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Alnaaim SA, Al-Kuraishy HM, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GES. Role of Brain Liver X Receptor in Parkinson's Disease: Hidden Treasure and Emerging Opportunities. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:341-357. [PMID: 37606719 PMCID: PMC10791998 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease due to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DNs) in the substantia nigra (SN). The liver X receptor (LXR) is involved in different neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present review was to clarify the possible role of LXR in PD neuropathology. LXRs are the most common nuclear receptors of transcription factors that regulate cholesterol metabolism and have pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory effects and reducing intracellular cholesterol accumulation. LXRs are highly expressed in the adult brain and act as endogenous sensors for intracellular cholesterol. LXRs have neuroprotective effects against the development of neuroinflammation in different neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LXRs play an essential role in mitigating PD neuropathology by reducing the expression of inflammatory signaling pathways, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhancement of BDNF signaling.In conclusion, LXRs, through regulating brain cholesterol homeostasis, may be effectual in PD. Also, inhibition of node-like receptor pyrin 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) by LXRs could effectively prevent neuroinflammation in PD. Taken together, LXRs play a crucial role in PD neuropathology by inhibiting neuroinflammation and associated degeneration of DNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud A Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, 1030, Wien, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh, 51744, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, 22511, Egypt
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Cui Y, Yuan X, Zhao Z, Li C, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Zhang Z. The activation of liver X receptors in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells and mice restricts infection by bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109948. [PMID: 38113573 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is prevalent worldwide and is an important pathogen that represents a serious threat to the development of the cattle industry by causing significant economic losses. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and have become attractive therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease. In the present study, we found that LXRs in both Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and mice were associated with BVDV infection. GW3965, an agonist for LXRs, significantly inhibited BVDV RNA and protein levels in MDBK cells. In vivo studies in a mouse model also confirmed the inhibitory role of GW3965 in BVDV replication and the ameliorating effect of GW3965 on pathological injury to the duodenum. In vitro investigations of the potential mechanisms involved showed that GW3965 significantly inhibited BVDV-induced increases in cholesterol levels and viral internalization. Furthermore, the antiviral activity of GW3965 was significantly reduced following cholesterol replenishment, thus demonstrating that cholesterol was involved in the resistance of GW3965 to BVDV replication. Further studies indicated the role of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) in the antiviral activity of GW3965. We also demonstrated the significant antiviral effect of 25hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a product of the catalysis of cholesterol by CH25H. In addition, the anti-BVDV effects of demethoxycurcumin (DMC), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), and saikosaponin-A (SSA), three natural agonizts of LXRs, were also confirmed in both MDBK cells and mice. However, the antiviral activities of these agents were weakened by SR9243, a synthetic inhibitor of LXRs. For the first time, our research demonstrated that the activation of LXRs can exert significant anti-BVDV effects in MDBK cells and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China
| | - Xueying Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China
| | - Chuang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China
| | - Zhanbo Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China.
| | - Zecai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China.
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Jamgotchian L, Devel L, Thai R, Poupel L, Huby T, Gautier E, Le Goff W, Lesnik P, Gravel E, Doris E. Targeted delivery of LXR-agonists to atherosclerotic lesions mediated by polydiacetylene micelles. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18864-18870. [PMID: 37966726 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04778d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of compact and stabilized micelles incorporating a synthetic LXR agonist prodrug for the passive targeting of atherosclerotic lesions and therapeutic intervention. In vivo studies showed that the nanohybrid micelles exhibited favorable pharmacokinetics/biodistribution and were able to upregulate, to some extent, LXR target genes with no alteration of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Jamgotchian
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Laurent Devel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMOS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Robert Thai
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMOS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Lucie Poupel
- Inovarion, 251 rue saint Jacques, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Huby
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS-1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Emmanuel Gautier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS-1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS-1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Lesnik
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS-1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Edmond Gravel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Eric Doris
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Griffett K, Hayes M, Bedia-Diaz G, Appourchaux K, Sanders R, Boeckman MP, Koelblen T, Zhang J, Schulman IG, Elgendy B, Burris TP. Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Gut-Restricted LXR Inverse Agonists. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1143-1154. [PMID: 35417135 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia and increased circulating cholesterol levels are associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. The liver X receptors (LXRs) are regulators of de novo lipogenesis and cholesterol transport and have been validated as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. However, efforts to develop LXR agonists to reduce cardiovascular diseases have failed due to poor clinical outcomes-associated increased hepatic lipogenesis and elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (C). Here, we report that LXR inverse agonists are effective in lowering plasma LDL cholesterol and triglycerides in several models of hyperlipidemia, including the Ldlr null mouse model of atherosclerosis. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that LXR directly regulates the expression of Soat2 enzyme in the intestine, which is directly responsible for the re-uptake or excretion of circulating lipids. Oral administration of a gut-specific LXR inverse agonist leads to reduction of Soat2 expression in the intestine and effectively lowers circulating LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels without modulating LXR target genes in the periphery. In summary, our studies highlight the therapeutic potential of the gut-restricted molecules to treat hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis through the intestinal LXR-Soat2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Griffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Matthew Hayes
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Gonzalo Bedia-Diaz
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Kevin Appourchaux
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Ryan Sanders
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Michael P. Boeckman
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Thomas Koelblen
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Ira G. Schulman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Bahaa Elgendy
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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Lai P, Cao X, Xu Q, Liu Y, Li R, Zhang J, Zhang M. Ganoderma lucidum spore ethanol extract attenuates atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism via upregulation of liver X receptor alpha. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 58:760-770. [PMID: 32780606 PMCID: PMC7470073 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1798471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.ex Fr.) Karst (Ganodermataceae) is a fungus that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. OBJECTIVE This is the first investigation of the lipid-lowering and anti-atherosclerotic effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore ethanol extract (EEG) in hyperlipidemic rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-four Japanese rabbits were randomly divided into six groups (n = 9): control, model, atorvastatin and three EEG groups (6, 24 and 96 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Control group was administered a normal diet and other groups were administered a high-fat diet to induce hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis for 14 weeks. During this time, lipid profiles were recorded; lipid testing and histopathological examination of aorta and liver were conducted. LXRα and its downstream genes expression in the liver and small intestine were examined. The effect of EEG on macrophage cholesterol efflux and ABCA1/G1 expression was observed under silenced LXRα expression. RESULTS EEG reduced serum cholesterol (20.33 ± 3.62 mmol/L vs 34.56 ± 8.27 mmol/L for the model group) and LDL-C, reduced the area of arterial plaques (24.8 ± 10% vs 53.9 ± 15.2% for the model group) and Intima/Medium thickness ratio, increased faecal bile acid content, upregulated LXRα, CYP7A1, ABCA1/G1, ABCG5/G8 expression in the liver, small intestine and macrophages. After silencing LXRα in macrophages, the ability of EEG to promote cholesterol efflux was inhibited. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION EEG exert lipid-lowering and anti-atherosclerotic effects via upregulating expression of LXRα and downstream genes associated with reverse cholesterol transport and metabolism. However, whether PPARα/γ are involved in the up-regulation of LXR expression by EEG remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lai
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Cao
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Xu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
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Menzner AK, Rottmar T, Voelkl S, Bosch JJ, Mougiakakos D, Mackensen A, Resheq YJ. Hydrogen-Peroxide Synthesis and LDL-Uptake Controls Immunosuppressive Properties in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:461. [PMID: 33530408 PMCID: PMC7865547 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) is a critical step in immune cell evasion by different cancer types, including liver cancer. In the liver, hepatic stromal cells orchestrate induction of MDSCs, employing a mechanism dependent on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) depletion. However, the effects on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) are unknown. METHODS Monocytes from healthy donors were differentiated to moDCs in the presence of extracellular enzymatic H2O2-depletion (hereinafter CAT-DCs), and studied phenotypically and functionally. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we analyzed H2O2- and LDL-metabolism as they are interconnected in monocyte-driven phagocytosis. RESULTS CAT-DCs were of an immature DC phenotype, particularly characterized by impaired expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80/86. Moreover, CAT-DCs were able to suppress T-cells using indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and induced IL10/IL17-secreting T-cells-a subtype reported to exert immunosuppression in acute myeloid leukemia. CAT-DCs also displayed significantly increased NADPH-oxidase-driven H2O2-production, enhancing low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-uptake. Blocking LDL-uptake restored maturation, and attenuated the immunosuppressive properties of CAT-DCs. DISCUSSION Here, we report a novel axis between H2O2- and LDL-metabolism controlling tolerogenic properties in moDCs. Given that moDCs are pivotal in tumor-rejection, and lipid-accumulation is associated with tumor-immune-escape, LDL-metabolism appears to play an important role in tumor-immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Menzner
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.-K.M.); (T.R.); (S.V.); (J.J.B.); (D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Tanja Rottmar
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.-K.M.); (T.R.); (S.V.); (J.J.B.); (D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Simon Voelkl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.-K.M.); (T.R.); (S.V.); (J.J.B.); (D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Jacobus J. Bosch
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.-K.M.); (T.R.); (S.V.); (J.J.B.); (D.M.); (A.M.)
