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Kazanietz MG, Cooke M. Protein kinase C signaling "in" and "to" the nucleus: Master kinases in transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105692. [PMID: 38301892 PMCID: PMC10907189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PKC is a multifunctional family of Ser-Thr kinases widely implicated in the regulation of fundamental cellular functions, including proliferation, polarity, motility, and differentiation. Notwithstanding their primary cytoplasmic localization and stringent activation by cell surface receptors, PKC isozymes impel prominent nuclear signaling ultimately impacting gene expression. While transcriptional regulation may be wielded by nuclear PKCs, it most often relies on cytoplasmic phosphorylation events that result in nuclear shuttling of PKC downstream effectors, including transcription factors. As expected from the unique coupling of PKC isozymes to signaling effector pathways, glaring disparities in gene activation/repression are observed upon targeting individual PKC family members. Notably, specific PKCs control the expression and activation of transcription factors implicated in cell cycle/mitogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and immune function. Additionally, PKCs isozymes tightly regulate transcription factors involved in stepwise differentiation of pluripotent stem cells toward specific epithelial, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic cell lineages. Aberrant PKC expression and/or activation in pathological conditions, such as in cancer, leads to profound alterations in gene expression, leading to an extensive rewiring of transcriptional networks associated with mitogenesis, invasiveness, stemness, and tumor microenvironment dysregulation. In this review, we outline the current understanding of PKC signaling "in" and "to" the nucleus, with significant focus on established paradigms of PKC-mediated transcriptional control. Dissecting these complexities would allow the identification of relevant molecular targets implicated in a wide spectrum of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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2
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Cobbaut M, Parker PJ, McDonald NQ. Into the fold: advances in understanding aPKC membrane dynamics. Biochem J 2023; 480:2037-2044. [PMID: 38100320 PMCID: PMC10754278 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase Cs (aPKCs) are part of the PKC family of protein kinases and are atypical because they don't respond to the canonical PKC activators diacylglycerol (DAG) and Ca2+. They are central to the organization of polarized cells and are deregulated in several cancers. aPKC recruitment to the plasma membrane compartment is crucial to their encounter with substrates associated with polarizing functions. However, in contrast with other PKCs, the mechanism by which atypical PKCs are recruited there has remained elusive until recently. Here, we bring aPKC into the fold, summarizing recent reports on the direct recruitment of aPKC to membranes, providing insight into seemingly discrepant findings and integrating them with existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J. Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, U.K
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - Neil Q. McDonald
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, U.K
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, U.K
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3
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Khan N, Khan K, Badshah Y, Trembley JH, Ashraf NM, Shabbir M, Danish L, Afsar T, Almajwal A, Justin S, Hasan Z, Razak S. Investigating pathogenic SNP of PKCι in HCV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12504. [PMID: 37532886 PMCID: PMC10397245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths due to its complexity in diagnosis, chemo-resistance, and aggressive nature. Identifying pathogenic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in protein kinase C iota (PKCι) can be a potential biomarker in the prognosis and treatment of HCC. This study investigated the association between a SNP in PRKCI and the Pakistani population's hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk. Obtained samples were first evaluated for ALT measurements and viral load quantification through reverse transcriptase-PCR. The PKCι nsSNP rs1199520604 was evaluated computationally by multiple consensus bioinformatics tools for predicting its potential deleterious effects. Its association with hepatitis C virus- (HCV) mediated HCC was then investigated through ARMS-PCR (Amplification Refractory Mutation System Polymerase Chain Reaction). SNP analysis of rs1199520604 was performed in 100 cases and 100 controls. Variant rs1199520604's homozygous T genotype is a risk factor allele for the HCV-induced HCC (odds ratio: 4.13, relative risk: 2.01, P-value < 0.0001). The heterozygous genotype is determined to protect HCV patients from HCC development (P < 0.001). The study highlighted the disease association of variant rs1199520604 with HCV-induced HCC in the Pakistani populations. This variant, after further validation through high-throughput investigation on a larger cohort, has the potential to be translated at the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Khan
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khushbukhat Khan
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasmin Badshah
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Janeen H Trembley
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Naeem Mahmood Ashraf
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maria Shabbir
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Lubna Danish
- Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Almajwal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saira Justin
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zafarul Hasan
- College of Nursing, Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Cobbaut M, McDonald NQ, Parker PJ. Control of atypical PKCι membrane dissociation by tyrosine phosphorylation within a PB1-C1 interdomain interface. J Biol Chem 2023:104847. [PMID: 37211093 PMCID: PMC10333572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical PKCs are cell polarity kinases that operate at the plasma membrane where they function within multiple molecular complexes to contribute to the establishment and maintenance of polarity. In contrast to the classical and novel PKCs, atypical PKCs do not respond to diacylglycerol cues to bind the membrane compartment. Until recently it was not clear how aPKCs are recruited; whether aPKCs can directly interact with membranes or whether they are dependent on other protein interactors to do so. Two recent studies identified the pseudo-substrate region and the C1 domain as direct membrane interaction modules, however their relative importance and coupling are unknown. We combined molecular modelling and functional assays to show that the regulatory module of aPKCι, comprising the PB1 pseudo-substrate and C1 domains, forms a cooperative and spatially continuous invariant membrane interaction platform. Furthermore, we show the coordinated orientation of membrane-binding elements within the regulatory module requires a key PB1-C1 interfacial β-strand (BSL). We show this element contains a highly conserved Tyr residue that can be phosphorylated and that negatively regulates the integrity of the regulatory module, leading to membrane release. We thus expose a hitherto unknown regulatory mechanism of aPKCι membrane binding and release during cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Cobbaut
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Neil Q McDonald
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
| | - Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK; School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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5
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Investigation of UTR Variants by Computational Approaches Reveal Their Functional Significance in PRKCI Gene Regulation. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020247. [PMID: 36833174 PMCID: PMC9956319 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with many diseases including neurological disorders, heart diseases, diabetes, and different types of cancers. In the context of cancer, the variations within non-coding regions, including UTRs, have gained utmost importance. In gene expression, translational regulation is as important as transcriptional regulation for the normal functioning of cells; modification in normal functions can be associated with the pathophysiology of many diseases. UTR-localized SNPs in the PRKCI gene were evaluated using the PolymiRTS, miRNASNP, and MicroSNIper for association with miRNAs. Furthermore, the SNPs were subjected to analysis using GTEx, RNAfold, and PROMO. The genetic intolerance to functional variation was checked through GeneCards. Out of 713 SNPs, a total of thirty-one UTR SNPs (three in 3' UTR region and twenty-nine in 5' UTR region) were marked as ≤2b by RegulomeDB. The associations of 23 SNPs with miRNAs were found. Two SNPs, rs140672226 and rs2650220, were significantly linked with expression in the stomach and esophagus mucosa. The 3' UTR SNPs rs1447651774 and rs115170199 and the 5' UTR region variants rs778557075, rs968409340, and 750297755 were predicted to destabilize the mRNA structure with substantial change in free energy (∆G). Seventeen variants were predicted to have linkage disequilibrium with various diseases. The SNP rs542458816 in 5' UTR was predicted to put maximum influence on transcription factor binding sites. Gene damage index(GDI) and loss of function (o:e) ratio values for PRKCI suggested that the gene is not tolerant to loss of function variants. Our results highlight the effects of 3' and 5' UTR SNP on miRNA, transcription and translation of PRKCI. These analyses suggest that these SNPs can have substantial functional importance in the PRKCI gene. Future experimental validation could provide further basis for the diagnosis and therapeutics of various diseases.
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Aepala MR, Peiris MN, Jiang Z, Yang W, Meyer AN, Donoghue DJ. Nefarious NTRK oncogenic fusions in pediatric sarcomas: Too many to Trk. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 68:93-106. [PMID: 36153202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophic Tyrosine Receptor Kinase (NTRK) genes undergo chromosomal translocations to create novel open reading frames coding for oncogenic fusion proteins; the N-terminal portion, donated by various partner genes, becomes fused to the tyrosine kinase domain of either NTRK1, NTRK2, or NTRK3. NTRK fusion proteins have been identified as driver oncogenes in a wide variety of tumors over the past three decades, including Pediatric Gliomas, Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma, Spitzoid Neoplasms, Glioblastoma, and additional tumors. Importantly, NTRK fusions function as drivers of pediatric sarcomas, accounting for approximately 15% of childhood cancers including Infantile Fibrosarcoma (IFS), a subset of pediatric soft tissue sarcoma (STS). While tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as larotrectinib and entrectinib, have demonstrated profound results against NTRK fusion-positive cancers, acquired resistance to these TKIs has resulted in the formation of gatekeeper, solvent-front, and compound mutations. We present a comprehensive compilation of oncogenic fusions involving NTRKs focusing specifically on pediatric STS, examining their biological signaling pathways and mechanisms of activation. The importance of an obligatory dimerization or multimerization domain, invariably donated by the N-terminal fusion partner, is discussed using characteristic fusions that occur in pediatric sarcomas. In addition, examples are presented of oncogenic fusion proteins in which the N-terminal partners may contribute additional biological activities beyond an oligomerization domain. Lastly, therapeutic approaches to the treatment of pediatric sarcoma will be presented, using first generation and second-generation agents such as selitrectinib and repotrectinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha R Aepala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Malalage N Peiris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Zian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - April N Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Daniel J Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA; UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA.
