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Amel A, Sebai E, Mhadhbi M, Akkari H. In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic effect of essential oil obtained from Thymus capitatus flowers against Haemonchus contortus and Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Exp Parasitol 2024; 262:108778. [PMID: 38735517 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Sheep haemonchosis is a disease that causes serious losses in livestock production, particularly with the increase of cases of anthelmintic resistance around the world. This justifies the urgent need of alternative solutions. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical profile, in vitro, and, in vivo, anthelmintic properties of Thymus capitatus essential oil. To evaluate the, in vitro, anthelmintic activity of the T. capitatus EO on Haemonchus contortus, two tests were used: egg hatch assay (EHA) and adult worm motility (AWM) assay. The nematicidal effect of this oil was evaluated, in vivo, in mice infected artificially with Heligmosomoides polygyrus using faecal egg count reduction (FECR) and total worm count reduction (TWCR). Chromatographic characterization of T.capitatus composition using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) demonstrated the presence of carvacrol (81.16%), as the major constituents. The IC50 values obtained was 1.9 mg/mL in the EHT. In the AWM assay; T. capitatus essential oil achieved 70.8% inhibition at 1 mg/mL after 8 h incubation. The in vivo, evaluation on H. polygyrus revealed a significant nematicidal effect 7 days post-treatment by inducing 49.5% FECR and 64.5% TWCR, using the highest dose (1600 mg/kg). The results of present study, demonstrate that T.capitatus EO possess a significant anthelmintic properties. Furthermore, it could be an alternative source of anthelmintic agents against gastrointestinal infections caused by H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidi Amel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia; Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Manar II, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Essia Sebai
- Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Moez Mhadhbi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Hafidh Akkari
- Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Stojković M, Todorović Z, Protic D, Stevanovic S, Medić D, Charvet CL, Marjanović DS, Nedeljković Trailović J, Trailović SM. Pharmacological effects of monoterpene carveol on the neuromuscular system of nematodes and mammals. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1326779. [PMID: 38318146 PMCID: PMC10839021 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1326779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The control of parasitic nematode infections relies mostly on anthelmintics. The potential pharmacotherapeutic application of phytochemicals, in order to overcome parasite resistance and enhance the effect of existing drugs, is becoming increasingly important. The antinematodal effects of carveol was tested on the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the neuromuscular preparation of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. Carveol caused spastic paralysis in C. elegans. In A. suum carveol potentiated contractions induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and this effect was confirmed with two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology on the A. suum nicotinic ACh receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes. However, potentiating effect of carveol on ACh-induced contractions was partially sensitive to atropine, indicates a dominant nicotine effect but also the involvement of some muscarinic structures. The effects of carveol on the neuromuscular system of mammals are also specific. In micromolar concentrations, carveol acts as a non-competitive ACh antagonist on ileum contractions. Unlike atropine, it does not change the EC50 of ACh, but reduces the amplitude of contractions. Carveol caused an increase in Electrical Field Stimulation-evoked contractions of the isolated rat diaphragm, but at higher concentrations it caused an inhibition. Also, carveol neutralized the mecamylamine-induced tetanic fade, indicating a possibly different pre- and post-synaptic action at the neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Stojković
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Todorović
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Protic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Dragana Medić
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Djordje S. Marjanović
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Saša M. Trailović
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Salim AA, Butler MS, Blaskovich MAT, Henderson IR, Capon RJ. Natural products as anthelmintics: safeguarding animal health. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1754-1808. [PMID: 37555325 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Covering literature to December 2022This review provides a comprehensive account of all natural products (500 compounds, including 17 semi-synthetic derivatives) described in the primary literature up to December 2022, reported to be capable of inhibiting the egg hatching, motility, larval development and/or the survival of helminths (i.e., nematodes, flukes and tapeworms). These parasitic worms infect and compromise the health and welfare, productivity and lives of commercial livestock (i.e., sheep, cattle, horses, pigs, poultry and fish), companion animals (i.e., dogs and cats) and other high value, endangered and/or exotic animals. Attention is given to chemical structures, as well as source organisms and anthelmintic properties, including the nature of bioassay target species, in vivo animal hosts, and measures of potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A Salim
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072.
| | - Mark S Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072.
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072.
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072.
| | - Robert J Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072.
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Laranjeira IM, Dias ACP, Pinto-Ribeiro FL. Genista tridentata Phytochemical Characterization and Biological Activities: A Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1387. [PMID: 37997986 PMCID: PMC10669091 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Genista tridentata (L.) Willk., known as "prickled broom", is a Leguminosae (Fabaceae) species native to the Iberian Peninsula, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. It is used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, for gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders, rheumatism, and headaches, to lower blood pressure, against hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the bioactivities and phytochemical profile of Genista tridentata to understand its pharmacological potential. For this, four electronic databases (PubMed, GoogleScholar, Repositórios Cientificos de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (RCCAP), and ScienceDirect) were searched from inception up to 31 December 2022. From a total of 264 potentially eligible studies considered for screening, 34 papers were considered eligible for this systematic review. The sampling included 71 extracts, collected mainly in Portugal. Genista tridentata extracts present a high level of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The flowers and aerial parts of the plant were the most studied, and aqueous extracts were the most used. The results predict a high potential for the application of Genista tridentata as a new source of natural antioxidants and preservatives for the food industry with subsequent health benefits, such as the production of nutraceuticals. Moreover, the results indicate that the plant can be collected at all seasons of the year, which represents a benefit for the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Martins Laranjeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Alberto Carlos Pires Dias
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Filipa Lacerda Pinto-Ribeiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
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Ranasinghe S, Armson A, Lymbery AJ, Zahedi A, Ash A. Medicinal plants as a source of antiparasitics: an overview of experimental studies. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:535-553. [PMID: 36805662 PMCID: PMC10392325 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2179454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in modern human and veterinary medicine, gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections remain a significant health issue worldwide, mainly in developing countries. Increasing evidence of the multi-drug resistance of these parasites and the side effects of currently available synthetic drugs have led to increased research on alternative medicines to treat parasitic infections. The exploration of potential botanical antiparasitics, which are inexpensive and abundant, may be a promising alternative in this context. This study summarizes the in vitro/in vivo antiparasitic efficacy of different medicinal plants and their components against GI parasites. Published literature from 1990-2020 was retrieved from Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus. A total of 68 plant species belonging to 32 families have been evaluated as antiparasitic agents against GI parasites worldwide. The majority of studies (70%) were conducted in vitro. Most plants were from the Fabaceae family (53%, n = 18). Methanol (37%, n = 35) was the most used solvent. Leaf (22%, n = 16) was the most used plant part, followed by seed and rhizome (each 12%, n = 9). These studies suggest that herbal medicines hold a great scope for new drug discoveries against parasitic diseases and that the derivatives of these plants are useful structures for drug synthesis and bioactivity optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandamalie Ranasinghe
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Armson
- Exercise Science and Chiropractic, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alan J. Lymbery
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda Ash
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Yang X, Jin C, Wu Z, Han H, Zhang Z, Xie Y, Zhang D. Toxicity and Physiological Effects of Nine Lamiaceae Essential Oils and Their Major Compounds on Reticulitermes dabieshanensis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052007. [PMID: 36903258 PMCID: PMC10003775 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The volatile metabolites of Salvia sclarea, Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus serpyllum, Mentha spicata, Melissa officinalis, Origanum majorana, Mentha piperita, Ocimum basilicum and Lavandula angustifolia were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The vapor insecticidal properties of the analyzed essential oils and their compounds were screened using Reticulitermes dabieshanensis workers. The most effective oils were S. sclarea (major constituent linalyl acetate, 65.93%), R. officinalis (1,8-cineole, 45.56%), T. serpyllum (thymol, 33.59%), M. spicata (carvone, 58.68%), M. officinalis (citronellal, 36.99%), O. majorana (1,8-cineole, 62.29%), M. piperita (menthol, 46.04%), O. basilicum (eugenol, 71.08%) and L. angustifolia (linalool, 39.58%), which exhibited LC50 values ranging from 0.036 to 1.670 μL/L. The lowest LC50 values were recorded for eugenol (0.060 μL/L), followed by thymol (0.062 μL/L), carvone (0.074 μL/L), menthol (0.242 μL/L), linalool (0.250 μL/L), citronellal (0.330 μL/L), linalyl acetate (0.712 μL/L) and 1,8-cineole (1.478 μL/L). The increased activity of esterases (ESTs) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were observed but only alongside the decreased activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in eight main components. Our results indicate that S. sclarea, R. officinalis, T. serpyllum, M. spicata, M. officinalis, O. marjorana, M. piperita, O. basilicum and L. angustifolia essential oils (EOs) and their compounds, linalyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, thymol, carvone, citronellal, menthol, eugenol and linalool could be developed as control agents against termites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Chunzhe Jin
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ziwei Wu
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Hui Han
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhilin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Yongjian Xie
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Dayu Zhang
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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A Potential Anthelmintic Phytopharmacological Source of Origanum vulgare (L.) Essential Oil against Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010045. [PMID: 36611652 PMCID: PMC9817997 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of anthelmintic resistance in sheep gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) requires novel strategies for the sustainable control of these parasites. This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of the Origanum vulgare (L.) essential oil (EO) against sheep GINs and to evaluate the possibility of its use in control practice. The in vitro egg hatch test was conducted at eight different concentrations (50, 12.5, 3.125, 0.781, 0.195, 0.049, 0.025, and 0.0125 mg/mL) of the tested EO. For the in vivo fecal egg count reduction test, the EO of O. vulgare was administrated orally at a mean single dose of 150 mg/kg to sheep from two farms in Southern Italy, whereby potential toxic effects to the hosts were also evaluated. In the egg hatch test, the inhibition of egg hatchability varied from 71.3% to 93.7%, depending on the concentration used. The high anthelmintic potential was confirmed in the fecal egg count reduction test with an average reduction of nematode eggs in feces of 43.2% and 60.1% on days 7 and 14 after treatment, respectively. In addition, no toxic effects were noticed during the clinical examination of sheep or by observing blood count and liver or kidney function test results. The obtained results suggest the strong activity of the O. vulgare EO against sheep GINs, probably due to a high percentage of carvacrol (76.21%), whereby it can be considered safe for sheep at the dose tested in vivo. Therefore, it is suitable for use in veterinary practice as a part of an integrated strategy for the control of sheep GINs.
