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Colca JR, Tanis SP, Kletzien RF, Finck BN. Insulin sensitizers in 2023: lessons learned and new avenues for investigation. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:803-811. [PMID: 37755339 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2263369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 'Insulin sensitizers' derived discoveries of the Takeda Company in 1970s. Pioglitazone remains the best in class with beneficial pleiotropic pharmacology, although use is limited by tolerability issues. Various attempts to expand out of this class assumed the primary molecular target was the transcription factor, PPARγ. Findings over the last 10 years have identified new targets of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) that should alter the drug discovery paradigm. AREAS COVERED We review structural classes of experimental insulin sensitizer drugs, some of which have attained limited approval in some markets. The TZD pioglitazone, originally approved in 1999 as a secondary treatment for type 2 diabetes, has demonstrated benefit in apparently diverse spectrums of disease from cardiovascular to neurological issues. New TZDs modulate a newly identified mitochondrial target (the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier) to reprogram metabolism and produce insulin sensitizing pharmacology devoid of tolerability issues. EXPERT OPINION Greater understanding of the mechanism of action of insulin sensitizing drugs can expand the rationale for the fields of treatment and potential for treatment combinations. This understanding can facilitate the registration and broader use of agents with that impact the pathophysiology that underlies chronic metabolic diseases as well as host responses to environmental insults including pathogens, insulin sensitizer, MPC, mitochondrial target, metabolic reprogramming, chronic and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian N Finck
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St Louis, Euclid Ave, MO, USA
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2
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Colca JR, Finck BN. Metabolic Mechanisms Connecting Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases: Potential Avenues for Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:929328. [PMID: 35782864 PMCID: PMC9243557 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.929328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's Diseases (PD) are common neurodegenerative disorders growing in incidence and prevalence and for which there are no disease-modifying treatments. While there are considerable complexities in the presentations of these diseases, the histological pictures of these pathologies, as well as several rare genetic predispositions for each, point to the involvement of maladaptive protein processing and inflammation. Importantly, the common presentations of AD and PD are connected to aging and to dysmetabolism, including common co-diagnosis of metabolic syndrome or diabetes. Examination of anti-diabetic therapies in preclinical models and in some observational clinical studies have suggested effectiveness of the first generation insulin sensitizer pioglitazone in both AD and PD. Recently, the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) was shown to be a previously unrecognized target of pioglitazone. New insulin sensitizers are in development that can be dosed to full engagement of this previously unappreciated mitochondrial target. Here we review molecular mechanisms that connect modification of pyruvate metabolism with known liabilities of AD and PD. The mechanisms involve modification of autophagy, inflammation, and cell differentiation in various cell types including neurons, glia, macrophages, and endothelium. These observations have implications for the understanding of the general pathology of neurodegeneration and suggest general therapeutic approaches to disease modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R. Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Colca JR, Scherer PE. The metabolic syndrome, thiazolidinediones, and implications for intersection of chronic and inflammatory disease. Mol Metab 2022; 55:101409. [PMID: 34863942 PMCID: PMC8688722 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic disease appears connected to obesity. However, evidence suggests that chronic metabolic diseases are more specifically related to adipose dysfunction rather than to body weight itself. SCOPE OF REVIEW Further study of the first generation "insulin sensitizer" pioglitazone and molecules based on its structure suggests that is possible to decouple body weight from the metabolic dysfunction that drives adverse outcomes. The growing understanding of the mechanism of action of these agents together with advances in the pathophysiology of chronic metabolic disease offers a new approach to treat chronic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, and their common organ and vascular sequelae. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that treating adipocyte dysfunction with new insulin sensitizers might significantly impact the interface of infectious disease and chronic metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R Colca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA; Cirius Therapeutics, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA.
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Mitochondrial iron-sulfur clusters: Structure, function, and an emerging role in vascular biology. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102164. [PMID: 34656823 PMCID: PMC8577454 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are essential cofactors most commonly known for their role mediating electron transfer within the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The Fe-S cluster pathways that function within the respiratory complexes are highly conserved between bacteria and the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Within the electron transport chain, Fe-S clusters play a critical role in transporting electrons through Complexes I, II and III to cytochrome c, before subsequent transfer to molecular oxygen. Fe-S clusters are also among the binding sites of classical mitochondrial inhibitors, such as rotenone, and play an important role in the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrial Fe-S clusters also play a critical role in the pathogenesis of disease. High levels of ROS produced at these sites can cause cell injury or death, however, when produced at low levels can serve as signaling molecules. For example, Ndufs2, a Complex I subunit containing an Fe-S center, N2, has recently been identified as a redox-sensitive oxygen sensor, mediating homeostatic oxygen-sensing in the pulmonary vasculature and carotid body. Fe-S clusters are emerging as transcriptionally-regulated mediators in disease and play a crucial role in normal physiology, offering potential new therapeutic targets for diseases including malaria, diabetes, and cancer.
