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Panwar A, Das P, Tan LP. 3D Hepatic Organoid-Based Advancements in LIVER Tissue Engineering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:185. [PMID: 34821751 PMCID: PMC8615121 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8110185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-associated diseases and tissue engineering approaches based on in vitro culture of functional Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) had been restricted by the rapid de-differentiation in 2D culture conditions which restricted their usability. It was proven that cells growing in 3D format can better mimic the in vivo microenvironment, and thus help in maintaining metabolic activity, phenotypic properties, and longevity of the in vitro cultures. Again, the culture method and type of cell population are also recognized as important parameters for functional maintenance of primary hepatocytes. Hepatic organoids formed by self-assembly of hepatic cells are microtissues, and were able to show long-term in vitro maintenance of hepato-specific characteristics. Thus, hepatic organoids were recognized as an effective tool for screening potential cures and modeling liver diseases effectively. The current review summarizes the importance of 3D hepatic organoid culture over other conventional 2D and 3D culture models and its applicability in Liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Panwar
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Institute of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow-Deva Road Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh 225003, India
| | - Prativa Das
- The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA;
| | - Lay Poh Tan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing (SC3DP), Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Zeigerer A, Wuttke A, Marsico G, Seifert S, Kalaidzidis Y, Zerial M. Functional properties of hepatocytes in vitro are correlated with cell polarity maintenance. Exp Cell Res 2017; 350:242-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bile canaliculi formation and biliary transport in 3D sandwich-cultured hepatocytes in dependence of the extracellular matrix composition. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2497-511. [PMID: 27325308 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are still considered as gold standard for investigation of in vitro metabolism and hepatotoxicity in pharmaceutical research. It has been shown that the three-dimensional (3D) cultivation of PHH in a sandwich configuration between two layers of extracellular matrix (ECM) enables the hepatocytes to adhere three dimensionally leading to formation of in vivo like cell-cell contacts and cell-matrix interactions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of different ECM compositions on morphology, cellular arrangement and bile canaliculi formation as well as bile excretion processes in PHH sandwich cultures systematically. Freshly isolated PHH were cultured for 6 days between two ECM layers made of collagen and/or Matrigel in four different combinations. The cultures were investigated by phase contrast microscopy and immunofluorescence analysis with respect to cell-cell connections, repolarization as well as bile canaliculi formation. The influence of the ECM composition on cell activity and viability was measured using the XTT assay and a fluorescent dead or alive assay. Finally, the bile canalicular transport was analyzed by live cell imaging to monitor the secretion and accumulation of the fluorescent substance CDF in bile canaliculi. Using collagen and Matrigel in different compositions in sandwich cultures of hepatocytes, we observed differences in morphology, cellular arrangement and cell activity of PHH in dependence of the ECM composition. Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes with an underlay of collagen seem to represent the best in vivo tissue architecture in terms of formation of trabecular cell arrangement. Cultures overlaid with collagen were characterized by the formation of abundant bile canaliculi, while the bile canaliculi network in hepatocytes cultured on a layer of Matrigel and overlaid with collagen showed the most branched and stable canalicular network. All cultures showed a time-dependent leakage of CDF from the bile canaliculi into the culture supernatant with variations in dependence on the used matrix combination. In conclusion, the results of this study show that the choice of ECM has an impact on the morphology, cell assembly and bile canaliculi formation in PHH sandwich cultures. The morphology and the multicellular arrangement were essentially influenced by the underlaying matrix, while bile excretion and leakage of sandwich-cultured hepatocytes were mainly influenced by the overlay matrix. Leaking and damaged bile canaliculi could be a limitation of the investigated sandwich culture models in long-term excretion studies.
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Inhibition of bile salt transport by drugs associated with liver injury in primary hepatocytes from human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 255:45-54. [PMID: 27000539 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Interference of bile salt transport is one of the underlying mechanisms for drug-induced liver injury (DILI). We developed a novel bile salt transport activity assay involving in situ biosynthesis of bile salts from their precursors in primary human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse hepatocytes in suspension as well as LC-MS/MS determination of extracellular bile salts transported out of hepatocytes. Glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids were rapidly formed in hepatocytes and effectively transported into the extracellular medium. The bile salt formation and transport activities were time‒ and bile-acid-concentration‒dependent in primary human hepatocytes. The transport activity was inhibited by the bile salt export pump (BSEP) inhibitors ketoconazole, saquinavir, cyclosporine, and troglitazone. The assay was used to test 86 drugs for their potential to inhibit bile salt transport activity in human hepatocytes, which included 35 drugs associated with severe DILI (sDILI) and 51 with non-severe DILI (non-sDILI). Approximately 60% of the sDILI drugs showed potent inhibition (with IC50 values <50 μM), but only about 20% of the non-sDILI drugs showed this strength of inhibition in primary human hepatocytes and these drugs are associated only with cholestatic and mixed hepatocellular cholestatic (mixed) injuries. The sDILI drugs, which did not show substantial inhibition of bile salt transport activity, are likely to be associated with immune-mediated liver injury. Twenty-four drugs were also tested in monkey, dog, rat and mouse hepatocytes. Species differences in potency were observed with mouse being less sensitive than other species to inhibition of bile salt transport. In summary, a novel assay has been developed using hepatocytes in suspension from human and animal species that can be used to assess the potential for drugs and/or drug-derived metabolites to inhibit bile salt transport and/or formation activity. Drugs causing sDILI, except those by immune-mediated mechanism, are highly associated with potent inhibition of bile salt transport.