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Liu Z, Li QX, Song B. Pesticidal Activity and Mode of Action of Monoterpenes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4556-4571. [PMID: 35380824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic pesticides are often associated with issues such as pest resistance, persistent residue, nontarget toxicity, and environmental issues. Therefore, the research and development of novel, safe, and effective pesticides has become a focus in pesticide discovery. Monoterpenes are secondary plant metabolites that commonly have multiple action targets and have been used in aromatherapy, alternative medicine, and food industries. Some are highly potent and stereoselective. They can potentially be botanical pesticides and serve as lead candidates for the design and synthesis of new monoterpenoid pesticides for agricultural applications. This article reviews publications and patents found in SciFinder Scholar between 2000 and May 2021 on monoterpenes and mainly focuses on pesticidal activities of frequently studied monoterpenes and their modes of action. The presented information and our views are hopefully useful for the development of monoterpenes as biopesticides and monoterpenoid pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anshun University, Anshun, Guizhou 561000, P. R. China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Baoan Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
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Shehata O, Aboelhadid SM, Arafa WM, Moawad UK, Hussien KH, Ali MI, El-Ashram S, Gawad SSA, Abdel-Aziz SAA. Assessment of the efficacy of thymol against Toxocara vitulorum in experimentally infected rats. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:454-465. [DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Effects of essential oil components exposure on biological parameters of Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 159:112763. [PMID: 34896182 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The extensive use of essential oil components in an increasing number of applications can substantially enhance exposure to these compounds, which leads to potential health and environmental hazards. This work aimed to evaluate the toxicity of four widely used essential oil components (carvacrol, eugenol, thymol, vanillin) using the in vivo model Caenorhabditis elegans. For this purpose, the LC50 value of acute exposure to these components was first established; then the effect of sublethal concentrations on nematodes' locomotion behaviour, reproduction, heat and oxidative stress resistance and chemotaxis was evaluated. The results showed that all the components had a concentration-dependent effect on nematode survival at moderate to high concentrations. Carvacrol and thymol were the two most toxic compounds, while vanillin had the mildest toxicological effect. Reproduction resulted in a more sensitive endpoint than lethality to evaluate toxicity. Only pre-exposure to carvacrol and eugenol at the highest tested sublethal concentrations conferred worms oxidative stress resistance. However, at these and lower concentrations, both components induced reproductive toxicity. Our results evidence that these compounds can be toxic at lower doses than those required for their biological action. These findings highlight the need for a specific toxicological assessment of every EOC application.
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Sousa RMOF, Cunha AC, Fernandes-Ferreira M. The potential of Apiaceae species as sources of singular phytochemicals and plant-based pesticides. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 187:112714. [PMID: 33845406 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Apiaceae Lindl. (=Umbelliferae Juss.), which includes several economical important vegetables, herbs, and spices, is one of the most numerous plant family. Umbelliferous crops (namely anise, fennel, carrot, coriander, parsley, etc.) are also valuable sources of botanical flavoring agents and fragrances. In addition, Apiaceae species yield a wide variety of distinctive specialized metabolites (i.e, volatile phenylpropanoids, furanocoumarins, sesquiterpene coumarins, polyacetylenes, and phthalides), some of them been described as uncommon natural phytochemicals exclusive of the family, which offers a great potential for bioprospection. Numerous studies have pointed out the outstanding biological activity of extracts and several classes of phytochemicals from Apiaceae species. Emphasis has been given to essential oils (EOs) and their constituents activities, most likely because this type of plant added value product benefits from a larger acceptance and application potential in integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated vector management (IVM) programs. Several species of the family offer a variety of unique compounds with great potential as biopesticidal and/or synergizing agents. Investigations covering their activity toward agricultural pests and phytopathogens have increased in the last years, nevertheless the interest remains strongly focus on arthropod species, predominantly those acting as vectors of human diseases. From our survey, it is patent the gap of knowledge concerning the potential molluscicidal properties of Apiaceae extracts/phytochemicals, as well as their herbicidal activities against invasive plant species. In this review, we propose to highlight the potential of Apiaceae species as suitable sources of bioactive phytochemicals with great relevance within the frame of plant-based pesticides R&D, and will discuss their applicability in real-world scenarios considering the recent developments regarding the design of stable formulations incorporating Apiaceae bioactive products. We expect that this review will encourage researchers to consider undervalued Apiaceae species as alternative sources of bioactive compounds and will give a contribute to the field by suggesting new research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Marie O F Sousa
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre S/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production, Research Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre S/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Ana C Cunha
- CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal; Biology Department & CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Fernandes-Ferreira
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre S/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production, Research Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre S/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal; MAPPROD Lda, Rua António de Mariz, 22, 4715-279, Braga, Portugal.
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12
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Lima AS, Costa Junior HNP, Costa-Junior LM, Monteiro OS, Maia JGS, da Rocha CQ. Anthelmintic effect of essential rhizome oil from Hedychium coronarium Koenig (Zingiberaceae) introduced in Northeastern Brazil. Acta Trop 2021; 218:105912. [PMID: 33826931 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hedychium coronarium is native to Tropical Asia and has been introduced into several Brazilian biomes. Significant biological properties described for the essential oil (EO) from this species' rhizomes include antimicrobial, larvicidal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, phytotoxic, and anthelmintic activities. The primary constituents identified in this study by GC-MS in the EO were monoterpenes 1,8-cineole (33.5%), β-pinene (17.0%), α-terpineol (7.7%), α-pinene (7.3%), limonene (5.2%), and p-cymene (4.9%), comprising 75.6% of total oil compounds. The main monoterpenes' EO and standards were tested against N2 (susceptible) and UVR15 (resistant) adult nematode Caenorhabditis elegans strains, with varying dead rates in motility tests.. Nematocidal activity was not attributed to 1,8-cineole and β-pinene, the main H. coronarium rhizome oil components, as both exhibited an inhibitory concentration (IC50) ≥ 5 mg/mL. On the other hand, the α-pinene (IC50, 1.69 mg/mL) and (S)-(-)-limonene (IC50, 1.66 mg/mL) standards demonstrated more efficient action than rhizome oil in motility tests, with significant adult C. elegans nematode mortality rates. These results support the hypothesis that the combination of H. coronarium EO constituents can be helpful as a nematicidal product, due to their synergistic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldilene S Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65080-805 São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | | | - Lívio M Costa-Junior
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65080-805 São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | - Odair S Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65080-805 São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - José Guilherme S Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65080-805 São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Q da Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65080-805 São Luís, MA, Brazil.