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Abid S, Mekhfi H, Ziyyat A, Legssyer A, Aziz M, Bnouham M. Beneficial Effect of Thymelaea hirsuta on Pancreatic Islet Degeneration, Renal Fibrosis, and Liver Damages as Demonstrated in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:6614903. [PMID: 33688307 PMCID: PMC7920699 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6614903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Morocco, Thymelaea hirsuta (T. hirsuta) (Thymelaeacea) is a medicinal plant widely used to treat and prevent diabetes. The present study aimed to evaluate the medium-term antidiabetic effect of aqueous extract (AqTh) and ethyl acetate fraction (EaTh) of Th and to investigate their putative protective effect on pancreatic islet degeneration, diabetic nephropathy, and liver damages in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. METHODS Experimental diabetes in rats was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg of STZ. During the treatment period (4 weeks), 200 mg/kg AqTh and 50 mg/kg EaTh were orally administrated daily to STZ-diabetic rats. A group of parameters including fasting blood glucose, biochemical parameters, and intestinal α-glucosidase inhibition were studied. Furthermore, histological study of the pancreas, kidney, liver, and aorta was also realized. RESULTS At the end of the treatment, both AqTh and EaTh had normalized fasting blood glucose to 1.08 and 1.25 g/l, respectively. AqTh has also reduced urinary creatinine and HbAc1. The EaTh showed inhibitory activity against intestinal α-glucosidase, whereas AqTh did not have this inhibitory effect. Furthermore, pancreas hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that AqTh or EaTh prevents pancreatic islet cell degeneration. As the same kidney, Masson's trichrome staining has shown a significant prevention of renal fibrosis in AqTh- or EaTh-treated diabetic rats. On the other hand, liver hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that AqTh and EaTh prevent liver damage. CONCLUSION We conclude that medium-term administration of AqTh and EaTh exerts significant antihyperglycemic effect in STZ-diabetic rats possibly through intestinal α-glucosidase inhibition and protection against pancreatic islet cell damage. Moreover, AqTh and EaTh treatment prevent nephropathy and liver complications in STZ-diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Abid
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed Ist, Bd: Mohamed VI, BP: 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Hassane Mekhfi
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed Ist, Bd: Mohamed VI, BP: 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Ziyyat
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed Ist, Bd: Mohamed VI, BP: 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Abdekhaleq Legssyer
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed Ist, Bd: Mohamed VI, BP: 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Aziz
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed Ist, Bd: Mohamed VI, BP: 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bnouham
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed Ist, Bd: Mohamed VI, BP: 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
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Tanis SP, Colca JR, Parker TT, Artman GD, Larsen SD, McDonald WG, Gadwood RC, Kletzien RF, Zeller JB, Lee PH, Adams WJ. PPARγ-sparing thiazolidinediones as insulin sensitizers. Design, synthesis and selection of compounds for clinical development. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5870-5884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bolten CW, Blanner PM, McDonald WG, Staten NR, Mazzarella RA, Arhancet GB, Meier MF, Weiss DJ, Sullivan PM, Hromockyj AE, Kletzien RF, Colca JR. Insulin Sensitizing Pharmacology of Thiazolidinediones Correlates with Mitochondrial Gene Expression rather than Activation of PPARγ. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117762500700100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin sensitizing thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are generally considered to work as agonists for the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferative activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). However, TZDs also have acute, non-genomic metabolic effects and it is unclear which actions are responsible for the beneficial pharmacology of these compounds. We have taken advantage of an analog, based on the metabolism of pioglitazone, which has much reduced ability to activate PPARγ. This analog (PNU-91325) was compared to rosiglitazone, the most potent PPARγ activator approved for human use, in a variety of studies both in vitro and in vivo. The data demonstrate that PNU-91325 is indeed much less effective than rosiglitazone at activating PPARγ both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, both compounds bound similarly to a mitochondrial binding site and acutely activated PI-3 kinase-directed phosphorylation of AKT, an action that was not affected by elimination of PPARγ activation. The two compounds were then compared in vivo in both normal C57 mice and diabetic KKAy mice to determine whether their pharmacology correlated with biomarkers of PPARγ activation or with the expression of other gene transcripts. As expected from previous studies, both compounds improved insulin sensitivity in the diabetic mice, and this occurred in spite of the fact that there was little increase in expression of the classic PPARγ target biomarker adipocyte binding protein-2 (aP2) with PNU-91325 under these conditions. An examination of transcriptional profiling of key target tissues from mice treated for one week with both compounds demonstrated that the relative pharmacology of the two thiazolidinediones correlated best with an increased expression of an array of mitochondrial proteins and with expression of PPARγ coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α), the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Thus, important pharmacology of the insulin sensitizing TZDs may involve acute actions, perhaps on the mitochondria, that are independent of direct activation of the nuclear receptor PPARγ. These findings suggest a potential alternative route to the discovery of novel insulin sensitizing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W. Bolten
- Discovery Research, Pfizer Corporation 700 Chesterfield Parkway West Chesterfield, MO 63017
| | - Patrick M. Blanner
- Discovery Research, Pfizer Corporation 700 Chesterfield Parkway West Chesterfield, MO 63017
| | - William G. McDonald
- Discovery Research, Pfizer Corporation 700 Chesterfield Parkway West Chesterfield, MO 63017
| | - Nicholas R. Staten