- Clinical Research Center Hannover, MH Hannover, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 15, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.-K.M.); (T.R.); (S.V.); (J.J.B.); (D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.-K.M.); (T.R.); (S.V.); (J.J.B.); (D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Yazid J. Resheq
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.-K.M.); (T.R.); (S.V.); (J.J.B.); (D.M.); (A.M.)
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Chen Q, Chao Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Bi Y, Fu Y, Cai D, Meng Q, Li Y, Bian H. Activation of estrogen receptor α (ERα) is required for Alisol B23-acetate to prevent post-menopausal atherosclerosis and reduced lipid accumulation. Life Sci 2020; 258:118030. [PMID: 32739470 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The risk of atherosclerosis (AS) ascends among post-menopausal women, while current hormone replacement therapy exerts several adverse effects. Alisol B 23-acetate (AB23A), a tetracyclic triterpenoid isolated from the rhizome of Alisma orientale, was reported to show multiple physiological activities, including regulating lipid metabolism. According to molecular docking analysis, it was predicted to bind with estrogen receptor α (ERα). In this study, we aimed to observe the effect of AB23A on preventing post-menopausal AS and explore whether the mechanism was mediated by ERα. In vitro, free fatty acid (FFA) was applied to induce the abnormal lipid metabolism of L02 cells. In vivo, the ApoE-/- mice were ovariectomized to mimic the cessation of estrogen. The high-fat diet was also given to induce post-menopausal AS. We demonstrated AB23A attenuated the accumulation of total cholesterol and triglyceride induced by free fatty acids in hepatocytes. In high-fat diet-ovariectomy-treated ApoE-/- mice, AB23A eliminated lipids in blood and liver. AB23A not only reduced the synthesis of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) through sterol-regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) but also suppressed the secretion of PCSK9 through silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1). Notably, AB23A promoted the expression of ERα in vivo and in vitro. The both ERα inhibitor and ERα siRNA were also applied in confirming whether the hepatic protective effect of AB23A was mediated by ERα. We found that AB23A significantly promoted the expression of ERα. AB23A could inhibit the synthesis and secretion of PCSK9 through ERα, lower the accumulation of triglyceride and cholesterol, and prevent post-menopausal AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Chao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunhui Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Danfeng Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qinghai Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huimin Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Wang D, Hiebl V, Schachner D, Ladurner A, Heiss EH, Atanasov AG, Dirsch VM. Soraphen A enhances macrophage cholesterol efflux via indirect LXR activation and ABCA1 upregulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:114022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Fan Q, Nørgaard RC, Grytten I, Ness CM, Lucas C, Vekterud K, Soedling H, Matthews J, Lemma RB, Gabrielsen OS, Bindesbøll C, Ulven SM, Nebb HI, Grønning-Wang LM, Sæther T. LXRα Regulates ChREBPα Transactivity in a Target Gene-Specific Manner through an Agonist-Modulated LBD-LID Interaction. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051214. [PMID: 32414201 PMCID: PMC7290792 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol-sensing nuclear receptor liver X receptor (LXR) and the glucose-sensing transcription factor carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) are central players in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver. More knowledge of their mechanistic interplay is needed to understand their role in pathological conditions like fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. In the current study, LXR and ChREBP co-occupancy was examined by analyzing ChIP-seq datasets from mice livers. LXR and ChREBP interaction was determined by Co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) and their transactivity was assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of target genes and gene reporter assays. Chromatin binding capacity was determined by ChIP-qPCR assays. Our data show that LXRα and ChREBPα interact physically and show a high co-occupancy at regulatory regions in the mouse genome. LXRα co-activates ChREBPα and regulates ChREBP-specific target genes in vitro and in vivo. This co-activation is dependent on functional recognition elements for ChREBP but not for LXR, indicating that ChREBPα recruits LXRα to chromatin in trans. The two factors interact via their key activation domains; the low glucose inhibitory domain (LID) of ChREBPα and the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of LXRα. While unliganded LXRα co-activates ChREBPα, ligand-bound LXRα surprisingly represses ChREBPα activity on ChREBP-specific target genes. Mechanistically, this is due to a destabilized LXRα:ChREBPα interaction, leading to reduced ChREBP-binding to chromatin and restricted activation of glycolytic and lipogenic target genes. This ligand-driven molecular switch highlights an unappreciated role of LXRα in responding to nutritional cues that was overlooked due to LXR lipogenesis-promoting function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Fan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (Q.F.); (K.V.); (C.B.)
| | - Rikke Christine Nørgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Ivar Grytten
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Cecilie Maria Ness
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Christin Lucas
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Kristin Vekterud
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (Q.F.); (K.V.); (C.B.)
| | - Helen Soedling
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Jason Matthews
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Roza Berhanu Lemma
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.B.L.); (O.S.G.)
| | - Odd Stokke Gabrielsen
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.B.L.); (O.S.G.)
| | - Christian Bindesbøll
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (Q.F.); (K.V.); (C.B.)