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7
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Enhanced activity of Alzheimer disease-associated variant of protein kinase Cα drives cognitive decline in a mouse model. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7200. [PMID: 36418293 PMCID: PMC9684486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exquisitely tuned activity of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes is essential to maintaining cellular homeostasis. Whereas loss-of-function mutations are generally associated with cancer, gain-of-function variants in one isozyme, PKCα, are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we show that the enhanced activity of one variant, PKCα M489V, is sufficient to rewire the brain phosphoproteome, drive synaptic degeneration, and impair cognition in a mouse model. This variant causes a modest 30% increase in catalytic activity without altering on/off activation dynamics or stability, underscoring that enhanced catalytic activity is sufficient to drive the biochemical, cellular, and ultimately cognitive effects observed. Analysis of hippocampal neurons from PKCα M489V mice reveals enhanced amyloid-β-induced synaptic depression and reduced spine density compared to wild-type mice. Behavioral studies reveal that this mutation alone is sufficient to impair cognition, and, when coupled to a mouse model of AD, further accelerates cognitive decline. The druggability of protein kinases positions PKCα as a promising therapeutic target in AD.
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8
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Yin N, Liu Y, Weems C, Shreeder B, Lou Y, Knutson KL, Murray NR, Fields AP. Protein kinase Cι mediates immunosuppression in lung adenocarcinoma. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabq5931. [PMID: 36383684 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq5931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most prevalent form of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a leading cause of cancer death. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) of programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) signaling induce tumor regressions in a subset of LUAD, but many LUAD tumors exhibit resistance to ICI therapy. Here, we identified Prkci as a major determinant of response to ICI in a syngeneic mouse model of oncogenic mutant Kras/Trp53 loss (KP)-driven LUAD. Protein kinase Cι (PKCι)-dependent KP tumors exhibited resistance to anti-PD-1 antibody therapy (α-PD-1), whereas KP tumors in which Prkci was genetically deleted (KPI tumors) were highly responsive. Prkci-dependent resistance to α-PD-1 was characterized by enhanced infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and decreased infiltration of CD8+ T cells in response to α-PD-1. Mechanistically, Prkci regulated YAP1-dependent expression of Cxcl5, which served to attract MDSCs to KP tumors. The PKCι inhibitor auranofin inhibited KP tumor growth and sensitized these tumors to α-PD-1, whereas expression of either Prkci or its downstream effector Cxcl5 in KPI tumors induced intratumoral infiltration of MDSCs and resistance to α-PD-1. PRKCI expression in tumors of patients with LUAD correlated with genomic signatures indicative of high YAP1-mediated transcription, elevated MDSC infiltration and low CD8+ T cell infiltration, and with elevated CXCL5/6 expression. Last, PKCι-YAP1 signaling was a biomarker associated with poor response to ICI in patients with LUAD. Our data indicate that immunosuppressive PKCι-YAP1-CXCL5 signaling is a key determinant of response to ICI, and pharmacologic inhibition of PKCι may improve therapeutic response to ICI in patients with LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Capella Weems
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Barath Shreeder
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yanyan Lou
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Keith L Knutson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Nicole R Murray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Alan P Fields
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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Chatterjee D, Costa CAM, Wang XF, Jevitt A, Huang YC, Deng WM. Single-cell transcriptomics identifies Keap1-Nrf2 regulated collective invasion in a Drosophila tumor model. eLife 2022; 11:80956. [PMID: 36321803 PMCID: PMC9708074 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicobasal cell polarity loss is a founding event in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and epithelial tumorigenesis, yet how pathological polarity loss links to plasticity remains largely unknown. To understand the mechanisms and mediators regulating plasticity upon polarity loss, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of Drosophila ovaries, where inducing polarity-gene l(2)gl-knockdown (Lgl-KD) causes invasive multilayering of the follicular epithelia. Analyzing the integrated Lgl-KD and wildtype transcriptomes, we discovered the cells specific to the various discernible phenotypes and characterized the underlying gene expression. A genetic requirement of Keap1-Nrf2 signaling in promoting multilayer formation of Lgl-KD cells was further identified. Ectopic expression of Keap1 increased the volume of delaminated follicle cells that showed enhanced invasive behavior with significant changes to the cytoskeleton. Overall, our findings describe the comprehensive transcriptome of cells within the follicle cell tumor model at the single-cell resolution and identify a previously unappreciated link between Keap1-Nrf2 signaling and cell plasticity at early tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeptiman Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, United States
| | - Caique Almeida Machado Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, United States
| | - Xian-Feng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, United States
| | - Allison Jevitt
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, United States
| | - Yi-Chun Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, United States
| | - Wu-Min Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, United States.,Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, United States
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Wang HF, Jiang J, Wu JS, Zhang M, Pang X, Dai L, Tang YL, Liang XH. Hypermethylation of PRKCZ Regulated by E6 Inhibits Invasion and EMT via Cdc42 in HPV-Related Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174151. [PMID: 36077689 PMCID: PMC9454700 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To study the role of target genes with aberrant DNA methylation in HPV+ HNSCC. Methods: A HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array (Illumina) was used to identify differentially methylated genes. CCK-8, flow cytometry, wound healing, and cell invasion assays were conducted to analyze the biological roles of PRKCZ. Western blot, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and animal studies were performed to explore the mechanisms underlying the functions of PRKCZ. Results: We selected PRKCZ, which is associated with HPV infection, as our target gene. PRKCZ was hypermethylated in HPV+ HNSCC patients, and PRKCZ methylation status was negatively related to the pathological grading of HNSCC patients. Silencing PRKCZ inhibited the malignant capacity of HPV+ HNSCC cells. Mechanistically, HPV might promote DNMT1 expression via E6 to increase PRKCZ methylation. Cdc42 was required for the PRKCZ-mediated mechanism of action, contributing to the occurrence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HPV+ HNSCC cells. In addition, blocking PRKCZ delayed tumor growth in HPV16-E6/E7 transgenic mice. Cdc42 expression was decreased, whereas E-cadherin levels increased. Conclusion: We suggest that PRKCZ hypermethylation induces EMT via Cdc42 to act as a potent tumor promoter in HPV+ HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Fan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jia-Shun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-L.T.); (X.-H.L.)
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-L.T.); (X.-H.L.)
