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Lu B, Wei L, Shi G, Du J. Nanotherapeutics for Alleviating Anesthesia-Associated Complications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308241. [PMID: 38342603 PMCID: PMC11022745 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Current management of anesthesia-associated complications falls short in terms of both efficacy and safety. Nanomaterials with versatile properties and unique nano-bio interactions hold substantial promise as therapeutics for addressing these complications. This review conducts a thorough examination of the existing nanotherapeutics and highlights the strategies for developing prospective nanomedicines to mitigate anesthetics-related toxicity. Initially, general, regional, and local anesthesia along with the commonly used anesthetics and related prevalent side effects are introduced. Furthermore, employing nanotechnology to prevent and alleviate the complications of anesthetics is systematically demonstrated from three aspects, that is, developing 1) safe nano-formulization for anesthetics; 2) nano-antidotes to sequester overdosed anesthetics and alter their pharmacokinetics; 3) nanomedicines with pharmacodynamic activities to treat anesthetics toxicity. Finally, the prospects and challenges facing the clinical translation of nanotherapeutics for anesthesia-related complications are discussed. This work provides a comprehensive roadmap for developing effective nanotherapeutics to prevent and mitigate anesthesia-associated toxicity, which can potentially revolutionize the management of anesthesia complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- Department of AnesthesiologyThird Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Bethune HospitalShanxi Academy of Medical SciencesTongji Shanxi HospitalTaiyuan030032China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical UniversityMinistry of EducationTaiyuanShanxi Province030001China
| | - Ling Wei
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital Center Surgery DepartmentShanxi Academy of Medical SciencesTongji Shanxi HospitalThird Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030032China
| | - Gaoxiang Shi
- Department of AnesthesiologyThird Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Bethune HospitalShanxi Academy of Medical SciencesTongji Shanxi HospitalTaiyuan030032China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical UniversityMinistry of EducationTaiyuanShanxi Province030001China
- Department of Medical ImagingShanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Imaging and NanomedicineFirst Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxi Province030001China
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2
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Huang Q, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Xue Z, Hua Z, Luo X, Li Y, Lu C, Lu A, Liu Y. The endoplasmic reticulum participated in drug metabolic toxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol 2022; 38:945-961. [PMID: 35040016 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Covalent binding of reactive metabolites formed by drug metabolic activation with biological macromolecules is considered to be an important mechanism of drug metabolic toxicity. Recent studies indicate that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) could play an important role in drug toxicity by participating in the metabolic activation of drugs and could be a primarily attacked target by reactive metabolites. In this article, we summarize the generation and mechanism of reactive metabolites in ER stress and their associated cell death and inflammatory cascade, as well as the systematic modulation of unfolded protein response (UPR)-mediated adaptive pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Youwen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhengjia Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zeyu Xue
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhenglai Hua
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xinyi Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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3
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Tasnim F, Huang X, Lee CZW, Ginhoux F, Yu H. Recent Advances in Models of Immune-Mediated Drug-Induced Liver Injury. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:605392. [PMID: 35295156 PMCID: PMC8915912 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.605392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic inflammation is a key feature of a variety of liver diseases including drug-induced liver injury (DILI), orchestrated by the innate immune response (Kupffer cells, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells) and the adaptive immune system (T cells and natural killer T cells). In contrast to acute DILI, prediction of immune-mediated DILI (im-DILI) has been more challenging due to complex disease pathogenesis, lack of reliable models and limited knowledge of underlying mechanisms. This review summarizes in vivo and in vitro systems that have been used to model im-DILI. In particular, the review focuses on state-of-the-art in vitro human-based multicellular models which have been developed to supplement the use of in vivo models due to interspecies variation and increasing ethical concerns regarding animal use. Advantages of the co-cultures in maintaining hepatocyte functions and importantly, introducing heterotypic cell-cell interactions to mimic inflammatory hepatic microenvironment are discussed. Challenges regarding cell source and incorporation of different cells with physical cell-cell contact are outlined and potential solutions are proposed. It is likely that better understanding of the interplay of immune cells in liver models will allow for the development of more accurate systems to better predict hepatotoxicity and stratification of drugs that can cause immune-mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Tasnim
- Innovations in Food & Chemical Safety Programme, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The Nanos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaozhong Huang
- Innovations in Food & Chemical Safety Programme, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The Nanos, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Zhe Wei Lee
- Innovations in Food & Chemical Safety Programme, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Innovations in Food & Chemical Safety Programme, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Innovations in Food & Chemical Safety Programme, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The Nanos, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore, Singapore.,T-Labs, Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalised-Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Groups (CAMP-IRG), Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Gerussi A, Natalini A, Antonangeli F, Mancuso C, Agostinetto E, Barisani D, Di Rosa F, Andrade R, Invernizzi P. Immune-Mediated Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Immunogenetics and Experimental Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4557. [PMID: 33925355 PMCID: PMC8123708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a challenging clinical event in medicine, particularly because of its ability to present with a variety of phenotypes including that of autoimmune hepatitis or other immune mediated liver injuries. Limited diagnostic and therapeutic tools are available, mostly because its pathogenesis has remained poorly understood for decades. The recent scientific and technological advancements in genomics and immunology are paving the way for a better understanding of the molecular aspects of DILI. This review provides an updated overview of the genetic predisposition and immunological mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of DILI and presents the state-of-the-art experimental models to study DILI at the pre-clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gerussi
- Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.I.)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Ambra Natalini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.N.); (F.A.); (F.D.R.)
