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Liao XX, Wu XY, Zhou YL, Li JJ, Wen YL, Zhou JJ. Gut microbiome metabolites as key actors in atherosclerosis co-depression disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:988643. [PMID: 36439791 PMCID: PMC9686300 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.988643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, mainly characterized by atherosclerosis (AS), and depression have a high comorbidity rate. However, previous studies have been conducted under a single disease, and there is a lack of studies in comorbid states to explore the commonalities in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Modern high-throughput technologies have made it clear that the gut microbiome can affect the development of the host's own disorders and have shown that their metabolites are crucial to the pathophysiology of AS and depression. The aim of this review is to summarize the current important findings on the role of gut microbiome metabolites such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, bile acids, tryptophan metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, and trimethylamine N -oxide in depression and AS disease, with the aim of identifying potential biological targets for the early diagnosis and treatment of AS co-depression disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xing Liao
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yu-Long Zhou
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jia-Jun Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - You-Liang Wen
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhou
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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Siddiqui T, Bhattarai P, Popova S, Cosacak MI, Sariya S, Zhang Y, Mayeux R, Tosto G, Kizil C. KYNA/Ahr Signaling Suppresses Neural Stem Cell Plasticity and Neurogenesis in Adult Zebrafish Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:2748. [PMID: 34685728 PMCID: PMC8534484 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis decreases in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, suggesting that restoring the normal neurogenic response could be a disease modifying intervention. To study the mechanisms of pathology-induced neuro-regeneration in vertebrate brains, zebrafish is an excellent model due to its extensive neural regeneration capacity. Here, we report that Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan, negatively regulates neural stem cell (NSC) plasticity in adult zebrafish brain through its receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (Ahr2). The production of KYNA is suppressed after amyloid-toxicity through reduction of the levels of Kynurenine amino transferase 2 (KAT2), the key enzyme producing KYNA. NSC proliferation is enhanced by an antagonist for Ahr2 and is reduced with Ahr2 agonists or KYNA. A subset of Ahr2-expressing zebrafish NSCs do not express other regulatory receptors such as il4r or ngfra, indicating that ahr2-positive NSCs constitute a new subset of neural progenitors that are responsive to amyloid-toxicity. By performing transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) in three late onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) brain autopsy cohorts, we also found that several genes that are components of KYNA metabolism or AHR signaling are differentially expressed in LOAD, suggesting a strong link between KYNA/Ahr2 signaling axis to neurogenesis in LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohid Siddiqui
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within Helmholtz Association, Tatzberg 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (P.B.); (S.P.); (M.I.C.)
| | - Prabesh Bhattarai
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within Helmholtz Association, Tatzberg 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (P.B.); (S.P.); (M.I.C.)
| | - Stanislava Popova
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within Helmholtz Association, Tatzberg 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (P.B.); (S.P.); (M.I.C.)
| | - Mehmet Ilyas Cosacak
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within Helmholtz Association, Tatzberg 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (P.B.); (S.P.); (M.I.C.)
| | - Sanjeev Sariya
- The Department of Neurology, The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; (S.S.); (R.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Yixin Zhang
- B-CUBE, Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Richard Mayeux
- The Department of Neurology, The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; (S.S.); (R.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Giuseppe Tosto
- The Department of Neurology, The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; (S.S.); (R.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Caghan Kizil
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within Helmholtz Association, Tatzberg 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (P.B.); (S.P.); (M.I.C.)
- The Department of Neurology, The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; (S.S.); (R.M.); (G.T.)