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Cheng Y, Woolf TF, Gan J, He K. In vitro model systems to investigate bile salt export pump (BSEP) activity and drug interactions: A review. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 255:23-30. [PMID: 26683212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The bile salt export pump protein (BSEP), expressed on the canalicular membranes of hepatocytes, is primarily responsible for the biliary excretion of bile salts. The inhibition of BSEP transport activity can lead to an increase in intracellular bile salt levels and liver injury. This review discusses the various in vitro assays currently available for assessing the effect of drugs or other chemical entities to modulate BSEP transport activity. BSEP transporter assays use one of the following platforms: Xenopus laevis oocytes; canalicular membrane vesicles (CMV); BSEP-expressed membrane vesicles; cell lines expressing BSEP; sandwich cultured hepatocytes (SCH); and hepatocytes in suspension. Two of these, BSEP-expressed insect membrane vesicles and sandwich cultured hepatocytes, are the most commonly used assays. BSEP membrane vesicles prepared from transfected insect cells are useful for assessing BSEP inhibition or substrate specificity and exploring mechanisms of BSEP-associated genetic diseases. This model can be applied in a high-throughput format for discovery-drug screening. However, experimental results from use of membrane vesicles may lack physiological relevance and the model does not allow for investigation of in situ metabolism in modulation of BSEP activity. Hepatocyte-based assays that use the SCH format provide results that are generally more physiologically relevant than membrane assays. The SCH model is useful in detailed studies of the biliary excretion of drugs and BSEP inhibition, but due to the complexity of SCH preparation, this model is used primarily for determining biliary clearance and BSEP inhibition in a limited number of compounds. The newly developed hepatocyte in suspension assay avoids many of the complexities of the SCH method. The use of pooled cryopreserved hepatocytes in suspension minimizes genetic variance and individual differences in BSEP activity and also provides the opportunity for higher throughput screening and cross-species comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Cheng
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | - Jinping Gan
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Kan He
- Biotranex LLC, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA.
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Qiu L, Finley J, Taimi M, Aleo MD, Strock C, Gilbert J, Qin S, Will Y. High-Content Imaging in Human and Rat Hepatocytes Using the Fluorescent Dyes CLF and CMFDA Is Not Specific Enough to Assess BSEP/Bsep and/or MRP2/Mrp2 Inhibition by Cholestatic Drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2015.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luping Qiu
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Global R&D, New York, New York
| | - James Finley
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Mohammed Taimi
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Michael D. Aleo
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | | | | | | | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
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Zi XJ, Yao H, Fu X, Qiu YD, Jia WJ. Preoperative ulinastatin promotes liver function via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in mice after partial hepatectomy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:2363-2372. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i15.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of preoperative ulinastatin on liver function and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway in mice after 70% hepatectomy.
METHODS: A total of 48 male ICR mice weighing 25-30 g were randomly divided into a control group and an ulinastatin group. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after 70% hepatectomy. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total bilirubin (TB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were measured, while liver tissues were used for morphology study and AMPK signaling analysis.
RESULTS: Serum AST levels on days 1 and 3 and serum LDH levels on day 3 after hepatectomy were significantly lower in the ulinastatin group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Subsequent mechanism analysis revealed that AMPK signaling pathway was activated significantly later and bile salt export protein (BSEP) was expressed significantly higher in the ulinastatin group than in the control group.
CONCLUSION: Ulinastatin can reduce liver injury by promoting the recovery of liver function after liver resection, via mechanisms associated with AMPK signaling.
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Mohamed LA, Kaddoumi A. Tacrine sinusoidal uptake and biliary excretion in sandwich-cultured primary rat hepatocytes. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2015; 17:427-38. [PMID: 25224352 DOI: 10.18433/j3801t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE. The knowledge of hepatic disposition kinetics of tacrine, a first cholinesterase inhibitor was approved by FDA for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), would help to understand its hepatotoxicity, its therapeutic effect, and improve the management of patients with AD. The current study aims to characterize tacrine hepatic transport kinetics and study the role of organic cation transporters (OCTs), P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP2) in tacrine sinusoidal uptake and biliary excretion. METHODS. Modulation of tacrine hepatic uptake and efflux, biliary excretion index (BEI%), were performed in sandwich-cultured primary rat hepatocytes (SCHs) using transporters inhibitors. Conformation of the integrity of SCHs model was established by capturing images with light-contrast and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS. Tacrine uptake in SCHs was carrier-mediated process and saturable with apparent Km of 31.5±9.6 µM and Vmax of 908±72 pmol/min/mg protein. Tetraethyl ammonium (TEA), cimetidine and verapamil significantly reduced tacrine uptake with more pronounced effect observed with verapamil which caused 3-fold reduction in tacrine uptake, indicating role for OCTs. Tacrine has a biliary excretion in SCHs with maximum BEI% value of 22.9±1.9% at 10 min of incubation. Addition of MK571 and valspodar decreased the BEI% of tacrine by 40 and 60% suggesting roles for canalicular MRP2 and P-gp, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. Our results show that in addition to metabolism, tacrine hepatic disposition is carrier-mediated process mediated by sinusoidal OCTs, and canalicular MRP2 and P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe. 1800 Bienville Dr., Monroe, LA
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Vellonen KS, Malinen M, Mannermaa E, Subrizi A, Toropainen E, Lou YR, Kidron H, Yliperttula M, Urtti A. A critical assessment of in vitro tissue models for ADME and drug delivery. J Control Release 2014; 190:94-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ellis LCJ, Grant MH, Hawksworth GM, Weaver RJ. Quantification of biliary excretion and sinusoidal excretion of 5(6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (CDF) in cultured hepatocytes isolated from Sprague Dawley, Wistar and Mrp2-deficient Wistar (TR(-)) rats. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1165-75. [PMID: 24907646 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic efflux of drug candidates is an important issue in pre-clinical drug development. Here we utilise a method which quantifies and distinguishes efflux of drugs at the canalicular and sinusoidal membranes in rat hepatocyte cultures. Bi-phasic kinetics of transport of 5(6)-carboxydichlorofluorescein (CDF) at the canalicular membrane was demonstrated in Sprague Dawley (SD) and Wistar (W) rat hepatocytes. The high affinity component (Km=3.2±0.8μM (SD), 9.0±3.1μM (W)) was attributed to Mrp2-mediated transport, the low affinity component (Km=192.1±291.5μM (SD), 69.2±36.2μM (W)) may be attributed to transport involving a separate Mrp2 binding site. Data from membranes (Hill coefficient (h)=2.0±0.5) and vesicles (h=1.6±0.2) expressing Mrp2 and from SD (h=1.6±0.4) and Wistar (h=4.0±0.6) hepatocytes suggests transport involves more than one binding site. In TR(-) hepatocytes, CDF efflux was predominantly over the sinusoidal membrane (Km=100.7±36.0μM), consistent with low abcc2 (Mrp2) expression and compensatory increase in abcc3 (Mrp3) expression. This report shows the potential of using this in vitro method to model changes in biliary excretion due to alterations in transporter expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C J Ellis
- Section of Translational Medicine, Division of Applied Medicine, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - M H Grant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bioengineering Unit, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NW, UK