| | - Fabrizio Antonangeli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.N.); (F.A.); (F.D.R.)
| | - Clara Mancuso
- Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.I.)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Elisa Agostinetto
- Academic Trials Promoting Team, Institut Jules Bordet, L’Universite’ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS, Humanitas Cancer Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Barisani
- Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.I.)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.N.); (F.A.); (F.D.R.)
| | - Raul Andrade
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.I.)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
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5
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Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of attrition during the early and late stages of drug development and after a drug is marketed. DILI is generally classified as either intrinsic or idiosyncratic. Intrinsic DILI is dose dependent and predictable (e.g., acetaminophen toxicity). However, predicting the occurrence of idiosyncratic DILI, which has a very low incidence and is associated with severe liver damage, is difficult because of its complex nature and the poor understanding of its mechanism. Considering drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, we established experimental animal models of DILI for 14 clinical drugs that cause idiosyncratic DILI in humans, which is characterized by the formation of reactive metabolites and the involvement of both innate and adaptive immunity. On the basis of the biomarker data obtained from the animal models, we developed a cell-based assay system that predicts the potential risks of drugs for inducing DILI. These findings increase our understanding of the mechanisms of DILI and may help predict and prevent idiosyncratic DILI due to certain drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan;
| | - Shingo Oda
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan;
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6
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Jia R, Oda S, Yokoi T. Pharmacological evidence for the involvement of ryanodine receptors in halothane-induced liver injury in mice. Toxicology 2020; 443:152560. [PMID: 32795494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major safety concern in drug development. Halothane (HAL), an inhaled anesthetic, induces severe and idiosyncratic liver injury. Ryanodine receptors (RyR) are major intracellular calcium release channels found on the plasma membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It has been reported that disordered hepatic calcium homeostasis is a feature of HAL-induced liver injury (HILI) in guinea pigs. However, there are no reports on whether RyR could mediate the pathogenesis of HILI. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of RyR on HILI. Ryanodine (RYA, RyR agonist, 50 μg/kg, i.p.) was administered to BALB/c female mice 1 h before HAL administration (15 mmol/kg, i.p.), which significantly elevated plasma transaminase levels and induced severe hepatic inflammation and necrosis. In contrast, dantrolene sodium (DAN, RyR antagonist) treatment significantly suppressed HILI in a dose- and time-dependent manner and alleviated liver damage. The number of infiltrated neutrophils in the liver were higher in the group treated with HAL + RYA than in the group treated with HAL alone, while DAN treatment decreased neutrophil infiltration in HILI. The hepatic mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines; chemokines; and factors related to danger signals, neutrophils, oxidative and ER stress, pro-apoptosis, and RyR were significantly increased with RYA pretreatment, whereas these levels were decreased with DAN treatment. These results suggest that RYA exacerbates HILI, and DAN exerts a protective effect against HILI. Hence, our study provides a novel insight regarding the effect of RyR in the mechanism underlying HILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Jia
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Shingo Oda
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
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7
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Activation of natural killer T cells contributes to triptolide-induced liver injury in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1847-1854. [PMID: 30013034 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is the main active ingredient of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f, which has attracted great interest due to its promising efficacy for autoimmune diseases and tumors. However, severe adverse reactions, especially hepatotoxicity, have restricted its approval in the market. In the present study we explored the role of hepatic natural killer T (NKT) cells in the pathogenesis of TP-induced liver injury in mice. TP (600 μg/kg/day, i.g.) was administered to female mice for 1, 3, or 5 days. We found that administration of TP dose-dependently induced hepatotoxicity, evidenced by the body weight reduction, elevated serum ALT and AST levels, as well as significant histopathological changes in the livers. However, the mice were resistant to the development of TP-induced liver injury when their NKT cells were depleted by injection of anti-NK1.1 mAb (200 μg, i.p.) on days -2 and -1 before TP administration. We further revealed that TP administration activated NKT cells, dominantly releasing Th1 cytokine IFN-γ, recruiting neutrophils and macrophages, and leading to liver damage. After anti-NK1.1 injection, however, the mice mainly secreted Th2 cytokine IL-4 in the livers and exhibited a significantly lower percentage of hepatic infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages upon TP challenge. The activation of NKT cells was associated with the upregulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. Collectively, these results demonstrate a novel role of NKT cells contributing to the mechanisms of TP-induced liver injury. More importantly, the regulation of NKT cells may promote effective measures that control drug-induced liver injury.