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Trailovic SM, Rajkovic M, Marjanovic DS, Neveu C, Charvet CL. Action of Carvacrol on Parascaris sp. and Antagonistic Effect on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060505. [PMID: 34073197 PMCID: PMC8226574 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parascaris sp. is the only ascarid parasitic nematode in equids and one of the most threatening infectious organisms in horses. Only a limited number of compounds are available for treatment of horse helminthiasis, and Parascaris sp. worms have developed resistance to the three major anthelmintic families. In order to overcome the appearance of resistance, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. The active ingredients of herbal essential oils are potentially effective antiparasitic drugs. Carvacrol is one of the principal chemicals of essential oil from Origanum, Thymus, Coridothymus, Thymbra, Satureja and Lippia herbs. However, the antiparasitic mode of action of carvacrol is poorly understood. Here, the objective of the work was to characterize the activity of carvacrol on Parascaris sp. nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) function both in vivo with the use of worm neuromuscular flap preparations and in vitro with two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology on nAChRs expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We developed a neuromuscular contraction assay for Parascaris body flaps and obtained acetylcholine concentration-dependent contraction responses. Strikingly, we observed that 300 µM carvacrol fully and irreversibly abolished Parascaris sp. muscle contractions elicited by acetylcholine. Similarly, carvacrol antagonized acetylcholine-induced currents from both the nicotine-sensitive AChR and the morantel-sensitive AChR subtypes. Thus, we show for the first time that body muscle flap preparation is a tractable approach to investigating the pharmacology of Parascaris sp. neuromuscular system. Our results suggest an intriguing mode of action for carvacrol, being a potent antagonist of muscle nAChRs of Parascaris sp. worms, which may account for its antiparasitic potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa M. Trailovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.M.T.); (M.R.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Milan Rajkovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.M.T.); (M.R.); (D.S.M.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djordje S. Marjanovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.M.T.); (M.R.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Cédric Neveu
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, 37380 Nouzilly, France;
| | - Claude L. Charvet
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, 37380 Nouzilly, France;
- Correspondence:
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Marjanović DS, Trailović SM, Milovanović M. Interaction of agonists of a different subtype of the nAChR and carvacrol with GABA in Ascaris suum somatic muscle contractions. J Nematol 2021; 53:e2021-022. [PMID: 33860255 PMCID: PMC8039995 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2021-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of parasitic nematodes to anthelmintic drugs is a growing problem in human and veterinary medicine. The molecular mechanisms by which nematodes become resistant are different, but certainly one of the possible processes involves changing the drug binding site on the specific receptor. The significance of changes in individual subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) for the development of resistance has not been clarified in detail. This study investigates the interaction of antinematodal drugs, agonist of different types of nAChRs and carvacrol with gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the contractions of parasitic nematode A. suum. In our study, GABA (3 μM) produced significant increase of contractile EC50 value for pyrantel, and nonsignificant for bephenium and morantel, from 8.44 to 28.11 nM, 0.62 to 0.96 µM, and 3.72 to 5.69 nM, respectively. On the other hand, the maximal contractile effect (Rmax) did not change in the presence of GABA. However, when A. summ muscle flaps were incubated with GABA 3 μM and carvacrol 100 μM, the EC50 value of pyrantel, bephenium, and morantel was increased significantly to 44.62 nM, 1.40 μM, and nonsignificantly to 7.94 nM, respectively. Furthermore, Rmax decreased by 70, 60, and 65%. Presented results indicate that the combined use of GABA receptor agonists and nicotinic receptor antagonists can effectively inhibit the neuromuscular system of nematodes, even when one of the nicotinic receptor subtypes is dysfunctional, due to the potential development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje S Marjanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša M Trailović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Milovanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Combination of synthetic anthelmintics and monoterpenes: Assessment of efficacy, and ultrastructural and biophysical properties of Haemonchus contortus using atomic force microscopy. Vet Parasitol 2021; 290:109345. [PMID: 33482425 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of Haemonchus contortus to synthetic anthelmintics is of increasing concern; and different strategies are being evaluated to improve parasite control. The present study investigated the in vitro effects of combinations of synthetic compounds and monoterpenes. Additionally, the chemical association of the best combinations and their impact on the ultrastructural and biophysical properties of H. contortus eggs was evaluated. We assessed the efficacy of the monoterpenes, carvacrol, thymol, r-carvone, s-carvone, citral, and p-cymene and the anthelmintics, albendazole and levamisole using the egg hatch test (EHT) and the larval migration inhibition test (LMIT), respectively. The minimum effective concentrations of the monoterpenes, according to the EHT (efficacy ranging from 4.4%-11.8%) and LMIT (efficacy ranging from 5.6%-7.4%), were used in combination with different concentrations of synthetic compounds, and the IC50 and synergism rate (SR) were calculated. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the chemical association between the best combinations as revealed by the in vitro tests (albendazole and levamisole with r-carvone or s-carvone). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to assess the ultrastructural and biophysical properties of H. contortus eggs treated with the albendazole and r-carvone combination. Among the monoterpenes, the highest efficacies were exhibited by carvacrol (IC50 = 185.9 μg/mL) and thymol (IC50 = 187.0 μg/mL), according to the EHT, and s-carvone and carvacrol (IC50 = 1526.0 and 1785.3 μg/mL, respectively), according to the LMIT. According to the EHT, albendazole showed a slight statistically significant synergism in combination with r-carvone (SR = 3.8) and s-carvone (SR = 3.0). According to the LMIT, among the monoterpenes, r-carvone (SR = 1.7) and s-carvone (SR = 1.7) showed an increase in efficacy with levamisole; however, this was not statistically significant. The FTIR spectra of albendazole and levamisole, in association with r-carvone and s-carvone, indicated the presence of chemical interactions between the synthetic and natural molecules, contributing to the possible synergistic effects of these associations. Eggs treated with albendazole and r-carvone showed an increase in roughness and a decrease in height, suggesting that the treatment induced damage to the egg surface and an overflow of its internal contents. Overall, the combination of albendazole with r-carvone and s-carvone was efficacious against H. contortus, demonstrating a chemical association between the compounds; the significant changes in the egg ultrastructure justify this efficacy.
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The Chemical Compositions of Essential Oils Derived from Cryptocarya alba and Laurelia sempervirens Possess Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antitumoral Activity Potential. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235600. [PMID: 33260521 PMCID: PMC7729746 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptocarya alba (Peumo; CA) and Laurelia sempervirens (Laurel; LS) are herbs native to the Chilean highlands and have historically been used for medicinal purposes by the Huilliches people. In this work, the essential oils were extracted using hydrodistillation in Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS to determine their composition. The antioxidant capacity (AC) was evaluated in vitro. The cytotoxicity was determined using cell line cultures both non tumoral and tumoral. The toxicity was determined using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against 52 bacteria using the agar disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined. The principal compounds found in C. alba essential oil (CA_EO) were α-terpineol (24.96%) and eucalyptol (21.63%) and were isazafrol (91.9%) in L. sempervirens essential oil (LS_EO). Both EOs showed antioxidant capacity in vitro. Both EO showed antibacterial activity against bacteria using. LS_EO showed more inhibitory effect on these cell lines respect to CA_EO. Both EOs showed toxicity against the nematode C.elegans at 3.12–50 mg/mL. The essential oils of CA and LS have an important bioactive potential in their antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxicity activity. Both essential oils could possibly be used in the field of natural medicine, natural food preservation, cosmetics, sanitation and plaguicides among others.