- Discovery Research, Pfizer Corporation 700 Chesterfield Parkway West Chesterfield, MO 63017
| | - Richard A. Mazzarella
- Discovery Research, Pfizer Corporation 700 Chesterfield Parkway West Chesterfield, MO 63017
| | - Graciela B. Arhancet
- Discovery Research, Pfizer Corporation 700 Chesterfield Parkway West Chesterfield, MO 63017
| | - Martin F. Meier
- Discovery Research, Pfizer Corporation 700 Chesterfield Parkway West Chesterfield, MO 63017
| | - David J. Weiss
- Discovery Research, Pfizer Corporation 700 Chesterfield Parkway West Chesterfield, MO 63017
| | - Patrick M. Sullivan
- Discovery Research, Pfizer Corporation 700 Chesterfield Parkway West Chesterfield, MO 63017
| | - Alexander E. Hromockyj
- Discovery Research, Pfizer Corporation 700 Chesterfield Parkway West Chesterfield, MO 63017
| | - Rolf F. Kletzien
- Discovery Research, Pfizer Corporation 700 Chesterfield Parkway West Chesterfield, MO 63017
| | - Jerry R. Colca
- Discovery Research, Pfizer Corporation 700 Chesterfield Parkway West Chesterfield, MO 63017
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Davidson MA, Mattison DR, Azoulay L, Krewski D. Thiazolidinedione drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: past, present and future. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:52-108. [PMID: 28816105 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1351420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have proven effective in improving insulin sensitivity, hyperglycemia, and lipid metabolism. Though well tolerated by some patients, their mechanism of action as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) results in the activation of several pathways in addition to those responsible for glycemic control and lipid homeostasis. These pathways, which include those related to inflammation, bone formation, and cell proliferation, may lead to adverse health outcomes. As treatment with TZDs has been associated with adverse hepatic, cardiovascular, osteological, and carcinogenic events in some studies, the role of TZDs in the treatment of T2DM continues to be debated. At the same time, new therapeutic roles for TZDs are being investigated, with new forms and isoforms currently in the pre-clinical phase for use in the prevention and treatment of some cancers, inflammatory diseases, and other conditions. The aims of this review are to provide an overview of the mechanism(s) of action of TZDs, a review of their safety for use in the treatment of T2DM, and a perspective on their current and future therapeutic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Davidson
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada.,b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Donald R Mattison
- b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada.,c Risk Sciences International , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Laurent Azoulay
- d Center for Clinical Epidemiology , Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada.,e Department of Oncology , McGill University , Montreal , Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada.,b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada.,c Risk Sciences International , Ottawa , Canada.,f Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
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Colca JR. The TZD insulin sensitizer clue provides a new route into diabetes drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1259-70. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Colca JR, McDonald WG, Kletzien RF. Mitochondrial target of thiazolidinediones. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:1048-54. [PMID: 24774061 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones exert a pleiotropic pharmacology with therapeutic potential in a number of disease states ranging from metabolic syndrome and diabetes to neurodegeneration and cancer. A growing understanding of their mechanism of action, working from the site of their binding in the mitochondrion, provides insight into the mechanism of action of the insulin sensitizers and the reasons for their pleiotropic pharmacology. This review helps to frame the direction of future work that should be helpful in setting a new direction for the discovery and development of new, more useful therapeutic agents for metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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11
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Tamir S, Paddock ML, Darash-Yahana-Baram M, Holt SH, Sohn YS, Agranat L, Michaeli D, Stofleth JT, Lipper CH, Morcos F, Cabantchik IZ, Onuchic JN, Jennings PA, Mittler R, Nechushtai R. Structure-function analysis of NEET proteins uncovers their role as key regulators of iron and ROS homeostasis in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:1294-315. [PMID: 25448035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel family of 2Fe-2S proteins, the NEET family, was discovered during the last decade in numerous organisms, including archea, bacteria, algae, plant and human; suggesting an evolutionary-conserved function, potentially mediated by their CDGSH Iron-Sulfur Domain. In human, three NEET members encoded by the CISD1-3 genes were identified. The structures of CISD1 (mitoNEET, mNT), CISD2 (NAF-1), and the plant At-NEET uncovered a homodimer with a unique "NEET fold", as well as two distinct domains: a beta-cap and a 2Fe-2S cluster-binding domain. The 2Fe-2S clusters of NEET proteins were found to be coordinated by a novel 3Cys:1His structure that is relatively labile compared to other 2Fe-2S proteins and is the reason of the NEETs' clusters could be transferred to apo-acceptor protein(s) or mitochondria. Positioned at the protein surface, the NEET's 2Fe-2S's coordinating His is exposed to protonation upon changes in its environment, potentially suggesting a sensing function for this residue. Studies in different model systems demonstrated a role for NAF-1 and mNT in the regulation of cellular iron, calcium and ROS homeostasis, and uncovered a key role for NEET proteins in critical processes, such as cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth, lipid and glucose homeostasis in obesity and diabetes, control of autophagy, longevity in mice, and senescence in plants. Abnormal regulation of NEET proteins was consequently found to result in multiple health conditions, and aberrant splicing of NAF-1 was found to be a causative of the neurological genetic disorder Wolfram Syndrome 2. Here we review the discovery of NEET proteins, their structural, biochemical and biophysical characterization, and their most recent structure-function analyses. We additionally highlight future avenues of research focused on NEET proteins and propose an essential role for NEETs in health and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fe/S proteins: Analysis, structure, function, biogenesis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagi Tamir