| | - G M Hawksworth
- Section of Translational Medicine, Division of Applied Medicine, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - R J Weaver
- Biologie Servier, Drug Safety Research Centre, 905 Route de Saran, 45520 Gidy, France
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Baghdasaryan A, Chiba P, Trauner M. Clinical application of transcriptional activators of bile salt transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 37:57-76. [PMID: 24333169 PMCID: PMC4045202 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary bile salt (BS) transporters are critical determinants of BS homeostasis controlling intracellular concentrations of BSs and their enterohepatic circulation. Genetic or acquired dysfunction of specific transport systems causes intrahepatic and systemic retention of potentially cytotoxic BSs, which, in high concentrations, may disturb integrity of cell membranes and subcellular organelles resulting in cell death, inflammation and fibrosis. Transcriptional regulation of canalicular BS efflux through bile salt export pump (BSEP), basolateral elimination through organic solute transporters alpha and beta (OSTα/OSTβ) as well as inhibition of hepatocellular BS uptake through basolateral Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) represent critical steps in protection from hepatocellular BS overload and can be targeted therapeutically. In this article, we review the potential clinical implications of the major BS transporters BSEP, OSTα/OSTβ and NTCP in the pathogenesis of hereditary and acquired cholestatic syndromes, provide an overview on transcriptional control of these transporters by the key regulatory nuclear receptors and discuss the potential therapeutic role of novel transcriptional activators of BS transporters in cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baghdasaryan
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Chiba
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Qiu X, Zhang H, Lai Y. Quantitative targeted proteomics for membrane transporter proteins: method and application. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 16:714-26. [PMID: 24830943 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although global proteomics has shown promise for discovery of many new proteins, biomarkers, protein modifications, and polymorphisms, targeted proteomics is emerging in the proteomics research field as a complement to untargeted shotgun proteomics, particularly when a determined set of low-abundance functional proteins need to be measured. The function and expression of proteins related to drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) such as cytochrome P450 enzymes and membrane transporters are of great interest in biopharmaceutical research. Since the variation in ADME-related protein expression is known to be a major complicating factor encountered during in vitro-in vivo and in vivo-in vivo extrapolations (IVIVE), the accurate quantification of the ADME proteins in complex biological systems becomes a fundamental element in establishing IVIVE for pharmacokinetic predictions. In this review, we provide an overview of relevant methodologies followed by a summary of recent applications encompassing mass spectrometry-based targeted quantifications of membrane transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
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Chatterjee S, Bijsmans IT, van Mil SW, Augustijns P, Annaert P. Toxicity and intracellular accumulation of bile acids in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes: Role of glycine conjugates. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:218-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liu Y, Zhang L, Wei J, Yan S, Yu J, Li X. Promoting hepatocyte spheroid formation and functions by coculture with fibroblasts on micropatterned electrospun fibrous scaffolds. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3029-3040. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21779e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Mohamed LA, Kaddoumi A. In Vitro Investigation of Amyloid-β Hepatobiliary Disposition in Sandwich-Cultured Primary Rat Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1787-96. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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De Bruyn T, Chatterjee S, Fattah S, Keemink J, Nicolaï J, Augustijns P, Annaert P. Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes: utility for in vitro exploration of hepatobiliary drug disposition and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:589-616. [PMID: 23452081 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.773973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The sandwich-cultured hepatocyte (SCH) model has become an invaluable in vitro tool for studying hepatic drug transport, metabolism, biliary excretion and toxicity. The relevant expression of many hepatocyte-specific functions together with the in vivo-like morphology favor SCHs over other preclinical models for evaluating hepatobiliary drug disposition and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors highlight recommended procedures required for reproducibly culturing hepatocytes in sandwich configuration. It also provides an overview of the SCH model characteristics as a function of culture time. Lastly, the article presents a summary of the most prominent applications of the SCH model, including hepatic drug clearance prediction, drug-drug interaction potential and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. EXPERT OPINION When human (cryopreserved) hepatocytes are used to establish sandwich cultures, the model appears particularly valuable to quantitatively investigate clinically relevant mechanisms related to in vivo hepatobiliary drug disposition and hepatotoxicity. Nonetheless, the SCH model would largely benefit from better insight into the fundamental cell signaling mechanisms that are critical for long-term in vitro maintenance of the hepatocytic phenotype. Studies systematically exploring improved cell culture conditions (e.g., co-cultures or extracellular matrix modifications), as well as in vitro work identifying key transcription factors involved in hepatocyte differentiation are currently emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom De Bruyn
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49-bus-921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Noel G, Le Vee M, Moreau A, Stieger B, Parmentier Y, Fardel O. Functional expression and regulation of drug transporters in monolayer- and sandwich-cultured mouse hepatocytes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:39-50. [PMID: 23396053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Primary hepatocyte cultures are now considered as convenient models for in vitro analyzing liver drug transport. However, if primary human and rat hepatocytes have been well-characterized with respect to drug transporter expression and regulation, much less is known for primary mouse hepatocytes. The present study was therefore designed to gain insights about this point. The profile of sinusoidal and canalicular drug transporter mRNA expression in short time (4h)-cultured mouse hepatocytes was found to be highly correlated with that of freshly isolated hepatocytes; by contrast, those of counterparts cultured for a longer time (until 4 days) either in monolayer configurations on plastic or collagen or in sandwich configuration with matrigel were profoundly altered: uptake drug transporters such as Oct1, Oatps and Oat2 were thus down-regulated, whereas most of efflux transporters such as Mdr1a/b, Mrp3, Mrp4 and Bcrp were induced. Moreover, short time-cultured hepatocytes exhibited the highest levels of sinusoidal influx transporter activities. Transporter-mediated drug secretion into canalicular networks was however only observed in sandwich-cultured hepatocytes. Mouse hepatocytes cultured either in monolayer or sandwich configurations were finally shown to exhibit up-regulation of referent transporters in response to exposure to prototypical activators of the drug sensing receptors pregnane X receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor or constitutive androstane receptor. Taken together, these data demonstrate the feasibility of using primary mouse hepatocytes for investigating potential interactions of xenobiotics with hepatic transporter activity or regulation, provided that adequate culture conditions are retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Noel
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Marc Le Vee
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Amélie Moreau
- Technologie Servier, 25-27 rue Eugène Vignat, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Olivier Fardel
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France; Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France.