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Anti-Termitic Activity of Three Plant Extracts, Chlorpyrifos, and a Bioagent Compound (Protecto) against Termite Microcerotermes eugnathus Silvestri (Blattodea: Termitidae) in Egypt. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110756. [PMID: 33158029 PMCID: PMC7692362 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The termite Microcerotermes eugnathus Silvestri (Blattodea, Termitidae) showed structural damage in Bir al-Shaghala cemeteries located in the oasis of Dakhla, Egypt. The mud tubes of this termite spread inside and over the mural painted floors of the tombs. Extracts from Lavandula latifolia, Origanum vulgare, and Syzygium aromaticum were tested for their anti-termitic activity and compared with the bio-insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Protecto 9.4% WP) and Dursban (Chlorpyrifos 48%). The bioassay experimental showed that the extracts have low activity against M. eugnathus compared to Protecto and Dursban, but the extract from O. vulgare showed promising natural termiticides. Abstract A trend towards environmentally friendly chemicals for use in termite management has been occurring globally. This study examined three naturally occurring plant extracts from Lavandula latifolia (Spike lavender), Origanum vulgare (Marjorum), and Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) against the termite Microcerotermes eugnathus. Plant extract results were compared to two commercially used termite pesticides, the bio-insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Protecto 9.4% WP) and Dursban (Chlorpyrifos 48%). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to identify the main compounds in the three plant extracts. The main compounds in Lavandula Latifolia were linalool (21.49%), lavandulol (12.77%), β-terpinyl acetate (10.49%), and camphor (9.30%). Origanum vulgare extract contained thymol (14.64%), m-cymene (10.63%), linalool (6.75%), and terpinen-4-ol (6.92%) as main compounds. Syzygium aromaticum contained eugenol (99.16%) as the most abundant identified compound. The extract of O. vulgare caused the highest termite death rate, with an LC50 of 770.67 mg/L. Exposure to lavender extract showed a high death rate with an LC50 of 1086.39 mg/L. Clove extract did not show significant insecticidal activity with an LC50 > 2000 mg/L. Significant termiticide effects were found, with LC50 values of 84.09 and 269.98 mg/L for soldiers and workers under the application of Dursban and Protecto, respectively. The LC50 values reported for nymphs were <120, <164.5, and 627.87 mg/L after exposure to Dursban, Protecto, and O. vulgare extract, respectively. The results of the study show that some of the extracts have low toxicity compared to the bioagent and Dursban, and may show promise as natural termiticides, particularly as extracts from O. vulgare.
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Glavan G, Novak S, Božič J, Jemec Kokalj A. Comparison of sublethal effects of natural acaricides carvacrol and thymol on honeybees. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 166:104567. [PMID: 32448421 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic mite Varroa destructor is a threat to beekeeping colonies. Among naturally derived acaricides, the monoterpenoid essential oil compound thymol is used in beekeeping for varroa mite control, but adverse impacts on honeybees has been already documented. Carvacrol, another monoterpenoid, also has a high acaricidal potential and could thus be promising for regular use in beekeeping, but information is scarce regarding the effects of prolonged systemic administration of carvacrol on honeybees. In this study, we evaluate and compared the sublethal effects of long term consumption of carvacrol and thymol on Carnolian honeybee workers (Apis mellifera carnica). Survival and feeding rate were determined preliminary to assess sublethal concentrations. The sublethal effects were analysed by the activity of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), enzyme involved in the control of neurotransmission, and the activity of detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) in heads and thoraces. We found that, thymol and carvacrol, caused mortality only at the highest concentrations tested, 1% and 5% respectively. As demonstrated by others, both substances could be effective against varroa at concentrations ten times lower than those causing significant honeybee mortality. However, we demonstrated sublethal effects at the 0.05% carvacrol and thymol exposure concentrations evidenced as increased activity of AChE and GST in the honeybee heads. In conclusion, prolonged treatment with thymol and carvacrol affects bee nervous system and induce detoxification processes possibly resulting in a limited use for acaricidal purposes. We postulate that under the same chronic exposure conditions carvacrol and thymol will have similar sublethal effects on honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Glavan
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Sara Novak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Božič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Imani-Baran A, Abdollahi J, Akbari H, Jafarirad S, Moharramnejad S. Anthelmintic activity of crude powder and crude aqueous extract of Trachyspermum ammi on gastrointestinal nematodes in donkey (Equus asinus): An in vivo study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112249. [PMID: 31557509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Trachyspermum ammi has been used traditionally as a popular ethnobotanical plant in human and animal parasitic infestations. Few scientific studies have been conducted on in vitro anthelmintic activity of T. ammi against various helminths and there is no study on its in vivo/in vitro anthelmintic properties against equine helminths. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to evaluate in vivo anthelmintic activity of crude powder (CP) and crude aqueous extract (CAE) of T. ammi seeds against gastrointestinal nematodes in the donkey. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty donkeys, naturally and severely infected with Strongyle-type nematodes, were randomly divided into six groups and administered orally with graded doses of CP and CAE at single dose as follow: Two groups were treated with 1 and 3 gkg-1 body weight of CP, two groups were treated with CAE at the equivalent dose rate 1 and 3 gkg-1 bw of CP and one group was treated with 200 μgkg-1 bw of Ivermectin 0.2% (Positive Control). One group received no medication (Negative Control). Efficacy was determined by faecal egg count reduction (FECR) test. The faecal samples were taken from the donkeys on days 7, 14 and 28 post-treatments (PT) and the egg per gram (EPG) of faeces was determined for each animal. FECR for donkeys treated with CP, CAE, and Ivermectin 0.2% was calculated on days 7, 14, and 28 PT. In the present study, CAE was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine CAE chemical components. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a marker (thymol) was applied to confirm the existence of thymol as an active principle. RESULTS Based on the FECR findings, the maximum FECR (71.2%) was observed in the group treated with CAE3 on day 14 PT, while it was 66.2% for CP3 on the same day. The effects of different treatments (P < 0.001), time (P < 0.001) and their interactions (P < 0.05) on EPG showed a significant difference. A dose-dependent response in the anthelmintic activity of CP and CAE was observed. GC-MS analysis indicated that thymol was the major component of CAE (Area = 45.01%) with the respective peak at retention times (Rt) 10.41 min. On HPLC analysis of CAE, thymol was found to be the major constituent of CAE (Area = 58.76%) with the same Rt at 13.233 min. CONCLUSION The present study indicated that both CP and CAE of T. ammi had the dose-dependent anthelmintic effects. Due to the development of drug resistance against synthetic anti-helminthics, T. ammi seems to be a promising alternative for the treatment and prevention of helminths in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Imani-Baran
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Jalal Abdollahi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hamid Akbari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Saeed Jafarirad
- Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences (RIFS), University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Sajjad Moharramnejad
- Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Moghan, Iran.