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3
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Bai MY, Lovejoy DB, Guillemin GJ, Kozak R, Stone TW, Koola MM. Galantamine-Memantine Combination and Kynurenine Pathway Enzyme Inhibitors in the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Complex Psychiatry 2021; 7:19-33. [PMID: 35141700 PMCID: PMC8443947 DOI: 10.1159/000515066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is a major route for L-tryptophan (L-TRP) metabolism, yielding a variety of bioactive compounds including kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), quinolinic acid (QUIN), and picolinic acid (PIC). These tryptophan catabolites are involved in the pathogenesis of many neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly when the KP becomes dysregulated. Accordingly, the enzymes that regulate the KP such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)/tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs), and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) represent potential drug targets as enzymatic inhibition can favorably rebalance KP metabolite concentrations. In addition, the galantamine-memantine combination, through its modulatory effects at the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, may counteract the effects of KYNA. The aim of this review is to highlight the effectiveness of IDO-1, KAT II, and KMO inhibitors, as well as the galantamine-memantine combination in the modulation of different KP metabolites. KAT II inhibitors are capable of decreasing the KYNA levels in the rat brain by a maximum of 80%. KMO inhibitors effectively reduce the central nervous system (CNS) levels of 3-HK, while markedly boosting the brain concentration of KYNA. Emerging data suggest that the galantamine-memantine combination also lowers L-TRP, kynurenine, KYNA, and PIC levels in humans. Presently, there are only 2 pathophysiological mechanisms (cholinergic and glutamatergic) that are FDA approved for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction for which purpose the galantamine-memantine combination has been designed for clinical use against Alzheimer's disease. The alpha7 nicotinic-NMDA hypothesis targeted by the galantamine-memantine combination has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various CNS diseases. Similarly, KYNA is well capable of modulating the neuropathophysiology of these disorders. This is known as the KYNA-centric hypothesis, which may be implicated in the management of certain neuropsychiatric conditions. In line with this hypothesis, KYNA may be considered as the "conductor of the orchestra" for the major pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CNS disorders. Therefore, there is great opportunity to further explore and compare the biological effects of these therapeutic modalities in animal models with a special focus on their effects on KP metabolites in the CNS and with the ultimate goal of progressing to clinical trials for many neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y. Bai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie University Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David B. Lovejoy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie University Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gilles J. Guillemin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie University Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rouba Kozak
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Trevor W. Stone
- Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maju Mathew Koola
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Dey S, Banerjee Dixit A, Tripathi M, Doddamani RS, Sharma MC, Lalwani S, Chandra PS, Banerjee J. Altered hippocampal kynurenine pathway metabolism contributes to hyperexcitability in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy-hippocampal sclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3959-3976. [PMID: 33990935 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glutamate receptor-mediated enhanced excitatory neurotransmission is typically associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS). Kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid are two important tryptophan-kynurenine pathway metabolites that modulate glutamate receptor activity. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that alteration in metabolism of tryptophan-kynurenine pathway metabolites in the hippocampus of patients with MTLE-HS contributes to abnormal glutamatergic transmission. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Levels of tryptophan-kynurenine pathway metabolites were determined using HPLC and LC-MS/MS in hippocampal samples from patients with MTLE-HS, compared with autopsy and non-seizure control samples. mRNA and protein expressions of tryptophan-kynurenine pathway enzymes were determined by qPCR and Western blot. Spontaneous glutamatergic activities were recorded from pyramidal neurons in the presence of kynurenine and kynurenic acid, using whole-cell patch clamp. KEY RESULTS Levels of kynurenic acid were reduced and quinolinic acid levels were raised in hippocampal samples from MTLE-HS patients, whereas kynurenine levels remained unaltered, compared with levels in non-seizure controls. Spontaneous glutamatergic activity in MTLE-HS hippocampal samples was higher than that in non-seizure controls. Treatment with kynurenine inhibited glutamatergic activity in non-seizure control samples but not in MTLE-HS samples. However, exogenously applied kynurenic acid inhibited glutamatergic activity in both non-seizure control and MTLE-HS hippocampal samples. Also, levels of kynurenine aminotransferase II and its cofactor pyridoxal phosphate were reduced in MTLE-HS samples. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings indicate that altered metabolism of tryptophan-kynurenine pathway metabolites in hippocampus could contribute to hyperglutamatergic tone in patients with MTLE-HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumil Dey
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aparna Banerjee Dixit
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Mehar Chand Sharma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Lalwani
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Jyotirmoy Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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5
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Bilgiç A, Abuşoğlu S, Sadıç Çelikkol Ç, Oflaz MB, Akça ÖF, Sivrikaya A, Baysal T, Ünlü A. Altered kynurenine pathway metabolite levels in toddlers and preschool children with autism spectrum disorder. Int J Neurosci 2020; 132:826-834. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1841187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Bilgiç