- The Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute and the Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Mark L Paddock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Merav Darash-Yahana-Baram
- The Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute and the Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Sarah H Holt
- Department of Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Yang Sung Sohn
- The Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute and the Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Lily Agranat
- The Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute and the Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Dorit Michaeli
- The Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute and the Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Jason T Stofleth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Colin H Lipper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Faruck Morcos
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA
| | - Ioav Z Cabantchik
- The Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute and the Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Jose' N Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA
| | - Patricia A Jennings
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ron Mittler
- Department of Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Rachel Nechushtai
- The Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute and the Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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Colca JR, Tanis SP, McDonald WG, Kletzien RF. Insulin sensitizers in 2013: new insights for the development of novel therapeutic agents to treat metabolic diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 23:1-7. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.839659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company,
161 E. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, 49007, USA
| | - Steven P Tanis
- PharmaChem Consulting LLC,
1750 Oriole Ct, Carlsbad, 92011, United States
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Sirasanagandla S, Kasetti RB, Shaik AN, Natava R, Surtineni VP, Cirradur SR, Chippada A. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of 2-(4-[(2-hydroxybenzyl) amino]-phenyl amino-methyl)-phenol in STZ induced diabetic rats. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 66:400-6. [PMID: 23827180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration of 2-(4-[(2-hydroxybenzyl) amino]-phenyl amino-methyl)-phenol (HBPMP) (30 mg/kg) to Streptozotocin (STZ) rats produced significant antidiabetic activity after 6 h of HBPMP administration. Treatment of the STZ rats with HBPMP (30 mg/kg/day) for 30 days resulted in a significant decrease in their Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Serum Total Cholesterol (TC), Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C), Very Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (VLDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) along with an increase in serum High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Activities of Serum Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and levels of blood urea and creatinine were improved to near normal levels in the treated STZ rats indicating the protective role of the HBPMP against liver and kidney damage and its non-toxic property. In conclusion, HBPMP possesses antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Sirasanagandla
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517 502, India
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Colca JR, Feinstein DL. Altering Mitochondrial Dysfunction as an Approach to Treating Alzheimer’s Disease. CURRENT STATE OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE RESEARCH AND THERAPEUTICS 2012; 64:155-76. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394816-8.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Das SN, Jagannath PV, Dinda SC. Evaluation of Anti–Inflammatory, Anti–diabetic activity of Indian Bauhinia vahlii (stembark). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Majekodunmi SO, Oyagbemi AA, Umukoro S, Odeku OA. Evaluation of the anti–diabetic properties of Mucuna pruriens seed extract. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2011; 4:632-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Zhou T, Lin J, Feng Y, Wang J. Binding of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate destabilizes the iron−sulfur clusters of human mitoNEET. Biochemistry 2011; 49:9604-12. [PMID: 20932062 DOI: 10.1021/bi101168c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The outer mitochondrial membrane protein mitoNEET is a cellular target of the antidiabetic drug pioglitazone. Binding of pioglitazone stabilizes the protein against [2Fe-2S] cluster release. Here, we report that reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) can bind to homodimeric mitoNEET, influencing the stability of the [2Fe-2S] cluster that is bound within a loop region (Y71−H87) in each subunit. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and isothermal titration calorimetry experiments demonstrated that NADPH binds weakly to mitoNEET(44−108), a soluble domain of mitoNEET containing residues 44−108. Visible−UV absorption measurements revealed the destabilizing effect of NADP binding on the [2Fe-2S] clusters. Disruption of the three-dimensional structure of mitoNEET(44−108) as a result of decomposition of the iron−sulfur clusters was observed by NMR and circular dichroism experiments. Binding of NADPH facilitated release of the iron−sulfur clusters from the protein at pH≤7.0. Residues K55 and H58 of each subunit of mitoNEET were shown to be involved in NADPH binding. NADPH binding may perturb the interactions of K55 and H58 from one subunit with H87′ and R73′, respectively, from the other subunit, thereby interfering with [2Fe-2S] cluster binding. This may account for the destabilization effect of NADPH binding on the [2Fe-2S] clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Hu NC, Chen JD, Lin YM, Chang JY, Chen YH. Stepwise relationship between components of metabolic syndrome and risk of colorectal adenoma in a Taiwanese population receiving screening colonoscopy. J Formos Med Assoc 2011; 110:100-8. [PMID: 21377064 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(11)60016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of diseases related to insulin resistance and is an important cardiovascular risk factor. In addition, MS has been linked to some malignancies, including colorectal cancer. Colon adenoma is a well-established pre-malignant lesion of colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various components of MS on the risk of colorectal adenoma. METHODS From October 2004 to April 2006, 3106 subjects who had undergone complete colonoscopy for health examinations at the hospital were enrolled. MS was defined according to the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition for South Asians and Chinese. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between components of MS and colorectal adenoma. RESULTS Of the 3106 subjects, the mean age was 47.1 ± 10.8 years and there were 397 (13%) subjects with pathologically proven colorectal adenoma. Male sex, old age (=50 years), current smokers, and abdominal obesity were associated with increasing risk of colorectal adenoma. MS was associated with increased risk of colorectal adenoma (odds ratio: 1.71, 95% confidence interval: 1.34-2.71), and this risk increased with the number of metabolic components. Multiple and synchronous adenomas of the proximal and distal colon were positively associated with MS. CONCLUSION Subjects with metabolic syndrome have increased risk of developing colorectal adenoma. Screening colonoscopy for prevention of colorectal adenoma might be warranted when abdominal obesity or more than three components of MS are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Chih Hu
- Department of Family Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, 95 Wen Chang Road, Shih Lin, Taipei 111, Taiwan
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19
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Normalizing effects of Costus speciosus rhizome crude extracts and its fractions on diabetic complications in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Eliza J, Daisy P, Ignacimuthu S, Duraipandiyan V. Antidiabetic and antilipidemic effect of eremanthin from Costus speciosus (Koen.)Sm., in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 182:67-72. [PMID: 19695236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus worldwide is an issue of major socio-economic concern. Diabetes mellitus is a complex and a multifarious group of disorders that disturbs the metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and protein. Medicinal plants play an important role in the management of diabetes mellitus especially in developing countries. Costus speciosus is widely used in Indian medicine to treat various diseases. Eremanthin was isolated from C. speciosus. The structure was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Eremanthin was administered to streptozotocin (STZ) (50mg/kg bw) induced diabetic male Wistar rats at different doses (5, 10, 20mg/kg bw) for 60 days. Plasma glucose level was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in a dose dependent manner when compared to the control. In addition, oral administration of eremanthin (20mg/kg bw) significantly decreased glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and at the same time markedly increased plasma insulin, tissue glycogen, HDL-cholesterol and serum protein. Eremanthin also restored the altered plasma enzyme (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase) levels to near normal. Results of this experimental study indicated that eremanthin possessed hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities and hence it could be used as a drug for treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eliza
- Department of Biotechnology, Holy Cross College, Trichy 620002, Tamil Nadu, India
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21
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Daisy P, Jasmine R, Ignacimuthu S, Murugan E. A novel steroid from Elephantopus scaber L. an ethnomedicinal plant with antidiabetic activity. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 16:252-257. [PMID: 18693100 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Acetone extract of Elephantopus scaber, an ethnomedicnal plant, reduced the blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats significantly. Acute toxicity studies revealed the non-toxic nature of the crude extract. Fractionation of the acetone extract yielded a new steroid, 28Nor-22(R)Witha 2,6,23-trienolide. Biological testing of the compound demonstrated a significant antidiabetic activity by reducing the elevated blood glucose levels and restoring the insulin levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. This compound can be a useful candidate to treat diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Daisy
- Department of Biotechnology, Holy Cross College, Tiruchirappalli 620002, India
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22
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Wiley SE, Rardin MJ, Dixon JE. Chapter 13 Localization and function of the 2Fe-2S outer mitochondrial membrane protein mitoNEET. Methods Enzymol 2009; 456:233-46. [PMID: 19348892 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(08)04413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MitoNEET is an integral protein of the outer mitochondrial membrane and is the flagship of a small family of proteins whose hallmark is the presence of a CDGSH domain. Initially annotated as a zinc finger, the CDGSH domain actually binds a redox-active 2Fe-2S cluster, giving mitoNEET the distinction of being the first 2Fe-2S protein identified in the outer membrane of mitochondria. This chapter describes methods for isolating mitochondrial membrane fractions that are enriched in mitoNEET, generating constructs for the expression of recombinant mitoNEET protein and analyzing the 2Fe-2S cluster of mitoNEET in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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23
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Cell Defence and Survival. GUIDE TO SIGNAL PATHWAYS IN IMMUNE CELLS 2009. [PMCID: PMC7123614 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-538-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Central to immune defence mechanisms is the role of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). This is a complex biochemical topic with ever more controls revealed. NF-kB determines the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Pharmacologists step in with possible means of control. Other systems involved in defence include the cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) enzyme and perioxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Insulin receptor activation needs to be seen in context. The mTOR system directs uptake of nutrients by cells. mTOR is suppressed by rapamycin, whose usage is now quite considerable in the control of transplant rejection.