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Marjanović DS, Zdravković N, Milovanović M, Trailović JN, Robertson AP, Todorović Z, Trailović SM. Carvacrol acts as a potent selective antagonist of different types of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and enhances the effect of monepantel in the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. Vet Parasitol 2020; 278:109031. [PMID: 32032866 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neuromuscular system of parasitic nematodes has proven to be an efficient pharmacological target for antihelmintics. Some of the most frequently used antiparasitic drugs are agonists or antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The antinematodal mechanism of action of carvacrol involves the inhibition of parasite muscle contraction. We have examined the interaction of carvacrol with antinematodal drugs that are agonists of different subtypes of nAChRs and monepantel, which is a non-competitive antagonist of this receptor in A. suum. Additionally, we investigated the effect of carvacrol on the muscle type of nAChRs in the mammalian host. As orthosteric agonists of nAChR, pyrantel, morantel and befinijum lead to dose-dependent contractions of the neuromuscular preparation of Ascaris suum. Carvacrol 100 μM decreased the Emax of pyrantel, morantel and bephenium by 29%, 39% and 12 %, 39 % and 12 % respectively. The EC50 ratio was 3.43, 2.95 and 2.47 for pyrantel, morantel and bephinium, respectively. Carvacrol 300 u μM reduces the Emax of pyrantel, morantel and bephenium by 71%, 80% and 75 %, 80 % and 75 % respectively. The EC50 ratio for pyrantel, morantel and bephenium was 3.88, 3.19 and 4.83 respectively. Furthermore, carvacrol enhances the inhibitory effect of monepantel on A. suum contractions, which may have an effective clinical application. On the other hand, tested concentrations of carvacrol did not significantly affect the EFS-induced contractions of the rat diaphragm, indicating a lack of interaction with the postsynaptic nAChR at the muscle end plate in mammals, but the highest concentration (300 μM) caused a clear tetanic fade. Carvacrol exhibited a time and dose-dependent effect on the Rota-rod performances of rats with a high value of the ED50 (421.6 mg/kg). In our research, carvacrol dominantly exhibited characteristics of a non-competitive antagonist of nAChR in A. suum, and enhances the inhibitory effect of monepantel. The combination of monepantel and carvacrol may be clinically very effective, and the carvacrol molecule itself can be used as a promising platform for the development of new anthelmintic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje S Marjanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nemanja Zdravković
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Mirjana Milovanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | - Alan P Robertson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Zoran Todorović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Doktora Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Saša M Trailović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Hernando G, Turani O, Bouzat C. Caenorhabditis elegans muscle Cys-loop receptors as novel targets of terpenoids with potential anthelmintic activity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007895. [PMID: 31765374 PMCID: PMC6901230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The anthelmintic treatment of nematode infections remains the pillar of worm control in both human and veterinary medicine. Since control is threatened by the appearance of drug resistant nematodes, there is a need to develop novel compounds, among which phytochemicals constitute potential anthelmintic agents. Caenorhabditis elegans has been pivotal in anthelmintic drug discovery and in revealing mechanisms of drug action and resistance. By using C. elegans, we here revealed the anthelmintic actions of three plant terpenoids -thymol, carvacrol and eugenol- at the behavioral level. Terpenoids produce a rapid paralysis of worms with a potency rank order carvacrol > thymol > eugenol. In addition to their paralyzing activity, they also inhibit egg hatching, which would, in turn, lead to a broader anthelmintic spectrum of activity. To identify drug targets, we performed an in vivo screening of selected strains carrying mutations in receptors involved in worm locomotion for determining resistance to the paralyzing effect of terpenoids. The assays revealed that two Cys-loop receptors with key roles in worm locomotion -Levamisole sensitive nicotinic receptor (L-AChR) and GABA(A) (UNC-49) receptor- are involved in the paralyzing effects of terpenoids. To decipher the mechanism by which terpenoids affect these receptors, we performed electrophysiological studies using a primary culture of C. elegans L1 muscle cells. Whole cell recordings from L1 cells demonstrated that terpenoids decrease macroscopic responses of L-AChR and UNC-49 receptor to their endogenous agonists, thus acting as inhibitors. Single-channel recordings from L-AChR revealed that terpenoids decrease the frequency of opening events, probably by acting as negative allosteric modulators. The fact that terpenoids act at different receptors may have important advantages regarding efficacy and development of resistance. Thus, our findings give support to the use of terpenoids as either an alternative or a complementary anthelmintic strategy to overcome the ever-increasing resistance of parasites to classical anthelmintic drugs. Parasitic nematodes (roundworms) are of major significance as human pathogens and have important economic impact worldwide due to considerable losses in livestock and food crops. Drug treatment of nematode infections (anthelmintic drugs) are the pillar of worm control in human and veterinary medicine. Due to the appearance of drug resistant nematodes, there is a need of developing novel drugs, among which phytochemicals, that have environmental sustainability advantages, may constitute potential anthelmintic compounds. As parasitic nematodes are not ideal laboratory animals, the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which shares many physiological characteristics with parasites and is sensitive to anthelmintic drugs, has emerged as a model organism for anthelmintic drug discovery. We found that three terpenoid compounds present in essential oil of plants–thymol, carvacrol and eugenol–produce rapid paralysis of C. elegans and inhibit egg hatching, thus mediating both rapid and long-term anthelmintic effects. By testing mutant worms that lack receptor proteins essential for locomotion we identified two different muscle receptors, nicotinic and GABA receptors, as terpenoid targets of the paralyzing effects. Electrophysiological studies from C. elegans cultured muscle cells demonstrated that terpenoids inhibit the function of these receptors. Thus, by modulating two receptors with key roles in worm motility, these terpenoids emerge as novel anthelmintic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina Hernando
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Ornella Turani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Bouzat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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An appraisal of natural products active against parasitic nematodes of animals. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:306. [PMID: 31208455 PMCID: PMC6580475 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, the scientific and patent literature on the activities of purified natural compounds has been reviewed, with the aim of assessing their suitability as anthelmintic drug discovery starting points. Only compounds described as active against parasitic nematodes of animals or against the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have been analysed. Scientific articles published since 2010 and patents granted from 2000, both inclusive, have been included in this analysis. The results show a scarcity of novel chemical structures, a limited follow-up of compounds disclosed before 2010 and a bias towards the screening of plant products, almost to the exclusion of other sources, when microbial extracts have, historically, provided most starting points for anti-infective drugs. All plant products published in this period were previously known, alerting to the high re-discovery rates of a limited number of chemical classes from this source. The most promising compounds described in the literature reviewed here, namely the linear nemadectin-derivatives, are novel and of bacterial origin. Patented but otherwise unpublished spiroketal structures also appear as interesting scaffolds for future development. The patent literature confirmed that it is possible to patent derivatives of previously known products, making them valid starting points for translational research.
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Jyoti, Dheer D, Singh D, Kumar G, Karnatak M, Chandra S, Prakash Verma V, Shankar R. Thymol Chemistry: A Medicinal Toolbox. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573407214666180503120222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thymol is a natural phenolic monoterpenoid widely used in pharmaceutical and
food preservative applications. Thymol isomeric with carvacrol, extracted primarily from Thymus species
(Trachyspermum ammi) and other plants sources such as Baccharisgrise bachii and Centipeda minima,
has ethnopharmacological characteristics.
<p></p>
Methods: This review was prepared by analyzing articles published on thymol moiety in last decade and
selected from Science Direct, Scopus, Pub Med, Web of Science and SciFinder. The selected articles are
classified and gives brief introduction about thymol and its isolation, illustrates its natural as well as
synthetic sources, and also therapeutic benefits of thymol worldwide
<p></p>
Results: Thymol has been covering different endeavors such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory,
antibacterial, antifungal, antidiarrhoeal, anthelmintic, analgesic, digestive, abortifacient,
antihypertensive, spermicidal, depigmenting, antileishmanial, anticholinesterase, insecticidal and many
others. This phenolic compound is among the essential scaffolds for medicinal chemists to synthesize
more bio-active molecules by further derivatization of the thymol moiety.