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sedat Abuşoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Çağla Sadıç Çelikkol
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Burhan Oflaz
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ömer Faruk Akça
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Sivrikaya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Tamer Baysal
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ali Ünlü
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Banerjee J, Dey S, Dixit AB, Tripathi M, Doddamani R, Sharma MC, Chandra PS. α7 nicotinic receptors contributes to glutamatergic activity in the hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS). J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:1441-1446. [PMID: 32770411 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglutamatergic activity in the hippocampus is a major feature of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS). Here we investigated whether tonic α7 nicotinic receptor (nAChR) activity could contribute to enhanced glutamatergic activity in the hippocampus of patients with MTLE-HS. Results showed that frequency and amplitude of glutamatergic events recorded from pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal samples obtained from patients with MTLE-HS were altered by α7 nAChR antagonist, methyllycaconitine, suggesting α7 nAChRs may influence hyperexcitability in MTLE-HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
| | - Soumil Dey
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh Doddamani
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Meher Chand Sharma
- Department of Neuropathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - P Sarat Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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7
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The ‘Yin’ and the ‘Yang’ of the kynurenine pathway: excitotoxicity and neuroprotection imbalance in stress-induced disorders. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 30:163-186. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Investigating KYNA production and kynurenergic manipulation on acute mouse brain slice preparations. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:185-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Bali ZK, Nagy LV, Hernádi I. Alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Play a Predominant Role in the Cholinergic Potentiation of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Evoked Firing Responses of Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:271. [PMID: 28928637 PMCID: PMC5591832 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify in vivo electrophysiological correlates of the interaction between cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission underlying memory. Extracellular spike recordings were performed in the hippocampal CA1 region of anesthetized rats in combination with local microiontophoretic administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and acetylcholine (ACh). Both NMDA and ACh increased the firing rate of the neurons. Furthermore, the simultaneous delivery of NMDA and ACh resulted in a more pronounced excitatory effect that was superadditive over the sum of the two mono-treatment effects and that was explained by cholinergic potentiation of glutamatergic neurotransmission. Next, animals were systemically treated with scopolamine or methyllycaconitine (MLA) to assess the contribution of muscarinic ACh receptor (mAChR) or α7 nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) receptor-mediated mechanisms to the observed effects. Scopolamine totally inhibited ACh-evoked firing, and attenuated the firing rate increase evoked by simultaneous application of NMDA and ACh. However, the superadditive nature of the combined effect was preserved. The α7 nAChR antagonist MLA robustly decreased the firing response to simultaneous application of NMDA and ACh, suspending their superadditive effect, without modifying the tonic firing rate increasing effect of ACh. These results provide the first in vivo electrophysiological evidence that, in the hippocampal CA1 region, α7 nAChRs contribute to pyramidal cell activity mainly through potentiation of glutamatergic signaling, while the direct cholinergic modulation of tonic firing is notably mediated by mAChRs. Furthermore, the present findings also reveal cellular physiological correlates of the interplay between cholinergic and glutamatergic agents in behavioral pharmacological models of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt K Bali
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of PécsPécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, University of PécsPécs, Hungary
| | - Lili V Nagy
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of PécsPécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, University of PécsPécs, Hungary
| | - István Hernádi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of PécsPécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, University of PécsPécs, Hungary
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Pierozan P, Biasibetti-Brendler H, Schmitz F, Ferreira F, Pessoa-Pureur R, Wyse ATS. Kynurenic Acid Prevents Cytoskeletal Disorganization Induced by Quinolinic Acid in Mixed Cultures of Rat Striatum. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5111-5124. [PMID: 28840509 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a neuroactive metabolite of tryptophan known to modulate a number of mechanisms involved in neural dysfunction. Although its activity in the brain has been widely studied, the effect of KYNA counteracting the actions of quinolinic acid (QUIN) remains unknown. The present study aims at describing the ability of 100 μM KYNA preventing cytoskeletal disruption provoked by QUIN in astrocyte/neuron/microglia mixed culture. KYNA totally preserved cytoskeletal organization, cell morphology, and redox imbalance in mixed cultures exposed to QUIN. However, KYNA partially prevented morphological alteration in isolated primary astrocytes and failed to protect the morphological alterations of neurons caused by QUIN exposure. Moreover, KYNA prevented QUIN-induced microglial activation and upregulation of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) and partially preserved tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level in mixed cultures. TNF-α level was also partially preserved in astrocytes. In addition to the mechanisms dependent on redox imbalance and microglial activation, KYNA prevented downregulation of connexin-43 and the loss of functionality of gap junctions (GJs), preserving cell-cell contact, cytoskeletal organization, and cell morphology in QUIN-treated cells. Furthermore, the toxicity of QUIN targeting the cytoskeleton of mixed cultures was not prevented by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist MK-801. We suggest that KYNA protects the integrity of the cytoskeleton of mixed cultures by complex mechanisms including modulating microglial activation preventing oxidative imbalance and misregulated GJs leading to disrupted cytoskeleton in QUIN-treated cells. This study contributed to elucidate the molecular basis of KYNA protection against QUIN toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pierozan