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8
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Ferhat MH, Robin A, Barbier L, Thierry A, Gombert JM, Barbarin A, Herbelin A. The Impact of Invariant NKT Cells in Sterile Inflammation: The Possible Contribution of the Alarmin/Cytokine IL-33. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2308. [PMID: 30374349 PMCID: PMC6197076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the contribution of iNKT cells to induction of sterile inflammation is now well-established, the nature of the endogenous compounds released early after cellular stress or damage that drive their activation and recruitment remains poorly understood. More precisely, iNKT cells have not been described as being reactive to endogenous non-protein damage-associated molecular-pattern molecules (DAMPs). A second subset of DAMPs, called alarmins, are tissue-derived nuclear proteins, constitutively expressed at high levels in epithelial barrier tissues and endothelial barriers. These potent immunostimulants, immediately released after tissue damage, include the alarmin IL-33. This factor has aroused interest due to its singular action as an alarmin during infectious, allergic responses and acute tissue injury, and as a cytokine, contributing to the latter resolutive/repair phase of sterile inflammation. IL-33 targets iNKT cells, inducing their recruitment in an inflammatory state, and amplifying their regulatory and effector functions. In the present review, we introduce the new concept of a biological axis of iNKT cells and IL-33, involved in alerting and controlling the immune cells in experimental models of sterile inflammation. This review will focus on acute organ injury models, especially ischemia-reperfusion injury, in the kidneys, liver and lungs, where iNKT cells and IL-33 have been presumed to mediate and/or control the injury mechanisms, and their potential relevance in human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louise Barbier
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Oncologique, Endocrinienne et Transplantation Hépatique, CHU Trousseau, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Antoine Thierry
- INSERM U1082 - IRATI Group, Poitiers, France.,Service de Néphrologie, Hémodialyse et Transplantation Rénale, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Marc Gombert
- INSERM U1082 - IRATI Group, Poitiers, France.,Service d'Immunologie et d'Inflammation, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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9
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Xu C, Zhang C, Ji J, Wang C, Yang J, Geng B, Zhao T, Zhou H, Mu X, Pan J, Hu S, Lv Y, Chen X, Wen H, You Q. CD36 deficiency attenuates immune-mediated hepatitis in mice by modulating the proapoptotic effects of CXC chemokine ligand 10. Hepatology 2018; 67:1943-1955. [PMID: 29220536 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The scavenger receptor CD36 recognizes a diverse set of ligands and has been implicated in a wide variety of normal and pathological processes, including lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and phagocytosis. In particular, recent findings have demonstrated its crucial functions in sterile inflammation and tumor metastasis. However, the role of CD36 in immune-mediated hepatitis remains unclear. Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced liver injury is a well-established experimental T cell-mediated hepatitis. To understand the role of CD36 in hepatitis, we tested the susceptibility of CD36-deficient (CD36-/- ) mice to this model, evaluated by a liver enzyme test, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, histological analysis, mononuclear cell (MNC) infiltration, and hepatic proinflammatory factor production. CD36-/- mice were less sensitive to ConA-induced hepatitis and had a significantly lower number of liver MNCs (LMNCs), including CD4+ cells, CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, infiltrating macrophages, and neutrophils, as well as reduced expression of inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor α, CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL) 10, interleukin (IL)-1α, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and IL-6) compared with controls. Notably, we used bone marrow chimeric mice to demonstrate that CD36 expression on nonhematopoietic cells was required to drive ConA-induced liver injury. Furthermore, our data show that the CD36 receptor was essential for CXCL10-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and activation of IκB kinase, Akt, and Jun N-terminal kinase. Moreover, treatment of wild-type mice with genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks CD36-Lyn signaling, attenuated ConA-induced liver injury and reduced the number of MNCs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that CD36 plays an important proinflammatory role in ConA-induced liver injury by promoting hepatic inflammation and mediating the proapoptotic effect of chemokine CXCL10, and therefore, may be a potential therapeutic target for immune-mediated hepatitis. (Hepatology 2018;67:1943-1955).
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Ji
- First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Biao Geng
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xianmin Mu
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinshun Pan
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shi Hu
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanfang Lv
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingguo Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Wen
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang You
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Lauschke VM, Ingelman-Sundberg M. The Importance of Patient-Specific Factors for Hepatic Drug Response and Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1714. [PMID: 27754327 PMCID: PMC5085745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Responses to drugs and pharmacological treatments differ considerably between individuals. Importantly, only 50%-75% of patients have been shown to react adequately to pharmacological interventions, whereas the others experience either a lack of efficacy or suffer from adverse events. The liver is of central importance in the metabolism of most drugs. Because of this exposed status, hepatotoxicity is amongst the most common adverse drug reactions and hepatic liabilities are the most prevalent reason for the termination of development programs of novel drug candidates. In recent years, more and more factors were unveiled that shape hepatic drug responses and thus underlie the observed inter-individual variability. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of different principle mechanisms of drug hepatotoxicity and illustrate how patient-specific factors, such as genetic, physiological and environmental factors, can shape drug responses. Furthermore, we highlight other parameters, such as concomitantly prescribed medications or liver diseases and how they modulate drug toxicity, pharmacokinetics and dynamics. Finally, we discuss recent progress in the field of in vitro toxicity models and evaluate their utility in reflecting patient-specific factors to study inter-individual differences in drug response and toxicity, as this understanding is necessary to pave the way for a patient-adjusted medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Abstract