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Ramboer E, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V, Vinken M. Primary hepatocyte cultures as prominent in vitro tools to study hepatic drug transporters. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:196-217. [PMID: 23368091 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.756010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Before any drug can be placed on the market, drug efficacy and safety must be ensured through rigorous testing. Animal models are used for this purpose, though currently increasing attention goes to the use of alternative in vitro systems. In particular, liver-based testing platforms that allow the prediction of pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacotoxicological properties during the early phase of drug development are of interest. They also enable the screening of potential effects on hepatic drug transporters. The latter are known to affect drug metabolism and disposition, thereby possibly underlying drug-drug interactions, which, in turn, may result in liver toxicity. Clearly, stable in vivo-like functional expression of drug transporters in hepatic in vitro settings is a prerequisite to be applicable in routine PK and pharmacotoxicological testing. In the first part of the article, an updated overview of hepatic drug transporters is provided, followed by a state-of-the-art review of drug-transporter production and activity in primary hepatocyte cultures (PHCs), being the gold-standard in vitro system. Specific focus is hereby put on strategies to maintain long-term functional expression, in casu of drug transporters, in these systems. In the second part, the use of PHCs to assess hepatobiliary transport and transporter-mediated interactions is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramboer
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Mörk LM, Isaksson B, Boran N, Ericzon BG, Strom S, Fischler B, Ellis E. Comparison of culture media for bile Acid transport studies in primary human hepatocytes. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2012; 2:315-22. [PMID: 25755453 PMCID: PMC3940529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary human hepatocytes are a useful in vitro model system to examine hepatic biochemical pathways, liver disorders and/or pharmacotherapies. This system can also be used for transport studies to investigate uptake and excretion of bile acids. Proper modeling of hepatic function requires careful attention to media components, and culture substrates and conditions. OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of different culture media and conditions on bile acid transport in cultured human hepatocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Hepatocytes cultured in Williams' medium E showed an increase in both uptake and excretion of taurocholate compared to cells cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM). Supplementation of DMEM with glutathione or ascorbic acid did not compensate for the lower transport. The difference can be explained by lower mRNA expression of the transporter proteins sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) and bile salt export pump (BSEP; ABCB11) when cultured in DMEM. Hepatocytes cultured in DMEM also display fewer and smaller bile canaliculi. Following extended time in culture supplementation of Williams' medium E with dexamethasone increased the expression of NTCP and BSEP. CONCLUSION Williams' medium E is superior to DMEM for transport studies in primary human hepatocytes. Supplementation with dexamethasone increase mRNA levels of NTCP and BSEP.
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Key Words
- AA, ascorbic acid
- BSEP
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- CgamF, cholylglycylamido-fluorescein
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
- GSH, glutathione
- HBSS, Hank's Balanced Salt Solution
- MRP2, multidrug resistance protein 2
- NTCP
- NTCP, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide
- OATP, organic anion-transporting polypeptide
- WE, Williams' medium E
- bile acid transport
- dexamethasone
- primary human hepatocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Mari Mörk
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden,Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Bengt Isaksson
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Nicola Boran
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Bo-Göran Ericzon
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Stephen Strom
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Björn Fischler
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden,Address for correspondence: Ewa Ellis, Liver Cell Lab F67, Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden. Tel.: +46 8 58580086; fax: +46 8 7743191.