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11
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Abdelatty A, Fang D, Wei G, Wu F, Zhang C, Xu H, Yao C, Wang Y, Xia H. PKCι Is a Promising Prognosis Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Pancreatic Cancer. Pathobiology 2022; 89:370-381. [PMID: 35785767 DOI: 10.1159/000521588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the highest prevalent pancreatic cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) ranks the 7th lethal malignancy worldwide. The late diagnosis, chemotherapeutic resistance, and high associated mortality make PDAC a dilemma facing the oncologists. Protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes have been shown to be important in different cancer progression. METHODS To understand the pattern of PKC enzymes in PDAC, we examined all PKC family member genes expression in PDAC and matched normal tissues. The critical role of PKCι was further investigated in different PDAC cells using cellular and molecular technology. RESULTS We found that PRKCI (PKCι) was the most significantly overexpressed PKCs in pancreatic cancer. However, little is known about its role and regulation of oncogenic signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer. In this study, we confirmed the overexpression of PKCι in PDAC, and this high expression was associated with poor prognosis of patients. We proved that knockdown of PKCι by small interfering RNA or shRNA significantly inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth and migration or invasion. Conversely, PKCι overexpression promoted pancreatic cancer cell growth and migration. Moreover, bioinformatical and technical studies informed the participation of PKCι in regression of apoptosis in PDAC cells, which may be related to the regulation of both PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, our results are adding more insight into the importance of PKCι in pancreatic cancer. PKCι induces pancreatic cancer progression through activation of PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways, which may provide a promising therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Abdelatty
- Department of Pathology in the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Jiangsu Antibody Drug Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Dan Fang
- Department of Pathology in the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Jiangsu Antibody Drug Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanqun Wei
- Department of Pathology in the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Jiangsu Antibody Drug Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fubing Wu
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Department of Pathology in the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Jiangsu Antibody Drug Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haojun Xu
- Department of Pathology in the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Jiangsu Antibody Drug Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyun Yao
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Yundong Wang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongping Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Department of Pathology in the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Jiangsu Antibody Drug Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Gamberi T, Chiappetta G, Fiaschi T, Modesti A, Sorbi F, Magherini F. Upgrade of an old drug: Auranofin in innovative cancer therapies to overcome drug resistance and to increase drug effectiveness. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1111-1146. [PMID: 34850406 PMCID: PMC9299597 DOI: 10.1002/med.21872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Auranofin is an oral gold(I) compound, initially developed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Currently, Auranofin is under investigation for oncological application within a drug repurposing plan due to the relevant antineoplastic activity observed both in vitro and in vivo tumor models. In this review, we analysed studies in which Auranofin was used as a single drug or in combination with other molecules to enhance their anticancer activity or to overcome chemoresistance. The analysis of different targets/pathways affected by this drug in different cancer types has allowed us to highlight several interesting targets and effects of Auranofin besides the already well-known inhibition of thioredoxin reductase. Among these targets, inhibitory-κB kinase, deubiquitinates, protein kinase C iota have been frequently suggested. To rationalize the effects of Auranofin by a system biology-like approach, we exploited transcriptomic data obtained from a wide range of cell models, extrapolating the data deposited in the Connectivity Maps website and we attempted to provide a general conclusion and discussed the major points that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Gamberi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Giovanni Chiappetta
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics GroupPlasticité du Cerveau UMR 8249 CNRSParisESPCI Paris‐PSLFrance
| | - Tania Fiaschi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Alessandra Modesti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Flavia Sorbi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Francesca Magherini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
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13
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Kenchappa RS, Liu Y, Argenziano MG, Banu MA, Mladek AC, West R, Luu A, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Hambardzumyan D, Justilien V, Leitges M, Sarkaria JN, Sims PA, Canoll P, Murray NR, Fields AP, Rosenfeld SS. Protein kinase C ι and SRC signaling define reciprocally related subgroups of glioblastoma with distinct therapeutic vulnerabilities. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110054. [PMID: 34818553 PMCID: PMC9845019 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that atypical protein kinase Cι (PKCι) is an oncogenic driver of glioblastoma (GBM). Deletion or inhibition of PKCι significantly impairs tumor growth and prolongs survival in murine GBM models. GBM cells expressing elevated PKCι signaling are sensitive to PKCι inhibitors, whereas those expressing low PKCι signaling exhibit active SRC signaling and sensitivity to SRC inhibitors. Resistance to the PKCι inhibitor auranofin is associated with activated SRC signaling and response to a SRC inhibitor, whereas resistance to a SRC inhibitor is associated with activated PKCι signaling and sensitivity to auranofin. Interestingly, PKCι- and SRC-dependent cells often co-exist in individual GBM tumors, and treatment of GBM-bearing mice with combined auranofin and SRC inhibitor prolongs survival beyond either drug alone. Thus, we identify PKCι and SRC signaling as distinct therapeutic vulnerabilities that are directly translatable into an improved treatment for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Michael G Argenziano
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Matei A Banu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ann C Mladek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Rita West
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Amanda Luu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Verline Justilien
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nicole R Murray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Alan P Fields
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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14
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Motomura H, Ozaki A, Tamori S, Onaga C, Nozaki Y, Waki Y, Takasawa R, Yoshizawa K, Mano Y, Sato T, Sasaki K, Ishiguro H, Miyagi Y, Nagashima Y, Yamamoto K, Sato K, Hanawa T, Tanuma SI, Ohno S, Akimoto K. Glyoxalase 1 and protein kinase Cλ as potential therapeutic targets for late-stage breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:547. [PMID: 34093768 PMCID: PMC8170180 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells upregulate the expression levels of glycolytic enzymes in order to reach the increased glycolysis required. One such upregulated glycolytic enzyme is glyoxalase 1 (GLO 1), which catalyzes the conversion of toxic methylglyoxal to nontoxic S-D-lactoylglutathione. Protein kinase Cλ (PKCλ) is also upregulated in various types of cancer and is involved in cancer progression. In the present study, the association between enhanced glycolysis and PKCλ in breast cancer was investigated. In human breast cancer, high GLO 1 expression was associated with high PKCλ expression at the protein (P<0.01) and mRNA levels (P<0.01). Furthermore, Wilcoxon and Cox regression model analysis revealed that patients with stage III-IV tumors with high GLO 1 and PKCλ expression had poor overall survival compared with patients expressing lower levels of these genes [P=0.040 (Gehan-Breslow generalized Wilcoxon test) and P=0.031 (hazard ratio, 2.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-5.16), respectively]. Treatment of MDA-MB-157 and MDA-MB-468 human basal-like breast cancer cells with TLSC702 (a GLO 1 inhibitor) and/or aurothiomalate (a PKCλ inhibitor) reduced both cell viability and tumor-sphere formation. These results suggested that GLO 1 and PKCλ were cooperatively involved in cancer progression and contributed to a poor prognosis in breast cancer. In conclusion, GLO 1 and PKCλ serve as potentially effective therapeutic targets for treatment of late-stage human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Motomura
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ozaki
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shoma Tamori
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Chotaro Onaga
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuka Nozaki
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuko Waki
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ryoko Takasawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yoshizawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yasunari Mano
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tsugumichi Sato
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishiguro
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Photocatalyst Group, Research and Development Department, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyagi
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagashima
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Kouji Yamamoto
- Department of Biostatistics, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Keiko Sato
- Department of Information Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takehisa Hanawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichi Tanuma
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Department of Genomic Medicinal Science, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ohno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazunori Akimoto
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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15
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Ma D, Liu P, Wang P, Zhou Z, Fang Q, Wang J. PKC-β/Alox5 axis activation promotes Bcr-Abl-independent TKI-resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6312-6327. [PMID: 33561320 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bcr-Abl independent resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) is a crucial factor lead to relapse or acute leukemia transformation in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, its mechanism is still unclear. Herein, we found that of nine common protein kinases C (PKCs), PKC-β overexpression was significantly related with TKI resistance. Blockage of its expression in CD34+ cells and CML cell lines increased sensitivity to imatinib. Then, eighty-four leukemia related genes were compared between TKI-resistant CML cell lines with PKC-β silenced or not. Gene Ontology term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (Alox5) and its relative pathway mainly participated in the resistance induced by PKC-β overexpression. It's also observed that Alox5 was increased not only in bone marrow biopsy but also in CD34+ cells derived from IM-resistant CML patients. The signaling pathway exploration indicated that ERK1/2 pathway mediates Alox5 upregulation by PKC-β. Meanwhile, we also proved that Alox5 induces TKI-insensitivity in CML through inactivation of PTEN. In vivo experiment, PKC-β elective inhibitor LY333531 prolonged survival time in CML-PDX mice model. In conclusion, targeted on PKC-β overexpression might be a novel therapy mechanism to overcome TKI-resistance in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ma
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Center of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guiyang, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Center of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guiyang, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Center of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Baiyun Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qin Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jishi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Center of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guiyang, China
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16
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Velnati S, Centonze S, Girivetto F, Capello D, Biondi RM, Bertoni A, Cantello R, Ragnoli B, Malerba M, Graziani A, Baldanzi G. Identification of Key Phospholipids That Bind and Activate Atypical PKCs. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010045. [PMID: 33419210 PMCID: PMC7825596 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PKCζ and PKCι/λ form the atypical protein kinase C subgroup, characterised by a lack of regulation by calcium and the neutral lipid diacylglycerol. To better understand the regulation of these kinases, we systematically explored their interactions with various purified phospholipids using the lipid overlay assays, followed by kinase activity assays to evaluate the lipid effects on their enzymatic activity. We observed that both PKCζ and PKCι interact with phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine. Conversely, PKCι is unique in binding also to phosphatidylinositol-monophosphates (e.g., phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, 4-phosphate, and 5-phosphate). Moreover, we observed that phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate specifically activates PKCι, while both isoforms are responsive to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine. Overall, our results suggest that atypical Protein kinase C (PKC) localisation and activity are regulated by membrane lipids distinct from those involved in conventional PKCs and unveil a specific regulation of PKCι by phosphatidylinositol-monophosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Velnati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Centonze
