation. Cell Struct Funct 2011; 36:21-6. [DOI: 10.1247/csf.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Kuwayama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | | | | | - Yuzuru Kubohara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University
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Novel prenylated and geranylated aromatic compounds isolated from Polysphondylium cellular slime molds. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Kubohara Y, Kikuchi H, Nakamura K, Matsuo Y, Oshima Y. Preparation of an antibody that recognizes and neutralizes Dictyostelium differentiation-inducing factor-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:364-9. [PMID: 20416278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the development of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, the differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1; 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one) plays an important role in the regulation of cell differentiation and chemotaxis; however, the cellular signaling systems involving DIF-1 remain to be elucidated. To obtain a probe for DIF-1, we synthesized a DIF derivative (DIF-1-NH(2); 6-amino-1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one), and prepared an anti-DIF-1 antibody using a DIF-1-NH(2)-conjugated macromolecule as the immunogen. A 100-fold dilution of the antibody bound to DIF-1-NH(2)-conjugated resin, and this binding was inhibited by co-addition of 20 microM DIF-1 or DIF-1-NH(2). In a monolayer culture of HM44 cells, a DIF-deficient D. discoideum strain, 0.5 nM exogenous DIF-1 induced stalk cell formation in approximately 60% of the cells; this induction was dose-dependently inhibited by the antibody (diluted 12.5- or 25-fold). Furthermore, this inhibition by the antibody was recovered by co-addition of 2.5 or10 nM DIF-1. The results indicate that the anti-DIF-1 antibody recognizes DIF-1 and neutralizes its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kubohara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan.
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A flavin-dependent halogenase catalyzes the chlorination step in the biosynthesis of Dictyostelium differentiation-inducing factor 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:5798-803. [PMID: 20231486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1001681107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation-inducing factor 1 (DIF-1) is a polyketide-derived morphogen which drives stalk cell formation in the developmental cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum. Previous experiments demonstrated that the biosynthetic pathway proceeds via dichlorination of the precursor molecule THPH, but the enzyme responsible for this transformation has eluded characterization. Our recent studies on prokaryotic flavin-dependent halogenases and insights from the sequenced Dd genome led us to a candidate gene for this transformation. In this work, we present in vivo and in vitro evidence that chlA from Dd encodes a flavin-dependent halogenase capable of catalyzing both chlorinations in the biosynthesis of DIF-1. The results provide in vitro characterization of a eukaryotic oxygen-dependent halogenase and demonstrate a broad reach in biology for this molecular tailoring strategy, notably its involvement in the differentiation program of a social amoeba.
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Matsuda T, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Yoshihara T, Maenaka K, Watanabe Y, Miwa Y, Morimoto S, Kubohara Y, Hirata M, Sasaguri T. Dictyostelium differentiation-inducing factor-1 binds to mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and inhibits its activity. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 112:320-6. [PMID: 20173310 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09348fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported that the differentiation-inducing factors (DIFs) DIF-1 and DIF-3, morphogens secreted from Dictyostelium discoideum, inhibit proliferation of several cancer cells via suppression of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. However, the target molecules of DIFs involved in the anti-proliferative effects are still unknown. In the present study, DIF-1-tethered resins were synthesized to explore the target molecules of DIFs, and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) was identified as one of the target molecules. In the in vitro assay, DIF-1 and other analogs including 2-MIDIF-1, DIF-3, and 6-MIDIF-3 were found to be capable of binding to mMDH but not to cytoplasmic MDH. However, only DIF-1 and 2-MIDIF-1 inhibited the enzymatic activity of mMDH. The effects of DIF analogs on ATP content and cell proliferation were then analyzed using HeLa cells. DIF-1 and 2-MIDIF-1 were found to lower the ATP content and both chemicals inhibited HeLa cell proliferation, suggesting that inhibition of mMDH activity affected cell energy production, probably leading to the inhibition of proliferation. These results suggest that the inhibition of mMDH activity by DIF-1 and 2-MIDIF-1 could be one of the mechanisms to induce anti-proliferative effects, independent of the inhibition of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Matsuda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Müller H, Paul M, Hartmann D, Huch V, Blaesius D, Koeberle A, Werz O, Jauch J. Totalsynthese von Myrtucommulon A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Müller H, Paul M, Hartmann D, Huch V, Blaesius D, Koeberle A, Werz O, Jauch J. Total Synthesis of Myrtucommulone A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:2045-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Singh IP, Sidana J, Bharate SB, Foley WJ. Phloroglucinol compounds of natural origin: Synthetic aspects. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:393-416. [DOI: 10.1039/b914364p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Takahashi K, Murakami M, Hosaka K, Kikuchi H, Oshima Y, Kubohara Y. Regulation of IL-2 production in Jurkat cells by Dictyostelium-derived factors. Life Sci 2009; 85:438-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Autophagic or necrotic cell death triggered by distinct motifs of the differentiation factor DIF-1. Cell Death Differ 2008; 16:564-70. [PMID: 19079140 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagic or necrotic cell death (ACD and NCD, respectively), studied in the model organism Dictyostelium which offers unique advantages, require triggering by the same differentiation-inducing factor DIF-1. To initiate these two types of cell death, does DIF-1 act through only one or through two distinct recognition structures? Such distinct structures may recognize distinct motifs of DIF-1. To test this albeit indirectly, DIF-1 was modified at one or two of several positions, and the corresponding derivatives were tested for their abilities to induce ACD or NCD. The results strongly indicated that distinct biochemical motifs of DIF-1 were required to trigger ACD or NCD, and that these motifs were separately recognized at the onset of ACD or NCD. In addition, both ACD and NCD were induced more efficiently by DIF-1 than by either its precursors or its immediate catabolite. These results showed an unexpected relation between a differentiation factor, the cellular structures that recognize it, the cell death types it can trigger and the metabolic state of the cell. The latter seems to guide the choice of the signaling pathway to cell death, which in turn imposes the cell death type and the recognition pattern of the differentiation factor.