<p></p>
Conclusion: Thymol is an interesting scaffold due to its different activities and derivatization of thymol
is proved to enhance its biological activities. However, more robust, randomised, controlled clinical
trials would be desirable with well-characterised thymol preparations to corroborate its beneficial effects
in diseased patients. Moreover, in view of the potential use of thymol and thymol-rich essential oils in
the treatment of human infections, comprehensive studies on chronic and acute toxicity and also teratogenicity
are to be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Divya Dheer
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Davinder Singh
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Suresh Chandra
- Genetics Resources & Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-IIIM, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
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Antihelminic Activity of Carvacrol, Thymol, Cinnamaldehyde and P-Cymen Against the Free-Living Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and Rat Pinworm Syphacia muris. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2018-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In the present study we tested the dose andh time dependence of the antinematodal effects of carvacrol and tyhmol on Caenorabditis elegans, and the efficacy of carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene and cinnamaldehyde,which were administrated in the drinking water of rats naturally infected with the pinworm Syphacia muris. The control treatment of the infected rats was carried out with piperazine. Thymol caused a dose and time-dependent mortality in adult C. elegans. The value of the Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) of thymol was 117.9nM after 24h and 62.89 nM after 48h of exposure. Carvacrol exhibited a higher antinematodal efficiency than thymol. The LC50 of carvacrol, after 24 hours of exposure, was 53.03 nM, while after 48 hours it was 33.83 nM. On the other hand, piperazine showed an extremely high efficacy against S. muris infection in rats. Piperazine, at a dose of 625 mg/kg bw, administered in drinking water continuously for 10 days, eliminates the infection completely. However, none of the investigated active ingredients of essential oils were effective against S. muris. The reason for the lack of efficiency may be due to their pharmacokinetic properties. A relatively low amount of, orally administered, active ingredients of essential oils reaches the distal segments of the gastrointestinal tract, where S. muris inhabits the gut (colon and cecum). The obtained results, on C. elegans, indicate a clear dose and time-dependent antinematodal effect of thymol and carvacrol. However, for clinical application, it is necessary to examine the efficacy of microencapsulated formulations with a controlled release of active ingredients of essential oils in certain parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Menthol acts as a positive allosteric modulator on nematode levamisole sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2018; 9:44-53. [PMID: 30682641 PMCID: PMC6352305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing and widespread emergence of resistance to the existing anti-nematodal pharmacopeia has made it imperative to develop new anthelminthic agents. Historically, plants have been important sources of therapeutic compounds and offer an alternative to synthetic drugs. Monoterpenoids are phytochemicals that have been shown to produce acute toxic effects in insects and nematodes. Previous studies have shown nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) to be possible targets for naturally occurring plant metabolites such as carvacrol and carveol. In this study we examined the effects of monoterpenoid compounds on a levamisole sensitive nAChR from Oesophagostomum dentatum and a nicotine sensitive nAChR from Ascaris suum. We expressed the receptors in Xenopus laevis oocytes and used two-electrode voltage-clamp to characterize the effect of various compounds on these cys-loop receptors. At 100 μM the majority of these compounds acted as antagonists. Interestingly, further experiments revealed that both 0.1 μM and 10 μM menthol potentiated acetylcholine and levamisole responses in the levamisole sensitive receptor but not the nicotine sensitive receptor. We also investigated the effects of 0.1 μM menthol on the contractility of A. suum somatic muscle strips. Menthol produced significant potentiation of peak contractions at each concentration of acetylcholine. The positive allosteric modulatory effects of menthol in both in vivo and in vitro experiments suggests menthol as a promising candidate for combination therapy with cholinergic anthelmintics. We screened 12 monoterpenoid compounds to search for a potential anthelmintic. Menthol acted as a PAM on levamisole sensitive nematode nAChRs in vitro & in vivo. Carvacrol produced antagonism on both levamisole and nicotine sensitive nAChRs. Monoterpenoid compounds can be used as an adjunct with cholinergic anthelmintics.
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Lanusse C, Canton C, Virkel G, Alvarez L, Costa-Junior L, Lifschitz A. Strategies to Optimize the Efficacy of Anthelmintic Drugs in Ruminants. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:664-682. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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André WPP, Cavalcante GS, Ribeiro WLC, Santos JMLD, Macedo ITF, Paula HCBD, Morais SMD, Melo JVD, Bevilaqua CML. Anthelmintic effect of thymol and thymol acetate on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes and their toxicity in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 26:323-330. [PMID: 28977246 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thymol is a monoterpene and acetylation form of this compound can reduce the toxicity and enhance its biological effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of thymol and thymol acetate (TA) on egg, larva and adult Haemonchus contortus and the cuticular changes, acute toxicity in mice and the efficacy on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. In vitro tests results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by comparison with Tukey test or Bonferroni. The efficacy of in vivo test was calculated by the BootStreet program. In the egg hatch test (EHT), thymol (0.5 mg/mL) and TA (4 mg/mL) inhibited larval hatching by 98% and 67.1%, respectively. Thymol and TA (8 mg/mL) inhibited 100% of larval development. Thymol and TA (800 µg/mL) reduced the motility of adult worms, by 100% and 83.4%, respectively. Thymol caused cuticular changes in adult worm teguments. In the acute toxicity test, the LD50 of thymol and TA were 1,350.9 mg/kg and 4,144.4 mg/kg, respectively. Thymol and TA reduced sheep egg count per gram of faeces (epg) by 59.8% and 76.2%, respectively. In in vitro tests thymol presented better anthelmintic activity than TA. However TA was less toxic and in in vivo test efficacy was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibson Paz Pinheiro André
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Géssica Soares Cavalcante
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Jessica Maria Leite Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | | | - Selene Maia de Morais
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | | | - Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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Costa-Júnior LM, Miller RJ, Alves PB, Blank AF, Li AY, Pérez de León AA. Acaricidal efficacies of Lippia gracilis essential oil and its phytochemicals against organophosphate-resistant and susceptible strains of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:60-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Andre WP, Ribeiro WL, Cavalcante GS, Santos JM, Macedo IT, Paula HC, de Freitas RM, de Morais SM, Melo JV, Bevilaqua CM. Comparative efficacy and toxic effects of carvacryl acetate and carvacrol on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes and mice. Vet Parasitol 2016; 218:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Trailović SM, Marjanović DS, Nedeljković Trailović J, Robertson AP, Martin RJ. Interaction of carvacrol with the Ascaris suum nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors, potential mechanism of antinematodal action. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3059-68. [PMID: 25944741 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Essential plant oils (or their active principles) are safe to use and a potentially attractive alternative to current antiparasitic drugs. In the present study, we tested the effects of carvacrol on the isolated tissues of Ascaris suum and investigated potential interactions with other antiparasitic drugs. We used somatic muscle flaps for contraction assays, as well as for electrophysiological investigations. Carvacrol 300 μM highly significantly inhibited contractions caused by 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 μM of ACh (p = 0.0023, p = 0.0002, p = 0.0002, p < 0.0001, and p < 0.0001). The control EC50 for acetylcholine was 8.87 μM (log EC50 = 0.95 ± 0.26), while R max was 2.53 ± 0.24 g. The EC50 of acetylcholine in the presence of 300 μM of carvacrol was 27.71 μM (log EC50 = 1.44 ± 0.28) and the R max decreased to 1.63 ± 0.32 g. Furthermore, carvacrol highly significant potentiates inhibitory effect of GABA and piperazine on the contractions induced by ACh. However, carvacrol (100 and 300 μM), did not produce any changes in the membrane potential or conductance of the A. suum muscle cell. While, 300 μM of carvacrol showed a significant inhibitory effect on ACh-induced depolarization response. The mean control depolarization was 13.58 ± 0.66 mV and decreased in presence of carvacrol to 4.50 ± 1.02 mV (p < 0.0001). Mean control Δg was 0.168 ± 0.017 μS, while in the presence of 300 μM of carvacrol, Δg significantly decreased to 0.060 ± 0.018 ΔS (p = 0.0017). The inhibitory effect on contractions may be the explanation of the antinematodal potential of carvacrol. Moreover, inhibition of depolarizations caused by ACh and reduction of conductance changes directly points to an interaction with the nAChR in A. suum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša M Trailović
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia,
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María AC, Celina EM. Efficacy of albendazole in combination with thymol against Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces and metacestodes. Acta Trop 2014; 140:61-7. [PMID: 25149355 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The larval (metacestode) stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a mainly hepatic disease characterized by continuous asexual proliferation of metacestodes by exogenous budding, resulting in the tumor-like, infiltrative growth of the parasite lesion. Current chemotherapeutical treatment of AE relies on the use of benzimidazoles, albendazole (ABZ) and mebendazole, but these drugs act parasitostatic rather than parasitocidal, and due to their low success rate they imply a lifelong application causing severe side effects. Thymol is one of the major components of the essential oils of Thymus and is a widely known anti-microbial agent. The aim of the present work was to compare the efficacy of albendazole (ABZ) and thymol separately or combined on E. multilocularis protoscoleces and metacestodes. For this purpose, microscopical examinations at different time points were carried out. Moreover the tegumentary enzyme gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) was measured to quantify the damage in metacestodes. Even though treatments of in vitro cultured E. multilocularis protoscoleces or metacestodes with ABZ or/and thymol showed that the drugs have an adverse effect on parasite viability, the combination of the two compounds at the concentration of 10μg/ml showed the maximum anti-parasitic effect. Three days postincubation the first effects of the treatment were detected on protoscoleces and a marked reduction in viability (33%) was registered at day 18. Incubation of E. multilocularis metacestodes in the presence of ABZ 10μg/ml+thymol 10μg/ml during 10 days resulted in dramatic alterations such as strongly irregular and fissured surface and markedly disrupted vesicles. Scanning electron microscopy showed that protoscoleces as well as the germinal layer of E. multilocularis metacestodes were dramatically damaged following ABZ or/and thymol treatment. Also an important increase of tegumentary enzyme GGT was registered after 72h postincubation with both drugs. The data reported in this article demonstrate a clear in vitro effect of ABZ+thymol against E. multilocularis protoscoleces and metacestodes.