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federico Girivetto
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Capello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- UPO Biobank, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Ricardo M. Biondi
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany;
- Biomedicine Research Institute of Buenos Aires—CONICET—Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
| | - Alessandra Bertoni
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Roberto Cantello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
| | | | - Mario Malerba
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- Respiratory Unit, Sant’Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Division of Oncology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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17
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Liu Y, Justilien V, Fields AP, Murray NR. Recurrent copy number gains drive PKCι expression and PKCι-dependent oncogenic signaling in human cancers. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 78:100754. [PMID: 32992230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PRKCI is frequently overexpressed in multiple human cancers, and PKCι expression is often prognostic for poor patient survival, indicating that elevated PKCι broadly plays an oncogenic role in the cancer phenotype. PKCι drives multiple oncogenic signaling pathways involved in transformed growth, and transgenic mouse models have revealed that PKCι is a critical oncogenic driver in both lung and ovarian cancers. We now report that recurrent 3q26 copy number gain (CNG) is the predominant genetic driver of PRKCI mRNA expression in all major human cancer types exhibiting such CNGs. In addition to PRKCI, CNG at 3q26 leads to coordinate CNGs of ECT2 and SOX2, two additional 3q26 genes that collaborate with PRKCI to drive oncogenic signaling and tumor initiation in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Interestingly however, whereas 3q26 CNG is a strong driver of PRKCI mRNA expression across all tumor types examined, it has differential effects on ECT2 and SOX2 mRNA expression. In some tumors types, particularly those with squamous histology, all three 3q26 oncogenes are coordinately overexpressed as a consequence of 3q26 CNG, whereas in other cancers only PRKCI and ECT2 mRNA are coordinately overexpressed. This distinct pattern of expression of 3q26 genes corresponds to differences in genomic signatures reflective of activation of specific PKCι oncogenic signaling pathways. In addition to highly prevalent CNG, some tumor types exhibit monoallelic loss of PRKCI. Interestingly, many tumors harboring monoallelic loss of PRKCI express significantly lower PRKCI mRNA and exhibit evidence of WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway activation, which we previously characterized as a major oncogenic pathway in a newly described, PKCι-independent molecular subtype of lung adenocarcinoma. Finally, we show that CNG-driven activation of PKCι oncogenic signaling predicts poor patient survival in many major cancer types. We conclude that CNG and monoallelic loss are the major determinants of tumor PRKCI mRNA expression across virtually all tumor types, but that tumor-type specific mechanisms determine whether these copy number alterations also drive expression of the collaborating 3q26 oncogenes ECT2 and SOX2, and the oncogenic PKCι signaling pathways activated through the collaborative action of these genes. Our analysis may be useful in identifying tumor-specific predictive biomarkers and effective PKCι-targeted therapeutic strategies in the multitude of human cancers harboring genetic activation of PRKCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Verline Justilien
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Alan P Fields
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Nicole R Murray
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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18
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Lagoutte E, Villeneuve C, Fraisier V, Krndija D, Deugnier MA, Chavrier P, Rossé C. A new pipeline for pathophysiological analysis of the mammary gland based on organoid transplantation and organ clearing. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs242495. [PMID: 32467329 PMCID: PMC7328142 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.242495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in techniques for tissue clearing and size reduction have enabled optical imaging of whole organs and the study of rare tumorigenic events in vivo The adult mammary gland provides a unique model for investigating physiological or pathological processes such as morphogenesis or epithelial cell dissemination. Here, we establish a new pipeline to study rare cellular events occurring in the mammary gland, by combining orthotopic transplantation of mammary organoids with the uDISCO organ size reduction and clearing method. This strategy allows us to analyze the behavior of individually labeled cells in regenerated mammary gland. As a proof of concept, we analyzed the localization of rare epithelial cells overexpressing atypical protein kinase C iota (also known as PRKCI, referred to here as aPKCι) with an N-terminal eGFP fusion (GFP-aPKCι+) in the normal mammary gland. Using this analytical pipeline, we were able to visualize epithelial aPKCι+ cells escaping from the normal mammary epithelium and disseminating into the surrounding stroma. This technical resource should benefit mammary development and tumor progression studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lagoutte
- Research center, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Clémentine Villeneuve
- Research center, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Fraisier
- Research center, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Denis Krndija
- Research center, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Ange Deugnier
- Research center, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, INSERM, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Philippe Chavrier
- Research center, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Carine Rossé
- Research center, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, INSERM, Paris F-75013, France
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19
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Justilien V, Lewis KC, Meneses KM, Jamieson L, Murray NR, Fields AP. Protein kinase Cι promotes UBF1-ECT2 binding on ribosomal DNA to drive rRNA synthesis and transformed growth of non-small-cell lung cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8214-8226. [PMID: 32350115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell-transforming sequence 2 (ECT2) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho GTPases that is overexpressed in many cancers and involved in signal transduction pathways that promote cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis. Recently, we demonstrated that a significant pool of ECT2 localizes to the nucleolus of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, where it binds the transcription factor upstream binding factor 1 (UBF1) on the promoter regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and activates rDNA transcription, transformed cell growth, and tumor formation. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which ECT2 engages UBF1 on rDNA promoters. Results from ECT2 mutagenesis indicated that the tandem BRCT domain of ECT2 mediates binding to UBF1. Biochemical and MS-based analyses revealed that protein kinase Cι (PKCι) directly phosphorylates UBF1 at Ser-412, thereby generating a phosphopeptide-binding epitope that binds the ECT2 BRCT domain. Lentiviral shRNA knockdown and reconstitution experiments revealed that both a functional ECT2 BRCT domain and the UBF1 Ser-412 phosphorylation site are required for UBF1-mediated ECT2 recruitment to rDNA, elevated rRNA synthesis, and transformed growth. Our findings provide critical molecular insight into ECT2-mediated regulation of rDNA transcription in cancer cells and offer a rationale for therapeutic targeting of UBF1- and ECT2-stimulated rDNA transcription for the management of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verline Justilien
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Kayla C Lewis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Kayleah M Meneses
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Lee Jamieson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Nicole R Murray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Alan P Fields
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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20
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Clayton NS, Ridley AJ. Targeting Rho GTPase Signaling Networks in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:222. [PMID: 32309283 PMCID: PMC7145979 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As key regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics, Rho GTPases coordinate a wide range of cellular processes, including cell polarity, cell migration, and cell cycle progression. The adoption of a pro-migratory phenotype enables cancer cells to invade the stroma surrounding the primary tumor and move toward and enter blood or lymphatic vessels. Targeting these early events could reduce the progression to metastatic disease, the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Rho GTPases play a key role in the formation of dynamic actin-rich membrane protrusions and the turnover of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesions required for efficient cancer cell invasion. Here, we discuss the roles of Rho GTPases in cancer, their validation as therapeutic targets and the challenges of developing clinically viable Rho GTPase inhibitors. We review other therapeutic targets in the wider Rho GTPase signaling network and focus on the four best characterized effector families: p21-activated kinases (PAKs), Rho-associated protein kinases (ROCKs), atypical protein kinase Cs (aPKCs), and myotonic dystrophy kinase-related Cdc42-binding kinases (MRCKs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Clayton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anne J Ridley
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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21
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Biehler C, Wang LT, Sévigny M, Jetté A, Gamblin CL, Catterall R, Houssin E, McCaffrey L, Laprise P. Girdin is a component of the lateral polarity protein network restricting cell dissemination. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008674. [PMID: 32196494 PMCID: PMC7112241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell polarity defects support cancer progression. It is thus crucial to decipher the functional interactions within the polarity protein network. Here we show that Drosophila Girdin and its human ortholog (GIRDIN) sustain the function of crucial lateral polarity proteins by inhibiting the apical kinase aPKC. Loss of GIRDIN expression is also associated with overgrowth of disorganized cell cysts. Moreover, we observed cell dissemination from GIRDIN knockdown cysts and tumorspheres, thereby showing that GIRDIN supports the cohesion of multicellular epithelial structures. Consistent with these observations, alteration of GIRDIN expression is associated with poor overall survival in subtypes of breast and lung cancers. Overall, we discovered a core mechanism contributing to epithelial cell polarization from flies to humans. Our data also indicate that GIRDIN has the potential to impair the progression of epithelial cancers by preserving cell polarity and restricting cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornélia Biehler
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - Li-Ting Wang
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Myriam Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Jetté
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - Clémence L. Gamblin
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - Rachel Catterall
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Elise Houssin
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Patrick Laprise
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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22
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Transcription co-activator P300 activates Elk1-aPKC-ι signaling mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and malignancy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:32. [PMID: 32144235 PMCID: PMC7060348 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-0212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our previous study found that atypical protein kinase C-ι (aPKC-ι) promoted the EMT process in HCC. However, how the aPKC-ι signaling pathway is regulated in HCC has not been elucidated. In this study, vector transfection was utilized to study the invasion of HCC cells, and the mechanism between P300 and aPKC-ι signaling pathways in regulating the EMT process of HCC was further elucidated in vitro and in vivo. We found both P300 and aPKC-ι were highly expressed in HCC and they were correlated with tumor progression and poor survival in HCC patients. P300 knockdown inhibited EMT, invasion and other malignant events of HCC cells but promoted cell apoptosis and cycle arrest. However, the effects mediated by P300 knockdown were abolished by aPKC-ι overexpression. Further studies showed that P300 upregulates aPKC-ι expression through increasing the transcription of Elk1, a transcriptional activator of aPKC-ι, and stabilizing Elk1 protein and its phosphorylation. In conclusion, our work uncovered the molecular mechanism by which oncogenic aPKC-ι is upregulated in HCC and suggests that P300, like aPKC-ι, may be used as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in patients with HCC.