| | - Stine Marie Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Hilde Irene Nebb
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Line Mariann Grønning-Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Thomas Sæther
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (Q.F.); (K.V.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-22-851510
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El-Gendy BEDM, Goher SS, Hegazy LS, Arief MMH, Burris TP. Recent Advances in the Medicinal Chemistry of Liver X Receptors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10935-10956. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa El-Dien M. El-Gendy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa S. Goher
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Lamees S. Hegazy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Mohamed M. H. Arief
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Robinson GA, Waddington KE, Pineda-Torra I, Jury EC. Transcriptional Regulation of T-Cell Lipid Metabolism: Implications for Plasma Membrane Lipid Rafts and T-Cell Function. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1636. [PMID: 29225604 PMCID: PMC5705553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that cholesterol and glycosphingolipids are enriched in the plasma membrane (PM) and form signaling platforms called lipid rafts, essential for T-cell activation and function. Moreover, changes in PM lipid composition affect the biophysical properties of lipid rafts and have a role in defining functional T-cell phenotypes. Here, we review the role of transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism including liver X receptors α/β, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, estrogen receptors α/β (ERα/β), and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins in T-cells. These receptors lie at the interface between lipid metabolism and immune cell function and are endogenously activated by lipids and/or hormones. Importantly, they regulate cellular cholesterol, fatty acid, glycosphingolipid, and phospholipid levels but are also known to modulate a broad spectrum of immune responses. The current evidence supporting a role for lipid metabolism pathways in controlling immune cell activation by influencing PM lipid raft composition in health and disease, and the potential for targeting lipid biosynthesis pathways to control unwanted T-cell activation in autoimmunity is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Robinson
- Centre of Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty E. Waddington
- Centre of Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ines Pineda-Torra
- Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C. Jury
- Centre of Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Osorio JS, Vailati-Riboni M, Palladino A, Luo J, Loor JJ. Application of nutrigenomics in small ruminants: Lactation, growth, and beyond. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Sulfotransferase (SULT)-mediated sulfation and steroid sulfatase (STS)-mediated desulfation represent two critical mechanisms that regulate the chemical and functional homeostasis of endogenous and exogenous molecules. STS catalyzes the hydrolysis of steroid sulfates to form hydroxysteroids. Oxygenated cholesterol derivative oxysterols are known to be endogenous ligands of the liver X receptor (LXR), a nuclear receptor with anti-cholestasis activity, whereas the sulfated oxysterols antagonize LXR signaling. The conversion of sulfated oxysterols to their non-sulfated counterparts is catalyzed by STS. The aim of this study is to determine whether STS can alleviate cholestasis by increasing the activity of LXR. METHODS Liver-specific STS transgenic mice were created and subject to the lithocholic acid (LCA)-induced model of cholestasis. RESULTS Transgenic overexpression of STS in the liver promoted bile acid elimination and alleviated LCA-induced cholestasis. The protective effect of the STS transgene was associated with the activation of LXR and induction of LXR target genes, likely because of the increased conversion of the antagonistic oxysterol sulfates to the agonistic oxysterols. CONCLUSIONS STS has a novel function in controlling the homeostasis of bile acids by regulating endogenous LXR ligands.
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Koura M, Yamaguchi Y, Kurobuchi S, Sumida H, Watanabe Y, Enomoto T, Matsuda T, Okuda A, Koshizawa T, Matsumoto Y, Shibuya K. Discovery of a 2-hydroxyacetophenone derivative as an outstanding linker to enhance potency and β-selectivity of liver X receptor agonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3436-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Ding H, Li Y, Feng Y, Chen J, Zhong X, Wang N, Wang W, Zhang P, Wang L. LXR agonist T0901317 upregulates thrombomodulin expression in glomerular endothelial cells by inhibition of nuclear factor‑κB. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4888-96. [PMID: 27082844 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) induces a variety of symptoms, including proteinuria, inflammation, vascular diseases, fibrosis and thrombosis. Thrombomodulin (TM) acts as a vasoprotective molecule on the surface of the vascular endothelial cells to maintain the homeostasis of the endothelial microenvironment by suppressing cellular proliferation, adhesion and inflammatory responses. Liver X receptor (LXR), a nuclear receptor (NR) and a bile acid‑activated transcription factor, regulates metabolism and cholesterol transport, vascular tension and inflammation. Previous studies indicated that TM expression is upregulated by various NRs; however, it is unclear whether pharmacological modulation of LXR may affect TM expression and GEC function. The current study revealed that LXR activation by its agonist, T0901317, upregulates the expression and activity of TM. This effect was mediated specifically through LXR‑α, and not through LXR‑β. Additionally, T0901317 treatment inhibited nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) signaling and the secretion of high glucose‑induced proinflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor‑α and interleukin‑1β in GECs. Co‑immunoprecipitation experiments determined that treatment with T0901317 enhances the interaction between LXR‑α and the transcriptional coactivator, p300, in GEC extracts. The present findings suggest that NF‑κB may be a negative regulator of TM expression, and its removal may contribute to TM gene expression, particularly when in competition with the T0901317‑enhanced formation of the LXR/p300 complex. Therefore, LXR may be a novel molecular target for manipulating TM in GECs, which may advance the treatment of endothelial cell‑associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlu Ding
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Yunlin Feng
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
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Rahman SM, Baquero KC, Choudhury M, Janssen RC, de la Houssaye BA, Sun M, Miyazaki-Anzai S, Wang S, Moustaid-Moussa N, Miyazaki M, Friedman JE. C/EBPβ in bone marrow is essential for diet induced inflammation, cholesterol balance, and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 250:172-9. [PMID: 27072340 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is both a chronic inflammatory disease and a lipid metabolism disorder. C/EBPβ is well documented for its role in the development of hematopoietic cells and integration of lipid metabolism. However, C/EBPβ's role in atherosclerotic progression has not been examined. We assessed the impact of hematopoietic CEBPβ deletion in ApoE(-/-) mice on hyperlipidemia, inflammatory responses and lesion formation in the aorta. METHODS AND RESULTS ApoE(-/-) mice were reconstituted with bone marrow cells derived from either WT or C/EBPβ(-/-) mice and placed on low fat or high fat/high cholesterol diet for 11 weeks. Hematopoietic C/EBPβ deletion in ApoE(-/-) mice reduced blood and hepatic lipids and gene expression of hepatic stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 and fatty acid synthase while expression of ATP binding cassette transporter G1, cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase, and liver X receptor alpha genes were significantly increased. ApoE(-/-) mice reconstituted with C/EBPβ(-/-) bone marrow cells also significantly reduced blood cytokine levels and reduced lesion area in aortic sinuses compared with ApoE(-/-) mice reconstituted with WT bone marrow cells. Silencing of C/EBPβ in RAW264.7 macrophage cells prevented oxLDL-mediated foam cell formation and inflammatory cytokine secretion in conditioned medium. CONCLUSION C/EBPβ in hematopoietic cells is crucial to regulate diet-induced inflammation, hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikh M Rahman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Karalee C Baquero
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Rachel C Janssen
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Ming Sun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Shu Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Makoto Miyazaki
- Renal and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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Zou J, Feng D. Lycopene reduces cholesterol absorption through the downregulation of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 in Caco-2 cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2225-30. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- Department of Cardiology; Affiliated NanHai Hospital of Southern Medical University; Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Dan Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health; Department of Preventive Medicine; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