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Supplemental Carvacrol Can Reduce the Severity of Inflammation by Influencing the Production of Mediators of Inflammation. Inflammation 2014; 38:1020-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kaplan R, Storey B, Vidyashankar A, Bissinger B, Mitchell S, Howell S, Mason M, Lee M, Pedroso A, Akashe A, Skrypec D. Antiparasitic efficacy of a novel plant-based functional food using an Ascaris suum model in pigs. Acta Trop 2014; 139:15-22. [PMID: 24979686 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ascaris lumbricoides is the most prevalent soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection of human beings worldwide. Chemotherapy with synthetic anthelmintics such as albendazole, mebendazole, and pyrantel pamoate is the current method of treatment; however, the emergence of anthelmintic resistance could substantially decrease the efficacy of such treatments and the sustainability of STH control programs. Additionally, benzimidazoles are not recommended for pregnant women or children under age one. A blinded, controlled study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two microencapsulated, plant-based essential oil blends, TTN1013 (α-pinene, linalyl acetate, p-cymene, and thymol octanoate) and TTN1014 (α-pinene, linalyl acetate, p-cymene, and thymol acetate) as functional foods against Ascaris suum infection in pigs, an important pathogen that closely resembles human infections with A. lumbricoides. Four groups of 16 female, 21-24 day old, Yorkshire-cross pigs were treated daily with 0.5 or 1.0mg/kg TTN1013, 1.0mg/kg TTN1014, or 1.0mg/kg equivalent of empty capsules, delivered inside a cream-filled sandwich cookie for 14 weeks. Three days after the initiation of daily treatments, pigs were inoculated daily with A. suum eggs for four weeks. Pigs were weighed weekly and fecal egg counts (FEC) were conducted weekly starting five weeks after initial inoculation with A. suum eggs. Fourteen weeks after first infection with eggs, pigs were necropsied and worms were recovered, counted and separated according to sex. TTN1013 administered daily at a dose of 1.0mg/kg yielded a statistically significant reduction in total worm counts (76.8%), female worm counts (75.5%), FEC (68.6%), and worm volume (62.9%) when compared to control group. Reduction of total and female worm numbers and FEC were not significant for TTN1014 or at the 0.5mg/kg dose of TTN1013. All treatments were well-tolerated by all pigs and did not cause any adverse reactions. All pigs remained clinically normal and showed no signs of reduced intestinal health for the duration of treatment. Based on these results, TTN1013 shows promise as a daily supplement to reduce infection burdens of soil transmitted helminths in both pigs and human beings.
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Suntres ZE, Coccimiglio J, Alipour M. The Bioactivity and Toxicological Actions of Carvacrol. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 55:304-18. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.653458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Seo SM, Kim J, Koh SH, Ahn YJ, Park IK. Nematicidal activity of natural ester compounds and their analogues against pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9103-8. [PMID: 25153339 DOI: 10.1021/jf503631e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the nematicidal activity of natural ester compounds against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, to identify candidates for the development of novel, safe nematicides. We also tested the nematicidal activity of synthesized analogues of these ester compounds to determine the structure-activity relationship. Among 28 ester compounds tested, isobutyl 2-methylbutanoate, 3-methylbutyl 2-methylbutanoate, 3-methylbutyl tiglate, 3-methyl-2-butenyl 2-methylbutanoate, and pentyl 2-methylbutanoate showed strong nematicidal activity against the pine wood nematode at a 1 mg/mL concentration. The other ester compounds showed weak nematicidal activity. The LC50 values of 3-methylbutyl tiglate, isobutyl 2-methylbutanoate, 3-methylbutyl 2-methylbutanoate, 3-methyl-2-butenyl 2-methylbutanoate, and pentyl 2-methylbutanoate were 0.0218, 0.0284, 0.0326, 0.0402, and 0.0480 mg/mL, respectively. The ester compounds described herein merit further study as potential nematicides for pine wood nematode control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Mi Seo
- Lifetree Biotech Co., Ltd. , Maesonggosaek-ro, Kwonsun-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggido 441-813, Republic of Korea
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Fumigant toxicity of Oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) and valerian (Valeriana wallichii) essential oils and their components, including their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, against Japanese termites (Reticulitermes speratus). Molecules 2014; 19:12547-58. [PMID: 25153870 PMCID: PMC6271168 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190812547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the fumigant toxicity of oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) and valerian (Valeriana wallichii) essential oils and their components against the Japanese termite (Reticulitermes speratus). The fumigant toxicity of oriental sweetgum and valerian oil differed significantly according to exposure time. Oriental sweetgum showed toxicity at short exposure times (2 days), and the toxicity of valerian oil was high 7 days after treatment. The main constituents of oriental sweetgum and valerian oils were tested individually for their fumigant toxicity against Japanese termites. Among the test compounds, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, 1-phenyl-1-ethanol, hydrocinnamyl alcohol, trans-cinnamyl aldehyde, trans-cinnamyl alcohol, cis-asarone, styrene, and cis-ocimene showed toxicity against Japanese termites 7 days after treatment. Hydrocinnamyl alcohol and trans-cinnamyl alcohol were found to be the major contributors to the fumigant antitermitic toxicity of oriental sweetgum oil. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activity of two oils and their constituents was tested to determine their mode of action. Only cis-ocimene showed strong AChE inhibition activity with an IC50 value of 0.131 mg/mL. Further studies are warranted to determine the potential of these essential oils and their constituents as fumigants for termite control.