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Kikuchi H, Ishiko S, Oshima Y, Gokan N, Hosaka K, Kubohara Y. Biological activities of novel derivatives of DIF-1 isolated from Dictyostelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:1012-7. [PMID: 18977198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) is a lipophilic signal molecule (chlorinated alkylphenone) that induces stalk cell differentiation in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. In addition, DIF-1 and its derivatives have been shown to possess anti-leukemic activity and glucose consumption-promoting activity in vitro in mammalian cells. In this study, to assess the chemical structure-effect relationship of DIF-1, we synthesized eight derivatives of DIF-1 and investigated their stalk cell-inducing activity in Dictyostelium cells and pharmacological activities in mammalian cells. Of the derivatives, two amide derivatives of DIF-1, whose hydrophobic indexes are close to that of DIF-1, induced stalk cell differentiation as strongly as DIF-1 in Dictyostelium cells. It was also found that some derivatives suppressed cell growth in human K562 leukemia cells and promoted glucose consumption in mouse 3T3-L1 cells. These results give us valuable information as to the chemical structure-effect relationship of DIF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Kubohara Y, Kikuchi H, Oshima Y. Exploitation of the derivatives of Dictyostelium differentiation-inducing factor-1, which promote glucose consumption in mammalian cells. Life Sci 2008; 83:608-12. [PMID: 18812178 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) is a signal molecule that induces stalk cell formation in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. DIF-1 has also been shown to possess pharmacological activities, such as the suppression of tumor cell growth and the promotion of glucose uptake in non-transformed mammalian cells. In this study, we tried to develop compounds that possess weaker anti-tumor activity and stronger glucose uptake-promoting activity than DIF-1. MAIN METHODS We investigated the in vitro effects of 12 derivatives of DIF-1 on glucose consumption in mouse 3T3-L1 cells and on cell growth in K562 human leukemia cells. We also examined the effect of a good compound on the blood glucose concentration in KK-Ay diabetic mice. KEY FINDINGS We found that some derivatives at 20 microM promoted glucose consumption more than twice as fast as the control. Of the derivatives, a compound named DIF-1(3M), which has a weaker anti-leukemic effect than DIF-1, promoted glucose consumption as strongly as DIF-1 in confluent 3T3-L1 cells. While DIF-1 at 20 microM was inhibitory to the cell growth of 3T3-L1, DIF-1(3M) at 20 microM exhibited no inhibitory effect on the growing cells. We also found that DIF-1(3M) injected (10-12.5 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally in mice tended to lower the blood glucose concentration. SIGNIFICANCE The present results open the possibility for the development of new agents that possess strong glucose-uptake-promoting activity but little anti-tumor activity and may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetes and/or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kubohara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan.
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Kikuchi H. [Novel biologically active compounds isolated from unexploited organisms, cellular sime molds]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:1431-9. [PMID: 17827923 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular slime molds are thought to be excellent model organisms for the study of cell and developmental biology because of their simple pattern of development. However, there have been few reports on secondary metabolites of them. We have focused on the utility of cellular slime molds as novel resources for natural product chemistry, and have studied the diversity of secondary metabolites produced by them as well as their physiological and pharmacological activities. We have recently isolated many novel compounds from the fruiting bodies of various species of Dictyostelium cellular slime molds. Total syntheses and biological evaluation of these compounds have been carried out. It was shown that dictyopyrones and dictyomedins may regulate Dictyostelium development. Amino sugar derivatives such as furanodictines and dictyoglucosamines induced neuronal differentiation of rat PC-12 cells. In addition, brefelamide inhibited the cellular proliferation of 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. These results show that cellular slime molds are promising sources in natural product chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba, Sendai, Japan.