Animal experiments cannot predict the probability of idiosyncratic drug toxicity; consequently, an important goal of the pharmaceutical industry is to develop a new methodology for preventing this form of drug reaction. Although the mechanism remains unclear, immune reactions are likely involved in the toxic processes underlying idiosyncratic drug toxicity: the drug is first activated into a chemically reactive metabolite that binds covalently to proteins and then acts as an immunogen. Therefore, screening tests to detect chemically reactive metabolites are conducted early during drug development and typically involve trapping with glutathione. More quantitative methods are then used in a later stage of drug development and frequently employ (14)Cor (3)H-labeled compounds. It has recently been demonstrated that a zone classification system can be used to separate risky drugs from likely safe drugs: by plotting the amount of each protein-bound reactive metabolite in vitro against the dose levels in vivo, the risk associated with each drug candidate can be assessed. A mechanism for idiosyncratic drug-induced hepatotoxicity was proposed by analogy to virus-induced hepatitis, in which cytotoxic T lymphocytes play an important role. This mechanism suggests that polymorphism in human leukocyte antigens is involved in idiosyncrasy, and a strong correlation with a specific genotype of human leukocyte antigens has been found in many cases of idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Therefore, gene biomarkers hold promise for reducing the clinical risk and prolonging the life cycle of otherwise useful drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ikeda
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Yokohama College of Pharmacy
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12
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Mathews S, Feng D, Maricic I, Ju C, Kumar V, Gao B. Invariant natural killer T cells contribute to chronic-plus-binge ethanol-mediated liver injury by promoting hepatic neutrophil infiltration. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:206-16. [PMID: 25661730 PMCID: PMC4786627 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration is a hallmark of alcoholic steatohepatitis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We previously reported that chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding synergistically induces hepatic recruitment of neutrophils, which contributes to liver injury. In this paper, we investigated the roles of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding-induced hepatic neutrophil infiltration and liver injury. Wild-type and two strains of iNKT cell-deficient mice (CD1d- and Jα18-deficient mice) were subjected to chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding. Liver injury and inflammation were examined. Chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding synergistically increased the number of hepatic iNKT cells and induced their activation, compared with chronic feeding or binge alone. iNKT cell-deficient mice were protected from chronic-plus-binge ethanol-induced hepatic neutrophil infiltration and liver injury. Moreover, chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding markedly upregulated the hepatic expression of several genes associated with inflammation and neutrophil recruitment in wild-type mice, but induction of these genes was abrogated in iNKT cell-deficient mice. Importantly, several cytokines and chemokines (e.g., MIP-2, MIP-1, IL-4, IL-6 and osteopontin) involved in neutrophil infiltration were upregulated in hepatic NKT cells isolated from chronic-plus-binge ethanol-fed mice compared to pair-fed mice. Finally, treatment with CD1d blocking antibody, which blocks iNKT cell activation, partially prevented chronic-plus-binge ethanol-induced liver injury and inflammation. Chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding activates hepatic iNKT cells, which play a critical role in the development of early alcoholic liver injury, in part by releasing mediators that recruit neutrophils to the liver, and thus, iNKT cells represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mathews
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Igor Maricic
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Integrated Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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MicroRNAs as Signaling Mediators and Biomarkers of Drug- and Chemical-Induced Liver Injury. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1063-1078. [PMID: 26167291 PMCID: PMC4470217 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4051063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is major problem for both the drug industry and for clinicians. There are two basic categories of DILI: intrinsic and idiosyncratic. The former is the chief cause of acute liver failure in several developed countries, while the latter is the most common reason for post-marketing drug withdrawal and a major reason for failure to approve new drugs in the U.S. Although considerably more progress has been made in the study of intrinsic DILI, our understanding of both forms of drug hepatotoxicity remains incomplete. Recent work involving microRNAs (miRNAs) has advanced our knowledge of DILI in two ways: (1) possible roles of miRNAs in the pathophysiological mechanisms of DILI have been identified, and (2) circulating miRNA profiles have shown promise for the detection and diagnosis of DILI in clinical settings. The purpose of this review is to summarize major findings in these two areas of research. Taken together, exciting progress has been made in the study of miRNAs in DILI. Possible mechanisms through which miRNA species contribute to the basic mechanisms of DILI are beginning to emerge, and new miRNA-based biomarkers have the potential to greatly improve diagnosis of liver injury and prediction of patient outcomes.
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14
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Tajiri K, Shimizu Y. Immunological aspects of drug-induced liver injury. World J Immunol 2014; 4:149-157. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v4.i3.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is a common condition of increasing incidence. Many environmental and genetic factors are involved in its pathogenesis, and immunological mechanisms are also thought to contribute to the development and severity of DILI. This review summarizes current understanding of the immunological pathogenesis of DILI and discusses the perspective for clinical applications.