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McIntyre RS, Vagic D, Swartz SA, Soczynska JK, Woldeyohannes HO, Voruganti LP, Konarski JZ. Insulin, insulin-like growth factors and incretins: neural homeostatic regulators and treatment opportunities. CNS Drugs 2008; 22:443-53. [PMID: 18484789 DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200822060-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mood disorders may be conceptualized as progressive neurodegenerative disorders associated with cognitive decline. Novel treatments capable of preserving and/or enhancing cognitive function represent an area of priority for research in the future. Insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and incretins may play a critical role in both physiological and pathophysiological processes of the CNS. An emerging paradigm regarding the pathophysiology of mood disorders posits that alterations in biological networks that mediate stress compromise optimal neuronal and glial function. A growing body of evidence indicates that central administration of insulin may enhance cognitive function in both healthy and cognitively impaired individuals. The neuroactive peptides, insulin, IGF-1 and incretins, or agents that facilitate their central effects (e.g. insulin-sensitizing agents), may constitute novel and possibly disease-modifying neurocognitive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S McIntyre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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25
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Exline MC, Crouser ED. Mitochondrial mechanisms of sepsis-induced organ failure. FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE : A JOURNAL AND VIRTUAL LIBRARY 2008; 13:5030-41. [PMID: 18508567 DOI: 10.2741/3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of death in medical intensive care units. Though progress has been made in the early treatment of sepsis associated with hemodynamic collapse (septic shock), little is known about the pathogenesis of delayed organ dysfunction during sepsis. A growing body of data indicates that sepsis is associated with acute changes in cell metabolism, and that mitochondria are particularly susceptible. The severity of mitochondrial pathology varies according to host and pathogen factors, and appears to correlate with loss of organ dysfunction. In this regard, low levels of cell apoptosis and mitochondrial turnover are normally observed in all metabolically active tissues; however, these homeostatic mechanisms are frequently overwhelmed during sepsis and contribute to cell and tissue pathology. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial damage and repair during severe sepsis may provide new treatment options and better outcomes for this deadly disease (30-60% mortality). Herein, we present compelling evidence linking mitochondrial apoptosis pathways to sepsis-induced cell and organ failure and discuss the implications in terms of future sepsis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Exline
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1252, USA.
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26
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Daisy P, Eliza J, Ignacimuthu S. Influence of Costus speciosus (Koen.) Sm. Rhizome Extracts on Biochemical Parameters in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.54.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Eliza
- Department of Biotechnology, Holy Cross College
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27
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Colca JR. 67 th annual meeting of the American Diabetes Association. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:1735-9. [PMID: 17922635 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.10.1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The 67 th meeting of the American Diabetes Association was held in Chicago on 22 - 26 June. This annual meeting continues to grow in size and scope and is a unique combination of basic science and medical science but also incorporates all aspects of healthcare and pharmaceutical business relating to the treatment of diabetes. The meeting was composed of general sessions, symposia summarizing the status of various fields of study and medical practice, together with both oral and poster presentations of new, previously unpublished research. The abstracts are published in Diabetes and a collection of the information can be found online with very useful summaries from the final day. These contain personalized summaries of key findings of the meetings as seen by key researches in the field. In this Meeting Highlights article, the key take-away messages are summarized from the author's point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Co., 125 S. Kalamazoo Mall #202, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007, USA.