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18
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Koura M, Matsuda T, Okuda A, Watanabe Y, Yamaguchi Y, Kurobuchi S, Matsumoto Y, Shibuya K. Design, synthesis and pharmacology of 1,1-bistrifluoromethylcarbinol derivatives as liver X receptor β-selective agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2668-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
The pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis are integrally connected to the concentration and function of lipoproteins in various classes. This review examines existing and emerging approaches to modify low-density lipoprotein and lipoprotein (a), triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and high-density lipoproteins, emphasizing approaches that have progressed to clinical evaluation. Targeting of nuclear receptors and phospholipases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Q Do
- VA Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute and University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gregory G Schwartz
- VA Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
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Regulation of the fatty acid synthase promoter by liver X receptor α through direct and indirect mechanisms in goat mammary epithelial cells. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 184:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schmitt J, Kong B, Stieger B, Tschopp O, Schultze SM, Rau M, Weber A, Müllhaupt B, Guo GL, Geier A. Protective effects of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) on hepatic lipid accumulation are mediated by hepatic FXR and independent of intestinal FGF15 signal. Liver Int 2015; 35:1133-1144. [PMID: 25156247 PMCID: PMC4146754 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is a growing evidence that bile acids are involved in the regulation of triglyceride-, cholesterol-homoeostasis and fat absorption. In this study organ-specific Fxr knockout mice were used to further investigate the influence of farnesoid X receptor FXR in lipogenesis. METHODS Liver- and intestine-specific Fxr knockout mice were fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 28 days. Histological examination of frozen tissue sections included Sudan III/H&E, BODIPY staining and liver X receptor (LXR) immunohistochemistry. Liver triglycerides, serum cholesterol, serum bile acids and nuclear LXR protein were measured. mRNA expression of several genes involved in bile acid-, cholesterol-homoeostasis and lipogenesis was quantified by real-time PCR. RESULTS Hepatic FXR deficiency contributes to lipid accumulation under 1% cholesterol administration which is not observed in intestinal Fxr knockout mice. Strong lipid accumulation, characterized by larger vacuoles could be observed in hepatic Fxr knockout sections, while intestinal Fxr knockout mice show no histological difference to controls. In addition, these mice have the ability to maintain normal serum cholesterol and bile acid levels. Hepatic Fxr knockouts were characterized by elevated triglycerides and bile acid levels. Expression level of LXR was significantly elevated under control and 1% cholesterol diet in hepatic Fxr knockout mice and was followed by concomitant lipogenic target gene induction such as Fas and Scd-1. This protective FXR effect against hepatic lipid accumulation was independent of intestinal Fgf15 induction. CONCLUSION These results show that the principal site of protective bile acid signalling against lipid accumulation is located in the liver since the absence of hepatic but not intestinal FXR contributes to lipid accumulation under cholesterol diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schmitt
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, DE-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy Rutgers University Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Tschopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Nutrition, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M. Schultze
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Nutrition, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Rau
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, DE-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Müllhaupt
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy Rutgers University Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Andreas Geier
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, DE-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland,corresponding author: Andreas Geier, M.D., Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstrasse 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany. Phone: ++49 931 201 40021, FAX: ++49 931 201 640201
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Matsuda T, Okuda A, Watanabe Y, Miura T, Ozawa H, Tosaka A, Yamazaki K, Yamaguchi Y, Kurobuchi S, Koura M, Shibuya K. Design and discovery of 2-oxochromene derivatives as liver X receptor β-selective agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1274-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shi H, Zhao W, Luo J, Yao D, Sun Y, Li J, Shi H, Loor J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ1 and γ2 isoforms alter lipogenic gene networks in goat mammary epithelial cells to different extents. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5437-47. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The pecan nut (Carya illinoinensis) and its oil and polyphenolic fractions differentially modulate lipid metabolism and the antioxidant enzyme activities in rats fed high-fat diets. Food Chem 2014; 168:529-37. [PMID: 25172744 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tree nuts such as pecans (Carya illinoinensis) contain mostly oil but are also a source of polyphenols. Nut consumption has been linked to a reduction in serum lipid levels and oxidative stress. These effects have been attributed to the oil while overlooking the potential contribution of the polyphenols. Because the evidence regarding each fraction's bioactivity is scarce, we administered high-fat (HF) diets to male Wistar rats, supplementing them with pecan oil (HF+PO), pecan polyphenols (HF+PP) or whole pecans (HF+WP), and analysed the effects of each fraction. The HF diet increased the serum leptin and total cholesterol (TC) with respect to the control levels. The HF+WP diet prevented hyperleptinemia and decreased the TC compared with the control. The HF+WP diet upregulated the hepatic expression of apolipoprotein B and LDL receptor mRNAs with respect to the HF levels. The HF+PO diet reduced the level of triacylglycerols compared with the control. The HF+PP diet stimulated the hepatic expression of liver X receptor alpha mRNA. The HF+WP diet increased the activities of hepatic catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S transferase compared with the control, and decreased the degree of lipid peroxidation compared with the HF diet. The most bioactive diet was the WP diet.
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MicroRNA-19b promotes macrophage cholesterol accumulation and aortic atherosclerosis by targeting ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Atherosclerosis 2014; 236:215-26. [PMID: 25084135 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Macrophage accumulation of cholesterol leads to foam cell formation which is a major pathological event of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have shown that microRNA (miR)-19b might play an important role in cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerotic diseases. Here, we have identified miR-19b binding to the 3'UTR of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) transporters, and further determined the potential roles of this novel interaction in atherogenesis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in a miR-19b promotion of macrophage cholesterol accumulation and the development of aortic atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed bioinformatics analysis using online websites, and found that miR-19b was highly conserved during evolution and directly bound to ABCA1 mRNA with very low binding free energy. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-19b bound to 3110-3116 sites within ABCA1 3'UTR. MiR-19b directly regulated the expression levels of endogenous ABCA1 in foam cells derived from human THP-1 macrophages and mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) as determined by qRT-PCR and western blot. Cholesterol transport assays revealed that miR-19b dramatically suppressed apolipoprotein AI-mediated ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux, resulting in the increased levels of total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC) and cholesterol ester (CE) as revealed by HPLC. The excretion of (3)H-cholesterol originating from cholesterol-laden MPMs into feces was decreased in mice overexpressing miR-19b. Finally, we evaluated the proatherosclerotic role of miR-19b in apolipoprotein E deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. Treatment with miR-19b precursor reduced plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, but increased plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Consistently, miR-19b precursor treatment increased aortic plaque size and lipid content, but reduced collagen content and ABCA1 expression. In contrast, treatment with the inhibitory miR-19b antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) prevented or reversed these effects. CONCLUSION MiR-19b promotes macrophage cholesterol accumulation, foam cell formation and aortic atherosclerotic development by targeting ABCA1.