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The use of redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchotii) to reduce Haemonchus contortus fecal egg counts and increase ivermectin efficacy. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:182-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Armstrong S, Klein D, Whitney T, Scott C, Muir J, Lambert B, Craig T. Effect of using redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchotii) to reduce Haemonchus contortus in vitro motility and increase ivermectin efficacy. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:271-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tong F, Gross AD, Dolan MC, Coats JR. The phenolic monoterpenoid carvacrol inhibits the binding of nicotine to the housefly nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2013; 69:775-780. [PMID: 23255497 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenolic monoterpenoid carvacrol, which is found in many plant essential oils (thyme, oregano and Alaska yellow cedar), is highly active against pest arthropods, but its mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Here, carvacrol is shown to bind in a membrane preparation containing insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). [(14) C]-Nicotine binding assays with Musca domestica (housefly) nAChRs were used in this study to demonstrate carvacrol's binding to nAChRs, thereby acting as a modulator of the receptors. RESULTS Carvacrol showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of [(14) C]-nicotine binding in a membrane preparation of housefly heads containing nAChRs, with IC50 = 1.4 μM, in a non-competitive pattern. Binding studies with neonicotinoid insecticides revealed that imidacloprid and thiamethoxam did not inhibit the binding of [(14) C]-nicotine, while dinotefuran, from the guanidine subclass of neonicotinoids, inhibited nicotine binding like carvacrol. CONCLUSIONS Carvacrol binds to housefly nAChRs at a binding site distinct from nicotine and acetylcholine, and the nAChRs are a possible target of carvacrol for its insecticidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Tong
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA, USA
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Kang JS, Kim E, Lee SH, Park IK. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterases of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, by phytochemicals from plant essential oils. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 105:50-56. [PMID: 24238290 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To understand the nematicidal mode of action of phytochemicals derived from plant essential oils against the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), we evaluated 97 compounds (49 monoterpenes, 17 phenylpropenes, 16 sesquiterpenes, and 15 sulfides) for their inhibitory effects on B. xylophilus acetylcholinesterases (BxACEs). In the primary inhibition assay using B. xylophilus crude protein, more than 50% BxACE inhibition activity was observed with 3 monoterpenes, (+)-α-pinene, (-)-α-pinene, and 3-carene; 2 phenylpropenes, ο-anisaldehyde, and coniferyl alcohol; and 1 sesquiterpene, cis-nerolidol. Other compounds showed moderate or weak inhibitory activity. The inhibitory activities against 3 recombinant BxACEs were subsequently estimated using the identified active compounds in a primary inhibition assay. (+)-α-Pinene showed the strongest inhibition of BxACE-1 followed by 3-carene, coniferyl alcohol, (-)-α-pinene, o-anisaldehyde, and cis-nerolidol. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of (+)-α-pinene, 3-carene, o-anisaldehyde, cis-nerolidol, and (-)-α-pinene against BxACE-2 were found to be 0.64, 1.41, 8.18, 8.53, 15.28, and 18.03mM, respectively. Coniferyl alcohol showed the strongest inhibition of BxACE-3 followed by (+)-α-pinene and cis-nerolidol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Soon Kang
- Division of Forest Insect Pests and Diseases, Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul 130-712, Republic of Korea
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Tong F, Coats JR. Quantitative structure-activity relationships of monoterpenoid binding activities to the housefly GABA receptor. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2012; 68:1122-1129. [PMID: 22461383 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoterpenoids are a large group of plant secondary metabolites. Many of these naturally occurring compounds have shown good insecticidal potency on pest insects. Previous studies in this laboratory have indicated that some monoterpenoids have positive modulatory effects on insect GABA receptors. In this study, the key properties of monoterpenoids involved in monoterpenoid binding activity at the housefly GABA receptor were determined by developing quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, and the relationship between the toxicities of these monoterpenoids and their GABA receptor binding activities was evaluated. RESULTS Two QSAR models were determined for nine monoterpenoids showing significant effects on [³H]-TBOB binding and for nine p-menthane analogs with at least one oxygen atom attached to the ring. The Mulliken charges on certain carbon atoms, the log P value and the total energy showed significant relationships with binding activities to the housefly GABA receptor in these two QSAR models. CONCLUSIONS From the QSAR models, some chemical and structural parameters, including the electronic properties, hydrophobicity and stability of monoterpenoid molecules, were suggested to be strongly involved in binding activities to the housefly GABA receptor. These findings will help to understand the mode of action of these natural insecticides, and provide guidance to predict more monoterpenoid insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Tong
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Yeom HJ, Kang JS, Kim GH, Park IK. Insecticidal and acetylcholine esterase inhibition activity of Apiaceae plant essential oils and their constituents against adults of German cockroach (Blattella germanica). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:7194-203. [PMID: 22746406 DOI: 10.1021/jf302009w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the insecticidal and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibition activity of 11 Apiaceae plant essential oils and their constituents in adult male and female Blattella germanica. Of the 11 Apiaceae plant essential oils tested, dill (Anethum graveolens), carvi (Carum carvi), and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) demonstrated >90% fumigant toxicity against adult male German cockroaches at a concentration of 5 mg/filter paper. In a contact toxicity test, dill (Anethum graveolens), carvi (Carum carvi), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), and ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) produced strong insecticidal activity against adult male and female German cockroaches. Among the test compounds, (S)-(+)-carvone, 1,8-cineole, trans-dihydrocarvone, cuminaldehyde, trans-anethole, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene demonstrated strong fumigant toxicity against adult male and female B. germanica. In a contact toxicity test, carveol, cuminaldehyde, (S)-(+)-carvone, trans-anethole, thymol, and p-cymene showed strong contact toxicity against adult male and female B. germanica. IC(50) values of α-pinene, carvacrol, and dihydrocarvone against female AChE were 0.28, 0.17, and 0.78 mg/mL, respectively. The toxicity of the blends of constituents identified in 4 active oils indicated that carvone, cuminaldehyde, and thymol were major contributors to the fumigant activity or contact toxicity of the artificial blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Jeong Yeom
- Division of Forest Insect Pests and Diseases, Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul 130-712, Republic of Korea
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Komuniecki R, Law WJ, Jex A, Geldhof P, Gray J, Bamber B, Gasser RB. Monoaminergic signaling as a target for anthelmintic drug discovery: receptor conservation among the free-living and parasitic nematodes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 183:1-7. [PMID: 22343182 PMCID: PMC3403675 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review is designed to summarize the information on monoamine-dependent paralysis as a target for anthelmintic development, examine the conservation of monoamine receptors in the genomes of both free-living and parasitic nematodes, and highlight the utility of the Caenorhabditis elegans model system for dissecting the monoaminergic modulation of locomotory decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Komuniecki
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States.
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Niu H, Zhao L, Lu M, Zhang S, Sun J. The ratio and concentration of two monoterpenes mediate fecundity of the pinewood nematode and growth of its associated fungi. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31716. [PMID: 22363713 PMCID: PMC3282737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, vectored primarily by the sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus, is an important invasive pest and causal agent of pine wilt disease of Chinese Masson pine, Pinus massoniana. Previous work demonstrated that the ratios and concentrations of α-pinene∶β-pinene differed between healthy trees and those trees containing blue-stain fungus (and M. alternatus pupae). However, the potential influence of the altered monoterpene ratios and concentrations on PWN and associated fungi remained unknown. Our current results show that low concentrations of the monoterpenes within petri dishes reduced PWN propagation, whereas the highest concentration of the monoterpenes increased PWN propagation. The propagation rate of PWN treated with the monoterpene ratio representative of blue-stain infected pine (α-pinene∶β-pinene = 1∶0.8, 137.6 mg/ml) was significantly higher than that (α-pinene∶β-pinene = 1∶0.1, 137.6 mg/ml) representative of healthy pines or those damaged by M. alternatus feeding, but without blue stain. Furthermore, inhibition of mycelial growth of associated fungi increased with the concentration of the monoterpenes α-pinene and β-pinene. Additionally, higher levels of β-pinene (α-pinene∶β-pinene = 1∶0.8) resulted in greater inhibition of the growth of the associated fungi Sporothrix sp.2 and Ophiostoma ips strains, but had no significant effects on the growth of Sporothrix sp.1, which is the best food resource for PWN. These results suggest that host monoterpenes generally reduce the reproduction of PWN. However, PWN utilizes high monoterpene concentrations and native blue-stain fungus Sporothrix sp.1 to improve its own propagation and overcome host resistance, which may provide clues to understanding the ecological mechanisms of PWN's successful invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Secondary Metabolites with Antinematodal Activity from Higher Plants. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59514-0.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Rao VTS, Accardi MV, Siddiqui SZ, Beech RN, Prichard RK, Forrester SG. Characterization of a novel tyramine-gated chloride channel from Haemonchus contortus. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 173:64-8. [PMID: 20471431 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tyramine (TA), a trace amine, is becoming accepted as a main stream neurotransmitter in invertebrates. Recent evidence indicates that part of the function of TA in nematodes involves a novel receptor (Cel-LGC-55) from the ligand-gated chloride channel class of ionotropic receptors. However, the role of TA or its receptors in the biology of nematode parasites is limited. Haemonchus contortus is a deadly parasitic worm which causes significant economic burden in the production of small ruminants in many parts of the world. In this study, we have cloned and characterized a novel LGCC from H. contortus which we have named Hco-LGC-55. This receptor subunit is a clear orthologue of Cel-LGC-55 and is able to form a homomeric chloride channel that is gated by tyramine, dopamine and octopamine. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (sqRT-PCR) shows that this subunit is expressed in all life-cycle stages of the worm, but appears to have reduced mRNA expression in the adult male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaraghava T S Rao
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON, L1H 7K4 Canada
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