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15
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Kurth MJ, Yokoi T, Gershwin ME. Halothane-induced hepatitis: paradigm or paradox for drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2014; 60:1473-5. [PMID: 24913773 PMCID: PMC4211967 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of
Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of
California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA
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16
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Proctor WR, Chakraborty M, Fullerton AM, Korrapati MC, Ryan PM, Semple K, Morrison JC, Berkson JD, Chea LS, Yang Q, Li AP, Spolski R, West EE, Rochman Y, Leonard WJ, Bourdi M, Pohl LR. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interleukin-4 mediate the pathogenesis of halothane-induced liver injury in mice. Hepatology 2014; 60:1741-52. [PMID: 24723460 PMCID: PMC4451830 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver eosinophilia has been associated with incidences of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) for more than 50 years, although its role in this disease has remained largely unknown. In this regard, it was recently shown that eosinophils played a pathogenic role in a mouse model of halothane-induced liver injury (HILI). However, the signaling events that drove hepatic expression of eosinophil-associated chemokines, eotaxins, eosinophil infiltration, and subsequent HILI were unclear. We now provide evidence implicating hepatic epithelial-derived cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and type 2 immunity, in particular, interleukin-4 (IL-4) production, in mediating hepatic eosinophilia and injury during HILI. TSLP was constitutively expressed by mouse hepatocytes and increased during HILI. Moreover, the severity of HILI was reduced in mice deficient in either the TSLP receptor (TSLPR) or IL-4 and was accompanied by decreases in serum levels of eotaxins and hepatic eosinophilia. Similarly, concanavalin A-induced liver injury, where type 2 cytokines and eosinophils play a significant role in its pathogenesis, was also reduced in TSLPR-deficient mice. Studies in vitro revealed that mouse and human hepatocytes produce TSLP and eotaxins in response to treatment with combinations of IL-4 and proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha. CONCLUSION This report provides the first evidence implicating roles for hepatic TSLP signaling, type 2 immunity, and eosinophilia in mediating liver injury caused by a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Proctor
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mala Chakraborty
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron M. Fullerton
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Midhun C. Korrapati
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pauline M. Ryan
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenrick Semple
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Morrison
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julia D. Berkson
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lynette S. Chea
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qian Yang
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, Columbia, MD
| | | | - Rosanne Spolski
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erin E. West
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yrina Rochman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Warren J. Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mohammed Bourdi
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lance R. Pohl
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Corresponding Author: Lance R. Pohl, Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 8N110, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1760, Tel: 1-301-451-1097 Fax: 1-301-480-4852,
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17
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van Swelm RPL, Kramers C, Masereeuw R, Russel FGM. Application of urine proteomics for biomarker discovery in drug-induced liver injury. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:823-41. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.931341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Development of a cell-based assay system considering drug metabolism and immune- and inflammatory-related factors for the risk assessment of drug-induced liver injury. Toxicol Lett 2014; 228:13-24. [PMID: 24747151 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major safety concern in drug development and clinical pharmacotherapy. However, prediction of DILI is difficult because the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. To establish a novel cell-based screening system to suggest drugs with hepatotoxic potential in preclinical drug development, comprehensive gene expression analyses during in vivo DILI are necessary. Using in vivo mouse DILI models and 4 sets of hepatotoxic positive and non-hepatotoxic drugs, we found that the hepatic mRNA levels of S100A8; S100A9; "NATCH, LRR, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3" (NALP3); interleukin (IL)-1β; and the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) were commonly increased in hepatotoxic drug-administered mice compared to non-hepatotoxic drug-administered mice. To clarify whether these 5 in vivo biomarkers can be applied to a cell-based screening system, we adapted human liver microsomes (HLM) in the presence of NADPH to assess the metabolic activation reaction, and we also adapted human monocytic leukemia cells HL-60, K562, KG-1 and THP-1 to assess the effects on mRNA expression of immune- and inflammatory-related factors. We investigated 30 clinical drugs with different safety profiles with regard to DILI and found that the total sum score of gene expression levels of S100A8, S100A9, RAGE, NALP3 and IL-1β mRNA in HL-60 or K562 cells incubated with HLM, could identify drugs at high risk for hepatotoxicity. We proposed the use of the total sum score of gene expression level for assessing metabolic activation by drug-metabolizing enzymes and immune- and inflammatory-related factors for the risk assessment of DILI in preclinical drug development.
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19
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Chang CH, Drechsel DA, Kitson RRA, Siegel D, You Q, Backos DS, Ju C, Moody CJ, Ross D. 19-substituted benzoquinone ansamycin heat shock protein-90 inhibitors: biological activity and decreased off-target toxicity. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 85:849-57. [PMID: 24682466 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.090654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The benzoquinone ansamycins (BQAs) are a valuable class of antitumor agents that serve as inhibitors of heat shock protein (Hsp)-90. However, clinical use of BQAs has resulted in off-target toxicities, including concerns of hepatotoxicity. Mechanisms underlying the toxicity of quinones include their ability to redox cycle and/or arylate cellular nucleophiles. We have therefore designed 19-substituted BQAs to prevent glutathione conjugation and nonspecific interactions with protein thiols to minimize off-target effects and reduce hepatotoxicity. 19-Phenyl- and 19-methyl-substituted versions of geldanamycin and its derivatives, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin and 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG), did not react with glutathione, whereas marked reactivity was observed using parent BQAs. Importantly, although 17-DMAG induced cell death in primary and cultured mouse hepatocytes, 19-phenyl and 19-methyl DMAG showed reduced toxicity, validating the overall approach. Furthermore, our data suggest that arylation reactions, rather than redox cycling, are a major mechanism contributing to BQA hepatotoxicity. 19-Phenyl BQAs inhibited purified Hsp90 in a NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)-dependent manner, demonstrating increased efficacy of the hydroquinone ansamycin relative to its parent quinone. Molecular modeling supported increased stability of the hydroquinone form of 19-phenyl-DMAG in the active site of human Hsp90. In human breast cancer cells, 19-phenyl BQAs induced growth inhibition also dependent upon metabolism via NQO1 with decreased expression of client proteins and compensatory induction of Hsp70. These data demonstrate that 19-substituted BQAs are unreactive with thiols, display reduced hepatotoxicity, and retain Hsp90 and growth-inhibitory activity in human breast cancer cells, although with diminished potency relative to parent BQAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hsin Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (C.-H.C., D.A.D., D.S., Q.Y., D.S.B., C.J., D.R.); and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (R.R.A.K., C.J.M.)