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28
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McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Woldeyohannes HO, Lewis GF, Leiter LA, MacQueen GM, Miranda A, Fulgosi D, Konarski JZ, Kennedy SH. Thiazolidinediones: novel treatments for cognitive deficits in mood disorders? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:1615-28. [PMID: 17685880 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.11.1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a rationale for evaluating thiazolidinediones (TZDs) as putative treatments for cognitive deficits in individuals with mood disorders. A MedLine search of all English-language articles published between January 1966 and August 2006 was conducted. The search terms were: the non-proprietary names of TZDs (e.g., rosiglitazone and pioglitazone), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, cognition, neuroprotection, inflammation, oxidative stress, cellular metabolism and excitotoxicity cross-referenced with the individual names of mood (e.g., major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder) and dementing disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders third edition, revised/fourth edition, text revision (DSM-III-R/IV-TR). The search was augmented with a manual review of article reference lists. Articles selected for review were based on adequacy of sample size, the use of standardized experimental procedures, validated assessment measures and overall manuscript quality. Contemporary pathophysiologic models of mood disorders emphasize alterations in neuronal plasticity, metabolism and cytoarchitecture with associated regional abnormalities in neuronal (and glial) density and morphology. These abnormalities are hypothesized to subserve cognitive deficits and other clinical features of mood disorders. TZDs may attenuate, abrogate and/or reverse the neurotoxic effects of depressive illness by means of disparate mechanisms, notably insulin signaling, anti-inflammation, glucocorticoid activity and cellular metabolism. Extant data provide the basis for formulating a hypothesis that TZDs may be salutary for cognitive deficits and several aspects of somatic health (e.g., cardiovascular disease) associated with mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S McIntyre
- University of Toronto, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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29
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Paddock ML, Wiley SE, Axelrod HL, Cohen AE, Roy M, Abresch EC, Capraro D, Murphy AN, Nechushtai R, Dixon JE, Jennings PA. MitoNEET is a uniquely folded 2Fe 2S outer mitochondrial membrane protein stabilized by pioglitazone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14342-7. [PMID: 17766440 PMCID: PMC1963346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707189104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins are key players in vital processes involving energy homeostasis and metabolism from the simplest to most complex organisms. We report a 1.5 A x-ray crystal structure of the first identified outer mitochondrial membrane Fe-S protein, mitoNEET. Two protomers intertwine to form a unique dimeric structure that constitutes a new fold to not only the approximately 650 reported Fe-S protein structures but also to all known proteins. We name this motif the NEET fold. The protomers form a two-domain structure: a beta-cap domain and a cluster-binding domain that coordinates two acid-labile 2Fe-2S clusters. Binding of pioglitazone, an insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, stabilizes the protein against 2Fe-2S cluster release. The biophysical properties of mitoNEET suggest that it may participate in a redox-sensitive signaling and/or in Fe-S cluster transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Herbert L. Axelrod
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025; and
| | - Aina E. Cohen
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Rachel Nechushtai
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram 91904, Israel
| | - Jack E. Dixon
- Pharmacology
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, and
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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30
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Wiley SE, Paddock ML, Abresch EC, Gross L, van der Geer P, Nechushtai R, Murphy AN, Jennings PA, Dixon JE. The outer mitochondrial membrane protein mitoNEET contains a novel redox-active 2Fe-2S cluster. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:23745-9. [PMID: 17584744 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c700107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer mitochondrial membrane protein mitoNEET was discovered as a binding target of pioglitazone, an insulin-sensitizing drug of the thiazolidinedione class used to treat type 2 diabetes (Colca, J. R., McDonald, W. G., Waldon, D. J., Leone, J. W., Lull, J. M., Bannow, C. A., Lund, E. T., and Mathews, W. R. (2004) Am. J. Physiol. 286, E252-E260). We have shown that mitoNEET is a member of a small family of proteins containing a 39-amino-acid CDGSH domain. Although the CDGSH domain is annotated as a zinc finger motif, mitoNEET was shown to contain iron (Wiley, S. E., Murphy, A. N., Ross, S. A., van der Geer, P., and Dixon, J. E. (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104, 5318-5323). Optical and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that it contained a redox-active pH-labile Fe-S cluster. Mass spectrometry showed the loss of 2Fe and 2S upon cofactor extrusion. Spectroscopic studies of recombinant proteins showed that the 2Fe-2S cluster was coordinated by Cys-3 and His-1. The His ligand was shown to be involved in the observed pH lability of the cluster, indicating that loss of this ligand via protonation triggered release of the cluster. mitoNEET is the first identified 2Fe-2S-containing protein located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Based on the biophysical data and domain fusion analysis, mitoNEET may function in Fe-S cluster shuttling and/or in redox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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31