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e DoençasMetabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de CiênciasBásicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de CiênciasBásicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Helena Biasibetti-Brendler
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e DoençasMetabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de CiênciasBásicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Schmitz
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e DoençasMetabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de CiênciasBásicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e DoençasMetabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de CiênciasBásicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Regina Pessoa-Pureur
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de CiênciasBásicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Laboratório de Citoesqueleto, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de CiênciasBásicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e DoençasMetabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de CiênciasBásicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de CiênciasBásicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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11
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Mackenzie AE, Milligan G. The emerging pharmacology and function of GPR35 in the nervous system. Neuropharmacology 2017; 113:661-671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Beaumont V, Mrzljak L, Dijkman U, Freije R, Heins M, Rassoulpour A, Tombaugh G, Gelman S, Bradaia A, Steidl E, Gleyzes M, Heikkinen T, Lehtimäki K, Puoliväli J, Kontkanen O, Javier RM, Neagoe I, Deisemann H, Winkler D, Ebneth A, Khetarpal V, Toledo-Sherman L, Dominguez C, Park LC, Munoz-Sanjuan I. The novel KMO inhibitor CHDI-340246 leads to a restoration of electrophysiological alterations in mouse models of Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2016; 282:99-118. [PMID: 27163548 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway has been associated with the progression of Huntington's disease (HD). In particular, elevated levels of the kynurenine metabolites 3-hydroxy kynurenine (3-OH-Kyn) and quinolinic acid (Quin), have been reported in the brains of HD patients as well as in rodent models of HD. The production of these metabolites is controlled by the activity of kynurenine mono-oxygenase (KMO), an enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of 3-OH-Kyn from Kyn. In order to determine the role of KMO in the phenotype of mouse models of HD, we have developed a potent and selective KMO inhibitor termed CHDI-340246. We show that this compound, when administered orally to transgenic mouse models of HD, potently and dose-dependently modulates the Kyn pathway in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system. The administration of CHDI-340246 leads to an inhibition of the formation of 3-OH-Kyn and Quin, and to an elevation of Kyn and Kynurenic acid (KynA) levels in brain tissues. We show that administration of CHDI-340246 or of Kyn and of KynA can restore several electrophysiological alterations in mouse models of HD, both acutely and after chronic administration. However, using a comprehensive panel of behavioral tests, we demonstrate that the chronic dosing of a selective KMO inhibitor does not significantly modify behavioral phenotypes or natural progression in mouse models of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Larry C Park
- CHDI Foundation/CHDI Management Inc., Los Angeles, USA
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Dixit AB, Tripathi M, Chandra PS, Banerjee J. Molecular biomarkers in drug-resistant epilepsy: Facts & possibilities. Int J Surg 2015; 36:483-491. [PMID: 26306771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite great advances in our understanding of the process of epileptogenesis we are yet to develop reliable biomarkers that have the potential to accurately localize the epileptogenic zone (EZ), and to resolve the issue of heterogeneity in epilepsy surgery outcome. Inability to precisely localize the epileptogenic foci is one of the reason why more than 30% of these DRE patients are not benefited. Molecular and cellular biomarkers in combination with imaging and electrical investigations will provide a more specific platform for defining epileptogenic zone. Potential molecular biomarkers of epileptogenesis including markers of inflammation, synaptic alterations and neurodegeneration may also have the potential for localizing EZ. At molecular level components derived from epileptogenic tissues, such as metabolites, proteins, mRNAs and miRNAs that are significantly altered can serve as biomarkers and can be clubbed with existing techniques to preoperatively localize the EZ. Neurosurgeons across the world face problems while defining the margins of the epileptogenic tissues to be resected during surgery. In this review we discuss molecular biomarkers reported so far in the context of epileptogenesis and some of the unexplored markers which may have the potential to localize EZ during surgery. We also discuss "Intelligent knife" technique that couples electrosurgery and mass spectrometry allowing near-real-time characterization of human tissue and may prove to be instrumental in defining the margins of the epileptogenic zone during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Banerjee Dixit
- Center of Excellence for Epilepsy, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, 122051, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Dept. of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - P Sarat Chandra
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Banerjee
- Center of Excellence for Epilepsy, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, 122051, India.