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Hua M, Zhang W, Li W, Li X, Liu B, Lu X, Zhang H. Molecular mechanisms regulating the establishment of hepatocyte polarity during human hepatic progenitor cell differentiation into a functional hepatocyte-like phenotype. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5800-10. [PMID: 22976305 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.110551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct functioning of hepatocytes requires the establishment and maintenance of hepatocyte polarity. However, the mechanisms regulating the generation of hepatocyte polarity are not completely understood. The differentiation of human fetal hepatic progenitor cells (hFHPCs) into functional hepatocytes provides a powerful in vitro model system for studying the molecular mechanisms governing hepatocyte development. In this study, we used a two-stage differentiation protocol to generate functional polarized hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) from hFHPCs. Global gene expression profiling was performed on triplicate samples of hFHPCs, immature-HLCs and mature-HLCs. When the differential gene expression was compared based on the differentiation stage, a number of genes were identified that might be essential for establishing and maintaining hepatocyte polarity. These genes include those that encode actin filament-binding protein, protein tyrosine kinase activity molecules, and components of signaling pathways, such as PTK7, PARD3, PRKCI and CDC42. Based on known and predicted protein-protein interactions, the candidate genes were assigned to networks and clustered into functional categories. The expression of several of these genes was confirmed using real-time RT-PCR. By inactivating genes using small interfering RNA, we demonstrated that PTK7 and PARD3 promote hepatic polarity formation and affect F-actin organization. These results provide unique insight into the complex process of polarization during hepatocyte differentiation, indicating key genes and signaling molecules governing hepatocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Hua
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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El Azreq MA, Naci D, Aoudjit F. Collagen/β1 integrin signaling up-regulates the ABCC1/MRP-1 transporter in an ERK/MAPK-dependent manner. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:3473-84. [PMID: 22787275 PMCID: PMC3431945 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-02-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen/β1 integrin/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling up-regulates the expression and function of ABCC1 transporter. This suggests that its activation could represent an important pathway in cancer chemoresistance. The mechanisms by which β1 integrins regulate chemoresistance of cancer cells are still poorly understood. In this study, we report that collagen/β1 integrin signaling inhibits doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of Jurkat and HSB2 leukemic T-cells by up-regulating the expression and function of the ATP-binding cassette C 1 (ABCC1) transporter, also known as multidrug resistance–associated protein 1. We find that collagen but not fibronectin reduces intracellular doxorubicin content and up-regulates the expression levels of ABCC1. Inhibition and knockdown studies show that up-regulation of ABCC1 is necessary for collagen-mediated reduction of intracellular doxorubicin content and collagen-mediated inhibition of doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. We also demonstrate that activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway is involved in collagen-induced reduction of intracellular doxorubicin accumulation, collagen-induced up-regulation of ABCC1 expression levels, and collagen-mediated cell survival. Finally, collagen-mediated up-regulation of ABCC1 expression and function also requires actin polymerization. Taken together, our results indicate for the first time that collagen/β1 integrin/ERK signaling up-regulates the expression and function of ABCC1 and suggest that its activation could represent an important pathway in cancer chemoresistance. Thus simultaneous targeting of collagen/β1 integrin and ABCC1 may be more efficient in preventing drug resistance than targeting each pathway alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed-Amine El Azreq
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie/Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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Alexandre E, Baze A, Parmentier C, Desbans C, Pekthong D, Gerin B, Wack C, Bachellier P, Heyd B, Weber JC, Richert L. Plateable cryopreserved human hepatocytes for the assessment of cytochrome P450 inducibility: experimental condition-related variables affecting their response to inducers. Xenobiotica 2012; 42:968-79. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.676693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Yin J, Meng Q. Use of primary rat hepatocytes in the gel entrapment culture to predictin vivobiliary excretion. Xenobiotica 2011; 42:417-28. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.633716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Time-course activities of Oct1, Mrp3, and cytochrome P450s in cultures of cryopreserved rat hepatocytes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:427-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tchaparian EH, Houghton JS, Uyeda C, Grillo MP, Jin L. Effect of culture time on the basal expression levels of drug transporters in sandwich-cultured primary rat hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:2387-94. [PMID: 21865320 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.039545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes are used in drug discovery for pharmacological and toxicological assessment of drug candidates, yet their utility as a functional model for drug transporters has not been fully characterized. To evaluate the system as an in vitro model for drug transport, expression changes of hepatic transporters relative to whole liver and freshly isolated hepatocytes (day 0) were examined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for 4 consecutive days of culture. No significant differences in transporter expression levels were observed between freshly isolated hepatocytes and whole liver. Two distinct mRNA profiles were detected over time showing 1) a more than 5-fold decline in levels of uptake transporters such as Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp), organic anion transporter (Oat) 2, organic anion-transporting polypeptide (Oatp) 1a1, Oatp1a4, and Oatp1b2 and 2) a greater than 5-fold increase of efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp), and multidrug resistance-related proteins (Mrp) 1, 2, 3, and 4. In addition, protein levels and functional activities for selected transporters were also determined. Protein levels for Mrp2, Bcrp, P-gp, Ntcp, and Oatp1a4 corresponded to changes in mRNA. Functional activities of Oatps and Oct1 exhibited a 3- and 4-fold decrease on day 2 and day 4, respectively, relative to that on day 0, whereas a more than 10-fold reduction in Oat2 activity was observed. These results indicate that the cell culture conditions used herein did not provide an optimal environment for expression of all hepatic transporters. Significant time-dependent alterations in basal gene expression patterns of transporters were detected compared with those in liver or freshly isolated hepatocytes. Further work and new strategies are required to improve the validity of this model as an in vitro tool for in vivo drug transport or biliary clearance prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskouhie H Tchaparian
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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27
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Ye ZW, Camus S, Augustijns P, Annaert P. Interaction of eight HIV protease inhibitors with the canalicular efflux transporter ABCC2 (MRP2) in sandwich-cultured rat and human hepatocytes. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2010; 31:178-88. [PMID: 20238377 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity has been reported as a side-effect in some patients on HIV protease inhibitors (PI). Since transporter interaction has been implicated as a mechanism underlying drug-mediated hepatotoxicity and drug-drug interactions, the interaction of PI with the hepatic canalicular efflux transporter ABCC2 (MRP2; multidrug resistance associated protein-2) was studied. Interaction with ABCC2/Abcc2 was evaluated in human and rat sandwich-cultured hepatocytes using 5(6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (CDF) as substrate. In rat hepatocytes, interaction with estradiol-17-beta-D-glucuronide (E17G) efflux was also studied. In human hepatocytes, saquinavir, ritonavir and atazanavir were the most efficient inhibitors of ABCC2-mediated biliary excretion of CDF, whereas in rat hepatocytes indinavir, lopinavir and nelfinavir were the most efficient. No species-similarity was found for ABCC2/Abcc2 inhibition. In rat hepatocytes, the effects on Abcc2 were substrate-dependent as inhibition of biliary excretion of E17G was most pronounced for saquinavir (completely blocked), amprenavir (82% inhibition) and indinavir (68% inhibition). In conclusion, several HIV PI showed substantial ABCC2 inhibition, which, combined with the effects of PI on other hepatobiliary disposition mechanisms, will determine the clinical relevance of these in vitro interaction data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Ye