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. RJ, . PD. Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Activity of Eugenia jambolana in Streptozotocin-diabetic Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ajb.2007.269.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Bolten CW, Payne MA, McDonald WG, Blanner PM, Chott RC, Ghosh S, Arhancet GB, Staten NR, Gulve EA, Sullivan PM, Hromockyj AE, Colca JR. Thiazolidinediones inhibit the progression of established hypertension in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2007; 4:117-23. [PMID: 17654445 DOI: 10.3132/dvdr.2007.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of two thiazolidinediones (TZDs), the potent PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone currently being used to treat diabetes, and a structurally similar experimental compound that is a poor PPARgamma agonist, in a non-diabetic, established hypertension model with continuous measurement of blood pressure by telemetry. Hypertension was induced in male Dahl salt-sensitive rats by a three-week pre-treatment with 4% salt before initiation of treatment. Fasting blood samples were taken for analysis of a biomarker panel to assess metabolic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the treatments. Both TZDs significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. When used at the maximally effective doses established for metabolic improvement, both compounds produced equivalent reduction in lipids and elevation of adiponectin, yet the poorer PPARgamma agonist produced significantly greater reductions in blood pressure. Neither compound had a significant effect on circulating glucose or insulin in this animal model. The data demonstrate that these TZDs lower blood pressure significantly in Dahl rats and that this cardiovascular pharmacology is not directly correlated with the metabolic actions or with the magnitude of PPARgamma activation. These data suggest that it may be possible to find insulin-sensitising agents that have beneficial cardiovascular pharmacology with broad applications for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Bolten
- Discovery Research, Pfizer Corporation, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA.
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. R, . P. Hypoglycemic and Hepatoprotective Activity of Eugenia jambolana in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ijbc.2007.117.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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Zanatta L, de Sousa E, Cazarolli LH, Junior AC, Pizzolatti MG, Szpoganicz B, Silva FRMB. Effect of crude extract and fractions from Vitex megapotamica leaves on hyperglycemia in alloxan-diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 109:151-5. [PMID: 16930892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2004] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the crude extract, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions from Vitex megapotamica (Spreng) Moldenke on glycemia was investigated in diabetic rats. Oral administration of crude extract significantly reduced serum glucose levels in both normal and diabetic animals. In normal rats, serum glucose lowering was observed with 400 and 800 mg/kg at 2 and 2-3h, respectively after oral crude extract treatment. Nevertheless, the hypoglycemic effect of Vitex megapotamica in diabetic rats was evident at 1 and 2h and from 1 to 3h after treatment with 400 and 800 mg/kg, respectively. The ethyl acetate as well as n-butanol fractions were able to diminish glycemia in diabetic animals. The ethyl acetate fraction (400 and 800 mg/kg) produced the maximum hypoglycemic effect (28 and 20%, respectively) in diabetic rats and the same dose of the n-butanol fraction reduced the hyperglycemia only by 11% at 1h after treatment. Additionally, in hyperglycemic normal rats neither crude extract nor ethyl acetate fraction modified the glucose tolerance and the known tolbutamide effect on insulin release was clearly observed in this group. Thus, this study shows that Vitex megapotamica has an anti-hyperglycemic action, is able to ameliorate the diabetic state and, probably, is a source of hypoglycemic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Zanatta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Cx. Postal 5069, CEP 88040-970-Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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35
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Colca J. 66th Annual Meeting of the American Diabetes Association: 9 - 13 June 2006, Washington DC, USA. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15:1119-23. [PMID: 16916278 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.9.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The 66th annual meeting of the American Diabetes Association was held in Washington, DC and attracted the largest attendance ever for this meeting. This meeting continues to be grow in size and quality as the most useful and successful confluence of scientific, medical, and commercial advances relating to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Colca
- Kalamazoo Metabolic Research, 125 South Kalamazoo Mall 640, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA.
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36
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Fulop T, Tessier D, Carpentier A. The metabolic syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:375-86. [PMID: 16904849 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities leading to increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes type 2. Its prevalence is increasing with aging. There exists actually an epidemic of MS. Visceral obesity and the resulting insulin resistance (IR) are the major determinant in the development of the MS. Abdominal obesity results in a low grade inflammation via the adipose tissue and macrophages secreted adipokines. This inflammation, via the generated pro-inflammatory molecules, interferes with the normal insulin signalling and thus contributes to the etiopathogenesis of the MS. Large clinical studies showed that CRP is increased in obese subjects and concomitantly to the number of existing component of the MS. Treatment of the MS is aimed to improve the IR by lifestyle changes including exercise and diet alone or in combination with medication targeting the individual components but having also anti-inflammatory actions. More research is needed to bring new therapies to be able to decrease the incidence and prevalence of the MS among the population and thus increasing their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fulop
- Research Centre on Aging, Immunology Graduate Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 1036, rue Belvedere Sud, Sherbrooke, Que., Canada J1H 4C4.
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