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23
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BommaReddy RR, Patel R, Smalley T, Acevedo-Duncan M. Effects of Atypical Protein Kinase C Inhibitor (DNDA) on Lung Cancer Proliferation and Migration by PKC-ι/FAK Ubiquitination Through the Cbl-b Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:1661-1676. [PMID: 32158232 PMCID: PMC7047975 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s224866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The options for treating lung cancers are limited, as diagnosis typically occurs during the late stages of the disease. There is a dire need to develop aPKC (atypical Protein Kinase C) inhibitors due to aPKC overexpression and contributions to lung cancer malignancies. In this study, we investigate the role of atypical PKCs (aPKCs) in cell proliferation and migration in lung cancer cell lines and the effect of the novel aPKC inhibitor DNDA (3,4-amino-2,7 napthalene disulfonic acid). Methods The normal and lung cancer cells were treated with various concentrations of DNDA. We used a WST assay to determine lung cell viability, then analyzed cell apoptosis through Annexin V/PI staining and flow cytometry. Immunoprecipitation determined the proteins' associations, and Western blot allowed testing of the expression of interest proteins. We also employed the UbiTest to identify the ubiquitination of the FAK. The scratch and transwell assays measured cell migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. Results Our data from cell viability and flow cytometry showed a significant reduction in cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis with DNDA treatment in lung cancer cells, as well as no toxic effect on normal BEAS-2B lung cells. Western blot results showed that the phosphorylation of PKC-iota and phosphorylation of FAK decreased in A549 lung cancer cells upon DNDA treatment. Immunoprecipitation (IP) data revealed an association of PKC-ι with FAK and FAK with Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene-b (Cbl-b). UbiTest results suggest that PKC-ι regulates FAK cleavage through its ubiquitination by Cbl-b, thereby inhibiting A549 lung cancer cells' migration. This was evident from scratch, invasion, and migration assays. Conclusion Our study data suggest that DNDA inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Moreover, DNDA inhibit A549 lung cancer cells' migration by PKC- ι/FAK ubiquitination via Cbl-b.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rekha Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Tracess Smalley
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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24
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Cobbaut M, Karagil S, Bruno L, Diaz de la Loza MDC, Mackenzie FE, Stolinski M, Elbediwy A. Dysfunctional Mechanotransduction through the YAP/TAZ/Hippo Pathway as a Feature of Chronic Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010151. [PMID: 31936297 PMCID: PMC7016982 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to ascertain their external environment, cells and tissues have the capability to sense and process a variety of stresses, including stretching and compression forces. These mechanical forces, as experienced by cells and tissues, are then converted into biochemical signals within the cell, leading to a number of cellular mechanisms being activated, including proliferation, differentiation and migration. If the conversion of mechanical cues into biochemical signals is perturbed in any way, then this can be potentially implicated in chronic disease development and processes such as neurological disorders, cancer and obesity. This review will focus on how the interplay between mechanotransduction, cellular structure, metabolism and signalling cascades led by the Hippo-YAP/TAZ axis can lead to a number of chronic diseases and suggest how we can target various pathways in order to design therapeutic targets for these debilitating diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Cobbaut
- Protein Phosphorylation Lab, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK;
| | - Simge Karagil
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (S.K.); (L.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Lucrezia Bruno
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (S.K.); (L.B.); (M.S.)
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK;
| | | | - Francesca E Mackenzie
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK;
| | - Michael Stolinski
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (S.K.); (L.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Ahmed Elbediwy
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (S.K.); (L.B.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Aberrant Nuclear Localization of aPKCλ/ι is Associated With Poorer Prognosis in Uterine Cervical Cancer. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2019; 38:301-309. [PMID: 30059452 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that aberrant expression of atypical protein kinase C λ/ι (aPKCλ/ι) in low-grade squamous intraepithelial uterine cervix lesions was associated with an increased risk of progression to higher grade. This study aimed to investigate aPKCλ/ι expression patterns in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and its association with disease progression. We immunohistochemically assessed aPKCλ/ι expression in 168 SCC samples and 13 normal uterine cervix samples. In 69.0% of SCC cases, aPKCλ/ι was expressed more abundantly than in normal epithelium, but there was no significant association between aPKCλ/ι intensity and disease progression (P=0.087, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test). aPKCλ/ι in normal cervical epithelium was confined to the cytoplasm or intercellular junctions. In contrast, aPKCλ/ι was predominantly localized within the nucleus in 36.9% of SCC samples (P<0.001, χ test), and the prevalence was significantly increased relative to advanced tumor stage (P<0.001, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test). Moreover, patients with SCC with aPKCλ/ι nuclear localization had worse prognoses than those with cytoplasmic localization (P<0.001, log-rank test). aPKCλ/ι localization differed between the intraepithelial lesion and adjacent invasive cancer in 40% of cases, while the expression pattern was similar between primary and matched metastatic tumors. In conclusion, aPKCλ/ι nuclear localization in cervical cancer is associated with tumor progression and worse prognosis. This is the first report to show aberrant nuclear aPKCλ/ι localization in a subgroup of cervical cancer patients and its association with worse prognosis.
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26
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Yin N, Liu Y, Murray NR, Fields AP. Oncogenic protein kinase Cι signaling mechanisms in lung cancer: Implications for improved therapeutic strategies. Adv Biol Regul 2019; 75:100656. [PMID: 31623973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein Kinase Cι (PKCι) is a major oncogene involved in the initiation, maintenance and progression of numerous forms of human cancer. In the lung, PKCι is necessary for the maintenance of the transformed phenotype of the two major forms of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). In addition, PKCι is necessary for both LADC and LSCC tumorigenesis by establishing and maintaining a highly aggressive stem-like, tumor-initiating cell phenotype. Interestingly however, while PKCι signaling in these two major lung cancer subtypes shares some common elements, it also drives distinct, sub-type specific pathways. Furthermore, recent analysis has revealed both PKCι-dependent and PKCι-independent pathways to LADC development. Herein, we discussion our current knowledge of oncogenic PKCι signaling in LADC and LSCC, and discuss these findings in the context of how they may inform strategies for improved therapeutic intervention in these deadly diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yin
- From the Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- From the Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Nicole R Murray
- From the Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Alan P Fields
- From the Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana-Diana Persa
- Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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28
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Yin N, Liu Y, Khoor A, Wang X, Thompson EA, Leitges M, Justilien V, Weems C, Murray NR, Fields AP. Protein Kinase Cι and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling: Alternative Pathways to Kras/Trp53-Driven Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:156-167.e7. [PMID: 31378680 PMCID: PMC6693680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report that mouse LSL-KrasG12D;Trp53fl/fl (KP)-mediated lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) tumorigenesis can proceed through both PKCι-dependent and PKCι-independent pathways. The predominant pathway involves PKCι-dependent transformation of bronchoalveolar stem cells (BASCs). However, KP mice harboring conditional knock out Prkci alleles (KPI mice) develop LADC tumors through PKCι-independent transformation of Axin2+ alveolar type 2 (AT2) stem cells. Transformed growth of KPI, but not KP, tumors is blocked by Wnt pathway inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, a KPI-derived genomic signature predicts sensitivity of human LADC cells to Wnt inhibition, and identifies a distinct subset of primary LADC tumors exhibiting a KPI-like genotype. Thus, LADC can develop through both PKCι-dependent and PKCι-independent pathways, resulting in tumors exhibiting distinct oncogenic signaling and pharmacologic vulnerabilities.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/enzymology
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/pathology
- Alveolar Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Alveolar Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, ras
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/deficiency
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/enzymology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Protein Kinase C/deficiency
- Protein Kinase C/genetics
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/deficiency
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Wnt Signaling Pathway
- beta Catenin/genetics
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Griffin Cancer Research Building, Room 212, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Griffin Cancer Research Building, Room 212, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Andras Khoor
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - E Aubrey Thompson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Griffin Cancer Research Building, Room 212, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Michael Leitges
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Verline Justilien
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Griffin Cancer Research Building, Room 212, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Capella Weems
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Griffin Cancer Research Building, Room 212, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Nicole R Murray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Griffin Cancer Research Building, Room 212, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Alan P Fields
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Griffin Cancer Research Building, Room 212, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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29
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Elbediwy A, Zhang Y, Cobbaut M, Riou P, Tan RS, Roberts SK, Tynan C, George R, Kjaer S, Martin-Fernandez ML, Thompson BJ, McDonald NQ, Parker PJ. The Rho family GEF FARP2 is activated by aPKCι to control tight junction formation and polarity. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs223743. [PMID: 30872454 PMCID: PMC6503954 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.223743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The elaboration of polarity is central to organismal development and to the maintenance of functional epithelia. Among the controls determining polarity are the PAR proteins, PAR6, aPKCι and PAR3, regulating both known and unknown effectors. Here, we identify FARP2 as a 'RIPR' motif-dependent partner and substrate of aPKCι that is required for efficient polarisation and junction formation. Binding is conferred by a FERM/FA domain-kinase domain interaction and detachment promoted by aPKCι-dependent phosphorylation. FARP2 is shown to promote GTP loading of Cdc42, which is consistent with it being involved in upstream regulation of the polarising PAR6-aPKCι complex. However, we show that aPKCι acts to promote the localised activity of FARP2 through phosphorylation. We conclude that this aPKCι-FARP2 complex formation acts as a positive feedback control to drive polarisation through aPKCι and other Cdc42 effectors.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elbediwy
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NE1 1AT, UK
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NE1 1AT, UK
| | - Mathias Cobbaut
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NE1 1AT, UK
| | - Philippe Riou
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NE1 1AT, UK
| | - Ray S Tan
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NE1 1AT, UK
| | - Selene K Roberts