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Omata W, Shibata H, Nagasawa M, Kojima I, Kikuchi H, Oshima Y, Hosaka K, Kubohara Y. Dictyostelium differentiation-inducing factor-1 induces glucose transporter 1 translocation and promotes glucose uptake in mammalian cells. FEBS J 2007; 274:3392-404. [PMID: 17553062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) is a signal molecule that induces stalk cell formation in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, while DIF-1 and its analogs have been shown to possess antiproliferative activity in vitro in mammalian tumor cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of DIF-1 and its analogs on normal (nontransformed) mammalian cells. Without affecting the cell morphology and cell number, DIF-1 at micromolar levels dose-dependently promoted the glucose uptake in confluent 3T3-L1 fibroblasts, which was not inhibited with wortmannin or LY294002 (inhibitors for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase). DIF-1 affected neither the expression level of glucose transporter 1 nor the activities of four key enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, such as hexokinase, fluctose 6-phosphate kinase, pyruvate kinase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Most importantly, stimulation with DIF-1 was found to induce the translocation of glucose transporter 1 from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membranes in the cells. In differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, DIF-1 induced the translocation of glucose trasporter 1 (but not of glucose transporter 4) and promoted glucose uptake, which was not inhibited with wortmannin. These results indicate that DIF-1 induces glucose transporter 1 translocation and thereby promotes glucose uptake, at least in part, via a inhibitors for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-independent pathway in mammalian cells. Furthermore, analogs of DIF-1 that possess stronger antitumor activity than DIF-1 were less effective in promoting glucose consumption, suggesting that the mechanism of the action of DIF-1 for stimulating glucose uptake should be different from that for suppressing tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waka Omata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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Kikuchi H, Oshima Y, Ichimura A, Gokan N, Hasegawa A, Hosaka K, Kubohara Y. Anti-leukemic activities of Dictyostelium secondary metabolites: a novel aromatic metabolite, 4-methyl-5-n-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol, isolated from Dictyostelium mucoroides suppresses cell growth in human leukemia K562 and HL-60 cells. Life Sci 2006; 80:160-5. [PMID: 17027864 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that DIF-1, a differentiation-inducing factor of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, possesses antitumor activities in mammalian tumor cells and that neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells can be induced with furanodictines (FDs), aminosugar analogs found in D. discoideum, or dictyoglucosamines (DGs), N-acetyl glucosamine derivatives (DG-A from D. purpureum and DG-B from D. discoideum). Thus, cellular slime molds are attractive natural resources that may provide valuable lead compounds to be utilized in the field of pharmacology and medicine. In this study, we have isolated a novel aromatic compound, 4-methyl-5-n-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol (MPBD), from fruiting bodies of the cellular slime mold D. mucoroides and assessed the in vitro antiproliferative activities of MPBD, FDs, and DGs in human leukemia K562 and HL-60 cells. MPBD at 20-80 microM dose-dependently suppressed cell growth in both K562 and HL-60 cells. While FDs at 10-80 microM did not affect cell growth, DGs at 10-40 microM dose-dependently suppressed cell growth in the cells. Although we failed to find the roles of FDs and DGs in the original organisms, MPBD at 5-20 microM was found to promote stalk cell formation in D. discoideum. The present results indicate that MPBD, DGs or their derivatives may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancer and confirm our expectations regarding cellular slime molds as drug resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Austin MB, Saito T, Bowman ME, Haydock S, Kato A, Moore BS, Kay RR, Noel JP. Biosynthesis of Dictyostelium discoideum differentiation-inducing factor by a hybrid type I fatty acid-type III polyketide synthase. Nat Chem Biol 2006; 2:494-502. [PMID: 16906151 PMCID: PMC2864586 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation-inducing factors (DIFs) are well known to modulate formation of distinct communal cell types from identical Dictyostelium discoideum amoebas, but DIF biosynthesis remains obscure. We report complimentary in vivo and in vitro experiments identifying one of two approximately 3,000-residue D. discoideum proteins, termed 'steely', as responsible for biosynthesis of the DIF acylphloroglucinol scaffold. Steely proteins possess six catalytic domains homologous to metazoan type I fatty acid synthases (FASs) but feature an iterative type III polyketide synthase (PKS) in place of the expected FAS C-terminal thioesterase used to off load fatty acid products. This new domain arrangement likely facilitates covalent transfer of steely N-terminal acyl products directly to the C-terminal type III PKS active sites, which catalyze both iterative polyketide extension and cyclization. The crystal structure of a steely C-terminal domain confirms conservation of the homodimeric type III PKS fold. These findings suggest new bioengineering strategies for expanding the scope of fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Austin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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