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20
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Endo S, Yano A, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Involvement of miRNAs in the early phase of halothane-induced liver injury. Toxicology 2014; 319:75-84. [PMID: 24598351 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) form a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression. Most cellular pathways are modulated by miRNAs. However, the pathophysiological role of miRNAs during drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains largely unknown. In this study, the possible involvement of miRNAs in DILI caused by the hepatotoxic drug halothane (HAL) was investigated. Toward this purpose, miRNA microarray studies of HAL-induced liver injury were performed in mice at five different time points up to 24h after dosing. To exclude any pharmacological effects on miRNA expression, isoflurane was used as a low hepatotoxic drug because it is structurally similar to HAL. Approximately 30-50% of the miRNA expression levels changed more than two-fold at every time point. In silico biological pathway analysis was performed to predict the targeted genes. Consequently, the miRNA gene down-regulation that occurred 1h after HAL administration was primarily related to inflammation, immune systems and liver injury. Based on additional in silico analyses, we identified miR-106b. Subsequently target of miR-106b was investigated using liver samples from mice with HAL-induced liver injury. Among the predicted targets, we discovered that a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was particularly up-regulated beginning during the early phase of HAL-induced liver injury. Collectively, the suppressed miR-106b expression, as well as the subsequent up-regulation of STAT3, was critical for the pathogenesis of HAL-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Endo
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Azusa Yano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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21
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Proctor WR, Chakraborty M, Chea LS, Morrison JC, Berkson JD, Semple K, Bourdi M, Pohl LR. Eosinophils mediate the pathogenesis of halothane-induced liver injury in mice. Hepatology 2013; 57:2026-36. [PMID: 23238640 PMCID: PMC3610837 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major health issue, as it remains difficult to predict which new drugs will cause injury and who will be susceptible to this disease. This is due in part to the lack of animal models and knowledge of susceptibility factors that predispose individuals to DILI. In this regard, liver eosinophilia has often been associated with DILI, although its role remains unclear. We decided to investigate this problem in a murine model of halothane-induced liver injury (HILI). When female Balb/cJ mice were administered halothane, eosinophils were detected by flow cytometry in the liver within 12 hours and increased thereafter proportionally to liver damage. Chemokines, eotaxin-1 (CCL11) and eotaxin-2 (CCL24), which are known to attract eosinophils, increased in response to halothane treatment. The severity of HILI was decreased significantly when the study was repeated in wildtype mice made deficient in eosinophils with a depleting antibody and in eosinophil lineage-ablated ΔdblGata(-/-) mice. Moreover, depletion of neutrophils by pretreating animals with Gr-1 antibody prior to halothane administration failed to reduce the severity of HILI at antibody concentrations that did not affect hepatic eosinophils. Immunohistochemical staining for the granule protein, major basic protein, revealed that eosinophils accumulated exclusively around areas of hepatocellular necrosis. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that eosinophils have a pathologic role in HILI in mice and suggest that they may contribute similarly in many clinical cases of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Proctor
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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22
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Uetrecht J, Naisbitt DJ. Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions: current concepts. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:779-808. [PMID: 23476052 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug reactions are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for patients; they also markedly increase the uncertainty of drug development. The major targets are skin, liver, and bone marrow. Clinical characteristics suggest that IDRs are immune mediated, and there is substantive evidence that most, but not all, IDRs are caused by chemically reactive species. However, rigorous mechanistic studies are very difficult to perform, especially in the absence of valid animal models. Models to explain how drugs or reactive metabolites interact with the MHC/T-cell receptor complex include the hapten and P-I models, and most recently it was found that abacavir can interact reversibly with MHC to alter the endogenous peptides that are presented to T cells. The discovery of HLA molecules as important risk factors for some IDRs has also significantly contributed to our understanding of these adverse reactions, but it is not yet clear what fraction of IDRs have a strong HLA dependence. In addition, with the exception of abacavir, most patients who have the HLA that confers a higher IDR risk with a specific drug will not have an IDR when treated with that drug. Interindividual differences in T-cell receptors and other factors also presumably play a role in determining which patients will have an IDR. The immune response represents a delicate balance, and immune tolerance may be the dominant response to a drug that can cause IDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Uetrecht
- Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S3M2.