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14
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Varga D, Herédi J, Kánvási Z, Ruszka M, Kis Z, Ono E, Iwamori N, Iwamori T, Takakuwa H, Vécsei L, Toldi J, Gellért L. Systemic L-Kynurenine sulfate administration disrupts object recognition memory, alters open field behavior and decreases c-Fos immunopositivity in C57Bl/6 mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:157. [PMID: 26136670 PMCID: PMC4468612 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Kynurenine (L-KYN) is a central metabolite of tryptophan degradation through the kynurenine pathway (KP). The systemic administration of L-KYN sulfate (L-KYNs) leads to a rapid elevation of the neuroactive KP metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA). An elevated level of KYNA may have multiple effects on the synaptic transmission, resulting in complex behavioral changes, such as hypoactivity or spatial working memory deficits. These results emerged from studies that focused on rats, after low-dose L-KYNs treatment. However, in several studies neuroprotection was achieved through the administration of high-dose L-KYNs. In the present study, our aim was to investigate whether the systemic administration of a high dose of L-KYNs (300 mg/bwkg; i.p.) would produce alterations in behavioral tasks (open field or object recognition) in C57Bl/6j mice. To evaluate the changes in neuronal activity after L-KYNs treatment, in a separate group of animals we estimated c-Fos expression levels in the corresponding subcortical brain areas. The L-KYNs treatment did not affect the general ambulatory activity of C57Bl/6j mice, whereas it altered their moving patterns, elevating the movement velocity and resting time. Additionally, it seemed to increase anxiety-like behavior, as peripheral zone preference of the open field arena emerged and the rearing activity was attenuated. The treatment also completely abolished the formation of object recognition memory and resulted in decreases in the number of c-Fos-immunopositive-cells in the dorsal part of the striatum and in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus. We conclude that a single exposure to L-KYNs leads to behavioral disturbances, which might be related to the altered basal c-Fos protein expression in C57Bl/6j mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Varga
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Herédi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zita Kánvási
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marian Ruszka
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary ; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Kis
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Etsuro Ono
- Department of Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan ; Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Physiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwamori
- Department of Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan ; Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Physiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tokuko Iwamori
- Department of Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan ; Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Physiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takakuwa
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama Kita, Kyoto, Japan
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary ; Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Hungary Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Toldi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary ; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Levente Gellért
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary ; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
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15
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Curto M, Lionetto L, Fazio F, Mitsikostas DD, Martelletti P. Fathoming the kynurenine pathway in migraine: why understanding the enzymatic cascades is still critically important. Intern Emerg Med 2015; 10:413-21. [PMID: 25708356 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-015-1208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway, the quantitatively main branch of tryptophan metabolism, has been long been considered a source of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, although several of its products, the so-called kynurenines, are endowed with the capacity to activate glutamate receptors, thus potentially influencing a large group of functions in the central nervous system (CNS). Migraine, a largely unknown pathology, is strictly related to the glutamate system in the CNS pathologic terms. Despite the large number of studies conducted on migraine etio-pathology, the kynurenine pathway has been only recently linked to this disease. Nonetheless, some evidence suggests an intriguing role for some kynurenines, and an exploratory study on the serum kynurenine level might be helpful to better understand possible alterations of the kynurenine pathway in patients suffering from migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Curto
- Psychiatric Unit, Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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16