- Laboratory for Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49-bus-921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Swift B, Pfeifer ND, Brouwer KLR. Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes: an in vitro model to evaluate hepatobiliary transporter-based drug interactions and hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:446-71. [PMID: 20109035 PMCID: PMC3097390 DOI: 10.3109/03602530903491881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) are a powerful in vitro tool that can be utilized to study hepatobiliary drug transport, species differences in drug transport, transport protein regulation, drug-drug interactions, and hepatotoxicity. This review provides an up-to-date summary of the SCH model, including a brief history of, and introduction to, the use of SCH, as well as methodology to evaluate hepatobiliary drug disposition. A summary of the literature that has utilized this model to examine the interplay between drug-metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins, drug-drug interactions at the transport level, and hepatotoxicity as a result of altered hepatic transport also is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Swift
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7569, USA
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Swift B, Brouwer KL. Influence of seeding density and extracellular matrix on bile Acid transport and mrp4 expression in sandwich-cultured mouse hepatocytes. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:491-500. [PMID: 19968322 PMCID: PMC3235796 DOI: 10.1021/mp900227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to examine the influence of seeding density, extracellular matrix and days in culture on bile acid transport proteins and hepatobiliary disposition of the model bile acid taurocholate. Mouse hepatocytes were cultured in a sandwich configuration on six-well Biocoat plates with an overlay of Matrigel (BC/MG) or gelled-collagen (BC/GC) for 3 or 4 days at seeding densities of 1.0, 1.25, or 1.5 x 10(6) cells/well. The lower seeding densities of 1.0 and 1.25 x 10(6) cells/well resulted in good hepatocyte morphology and bile canalicular network formation, as visualized by 5-(and 6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein accumulation. In general, taurocholate cellular accumulation tended to increase as a function of seeding density in BC/GC; cellular accumulation was significantly increased in hepatocytes cultured in BC/MG compared to BC/GC at the same seeding density on both days 3 and 4 of culture. In general, in vitro intrinsic biliary clearance of taurocholate was increased at higher seeding densities. Levels of bile acid transport proteins on days 3 and 4 were not markedly influenced by seeding density or extracellular matrix except for multidrug resistance protein 4 (Mrp4), which was inversely related to seeding density. Mrp4 levels decreased approximately 2- to 3-fold between seeding densities of 1.0 x 10(6) and 1.25 x 10(6) cells/well regardless of extracellular matrix; an additional approximately 3- to 5-fold decrease in Mrp4 protein was noted in BC/GC between seeding densities of 1.25 x 10(6) and 1.5 x 10(6) cells/well. Results suggest that seeding density, extracellular matrix and days in culture profoundly influence Mrp4 expression in sandwich-cultured mouse hepatocytes. Primary mouse hepatocytes seeded in a BC/MG configuration at densities of 1.25 x 10(6) cells/well and 1.0 x 10(6), and cultured for 3 days, yielded optimal transport based on the probes studied. This work demonstrates the applicability of the sandwich-cultured model to mouse hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Swift
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7569
| | - Kim L.R. Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7569
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Jing X, Liu X, Wen T, Xie S, Yao D, Liu X, Wang G, Xie L. Combined effects of epileptic seizure and phenobarbital induced overexpression of P-glycoprotein in brain of chemically kindled rats. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:1511-22. [PMID: 20233212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The multidrug resistance of epilepsy may result from the overexpression of P-glycoprotein, but the mechanisms are unclear. We investigated whether the overexpression of P-glycoprotein in the brains of subjects with pharmacoresistant epilepsy resulted from both drug effects and seizure activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Kindled rats were developed by injecting a subconvulsive dose of pentylenetetrazole (33 mg.kg(-1).day(-1), i.p.) for 28 days. Groups were then treated with an oral dose of phenobarbital (45 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) for 40 days. In accord with behavioural observations, P-glycoprotein activity in brain was assessed using brain-to-plasma concentration ratios of rhodamine 123. P-glycoprotein levels in the brain regions were further evaluated using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The distribution of phenobarbital in the brain was assessed by measuring phenobarbital concentrations 1 h following its oral administration. KEY RESULTS The kindling significantly increased P-glycoprotein activity and expression. Good associations were found among P-glycoprotein activity, expression and phenobarbital concentration in the hippocampus. Short-term treatment with phenobarbital showed good anti-epileptic effect; the maximum effect occurred on day 14 when overexpression of P-glycoprotein was reversed. Continuous treatment with phenobarbital had a gradually reduced anti-epileptic effect and on day 40, phenobarbital exhibited no anti-epileptic effect; this was accompanied by both a re-enhancement of P-glycoprotein expression and decreased phenobarbital concentration in the hippocampus. P-glycoprotein function and expression were also increased in age-matched normal rats treated with phenobarbital. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The overexpression of P-glycoprotein in the brain of subjects with pharmacoresistant epilepsy is due to a combination of drug effects and epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Jing
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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31
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Poirier A, Cascais AC, Funk C, Lavé T. Prediction of pharmacokinetic profile of valsartan in humans based on in vitro uptake-transport data. Chem Biodivers 2010; 6:1975-87. [PMID: 19937834 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for predicting PK profiles in humans based on a model refined in rats and humans in vitro uptake-transport data using valsartan as a probe substrate. Valsartan is eliminated unchanged, mostly through biliary excretion, both in humans and rats. It was, therefore, chosen as model compound to predict in vivo elimination based on in vitro hepatic uptake-transport data using a fully mechanistic PBPK model. Plated rat and human hepatocytes, and cell lines overexpressing human OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 were used for in vitro uptake experiments. A mechanistic two-compartment model was used to derive the active and passive transport parameters, namely uptake Michaelis-Menten parameters (V(max) and K(m,u)) together with passive diffusion (P(dif)). These transport parameters were then used as input in a whole body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. The uptake rate of valsartan was higher for rat hepatocytes (K(m,u)=28.4+/-3.7 microM, V(max)=1320+/-180 pmol/mg/min, and P(dif) =1.21+/-0.42 microl/mg/min) compared to human hepatocytes (K(m,u)=44.4+/-14.6 microM, V(max)=304+/-85 pmol/mg/min, and P(dif)=0.724+/-0.271 microl/mg/min). OATP1B1 and -1B3 parameters were correlated to human hepatocyte data, using experimentally established relative activity factors (RAF). Resulting PBPK simulations were compared for plasma- (humans and rats) and bile- (rats) concentration-time profiles following iv bolus administration of valsartan. Plasma clearances (CL(P)) for rats and humans were predicted within twofold relative to predictions based on respective in vitro data. The simulations were extended to simulate the impact of either OATP1B1 or -1B3 inhibition on plasma profile. The limited data set indicates that the mechanistic model allowed for accurate evaluation of in vitro transport data; and the resulting hepatic uptake transport kinetic parameters enabled the prediction of in vivo PK profiles and plasma clearances, using PBPK modelling. Moreover, the interspecies difference in elimination rate observed in vivo was correctly reflected in the transport parameters determined in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Poirier
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Non-Clinical Development, Drug Safety, CH-4070 Basel.