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Chris Tynan
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Roger George
- Structural Biology Team, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NE1 1AT, UK
| | - Svend Kjaer
- Structural Biology Team, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NE1 1AT, UK
| | - Marisa L Martin-Fernandez
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Barry J Thompson
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NE1 1AT, UK
| | - Neil Q McDonald
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NE1 1AT, UK
| | - Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NE1 1AT, UK
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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30
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Kwiatkowski J, Baburajendran N, Poulsen A, Liu B, Tee DHY, Wong YX, Poh ZY, Ong EHQ, Dinie N, Cherian J, Jansson AE, Hill J, Keller TH, Hung AW. Fragment-based Discovery of a Small-Molecule Protein Kinase C-iota Inhibitor Binding Post-kinase Domain Residues. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:318-323. [PMID: 30891133 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The atypical protein kinase C-iota (PKC-ι) enzyme is implicated in various cancers and has been put forward as an attractive target for developing anticancer therapy. A high concentration biochemical screen identified pyridine fragment weakly inhibiting PKC-ι with IC50 = 424 μM. Driven by structure-activity relationships and guided by docking hypothesis, the weakly bound fragment was eventually optimized into a potent inhibitor of PKC-ι (IC50= 270 nM). Through the course of the optimization, an intermediate compound was crystallized with the protein, and careful analysis of the X-ray crystal structure revealed a unique binding mode involving the post-kinase domain (C-terminal tail) of PKC-ι.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kwiatkowski
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Nithya Baburajendran
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Boping Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Doris Hui Ying Tee
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Yun Xuan Wong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Zhi Ying Poh
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Esther HQ Ong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Nurul Dinie
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Joseph Cherian
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Anna Elisabet Jansson
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Thomas H. Keller
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Alvin W. Hung
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
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31
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Jung HY, Fattet L, Tsai JH, Kajimoto T, Chang Q, Newton AC, Yang J. Apical-basal polarity inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumour metastasis by PAR-complex-mediated SNAI1 degradation. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:359-371. [PMID: 30804505 PMCID: PMC6546105 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss of apical-basal polarity and activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) both contribute to carcinoma progression and metastasis. Here, we report that apical-basal polarity inhibits EMT to suppress metastatic dissemination. Using mouse and human epithelial three-dimensional organoid cultures, we show that the PAR-atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) polarity complex inhibits EMT and invasion by promoting degradation of the SNAIL family protein SNAI1. Under intact apical-basal polarity, aPKC kinases phosphorylate S249 of SNAI1, which leads to protein degradation. Loss of apical-basal polarity prevents aPKC-mediated SNAI1 phosphorylation and stabilizes the SNAI1 protein to promote EMT and invasion. In human breast tumour xenografts, inhibition of the PAR-complex-mediated SNAI1 degradation mechanism promotes tumour invasion and metastasis. Analyses of human breast tissue samples reveal negative correlations between PAR3 and SNAI1 protein levels. Our results demonstrate that apical-basal polarity functions as a critical checkpoint of EMT to precisely control epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity during tumour metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Yun Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laurent Fattet
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeff H Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Taketoshi Kajimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Chang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Tian L, Lu Y, Yang T, Deng Z, Xu L, Yao W, Ma C, Li X, Zhang J, Liu Y, Wang J. aPKCι promotes gallbladder cancer tumorigenesis and gemcitabine resistance by competing with Nrf2 for binding to Keap1. Redox Biol 2019; 22:101149. [PMID: 30822690 PMCID: PMC6395946 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly malignant bile duct cancer with poor prognosis characterized by its insensitivity to chemotherapy. Emerging evidence indicates that cytoprotective antioxidation is involved in drug resistance of various cancers; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we demonstrated that atypical protein kinase Cι (aPKCι) mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibition in a kinase-independent manner, which played a crucial role in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. Mechanistically, we found that aPKCι facilitated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) accumulation, nuclear translocation and activated its target genes by competing with Nrf2 for binding to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) through a highly conserved DLL motif. In addition, the aPKCι-Keap1 interaction was required for antioxidant effect, cell growth and gemcitabine resistance in GBC. Importantly, we further confirmed that aPKCι was frequently upregulated and correlated with poor prognosis in patients with GBC. Collectively, our findings suggested that aPKCι positively modulated the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway to enhance GBC growth and gemcitabine resistance, implying that the aPKCι-Keap1-Nrf2 axis may be a potential approach to overcome the drug resistance for the treatment of GBC. aPKCι inhibits ROS in a kinase-independent manner. aPKCι competes with Nrf2 for binding to Keap1 via a DLL motif. The aPKCι-Keap1 interaction promotes cell growth and gemcitabine resistance. Upregulation of aPKCι was linked to poor prognosis in patients with GBC. aPKCι-Keap1-Nrf2 axis may be a potential therapeutic target for GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhengdong Deng
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Chaoqun Ma
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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Ma D, Wang P, Fang Q, Yu Z, Zhou Z, He Z, Wei D, Yu K, Lu T, Zhang Y, Wang J. Low-dose staurosporine selectively reverses BCR-ABL-independent IM resistance through PKC-α-mediated G2/M phase arrest in chronic myeloid leukaemia. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 46:S208-S216. [PMID: 30618318 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1490310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ma
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guiyang, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guiyang, China
| | - Qin Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Baiyun Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhengyu Yu
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guiyang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Baiyun Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhengchang He
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guiyang, China
| | - Danna Wei
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guiyang, China
| | - Kunling Yu
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guiyang, China
| | - Tingting Lu
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guiyang, China
| | - Yaming Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guiyang, China
| | - Jishi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guiyang, China
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Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes belong to a family of Ser/Thr kinases whose activity is governed by reversible release of an autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate. For conventional and novel isozymes, this is effected by binding the lipid second messenger, diacylglycerol, but for atypical PKC isozymes, this is effected by binding protein scaffolds. PKC shot into the limelight following the discovery in the 1980s that the diacylglycerol-sensitive isozymes are "receptors" for the potent tumor-promoting phorbol esters. This set in place a concept that PKC isozymes are oncoproteins. Yet three decades of cancer clinical trials targeting PKC with inhibitors failed and, in some cases, worsened patient outcome. Emerging evidence from cancer-associated mutations and protein expression levels provide a reason: PKC isozymes generally function as tumor suppressors and their activity should be restored, not inhibited, in cancer therapies. And whereas not enough activity is associated with cancer, variants with enhanced activity are associated with degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This review describes the tightly controlled mechanisms that ensure PKC activity is perfectly balanced and what happens when these controls are deregulated. PKC isozymes serve as a paradigm for the wisdom of Confucius: "to go beyond is as wrong as to fall short."
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Newton
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of California at San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
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Kajimoto T, Caliman AD, Tobias IS, Okada T, Pilo CA, Van AAN, Andrew McCammon J, Nakamura SI, Newton AC. Activation of atypical protein kinase C by sphingosine 1-phosphate revealed by an aPKC-specific activity reporter. Sci Signal 2019; 12:eaat6662. [PMID: 30600259 PMCID: PMC6657501 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat6662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isozymes are unique in the PKC superfamily in that they are not regulated by the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol, which has led to speculation about whether a different second messenger acutely controls their function. Here, using a genetically encoded reporter that we designed, aPKC-specific C kinase activity reporter (aCKAR), we found that the lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) promoted the cellular activity of aPKC. Intracellular S1P directly bound to the purified kinase domain of aPKC and relieved autoinhibitory constraints, thereby activating the kinase. In silico studies identified potential binding sites on the kinase domain, one of which was validated biochemically. In HeLa cells, S1P-dependent activation of aPKC suppressed apoptosis. Together, our findings identify a previously undescribed molecular mechanism of aPKC regulation, a molecular target for S1P in cell survival regulation, and a tool to further explore the biochemical and biological functions of aPKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketoshi Kajimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Alisha D Caliman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Irene S Tobias
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Taro Okada
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Caila A Pilo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - An-Angela N Van
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J Andrew McCammon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shun-Ichi Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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aPKC controls endothelial growth by modulating c-Myc via FoxO1 DNA-binding ability. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5357. [PMID: 30559384 PMCID: PMC6297234 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Strict regulation of proliferation is vital for development, whereas unregulated cell proliferation is a fundamental characteristic of cancer. The polarity protein atypical protein kinase C lambda/iota (aPKCλ) is associated with cell proliferation through unknown mechanisms. In endothelial cells, suppression of aPKCλ impairs proliferation despite hyperactivated mitogenic signaling. Here we show that aPKCλ phosphorylates the DNA binding domain of forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) transcription factor, a gatekeeper of endothelial growth. Although mitogenic signaling excludes FoxO1 from the nucleus, consequently increasing c-Myc abundance and proliferation, aPKCλ controls c-Myc expression via FoxO1/miR-34c signaling without affecting its localization. We find this pathway is strongly activated in the malignant vascular sarcoma, angiosarcoma, and aPKC inhibition reduces c-Myc expression and proliferation of angiosarcoma cells. Moreover, FoxO1 phosphorylation at Ser218 and aPKC expression correlates with poor patient prognosis. Our findings may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of malignant cancers, like angiosarcoma. The cell polarity regulator aPKC is associated with cell proliferation but the precise mechanism are unknown. Here, the authors find that aPKC lambda phosphorylates the FoxO1 transcription factor, a gatekeeper of endothelial growth, during both angiogenesis and angiosarcomas.