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Zhang X, Liu J, Su W, Wu J, Wang C, Kong X, Gustafsson JÅ, Ding J, Ma X, Guan Y. Liver X receptor activation increases hepatic fatty acid desaturation by the induction of SCD1 expression through an LXRα-SREBP1c-dependent mechanism. J Diabetes 2014; 6:212-20. [PMID: 23945440 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver X receptors (LXRs) including LXRα and LXRβ are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand activated transcription factors, which serve as lipid sensors to regulate expression of genes controlling many aspects of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. The liver is the central organ in controlling lipid metabolism. In the present study, we aimed at elucidating the role of LXR activation in hepatic fatty acid homeostasis. METHODS We treated C57BL/6 mice with a synthetic non-selective LXR agonist TO901317. Fatty acid profile of lipid esters in the livers was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot were used to determine the expression of SREBP1c and SCD1 in TO901317-treated livers and HepG2 cells. RESULTS Oral administration of TO901317 resulted in increased fatty acid desaturation in the liver, with concomitant increase in hepatic stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) expression. TO901317-induced SCD1 expression was observed in LXRβ-/- mice, but not in LXRα-/- mice. Furthermore, TO901317 significantly increased expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), the deficiency of which almost completely abolished the induction of SCD1 by TO901317. This drug induced both SREBP1c and SCD1 expression in HepG2 cells. Overexpression of SREBP1c resulted in a significant increase in SCD1 promoter activity and expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the present studies demonstrate that pan-LXR activation increases hepatic fatty acid desaturation via the induction of SCD1 expression in an LXRα-dependent and SREBP1c-mediated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Shenzhen University Diabetes Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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van der Stoep M, Li Z, Calpe-Berdiel L, van der Sluis RJ, Saleh P, McKinnon HJ, Smit MJ, Korporaal SJ, Van Berkel TJ, Van Eck M, Hoekstra M. Elimination of macrophages drives LXR-induced regression both in initial and advanced stages of atherosclerotic lesion development. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1594-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hu Y, Yang Y, Yu Y, Wen G, Shang N, Zhuang W, Lu D, Zhou B, Liang B, Yue X, Li F, Du J, Bu X. Synthesis and identification of new flavonoids targeting liver X receptor β involved pathway as potential facilitators of Aβ clearance with reduced lipid accumulation. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6033-53. [PMID: 23844653 DOI: 10.1021/jm301913k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with impaired Aβ degradation in the brain. Enhancing the process of Aβ clearance is an attractive potential AD therapy. Treatment with LXR agonists may reduce Aβ levels in vivo. However, the clinical potential of many LXR agonists is limited because of their nonselective actions on LXRα/β, which lead to undesired hepatic lipogenesis via LXRα-dependent pathways. In this study, ABCA1 up-regulators were identified from a series of flavonoids and were found to preferentially activate LXRβ and up-regulate expression of ABCA1 and apoE in different cell lines. Further investigations confirmed that these compounds facilitate intracellular Aβ clearance in Aβ-loaded BV2 cells. Administration of compound 19 reduced total brain Aβ and plaque burden in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice, associated with elevated ABCA1 and apoE expression. Compared with the nonselective LXR agonists, the active compounds reported here induced less accumulation of undesired lipids and triglycerides in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Cyanidin, a natural flavonoid, is an agonistic ligand for liver X receptor alpha and beta and reduces cellular lipid accumulation in macrophages and hepatocytes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4185-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Schaffer S, Tandon R, Zipse H, Siess W, Schmidt A, Jamasbi J, Karshovska E, Steglich W, Lorenz R. Stereo specific platelet inhibition by the natural LXR agonist 22(R)-OH-cholesterol and its fluorescence labelling with preserved bioactivity and chiral handling in macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:279-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Feldmann R, Geikowski A, Weidner C, Witzke A, Kodelja V, Schwarz T, Gabriel M, Erker T, Sauer S. Foam cell specific LXRα ligand. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57311. [PMID: 23451202 PMCID: PMC3581588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The liver X receptor α (LXRα) is a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor and the major regulator of reverse cholesterol transport in macrophages. This makes it an interesting target for mechanistic study and treatment of atherosclerosis. Methods and Results We optimized a promising stilbenoid structure (STX4) in order to reach nanomolar effective concentrations in LXRα reporter-gene assays. STX4 displayed the unique property to activate LXRα effectively but not its subtype LXRβ. The potential of STX4 to increase transcriptional activity as an LXRα ligand was tested with gene expression analyses in THP1-derived human macrophages and oxLDL-loaded human foam cells. Only in foam cells but not in macrophage cells STX4 treatment showed athero-protective effects with similar potency as the synthetic LXR ligand T0901317 (T09). Surprisingly, combinatorial treatment with STX4 and T09 resulted in an additive effect on reporter-gene activation and target gene expression. In physiological tests the cellular content of total and esterified cholesterol was significantly reduced by STX4 without the undesirable increase in triglyceride levels as observed for T09. Conclusions STX4 is a new LXRα-ligand to study transcriptional regulation of anti-atherogenic processes in cell or ex vivo models, and provides a promising lead structure for pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Feldmann
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Geikowski
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Weidner
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annabell Witzke
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vitam Kodelja
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Gabriel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Erker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Regression of inflammation in atherosclerosis by the LXR agonist R211945: a noninvasive assessment and comparison with atorvastatin. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 5:819-28. [PMID: 22897996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to noninvasively detect the anti-inflammatory properties of the novel liver X receptor agonist R211945. BACKGROUND R211945 induces reversal cholesterol transport and modulates inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques. We aimed to characterize with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and dynamic contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (DCE-CMR) inflammation and neovascularization, respectively, in atherosclerotic plaques with R211945 treatment compared with atorvastatin treatment and a control. METHODS Twenty-one atherosclerotic New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 3 groups (control, R211945 [3 mg/kg orally], and atorvastatin [3 mg/kg orally] groups). All groups underwent (18)F-FDG-PET/CT and DCE-CMR at baseline and at 1 and 3 months after treatment initiation. Concomitantly, serum metabolic parameters and histology were assessed. For statistical analysis, continuous DCE-CMR and PET/CT outcomes were modeled as linear functions of time by using a linear mixed model, whereas the histological data, animal characteristics data, and nonlinear regression imaging data were analyzed with a 2-tailed Student t test. RESULTS (18)F-FDG-PET/CT detected a decrease in mean and maximum standard uptake values (SUV) over time in the R211945 group (both p = 0.001), indicating inflammation regression. The atorvastatin group displayed no significant change (p = 0.371 and p = 0.600, respectively), indicating no progression or regression. The control group demonstrated an increase in SUV (p = 0.01 and p = 0.04, respectively), indicating progression. There was a significant interaction between time and group for mean and maximum SUV (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0016, respectively) . DCE-CMR detected a trend toward difference (p = 0.06) in the area under the curve in the atorvastatin group, suggesting a decrease in neovascularization. There was no significant interaction between time and group (p = 0.6350 and p = 0.8011, respectively). Macrophage and apolipoprotein B immunoreactivity decreased in the R211945 and atorvastatin groups (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0004, respectively), and R211945 decreased oxidized phospholipid immunoreactivity (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive imaging with (18)F-FDG-PET/CT and DCE-CMR and histological analysis demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects of the LXR agonist R211945 compared with atorvastatin. The results suggest a possible role for LXR agonists in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Kiss E, Kränzlin B, Wagenblaβ K, Bonrouhi M, Thiery J, Gröne E, Nordström V, Teupser D, Gretz N, Malle E, Gröne HJ. Lipid droplet accumulation is associated with an increase in hyperglycemia-induced renal damage: prevention by liver X receptors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:727-41. [PMID: 23318573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a frequent component of the metabolic disorder of diabetic patients contributing to organ damage. Herein, in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient hyperlipidemic and streptozotozin-induced diabetic mice, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia acted reciprocally, accentuating renal injury and altering renal function. In hyperglycemic-hyperlipidemic kidneys, the accumulation of Tip47-positive lipid droplets in glomeruli, tubular epithelia, and macrophages was accompanied by the concomitant presence of the oxidative stress markers xanthine oxidoreductase and nitrotyrosine, findings that could also be evidenced in renal biopsy samples of diabetic patients. As liver X receptors (LXRα,β) regulate genes linked to lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis and inhibit inflammatory gene expression in macrophages, the effects of systemic and macrophage-specific LXR activation were analyzed on renal damage in hyperlipidemic-hyperglycemic mice. LXR stimulation by GW3965 up-regulated genes involved in cholesterol efflux and down-regulated proinflammatory/profibrotic cytokines, inhibiting the pathomorphology of diabetic nephropathy, renal lipid accumulation, and improving renal function. Xanthine oxidoreductase and nitrotyrosine levels were reduced. In macrophages, GW3965 or LXRα overexpression significantly suppressed glycated or acetylated low-density lipoprotein-induced cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Specifically, in mice, transgenic expression of LXRα in macrophages significantly ameliorated hyperlipidemic-hyperglycemic nephropathy. The results demonstrate the presence of lipid droplet-induced oxidative mechanisms and the pathophysiologic role of macrophages in diabetic kidneys and indicate the potent regulatory role of LXRs in preventing renal damage in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kiss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Oppi-Williams C, Suagee J, Corl B. Regulation of lipid synthesis by liver X receptor α and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 in mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:112-21. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Renga B, Francisci D, D'Amore C, Schiaroli E, Carino A, Baldelli F, Fiorucci S. HIV-1 infection is associated with changes in nuclear receptor transcriptome, pro-inflammatory and lipid profile of monocytes. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:274. [PMID: 23106848 PMCID: PMC3528633 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent residual immune activation and lipid dysmetabolism are characteristics of HIV positive patients receiving an highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Nuclear Receptors are transcription factors involved in the regulation of immune and metabolic functions through the modulation of gene transcription. The objective of the present study was to investigate for the relative abundance of members of the nuclear receptor family in monocytic cells isolated from HIV positive patients treated or not treated with HAART. METHODS Monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were used for analysis of the relative mRNA expressions of FXR, PXR, LXR, VDR, RARα, RXR, PPARα, PPARβ, PPARγ and GR by Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression of a selected subset of inflammatory and metabolic genes MCP-1, ICAM-1, CD36 and ABCA1 was also measured. RESULTS Monocytes isolated from HIV infected patients expressed an altered pattern of nuclear receptors characterized by a profound reduction in the expressions of FXR, PXR, PPARα, GR, RARα and RXR. Of interest, the deregulated expression of nuclear receptors was not restored under HAART and was linked to an altered expression of genes which supports both an immune activation and altered lipid metabolism in monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Altered expression of genes mediating reciprocal regulation of lipid metabolism and immune function in monocytes occurs in HIV. The present findings provide a mechanistic explanation for immune activation and lipid dysmetabolism occurring in HIV infected patients and could lead to the identification of novel potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Renga
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Gao M, Zeng Y, Guan Y, Hu Z, Zhong D, Shen X, Zhang L, Xu Z, Gong W, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Zheng Y, He F. Activation of liver X receptor attenuates endothelin-1 expression in vascular endothelial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2299-307. [PMID: 23018104 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1), predominantly produced by vascular endothelial cells (VECs), plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Liver X receptor (LXR), a typical nuclear receptor, is known for inhibiting expression of inflammatory molecules. However, it remains unclear whether LXR suppresses ET-1 expression. In the present study, we showed that pretreatment with GW3965, a specific ligand of LXR, significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ET-1 in mice plasma. The in vitro experiments showed that both LXRα and β were expressed in human VECs, and they are functional as demonstrated by induction of the target gene ABCA1 after treatment with GW3965. Moreover, activation of LXR with GW3965 in human VECs dramatically attenuated the basal and LPS-stimulated ET-1 production at both transcriptional and translational levels. Luciferase reporter assays indicated that LXR activation suppressed the transcriptional activity of the human ET-1 gene promoter, and repressed the activity of a heterologous promoter driven by the response elements of activator-1 (AP-1) or nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that activation of LXR reduced the binding of the transcriptional factors AP-1 and NF-κB to the ET-1 gene promoter region. In conclusion, activation of LXR represses ET-1 expression in vivo and in vitro, which may be involved in the negatively interfering with AP-1/NF-κB signaling. These results suggest that LXRs may serve as a novel molecular target for modulating ET-1 expression in VECs, and even for the treatment of ET-1-associated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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Gao S, Han X, Fu J, Yuan X, Sun X, Li Q. Influence of chronic stress on the compositions of hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride in male Wistar rats fed a high fat diet. Hepatol Res 2012; 42:686-95. [PMID: 22321167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2011.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM We determined the influence of chronic stress (CS) on the compositions of hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) in rats fed a high fat diet (HFD). METHODS Male Wistar rats were fed either a standard diet or a HFD and half of the HFD fed rats were given CS (electric foot shock assisted with noise) for 8 weeks. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the levels of hepatic total cholesterol (TC) and TG were significantly elevated in the HFD and HFD with chronic stress (HFD+CS) groups, and the more severe elevations of them were found in the HFD group. Inversely, the more severe elevations of hepatic water-soluble parts of TC and TG were found in the HFD+CS group, as the elevations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in liver and serum, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and malondialdehyde in liver. Meanwhile, downregulated mRNA expressions of hepatic liver X receptor-α (LXR-α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) were also more severe in the HFD+CS group. CONCLUSION CS can aggravate the high levels of water-soluble compositions of hepatic TC and TG induced by HFD as it aggravates hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress; in spite of that, however, it cannot further promote hepatic lipidosis. This is consistent with the downregulated mRNA expressions of LXR-α and PPAR-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Gao
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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von Grafenstein S, Mihaly-Bison J, Wolber G, Bochkov VN, Liedl KR, Schuster D. Identification of novel liver X receptor activators by structure-based modeling. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:1391-400. [PMID: 22489742 PMCID: PMC3360526 DOI: 10.1021/ci300096c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor family. Activators of LXRs are of high pharmacological interest as LXRs regulate cholesterol, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism as well as inflammatory processes. On the basis of different X-ray crystal structures, we established a virtual screening workflow for the identification of novel LXR modulators. A two-step screening concept to identify active compounds included 3D-pharmacophore filters and rescoring by shape alignment. Eighteen virtual hits were tested in vitro applying a reporter gene assay, where concentration-dependent activity was proven for four novel lead structures. The most active compound 10, a 1,4-naphthochinone, has an estimated EC₅₀ of around 5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne von Grafenstein