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Galantamine prevents long-lasting suppression of excitatory synaptic transmission in CA1 pyramidal neurons of soman-challenged guinea pigs. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:270-8. [PMID: 25064080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Galantamine, a drug currently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, has recently emerged as an effective pretreatment against the acute toxicity and delayed cognitive deficits induced by organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents, including soman. Since cognitive deficits can result from impaired glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus, the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that hippocampal glutamatergic transmission declines following an acute exposure to soman and that this effect can be prevented by galantamine. To test this hypothesis, spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were recorded from CA1 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices obtained at 1h, 24h, or 6-9 days after guinea pigs were injected with: (i) 1×LD50 soman (26.3μg/kg, s.c.); (ii) galantamine (8mg/kg, i.m.) followed 30min later by 1×LD50 soman, (iii) galantamine (8mg/kg, i.m.), or (iv) saline (0.5ml/kg, i.m.). In soman-injected guinea pigs that were not pretreated with galantamine, the frequency of EPSCs was significantly lower than that recorded from saline-injected animals. There was no correlation between the severity of soman-induced acute toxicity and the magnitude of soman-induced reduction of EPSC frequency. Pretreatment with galantamine prevented the reduction of EPSC frequency observed at 6-9 days after the soman challenge. Prevention of soman-induced long-lasting reduction of hippocampal glutamatergic synaptic transmission may be an important determinant of the ability of galantamine to counter cognitive deficits that develop long after an acute exposure to the nerve agent.
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17
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Damborsky JC, Griffith WH, Winzer-Serhan UH. Neonatal nicotine exposure increases excitatory synaptic transmission and attenuates nicotine-stimulated GABA release in the adult rat hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2014; 88:187-98. [PMID: 24950455 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to nicotine has been linked to long-lasting changes in synaptic transmission which may contribute to behavioral abnormalities seen in offspring of women who smoke during pregnancy. Here, we examined the long-lasting effects of developmental nicotine exposure on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission, and on acute nicotine-induced glutamate and GABA release in the adult hippocampus, a structure important in cognitive and emotional behaviors. We utilized a chronic neonatal nicotine treatment model to administer nicotine (6 mg/kg/day) to rat pups from postnatal day (P) 1-7, a period that falls developmentally into the third human trimester. Using whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from CA1 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices, we measured excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents in neonatally control- and nicotine-treated young adult males. Neonatal nicotine exposure significantly increased AMPA receptor-mediated spontaneous and evoked excitatory signaling, with no change in glutamate release probability in adults. Conversely, there was no increase in spontaneous GABAergic neurotransmission in nicotine-males. Chronic neonatal nicotine treatment had no effect on acute nicotine-stimulated glutamate release in adults, but acute nicotine-stimulated GABA release was significantly attenuated. Thus, neonatal nicotine exposure results in a persistent net increase in excitation and a concurrent loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated regulation of presynaptic GABA but not glutamate release, which would exacerbate excitation following endogenous or exogenous nAChR activation. Our data underscore an important role for nAChRs in hippocampal excitatory synapse development, and suggest selective long-term changes at specific presynaptic nAChRs which together could explain some of the behavioral abnormalities associated with maternal smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C Damborsky
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - William H Griffith
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Ursula H Winzer-Serhan
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, USA.
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18
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Feigenson KA, Kusnecov AW, Silverstein SM. Inflammation and the two-hit hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 38:72-93. [PMID: 24247023 PMCID: PMC3896922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The high societal and individual cost of schizophrenia necessitates finding better, more effective treatment, diagnosis, and prevention strategies. One of the obstacles in this endeavor is the diverse set of etiologies that comprises schizophrenia. A substantial body of evidence has grown over the last few decades to suggest that schizophrenia is a heterogeneous syndrome with overlapping symptoms and etiologies. At the same time, an increasing number of clinical, epidemiological, and experimental studies have shown links between schizophrenia and inflammatory conditions. In this review, we analyze the literature on inflammation and schizophrenia, with a particular focus on comorbidity, biomarkers, and environmental insults. We then identify several mechanisms by which inflammation could influence the development of schizophrenia via the two-hit hypothesis. Lastly, we note the relevance of these findings to clinical applications in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Feigenson
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Alex W Kusnecov
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience Program and Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, 52 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
| | - Steven M Silverstein
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; University Behavioral Health Care at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 671 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA.