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23
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Liver inflammation in a mouse model of Th1 hepatitis despite the absence of invariant NKT cells or the Th1 chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1461-71. [PMID: 22906987 PMCID: PMC3460069 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific mechanisms that mediate CD4(+) T-cell-mediated liver injury have not been fully elucidated. CD4(+) invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are required for liver damage in some mouse models of hepatitis, while the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 are considered dominant Th1 chemokine receptors involved in Th1 trafficking in inflammatory conditions. BALB/c-Tgfb1(-/-) mice spontaneously develop Th1 hepatitis. Here, we directly test the hypotheses that iNKT cells or the Th1-cell chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 are required for development of liver disease in Tgfb1(-/-) mice. Tgfb1(-/-) mouse livers exhibited significant increases in iNKT cells and in ligands for CXCR3 or CCR5. Tgfb1(-/-) mice were rendered deficient in iNKT cells, CXCR3, CCR5, or both CXCR3 and CCR5, by cross-breeding with appropriate knockout mice. Tgfb1(-/-) mice developed severe liver injury, even in the absence of functional CD1d/iNKT cells, CXCR3, CCR5, or both CXCR3 and CCR5. Liver CD4(+) T cells accumulated to high numbers, and spleen CD4(+) T-cell numbers declined, regardless of the functionality of the CXCR3/CCR5 response pathways. Similarly, dendritic cells and macrophages accumulated in Tgfb1(-/-) livers even when CXCR3 and CCR5 were knocked out. Th1-associated cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2) and chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10) were strongly overexpressed in Tgfb1(-/-) mice despite knockouts in CD1d, CXCR3, or CCR5. These studies indicate that the cellular and biochemical basis for CD4(+) T-cell-mediated injury in liver can be complex, with myriad pathways potentially involved.
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24
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Yano A, Higuchi S, Tsuneyama K, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Involvement of immune-related factors in diclofenac-induced acute liver injury in mice. Toxicology 2012; 293:107-114. [PMID: 22285467 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major safety concern in drug development and clinical drug therapy. However, the underlying mechanism of DILI is little known. It is difficult to predict DILI in humans due to the lack of experimental animal models. Diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug rarely causes severe liver injury in human, but there is some evidence for immunoallergic idiosyncratic reactions. In this study, the mechanism of diclofenac-induced liver injury in mice was investigated. First, we established the dosing condition for liver injury in normal mice. Plasma ALT and AST levels were significantly increased in diclofenac-administered (80 mg/kg, i.p.) mice in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Among several interleukins (ILs) and chemokines, mRNA expression of helper T (Th) 17 cell-mediated factors, such as retinoid orphan receptor (ROR)-γt, and signal transducers and activators of transcription factor (STAT) 3 in the liver, and the plasma IL-17 level were significantly increased. Neutralization of IL-17 tended to suppress the hepatotoxicity of diclofenac, suggesting that IL-17 was partly involved. Gadolinium chloride (GdCl₃) administration demonstrated that Kupffer cells are not likely to be involved in diclofenac hepatotoxicity. Hepatic expressions of IL-1β mRNA and plasma IL-1β were significantly increased soon after the diclofenac administration. Then, the results of an in vivo neutralization study of IL-1β suggested that IL-1β was involved early in the time of pathogenesis of the diclofenac-induced liver injury. In conclusion, we firstly developed a diclofenac-induced acute liver injury model in normal mice, and the involvement of IL-17 and IL-1β was clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Yano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Satonori Higuchi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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25
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Abstract
Although some drugs cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI) through direct damage to hepatocytes or intereference with bile secretion, others cause delayed, often idiosyncratic, DILI with clinical features, such as mild lymphocytic infiltrate, that are reminiscent of allergic reactions involving activation of the adaptive immune system. Even in cases of direct drug-induced hepatotoxicity, infiltration of inflammatory cells into the liver is often observed, suggesting a role for the innate immune system (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages, and so on). Therefore, a variety of hypotheses for the pathogenesis of DILI center around a pathogenic role of drug- (or drug-metabolite-) specific adaptive immune cells, as well as hepatic-injury-induced innate immune responses in the development, progression, and/or resolution of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Ju
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, USA.