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32
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Poirier A, Cascais AC, Funk C, Lavé T. Prediction of pharmacokinetic profile of valsartan in human based on in vitro uptake transport data. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2009; 36:585-611. [DOI: 10.1007/s10928-009-9139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Poirier A, Funk C, Scherrmann JM, Lavé T. Mechanistic Modeling of Hepatic Transport from Cells to Whole Body: Application to Napsagatran and Fexofenadine. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1716-33. [DOI: 10.1021/mp8002495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Poirier
- Drug Safety, Non-Clinical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland, and Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U705, Paris, France
| | - Christoph Funk
- Drug Safety, Non-Clinical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland, and Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U705, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Drug Safety, Non-Clinical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland, and Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U705, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Lavé
- Drug Safety, Non-Clinical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland, and Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U705, Paris, France
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Oxygen-mediated enhancement of primary hepatocyte metabolism, functional polarization, gene expression, and drug clearance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:15714-9. [PMID: 19720996 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906820106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a major site for the metabolism of xenobiotic compounds due to its abundant level of phase I/II metabolic enzymes. With the cost of drug development escalating to over $400 million/drug there is an urgent need for the development of rigorous models of hepatic metabolism for preclinical screening of drug clearance and hepatotoxicity. Here, we present a microenvironment in which primary human and rat hepatocytes maintain a high level of metabolic competence without a long adaptation period. We demonstrate that co-cultures of hepatocytes and endothelial cells in serum-free media seeded under 95% oxygen maintain functional apical and basal polarity, high levels of cytochrome P450 activity, and gene expression profiles on par with freshly isolated hepatocytes. These oxygenated co-cultures demonstrate a remarkable ability to predict in vivo drug clearance rates of both rapid and slow clearing drugs with an R(2) of 0.92. Moreover, as the metabolic function of oxygenated co-cultures stabilizes overnight, preclinical testing can be carried out days or even weeks before other culture methods, significantly reducing associated labor and cost. These results are readily extendable to other culture configurations including three-dimensional culture, bioreactor studies, as well as microfabricated co-cultures.
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Li N, Bi YA, Duignan DB, Lai Y. Quantitative Expression Profile of Hepatobiliary Transporters in Sandwich Cultured Rat and Human Hepatocytes. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1180-9. [DOI: 10.1021/mp900044x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, and Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yi-An Bi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, and Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David B. Duignan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, and Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yurong Lai
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis Laboratories, and Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, St. Louis, Missouri
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36
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Liu H, Yang H, Wang D, Liu Y, Liu X, Li Y, Xie L, Wang G. Insulin regulates P-glycoprotein in rat brain microvessel endothelial cells via an insulin receptor-mediated PKC/NF-kappaB pathway but not a PI3K/Akt pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 602:277-82. [PMID: 19049803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 10/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that insulin restored impaired function and expression of P-glycoprotein in diabetic blood-brain barrier, and further study showed that insulin up-regulated P-glycoprotein expression and function in normal blood-brain barrier, so insulin might be one of the factors that regulated the function and expression of P-glycoprotein in blood-brain barrier of diabetes. In this study, the intracellular pathways that insulin regulated the P-glycoprotein were investigated using primarily cultured rat brain microvessel endothelial cells model. The rat brain microvessel endothelial cells were incubated in normal culture medium containing 50 mU/l insulin and different concentrations of inhibitors for 72 h. The P-glycoprotein function and expression in the rat brain microvessel endothelial cells were assessed using the uptake of P-glycoprotein substrate rhodamine 123 and western blot assay, respectively. It was found that treatment of 50 mU/l insulin significantly increased P-glycoprotein function and expression in rat brain microvessel endothelial cells. This induced effect was blocked by insulin receptor antibody, insulin receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor I-OMe-AG538, PKC inhibitor chelerythrine and NF-kappaB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate ammonium (PDTC). But this induced effect was not inhibited by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt inhibitor LY294002. These results indicated that insulin regulated P-glycoprotein function and expression through signal transduction pathways involving activation of PKC/NF-kappaB but not PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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37
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Ayrton A, Morgan P. Role of transport proteins in drug discovery and development: a pharmaceutical perspective. Xenobiotica 2008; 38:676-708. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250801923855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wen T, Liu YC, Yang HW, Liu HY, Liu XD, Wang GJ, Xie L. Effect of 21-day exposure of phenobarbital, carbamazepine and phenytoin on P-glycoprotein expression and activity in the rat brain. J Neurol Sci 2008; 270:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Li M, Yuan H, Li N, Song G, Zheng Y, Baratta M, Hua F, Thurston A, Wang J, Lai Y. Identification of interspecies difference in efflux transporters of hepatocytes from dog, rat, monkey and human. Eur J Pharm Sci 2008; 35:114-26. [PMID: 18639632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The large interspecies differences of hepatobiliary transport present a challenge for the allometric prediction of human biliary excretion for drug candidates primarily cleared via hepatobiliary secretion. In the present study, we determined the metabolic stabilities of common fluorescent substrates of hepatobiliary efflux transporters and developed a rapid efflux assay to determine the functional activities of MRP/Mrp, BCRP/Bcrp and P-gp in hepatocytes of four species. The specificities of transporter-mediated dye efflux were confirmed by selective transporter inhibitors. Among tested