- Institute of General, Inorganic
and Theoretical Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judit Mihaly-Bison
- Department of Vascular Biology
and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin
Luise Strasse 2 + 4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valery N. Bochkov
- Department of Vascular Biology
and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic
and Theoretical Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design
(CAMD) Group and CMBI, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck,
Austria
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Luthi AJ, Zhang H, Kim D, Giljohann DA, Mirkin CA, Thaxton CS. Tailoring of biomimetic high-density lipoprotein nanostructures changes cholesterol binding and efflux. ACS NANO 2012; 6:276-85. [PMID: 22117189 PMCID: PMC4053472 DOI: 10.1021/nn2035457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were employed as templates to synthesize spherical, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) biomimics (HDL Au NPs) of different sizes and surface chemistries. The effect of size and surface chemistry on the cholesterol binding properties and the ability of the HDL Au NPs to efflux cholesterol from macrophage cells were measured. Results demonstrate that Au NPs may be utilized as templates to generate nanostructures with different physical characteristics that mimic natural HDL. Furthermore, the properties of the HDL Au NPs may be tailored to modulate the ability to bind cholesterol in solution and efflux cholesterol from macrophages. From the conjugates tested, the optimum size and surface chemistry for preparing functional Au NP-templated HDL biomimics were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Luthi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Heng Zhang
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Tarry 16-703, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dongwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - David A. Giljohann
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - C. Shad Thaxton
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Tarry 16-703, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Institute for BioNanotechnology and Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior, Suite 11-131, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Address correspondence to C. Shad Thaxton, Robert H. Lurie Medical Research Building, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, , Fax: (312) 503-1867
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Lauressergues E, Bert E, Duriez P, Hum D, Majd Z, Staels B, Cussac D. Does endoplasmic reticulum stress participate in APD-induced hepatic metabolic dysregulation? Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:784-96. [PMID: 21924277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic side effects caused by certain antipsychotic drugs (APDs), in particular clozapine and olanzapine, are now clinically well-documented. However, the potential mechanisms implicated in the metabolic disturbances of these drugs on peripheral tissues remain obscure. Here, we investigated the effects of five frequently prescribed APDs on the Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein (SREBP) transcription factor pathways which control lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis, using the Immortalized Human Hepatocyte cell model (IHH). First, clozapine, haloperidol, olanzapine and risperidone activated, at different levels, SREBP-1 activity reflected by an increased expression of SREBP-1 target genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis (SREBP-1, FAS and/or SCD1) resulting in an accumulation of intracellular lipids. Second, clozapine and haloperidol also stimulated the SREBP-2 pathway associated with an increase in HMGCoAR expression. In contrast, quetiapine did not affect either the SREBP-1 or -2 pathways, but induced a slight accumulation of intracellular lipids. Interestingly, clozapine, haloperidol and olanzapine induced Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress and, more precisely, initiation of the ER stress-activated eIF2α kinase (PERK) branch of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). Furthermore, treatment with thapsigargin, which increases intracellular calcium release, induced both ER stress and SREBP-1 and -2 pathway activation, whereas Ca(2+) chelation by BAPTA completely reversed the lipogenic effects and ER stress induction produced by clozapine. Based on these results, we propose that certain APDs induce ER stress via changes in Ca(2+) homeostasis in hepatocytes. This phenomenon potentially underlies a part of their known undesirable hepatic metabolic side effects. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lauressergues
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pierre Fabre Research Center, 17 avenue Jean Moulin, 81106 Castres, Cedex, France.
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A systems biology strategy for predicting similarities and differences of drug effects: evidence for drug-specific modulation of inflammation in atherosclerosis. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:125. [PMID: 21838869 PMCID: PMC3163556 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Successful drug development has been hampered by a limited understanding of how to translate laboratory-based biological discoveries into safe and effective medicines. We have developed a generic method for predicting the effects of drugs on biological processes. Information derived from the chemical structure and experimental omics data from short-term efficacy studies are combined to predict the possible protein targets and cellular pathways affected by drugs. Results Validation of the method with anti-atherosclerotic compounds (fenofibrate, rosuvastatin, LXR activator T0901317) demonstrated a great conformity between the computationally predicted effects and the wet-lab biochemical effects. Comparative genome-wide pathway mapping revealed that the biological drug effects were realized largely via different pathways and mechanisms. In line with the predictions, the drugs showed differential effects on inflammatory pathways (downstream of PDGF, VEGF, IFNγ, TGFβ, IL1β, TNFα, LPS), transcriptional regulators (NFκB, C/EBP, STAT3, AP-1) and enzymes (PKCδ, AKT, PLA2), and they quenched different aspects of the inflammatory signaling cascade. Fenofibrate, the compound predicted to be most efficacious in inhibiting early processes of atherosclerosis, had the strongest effect on early lesion development. Conclusion Our approach provides mechanistic rationales for the differential and common effects of drugs and may help to better understand the origins of drug actions and the design of combination therapies.
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Critical role of astroglial apolipoprotein E and liver X receptor-α expression for microglial Aβ phagocytosis. J Neurosci 2011; 31:7049-59. [PMID: 21562267 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6546-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) regulate immune cell function and cholesterol metabolism, both factors that are critically involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate the therapeutic potential of long-term LXR activation in amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide deposition in an AD model, 13-month-old, amyloid plaque-bearing APP23 mice were treated with the LXR agonist TO901317. Postmortem analysis demonstrated that TO901317 efficiently crossed the blood-brain barrier. Insoluble and soluble Aβ levels in the treated APP23 mice were reduced by 80% and 40%, respectively, compared with untreated animals. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, however, was hardly changed by the compound, suggesting that the observed effects were instead mediated by Aβ disposal. Despite the profound effect on Aβ levels, spatial learning in the Morris water maze was only slightly improved by the treatment. ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter 1) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) protein levels were increased and found to be primarily localized in astrocytes. Experiments using primary microglia demonstrated that medium derived from primary astrocytes exposed to TO901317 stimulated phagocytosis of fibrillar Aβ. Conditioned medium from TO901317-treated ApoE(-/-) or LXRα(-/-) astrocytes did not increase phagocytosis of Aβ. In APP23 mice, long-term treatment with TO901317 strongly increased the association of microglia and Aβ plaques. Short-term treatment of APP/PS1 mice with TO901317 also increased this association, which was dependent on the presence of LXRα and was accompanied by increased ApoE lipidation. Together, these data suggest that astrocytic LXRα activation and subsequent release of ApoE by astrocytes is critical for the ability of microglia to remove fibrillar Aβ in response to treatment with TO901317.