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Ng W, Lobach AR, Zhu X, Chen X, Liu F, Metushi IG, Sharma A, Li J, Cai P, Ip J, Novalen M, Popovic M, Zhang X, Tanino T, Nakagawa T, Li Y, Uetrecht J. Animal Models of Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions. CURRENT CONCEPTS IN DRUG METABOLISM AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 63:81-135. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398339-8.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Williams CD, Jaeschke H. Role of innate and adaptive immunity during drug-induced liver injury. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2012; 1:161. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tx20032e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Toyoda Y, Endo S, Tsuneyama K, Miyashita T, Yano A, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Mechanism of exacerbative effect of progesterone on drug-induced liver injury. Toxicol Sci 2011; 126:16-27. [PMID: 22157104 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major safety concern in drug development and clinical drug therapy. However, the underlying mechanism of DILI is little known. It is generally believed that women exhibit worse outcomes from DILI than men. Recently, we found that pretreatment of mice with estradiol attenuated halothane (HAL)-induced liver injury, whereas pretreatment with progesterone exacerbated it in female mice. To investigate the mechanism of sex difference of DILI, we focused on progesterone in this study. We found the exacerbating effect of progesterone in thioacetamide (TA), α-naphthylisothiocyanate, and dicloxacillin-induced liver injury only in female mice. Higher number of myeloperoxidase-positive mononuclear cells infiltrated into the liver and increased levels of Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 and 2 (CXCL1 and CXCL2) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the liver were observed. Interestingly, CXCL1 was slightly increased by progesterone pretreatment alone. Progesterone pretreatment increased the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in HAL-induced liver injury. Pretreatment with U0126 (ERK inhibitor) significantly suppressed the exacerbating effect of progesterone and the expression of inflammatory mediators. In addition, pretreatment with gadolinium chloride (GdCl(3): inhibitor of Kupffer cells) significantly suppressed the exacerbating effect of progesterone pretreatment and the expression of inflammatory mediators. Moreover, posttreatment of RU486 (progesterone receptor antagonist) 1 h after the HAL or TA administration ameliorated the HAL- or TA-induced liver injury, respectively, in female mice. In conclusion, progesterone exacerbated the immune-mediated hepatotoxic responses in DILI via Kupffer cells and ERK pathway. The inhibition of progesterone receptor and decrease of the immune response may have important therapeutic implications in DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Toyoda
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Toyoda Y, Miyashita T, Endo S, Tsuneyama K, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Estradiol and progesterone modulate halothane-induced liver injury in mice. Toxicol Lett 2011; 204:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Dugan CM, Fullerton AM, Roth RA, Ganey PE. Natural killer cells mediate severe liver injury in a murine model of halothane hepatitis. Toxicol Sci 2011; 120:507-18. [PMID: 21245496 PMCID: PMC3061480 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe halothane (HAL)-induced hepatotoxicity occurs in one in 6000-30,000 patients by an unknown mechanism. Female sex is a risk factor in humans and rodents. We tested the hypothesis that a sex difference in natural killer (NK) cell activity contributes to HAL-induced liver injury. HAL (15 mmol/kg, ip) treatment resulted in severe liver injury by 12 h in female, wild-type BALB/cJ mice, and the magnitude of liver injury varied with stage of the estrous cycle. Ovariectomized (OVX) mice developed only mild liver injury. Plasma interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) was elevated 10-fold in HAL-treated females compared with similarly treated male mice or with OVX female mice. IFN-γ knockout mice were resistant to severe HAL-induced liver injury. The deactivation of NK cells with anti-asialo GM1 treatment attenuated liver injury and the increase in plasma IFN-γ compared with immunoglobulin G-treated control mice. Mice with a mutated form of perforin, a protein involved in granule-mediated cytotoxicity, were protected from severe liver injury. Furthermore, HAL increased the activity of NK cells in vivo, as indicated by increased surface expression of CD69, an early activation marker. In response to HAL, NK cell receptor ligands on the surface of hepatocytes were expressed in a manner that can activate NK cells. These results confirm the sexual dimorphic hepatotoxic response to HAL in mice and suggest that IFN-γ and NK cells have essential roles in the development of severe HAL-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron M. Fullerton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1302
| | - Robert A. Roth
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1302
| | - Patricia E. Ganey
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1302
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Park BK, Boobis A, Clarke S, Goldring CEP, Jones D, Kenna JG, Lambert C, Laverty HG, Naisbitt DJ, Nelson S, Nicoll-Griffith DA, Obach RS, Routledge P, Smith DA, Tweedie DJ, Vermeulen N, Williams DP, Wilson ID, Baillie TA. Managing the challenge of chemically reactive metabolites in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:292-306. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Park BK, Laverty H, Srivastava A, Antoine DJ, Naisbitt D, Williams DP. Drug bioactivation and protein adduct formation in the pathogenesis of drug-induced toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 192:30-6. [PMID: 20846520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) remain a major complication of drug therapy and can be classified as 'on-target' or 'off-target' (idiosyncratic) reactions. On-target reactions can be predicted from the known primary or secondary pharmacology of the drug and often represent an exaggeration of the pharmacological effect of the drug. In contrast, off-target adverse reactions cannot be predicted from knowledge of the basic pharmacology of the drug. The exact mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug reactions are still unclear; however it is believed that they can be initiated by chemically reactive drug metabolites. It is well known that xenobiotics can undergo metabolic bioactivation reactions which have the potential to cause cellular stress and damage. Bioactivation of drugs is thought to have the potential of initiating covalent linkages between cellular protein and drugs which can be recognised by the adaptive immune system in the absence of detectable cellular stress. This process cannot yet be predicted in pre-clinical models or discovered in clinical trials. Because of this hazard perception, the formation of chemically reactive metabolites in early drug discovery remains a serious impediment to the development of new medicines and can lead to withdrawal of an otherwise effective therapeutic agent. The fear of such reactions occurring at the post-licensing stage - when such problems first become evident - is a major contribution to drug attrition. The first step towards such methodology has been the development of chemically reactive metabolite screens. The chemical basis of drug bioactivation can usually be rationalised and synthetic strategies put in place to prevent such bioactivation. However, there is no simple correlation between drug bioactivation in vitro and adverse drug reactions in the clinic. Such a chemical approach is clearly limited by the facts that (a) not all drugs that can undergo bioactivation by human drug-metabolising enzymes are associated with hypersensitivity in the clinic and (b) drug bioactivation may not always be a mandatory step in drug hypersensitivity. To predict such reactions in early drug development, it will require an integrated understanding of the chemical, immunological and genetic basis of adverse drug reactions in patients, which in turn will depend on the development of novel in vitro experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
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