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Gao T, Li M, Mu G, Hou T, Zhu WG, Yang Y. PKCζ Phosphorylates SIRT6 to Mediate Fatty Acid β-Oxidation in Colon Cancer Cells. Neoplasia 2018; 21:61-73. [PMID: 30504065 PMCID: PMC6277223 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) has critical roles in regulating lipid anabolism and catabolism. PKCζ, a member of atypical PKC family, has been reported to mediate glucose metabolism. However, whether and how PKCζ regulates tumor cells fatty acid β-oxidation are unknown. Here, we report that the phosphorylation of SIRT6 is significantly increased after palmitic acid (PA) treatment in colon cancer cells. PKCζ can physically interact with SIRT6 in vitro and in vivo, and this interaction enhances following PA treatment. Further experiments show that PKCζ is the phosphorylase of SIRT6 and phosphorylates SIRT6 at threonine 294 residue to promote SIRT6 enrichment on chromatin. In the functional study, we find that the expression of ACSL1, CPT1, CACT, and HADHB, the genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation, increases after PA stimulation. We further confirm that PKCζ mediates the binding of SIRT6 specifically to the promoters of fatty acid β-oxidation–related genes and elicits the expression of these genes through SIRT6 phosphorylation. Our findings demonstrate the mechanism of PKCζ as a new phosphorylase of SIRT6 on maintaining tumor fatty acid β-oxidation and define the new role of PKCζ in lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meiting Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guanqun Mu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tianyun Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 516080, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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38
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Fields AP, Ali SA, Justilien V, Murray NR. Protein kinase C ι: A versatile oncogene in the lung. Mol Cell Oncol 2018; 5:e1190886. [PMID: 30263934 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2016.1190886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that protein kinase Cι (PKCι) promotes a stem-like, tumor-initiating cell phenotype in KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma by activating a novel ELF3-NOTCH3 signaling axis.1 Combined PKCι and NOTCH inhibition was identified as a novel strategy for the treatment of KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Fields
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Syed A Ali
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Verline Justilien
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Nicole R Murray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida Jacksonville, Florida
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Nikitin PV, Potapov AA, Ryzhova MV, Shurkhay VA, Kulikov EE, Zhvanskiy ES, Popov IA, Nikolaev EN. [The role of lipid metabolism disorders, atypical isoforms of protein kinase C, and mutational status of cytosolic and mitochondrial forms of isocitrate dehydrogenase in carcinogenesis of glial tumors]. ZHURNAL VOPROSY NEĬROKHIRURGII IMENI N. N. BURDENKO 2018; 82:112-120. [PMID: 29927433 DOI: 10.17116/neiro2018823112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between molecular genetic and metabolic disorders is one of the challenges of modern oncology. In this review, we consider lipid metabolism and its changes as one of the factors of oncogenesis of glial tumors. Also, we demonstrate that the genome and the metabolome are interconnected by a large number of links, and the metabolic pathways, during their reorganization, are able to drastically affect the genetic structure of the cell and, in particular, cause its tumor transformation. Our own observations and analysis of the literature data allow us to conclude that mass spectrometry is a highly accurate current method for assessing metabolic disorders at the cellular level. The use of mass spectrometry during surgery allows the neurosurgeon to obtain real-time data on the level of specific molecular markers in the resected tissue, thereby bringing intraoperative navigation techniques to the molecular level. The generation of molecular fingerprints for each tumor significantly complements the available neuroimaging, molecular genetic, and immunohistochemical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Nikitin
- Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, 4-ya Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str., 16, Moscow, Russia, 125047
| | - A A Potapov
- Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, 4-ya Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str., 16, Moscow, Russia, 125047
| | - M V Ryzhova
- Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, 4-ya Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str., 16, Moscow, Russia, 125047
| | - V A Shurkhay
- Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, 4-ya Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str., 16, Moscow, Russia, 125047; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy Pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia, 141701
| | - E E Kulikov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy Pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia, 141701; Federal Research Center 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology', Leninskiy Prospect, 33/2, Moscow, Russia, 119071
| | - E S Zhvanskiy
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy Pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia, 141701
| | - I A Popov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy Pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia, 141701
| | - E N Nikolaev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy Pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia, 141701; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobelya Str., 3, Moscow, Russia, 143026; Institute of Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Leninskiy Prospect, 38/2, Moscow, Russia, 119334
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40
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Kwiatkowski J, Liu B, Tee DHY, Chen G, Ahmad NHB, Wong YX, Poh ZY, Ang SH, Tan ESW, Ong EH, Nurul Dinie, Poulsen A, Pendharkar V, Sangthongpitag K, Lee MA, Sepramaniam S, Ho SY, Cherian J, Hill J, Keller TH, Hung AW. Fragment-Based Drug Discovery of Potent Protein Kinase C Iota Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4386-4396. [PMID: 29688013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C iota (PKC-ι) is an atypical kinase implicated in the promotion of different cancer types. A biochemical screen of a fragment library has identified several hits from which an azaindole-based scaffold was chosen for optimization. Driven by a structure-activity relationship and supported by molecular modeling, a weakly bound fragment was systematically grown into a potent and selective inhibitor against PKC-ι.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kwiatkowski
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Boping Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Doris Hui Ying Tee
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Guoying Chen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Nur Huda Binte Ahmad
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Yun Xuan Wong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Zhi Ying Poh
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Shi Hua Ang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Eldwin Sum Wai Tan
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Esther Hq Ong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Nurul Dinie
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Vishal Pendharkar
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Kanda Sangthongpitag
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - May Ann Lee
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Sugunavathi Sepramaniam
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Soo Yei Ho
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Joseph Cherian
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Thomas H Keller
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Alvin W Hung
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
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de Assis LVM, Moraes MN, Magalhães-Marques KK, Castrucci AMDL. Melanopsin and rhodopsin mediate UVA-induced immediate pigment darkening: Unravelling the photosensitive system of the skin. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:150-162. [PMID: 29395480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian skin has a photosensitive system comprised by several opsins, including rhodopsin (OPN2) and melanopsin (OPN4). Recently, our group showed that UVA (4.4 kJ/m2) leads to immediate pigment darkening (IPD) in murine normal and malignant melanocytes. We show the role of OPN2 and OPN4 as UVA sensors: UVA-induced IPD was fully abolished when OPN4 was pharmacologically inhibited by AA9253 or when OPN2 and OPN4 were knocked down by siRNA in both cell lines. Our data, however, demonstrate that phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathway, a classical OPN4 pathway, is not involved in UVA-induced IPD in either cell line. Nonetheless, in both cell types we have shown that: a) intracellular calcium signal is necessary for UVA-induced IPD; b) the involvement of CaMK II, whose inhibition, abolished the UVA-induced IPD; c) the role of CAMK II/NOS/sGC/cGMP pathway in the process since inhibition of either NOS or sGC abolished the UVA-induced IPD. Taken altogether, we show that OPN2 and OPN4 participate in IPD induced by UVA in murine normal and malignant melanocytes through a conserved common pathway. Interestingly, upon knockdown of OPN2 or OPN4, the UVA-driven IPD is completely lost, which suggests that both opsins are required and cooperatively signal in murine both cell lines. The participation of OPN2 and OPN4 system in UVA radiation-induced response, if proven to take place in human skin, may represent an interesting pharmacological target for the treatment of depigmentary disorders and skin-related cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Vinícius Monteiro de Assis
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Nathalia Moraes
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keila Karoline Magalhães-Marques
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria de Lauro Castrucci
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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42
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Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate-induced fascin-1-dependent breast cancer cell migration by suppressing the PKCδ- and Wnt-1/β-catenin-mediated pathways. Oncotarget 2018; 7:25162-79. [PMID: 27036017 PMCID: PMC5041895 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascin-1, an actin-bundling protein, plays an important role in cancer cell migration and invasion; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. On the basis of a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced cell migration model, it was shown that TPA increased fascin-1 mRNA and protein expression and fascin-1-dependent cell migration. TPA dose- and time-dependently increased PKCδ and STAT3α activation and GSK3β phosphorylation; up-regulated Wnt-1, β-catenin, and STAT3α expression; and increased the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and STAT3α. Rottlerin, a PKCδ inhibitor, abrogated the increases in STAT3α activation and β-catenin and fascin-1 expression. WP1066, a STAT3 inhibitor, suppressed TPA-induced STAT3α DNA binding activity and β-catenin expression. Knockdown of β-catenin attenuated TPA-induced fascin-1 and STAT3α expression as well as cell migration. In addition to MCF-7, migration of Hs578T breast cancer cells was inhibited by silencing fascin-1, β-catenin, and STAT3α expression as well. TPA also induced Wnt-1 expression and secretion, and blocking Wnt-1 signaling abrogated β-catenin induction. DHA pretreatment attenuated TPA-induced cell migration, PKCδ and STAT3α activation, GSK3β phosphorylation, and Wnt-1, β-catenin, STAT3α, and fascin-1 expression. Our results demonstrated that TPA-induced migration is likely associated with the PKCδ and Wnt-1 pathways, which lead to STAT3α activation, GSK3β inactivation, and β-catenin increase and up-regulation of fascin-1 expression. Moreover, the anti-metastatic potential of DHA is partly attributed to its suppression of TPA-activated PKCδ and Wnt-1 signaling.