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19
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Berlinguer-Palmini R, Masi A, Narducci R, Cavone L, Maratea D, Cozzi A, Sili M, Moroni F, Mannaioni G. GPR35 activation reduces Ca2+ transients and contributes to the kynurenic acid-dependent reduction of synaptic activity at CA3-CA1 synapses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82180. [PMID: 24312407 PMCID: PMC3843712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited information is available on the brain expression and role of GPR35, a Gi/o coupled receptor activated by kynurenic acid (KYNA). In mouse cultured astrocytes, we detected GPR35 transcript using RT-PCR and we found that KYNA (0.1 to 100 µM) decreased forskolin (FRSK)-induced cAMP production (p<0.05). Both CID2745687 (3 µM, CID), a recently described GPR35 antagonist, and GPR35 gene silencing significantly prevented the action of KYNA on FRSK-induced cAMP production. In these cultures, we then evaluated whether GPR35 activation was able to modulate intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i ) and [Ca2+]i fluxes. We found that both KYNA and zaprinast, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor and GPR35 agonist, did not modify either basal or peaks of [Ca2+]i induced by challenging the cells with ATP (30 µM). However, the [Ca2+]i plateau phase following peak was significantly attenuated by these compounds in a store-operated Ca2+ channel (SOC)-independent manner. The activation of GPR35 by KYNA and zaprinast was also studied at the CA3-CA1 synapse in the rat hippocampus. Evoked excitatory post synaptic currents (eEPSCs) were recorded from CA1 pyramidal neurons in acute brain slices. The action of KYNA on GPR35 was pharmacologically isolated by using NMDA and α7 nicotinic receptor blockers and resulted in a significant reduction of eEPSC amplitude. This effect was prevented in the presence of CID. Moreover, zaprinast reduced eEPSC amplitude in a PDE5- and cGMP-independent mechanism, thus suggesting that glutamatergic transmission in this area is modulated by GPR35. In conclusion, GPR35 is expressed in cultured astrocytes and its activation modulates cAMP production and [Ca2+]i. GPR35 activation may contribute to KYNA effects on the previously reported decrease of brain extracellular glutamate levels and reduction of excitatory transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Berlinguer-Palmini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Masi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Narducci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Cavone
- Department of Health Science, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Dario Maratea
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Sili
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Flavio Moroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Guido Mannaioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
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20
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Banerjee J, Alkondon M, Albuquerque EX, Pereira EFR. Contribution of CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons to the tonic α7 nAChR-dependent glutamatergic input to CA1 pyramidal neurons. Neurosci Lett 2013; 554:167-71. [PMID: 23973303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Schaffer collaterals are among the major glutamatergic inputs to CA1 pyramidal neurons, the primary output of the hippocampus, which also receive sparse recurrent inputs from pyramidal neurons in the CA1 field. Although tonically active α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been shown to sustain spontaneous glutamate transmission to CA1 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices under resting conditions, it remains to be determined whether these receptors are those expressed by CA3 or CA1 pyramidal neurons. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the CA3 field of the hippocampus is a significant source of α7 nAChR-sustained glutamatergic transmission to CA1 pyramidal neurons. To this end, spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were recorded from CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons in intact rat hippocampal slices as well as from CA1 pyramidal neurons in CA3-ablated slices under various experimental conditions. Surgical removal of the CA3 region from the slices reduced by 20% the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs recorded from CA1 pyramidal neurons. This finding is in agreement with the concept that the CA3 field contributes significantly to the maintenance of spontaneous glutamatergic synaptic activity in CA1 pyramidal neurons. In addition, the α7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA, 10nM) reduced the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs recorded from CA1 pyramidal neurons by 30% in intact slices and 12% in CA3-ablated slices. Taken together, these results demonstrate that tonically active α7 nAChRs in CA3 pyramidal neurons and/or in the Mossy fibers that innervate the CA3 pyramidal neurons do in fact contribute to the maintenance of glutamatergic synaptic activity in CA1 pyramidal neurons of hippocampal slices under resting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Banerjee
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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21