species, transporter-specific dye efflux kinetics was consistent between freshly isolated and cryopreserved hepatocytes. Hepatocyte elimination half-lives of MRP/Mrp substrates GS-MF and calcein were observed in the rank order of human>monkey>dog>rat. The fourfold higher MRP/Mrp substrate efflux rate of rat hepatocytes compared to human is likely due to the species-specific functional differences of MRP2/Mrp2 expressed on the canalicular membrane. We also observed efficient BCRP-mediated pheophorbide A (PhA) efflux by human and dog hepatocytes, while PhA extrusion in monkey and rat hepatocytes appeared limited. P-gp function measured by DiOC2(3) efflux was minimal in hepatocytes of all origins and no significant species differences were detected. Our results demonstrated marked differences in hepatocyte MRP/Mrp and BCRP/Bcrp activities across species, indicating that they may contribute to the species differences of in vivo hepatobiliary excretion. These results also suggest the potential utility of primary hepatocytes, either fresh or cryopreserved, as an in vitro model to predict interspecies differences in the biliary transport of MRP/Mrp and BCRP/Bcrp substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer Global Research & Development, St. Louis, MO, USA
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40
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Yang HW, Liu HY, Liu X, Zhang DM, Liu YC, Liu XD, Wang GJ, Xie L. Increased P-glycoprotein function and level after long-term exposure of four antiepileptic drugs to rat brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Neurosci Lett 2008; 434:299-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Revised: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Lengyel G, Veres Z, Tugyi R, Vereczkey L, Molnár T, Glavinas H, Krajcsi P, Jemnitz K. Modulation of sinusoidal and canalicular elimination of bilirubin-glucuronides by rifampicin and other cholestatic drugs in a sandwich culture of rat hepatocytes. Hepatol Res 2008; 38:300-9. [PMID: 17760873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Drug-induced hyperbilirubinemia has been shown to often be derived from modulation of the expression and activity of hepatobiliary transporters. In this study we examined the interactions of some therapeutic agents, which have been shown to cause cholestasis, with the elimination of bilirubin-glucuronides, in order to clarify whether these drugs modify the activity of Mrp2 and Mrp3 directly. METHODS The modulation of bilirubin-glucuronide elimination with rifampicin, probenecid, indomethacin and benzbromarone was assayed in sandwich cultured rat hepatocytes. RESULTS All the drugs studied decreased the canalicular transport, but modified the sinusoidal efflux differently. Rifampicin and probenecid stimulated the sinusoidal efflux, shifting the elimination of bilirubin-glucuronides to the sinusoidal domain (biliary excretion index: 3.9 +/- 1.2; 22.7 +/- 7.4 vs. 56.6 +/- 1.5 and 56.8 +/- 5.5). However, the overall elimination of bilirubin-glucuronides did not change significantly. In contrast, indomethacin and benzbromarone inhibited bothtransport processes, resulting in the decrease of the overall bilirubin-glucuronide elimination (61 +/- 22; 56 +/- 5% of the control). Rifampicin, indomethacin and benzbromarone decreased 5,(6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein transport by multidrug resistance-associated protein (Mrp)2 as visualized by confocal laser microscopy and in vesicular transport experiments. Interestingly, rifampicin decreased the MRP3 activity in vesicular transport experiments using 17-beta-estradiol-17-beta-D-glucuronide as substrate, in contrast to that observed in bilirubin-glucuronide transport experiments. CONCLUSION Here we show that the interactions of drugs on hepatobiliary transporter proteins may be identified in vitro in a sandwich culture of hepatocytes, in which canalicular and sinusoidal transport can be studied separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Lengyel
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Science, Budapest, Hungary
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Graaf IAMD, Groothuis GMM, Olinga P. Precision-cut tissue slices as a tool to predict metabolism of novel drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 3:879-98. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.6.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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43
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Synthetic sandwich culture of 3D hepatocyte monolayer. Biomaterials 2007; 29:290-301. [PMID: 17964646 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The sandwich culture of hepatocytes, between double layers of extra-cellular matrix (ECM), is a well-established in vitro model for re-establishing hepatic polarity and maintaining differentiated functions. Applications of the ECM-based sandwich culture are limited by the mass transfer barriers induced by the top gelled ECM layer, complex molecular composition of ECM with batch-to-batch variation and uncontrollable coating of the ECM double layers. We have addressed these limitations of the ECM-based sandwich culture by developing an 'ECM-free' synthetic sandwich culture, which is constructed by sandwiching a 3D hepatocyte monolayer between a glycine-arginine-glycine-aspatic acid-serine (GRGDS)-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PET) track-etched membrane (top support) and a galactosylated PET film (bottom substratum). The bioactive top support and bottom substratum in the synthetic sandwich culture substituted for the functionalities of the ECM in the ECM-based sandwich culture with further improvement in mass transfer and optimal material properties. The 3D hepatocyte monolayer in the synthetic sandwich culture exhibited a similar process of hepatic polarity formation, better cell-cell interaction and improved differentiated functions over 14-day culture compared to the hepatocytes in collagen sandwich culture. The novel 3D hepatocyte monolayer sandwich culture using bioactive synthetic materials may readily replace the ECM-based sandwich culture for liver tissue engineering applications, such as drug metabolism/toxicity testing and hepatocyte-based bioreactors.
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Stieger B, Meier Y, Meier PJ. The bile salt export pump. Pflugers Arch 2006; 453:611-20. [PMID: 17051391 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-006-0152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Canalicular secretion of bile salts mediated by the bile salt export pump Bsep constitutes the major driving force for the generation of bile flow. Bsep is a member of the B-family of the super family of ATP-binding cassette transporters and is classified as ABCB11. Bsep has a narrow substrate specificity, which is largely restricted to bile salts. Bsep is extensively regulated at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level, which directly modulates canalicular bile formation. Pathophysiological alterations of Bsep by either inherited mutations or acquired processes such as inhibition by drugs or disease-related down regulation may lead to a wide spectrum of mild to severe forms of liver disease. Furthermore, many genetic variants of Bsep are known, some of which potentially render individuals susceptible to acquired forms of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stieger
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
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