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Abstract
The burden of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease remains high despite currently available optimum medical therapy. To address this substantial residual risk, the development of novel therapies that attempt to harness the atheroprotective functions of HDL is a major goal. These functions include the critical role of HDL in reverse cholesterol transport, and its anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antioxidant activities. Discoveries in the past decade have shed light on the complex metabolic and antiatherosclerotic pathways of HDL. These insights have fueled the development of HDL-targeted drugs, which can be classified among four different therapeutic approaches: directly augmenting apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) levels, such as with apo A-I infusions and upregulators of endogenous apo A-I production; indirectly augmenting apo A-I and HDL-cholesterol levels, such as through inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein or endothelial lipase, or through activation of the high-affinity niacin receptor GPR109A; mimicking the functionality of apo A-I with apo A-I mimetic peptides; and enhancing steps in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, such as via activation of the liver X receptor or of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil M Degoma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Penn Tower, 6th Floor, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Tributyltin chloride induces ABCA1 expression and apolipoprotein A-I-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux by activating LXRalpha/RXR. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:819-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lengi AJ, Corl BA. Short communication: Identification of the bovine sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c promoter and its activation by liver X receptor. J Dairy Sci 2011; 93:5831-6. [PMID: 21094755 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP) are a family of transcription factors that regulate cholesterogenesis and lipogenesis. Sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1a and -1c are transcribed from the same gene by the use of alternate promoters, and only differ at their first exon. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c is hypothesized to be an important regulator of genes involved in milk fat synthesis in the lactating dairy cow. However, the bovine SREBP-1c promoter has not been previously characterized, and studies to date that have investigated the role of SREBP-1 in the bovine mammary gland have not distinguished between isoforms 1a and 1c. The purpose of this study was to characterize the bovine SREBP-1c promoter and to investigate the DNA elements involved in the regulation of SREBP-1c expression by the liver X receptor agonist T0901317 in 2 different bovine mammary epithelial cell lines. Luciferase reporter constructs containing the wild-type SREBP-1c promoter or constructs with mutated liver X receptor response elements or sterol response element were transfected into MacT cells and bovine mammary epithelial (BME-UV) cells. We have demonstrated that the liver X receptor response elements sites in the SREBP-1c promoter are necessary for mediating the T0901317 response, and that stimulation through the sterol response element site plays only a minor role in this pathway. This report describes the bovine SREBP-1c promoter and its regulation by liver X receptor in bovine mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Lengi
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0315, USA
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Pfeifer T, Buchebner M, Chandak PG, Patankar J, Kratzer A, Obrowsky S, Rechberger GN, Kadam RS, Kompella UB, Kostner GM, Kratky D, Levak-Frank S. Synthetic LXR agonist suppresses endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis and efficiently lowers plasma cholesterol. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2011; 12:285-92. [PMID: 21190543 PMCID: PMC3163291 DOI: 10.2174/138920111794295774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXRs) are key regulators of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Natural ligands and activators of LXRs are oxysterols. Numerous steroidal and non-steroidal synthetic LXR ligands are under development as potential drugs for individuals suffering from lipid disorders. N,N-dimethyl-3β-hydroxycholenamide (DMHCA) is a steroidal ligand of LXRs that exerts anti-atherogenic effects in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice without causing negative side effects such as liver steatosis or hypertriglyceridemia. In this report, we investigated the consequences of DMHCA treatment on cholesterol homeostasis in vivo and in vitro. Despite its hydrophobicity, DMHCA is readily absorbed by C57BL/6 mice and taken up by intestinal cells, the lung, heart and kidneys, but is undetectable in the brain. DMHCA significantly reduces cholesterol absorption and uptake in duodenum and jejunum of the small intestine and in turn leads to a reduction of plasma cholesterol by 24%. The most striking finding of this study is that DMHCA inhibited the enzyme 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ24-reductase resulting in an accumulation of desmosterol in the plasma and in feces. Thus, the reduction of plasma cholesterol was due to a block in the final step of cholesterol biosynthesis. Taken together, DMHCA is an interesting compound with properties distinct from other LXR ligands and might be used to study desmosterol-mediated effects in cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pfeifer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marlene Buchebner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Prakash G. Chandak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jay Patankar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Adelheid Kratzer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sascha Obrowsky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Rajendra S. Kadam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Uday B. Kompella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Gerhard M. Kostner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sanja Levak-Frank
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Feig JE, Pineda-Torra I, Sanson M, Bradley MN, Vengrenyuk Y, Bogunovic D, Gautier EL, Rubinstein D, Hong C, Liu J, Wu C, van Rooijen N, Bhardwaj N, Garabedian M, Tontonoz P, Fisher EA. LXR promotes the maximal egress of monocyte-derived cells from mouse aortic plaques during atherosclerosis regression. J Clin Invest 2011; 120:4415-24. [PMID: 21041949 DOI: 10.1172/jci38911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that mouse atherosclerosis regression involves monocyte-derived (CD68+) cell emigration from plaques and is dependent on the chemokine receptor CCR7. Concurrent with regression, mRNA levels of the gene encoding LXRalpha are increased in plaque CD68+ cells, suggestive of a functional relationship between LXR and CCR7. To extend these results, atherosclerotic Apoe-/- mice sufficient or deficient in CCR7 were treated with an LXR agonist, resulting in a CCR7-dependent decrease in plaque CD68+ cells. To test the requirement for LXR for CCR7-dependent regression, we transplanted aortic arches from atherosclerotic Apoe-/- mice, or from Apoe-/- mice with BM deficiency of LXRalpha or LXRbeta, into WT recipients. Plaques from both LXRalpha and LXRbeta-deficient Apoe-/- mice exhibited impaired regression. In addition, the CD68+ cells displayed reduced emigration and CCR7 expression. Using an immature DC line, we found that LXR agonist treatment increased Ccr7 mRNA levels. This increase was blunted when LXRalpha and LXRbeta levels were reduced by siRNAs. Moreover, LXR agonist treatment of primary human immature DCs resulted in functionally significant upregulation of CCR7. We conclude that LXR is required for maximal effects on plaque CD68+ cell expression of CCR7 and monocyte-derived cell egress during atherosclerosis regression in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Feig
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Bobryshev YV, Orekhov AN, Killingsworth MC, Lu J. Decreased Expression of Liver X Receptor-α in Macrophages Infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae in Human Atherosclerotic Arteries in situ. J Innate Immun 2011; 3:483-94. [DOI: 10.1159/000327522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Biliary cholesterol secretion is a process important for 2 major disease complexes, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and cholesterol gallstone disease. With respect to cardiovascular disease, biliary cholesterol secretion is regarded as the final step for the elimination of cholesterol originating from cholesterol-laden macrophage foam cells in the vessel wall in a pathway named reverse cholesterol transport. On the other hand, cholesterol hypersecretion into the bile is considered the main pathophysiological determinant of cholesterol gallstone formation. This review summarizes current knowledge on the origins of cholesterol secreted into the bile as well as the relevant processes and transporters involved. Next to the established ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters mediating the biliary secretion of bile acids (ABCB11), phospholipids (ABCB4) and cholesterol (ABCG5/G8), special attention is given to emerging proteins that modulate or mediate biliary cholesterol secretion. In this regard, the potential impact of the phosphatidylserine flippase ATPase class I type 8B member 1, the Niemann Pick C1-like protein 1 that mediates cholesterol absorption and the high density lipoprotein cholesterol uptake receptor, scavenger receptor class B type I, is discussed.
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Lu XH, Shi QW, Zheng ZH, Ke AB, Zhang H, Huo CH, Ma Y, Ren X, Li YY, Lin J, Jiang Q, Gu YC, Kiyota H. Oxepinamides: Novel Liver X Receptor Agonists from Aspergillus puniceus. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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