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Alkondon M, Albuquerque EX, Pereira EFR. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition reveals endogenous nicotinic modulation of glutamate inputs to CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons in hippocampal slices. Neurotoxicology 2013; 36:72-81. [PMID: 23511125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the neurotoxicological effects of soman, a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and a chemical warfare agent, is not clear. This is partly due to a poor understanding of the role of AChE in brain nAChR-mediated functions. To test the hypothesis that AChE inhibition builds sufficient acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain and facilitates nAChR-dependent glutamate transmission, we used whole-cell patch-clamp technique to record spontaneous glutamate excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) from CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons (SRI) in hippocampal slices. First, the frequency, amplitude and kinetics of EPSCs recorded from slices of control guinea pigs were compared to those recorded from slices of guinea pigs after a single injection of the irreversible AChE inhibitor soman (25.2μg/kg, s.c.). Second, EPSCs were recorded from rat hippocampal slices before and after their superfusion with the reversible AChE inhibitor donepezil (100nM). The frequency of EPSCs was significantly higher in slices taken from guinea pigs 24h but not 7 days after the soman injection than in slices from control animals. In 52% of the rat hippocampal slices tested, bath application of donepezil increased the frequency of EPSCs. Further, exposure to donepezil increased both burst-like and large-amplitude EPSCs, and increased the proportion of short (20-100ms) inter-event intervals. Donepezil's effects were suppressed significantly in presence of 10μM mecamylamine or 10nM methyllycaconitine. These results support the concept that AChE inhibition is able to recruit nAChR-dependent glutamate transmission in the hippocampus and such a mechanism can contribute to the acute neurotoxicological actions of soman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickavasagom Alkondon
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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22
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Klein C, Patte-Mensah C, Taleb O, Bourguignon JJ, Schmitt M, Bihel F, Maitre M, Mensah-Nyagan AG. The neuroprotector kynurenic acid increases neuronal cell survival through neprilysin induction. Neuropharmacology 2013; 70:254-60. [PMID: 23422298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA), one of the main product of the kynurenine pathway originating from tryptophan, is considered to be neuroprotective. Dysregulation of KYNA activity is thought to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases, the physiopathology of which evokes excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and/or protein aggregation. The neuroprotective effect of KYNA is generally attributed to its antagonistic action on NMDA receptors. However, this single target action appears insufficient to support KYNA beneficial effects against complex neurodegenerative processes including neuroinflammation, β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) toxicity and apoptosis. Novel insights are therefore required to elucidate KYNA neuroprotective mechanisms. Here, we combined cellular, biochemical, molecular and pharmacological approaches to demonstrate that low micromolar concentrations of KYNA strongly induce neprilysin (NEP) gene expression, protein level and enzymatic activity increase in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, our studies revealed that KYNA exerts a protective effect on SH-SY5Y cells by increasing their viability through a mechanism independent from NMDA receptors. Interestingly, KYNA also induced NEP activity and neuroprotection in mouse cortical neuron cultures the viability of which was more promoted than SH-SY5Y cell survival under KYNA treatment. KYNA-evoked neuroprotection disappeared in the presence of thiorphan, an inhibitor of NEP activity. NEP is a well characterized metallopeptidase whose deregulation leads to cerebral Aβ accumulation and neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, our results suggest that a part of the neuroprotective role of KYNA may depend on its ability to induce the expression and/or activity of the amyloid-degrading enzyme NEP in nerve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Biopathologie de Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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23
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Albuquerque EX, Schwarcz R. Kynurenic acid as an antagonist of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain: facts and challenges. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 85:1027-32. [PMID: 23270993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a major tryptophan metabolite, is a glutamate receptor antagonist, which is also reported to inhibit α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs). Due to variations in experimental approaches, controversy has arisen regarding the ability of KYNA to directly influence α7nAChR function. Here we summarize current concepts of KYNA neurobiology and review evidence pertaining to the proposed role of KYNA as an endogenous modulator of α7nAChRs and synaptic transmission. As dysfunction of α7nAChRs plays a major role in the pathophysiology of central nervous system disorders, elucidation of KYNA's action on this receptor subtype has significant therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson X Albuquerque
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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