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Qian Y, Yao W, Yang T, Yang Y, Liu Y, Shen Q, Zhang J, Qi W, Wang J. aPKC-ι/P-Sp1/Snail signaling induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and immunosuppression in cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2017; 66:1165-1182. [PMID: 28574228 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly malignant bile duct cancer that tends to invade and metastasize early. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated in cancer cell invasion and metastasis, as well as in cancer cell evasion of host immunity. In this study, we investigated the interaction between atypical protein kinase C-iota (aPKC-ι) and Snail in the regulation of EMT and its relationship to CCA immunosuppression. Our results demonstrated that aPKC-ι, Snail, and infiltrated immunosuppressive cells were significantly up-regulated in CCA tumor tissues and linked to poor prognosis. aPKC-ι induced EMT and immunosuppression by regulating Snail in vitro and in vivo, although aPKC-ι did not directly interact with Snail in coimmunoprecipitation experiments. To further clarify the molecular interaction between aPKC-ι and Snail in relation to EMT, quantitative iTRAQ-based phosphoproteomic analysis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were conducted to identify the substrates of aPKC-ι-dependent phosphorylation. Combined with coimmunoprecipitation, we showed that specificity protein 1 (Sp1) was directly phosphorylated by aPKC-ι on Ser59 (P-Sp1). Both Sp1 and P-Sp1 were up-regulated in CCA tumor tissues and associated with clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in CCA patients. Moreover, using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we found that P-Sp1 regulated Snail expression by increasing Sp1 binding to the Snail promoter. P-Sp1 also regulated aPKC-ι/Snail-induced EMT-like changes and immunosuppression in CCA cells. Our findings further indicated that CCA cells with EMT-like features appear to generate immunosuppressive natural T regulatory-like cluster of differentiation 4-positive (CD4+ )CD25- cells rather than to increase CD4+ CD25+ natural T regulatory cells, in part by mediating T regulatory-inducible cytokines such as transforming growth factor β1 and interleukin 2. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that aPKC-ι promotes EMT and induces immunosuppression through the aPKC-ι/P-Sp1/Snail signaling pathway and may be a potential therapeutic target for CCA. (Hepatology 2017;66:1165-1182).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Qian
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weipeng Qi
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Leroux AE, Schulze JO, Biondi RM. AGC kinases, mechanisms of regulation and innovative drug development. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 48:1-17. [PMID: 28591657 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The group of AGC kinases consists of 63 evolutionarily related serine/threonine protein kinases comprising PDK1, PKB/Akt, SGK, PKC, PRK/PKN, MSK, RSK, S6K, PKA, PKG, DMPK, MRCK, ROCK, NDR, LATS, CRIK, MAST, GRK, Sgk494, and YANK, while two other families, Aurora and PLK, are the most closely related to the group. Eight of these families are physiologically activated downstream of growth factor signalling, while other AGC kinases are downstream effectors of a wide range of signals. The different AGC kinase families share aspects of their mechanisms of inhibition and activation. In the present review, we update the knowledge of the mechanisms of regulation of different AGC kinases. The conformation of the catalytic domain of many AGC kinases is regulated allosterically through the modulation of the conformation of a regulatory site on the small lobe of the kinase domain, the PIF-pocket. The PIF-pocket acts like an ON-OFF switch in AGC kinases with different modes of regulation, i.e. PDK1, PKB/Akt, LATS and Aurora kinases. In this review, we make emphasis on how the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of regulation can guide the discovery and development of small allosteric modulators. Molecular probes stabilizing the PIF-pocket in the active conformation are activators, while compounds stabilizing the disrupted site are allosteric inhibitors. One challenge for the rational development of allosteric modulators is the lack of complete structural information of the inhibited forms of full-length AGC kinases. On the other hand, we suggest that the available information derived from molecular biology and biochemical studies can already guide screening strategies for the identification of innovative mode of action molecular probes and the development of selective allosteric drugs for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro E Leroux
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina.
| | - Jörg O Schulze
- Research Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Ricardo M Biondi
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina; Research Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Isakov N. Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in cancer, tumor promotion and tumor suppression. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 48:36-52. [PMID: 28571764 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The AGC family of serine/threonine kinases (PKA, PKG, PKC) includes more than 60 members that are critical regulators of numerous cellular functions, including cell cycle and differentiation, morphogenesis, and cell survival and death. Mutation and/or dysregulation of AGC kinases can lead to malignant cell transformation and contribute to the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Members of one subgroup of AGC kinases, the protein kinase C (PKC), have been singled out as critical players in carcinogenesis, following their identification as the intracellular receptors of phorbol esters, which exhibit tumor-promoting activities. This observation attracted the attention of researchers worldwide and led to intense investigations on the role of PKC in cell transformation and the potential use of PKC as therapeutic drug targets in cancer diseases. Studies demonstrated that many cancers had altered expression and/or mutation of specific PKC genes. However, the causal relationships between the changes in PKC gene expression and/or mutation and the direct cause of cancer remain elusive. Independent studies in normal cells demonstrated that activation of PKC is essential for the induction of cell activation and proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Based on these observations and the general assumption that PKC isoforms play a positive role in cell transformation and/or cancer progression, many PKC inhibitors have entered clinical trials but the numerous attempts to target PKC in cancer has so far yielded only very limited success. More recent studies demonstrated that PKC function as tumor suppressors, and suggested that future clinical efforts should focus on restoring, rather than inhibiting, PKC activity. The present manuscript provides some historical perspectives on the tumor promoting function of PKC, reviewing some of the observations linking PKC to cancer progression, and discusses the role of PKC in the pathogenesis of cancer diseases and its potential usage as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Mi Y, Yu M, Zhang L, Sun C, Wei B, Ding W, Zhu Y, Tang J, Xia G, Zhu L. COPB2 Is Upregulated in Prostate Cancer and Regulates PC-3 Cell Proliferation, Cell Cycle, and Apoptosis. Arch Med Res 2017; 47:411-418. [PMID: 27986120 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Transport of membranes and proteins in eukaryotic cells is mediated by vesicular carriers. Coatomer complex I (COPI)-coated vesicles are involved in the transport between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex. Several studies indicated that some subunits of COPI were correlated with the cell proliferation of malignant tumors. The present study focused on the function of coatomer protein complex subunit β 2 (COPB2), one of seven proteins in COPI, in prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS COPB2 gene expression was first analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 15 paired PCa and carcinoma adjacent normal tissue from patients. To investigate the role of COPB2 in PCa, we used lentivirus-mediated small interfering RNA (siRNA) to knockdown COPB2 expression in human PCa cell line PC-3 and assessed it by RT-qPCR. Cellomics ArrayScan VTI imaging and colony formation were conducted to evaluate cell proliferation. Cell cycle phase arrest and apoptosis were assayed by flow cytometry. RESULTS COPB2 gene was upregulated in the PCa tissue. Cell proliferation was significantly inhibited in COPB2-silenced PC-3 cells using both Cellomics ArrayScan VTI imaging and colony formation assays. S-phase cell counts were significantly decreased; G1- and G2-phase cell counts were significantly increased in COPB2-siRNA group than the control group. Apoptosis was significantly increased in COPB2-siRNA cells. CONCLUSIONS COPB2 significantly promoted PC-3 cell proliferation and colony formation through the cell cycle and apoptosis pathway. Moreover, COPB2 showed a clinical correlation and may serve as a biomarker for the detection for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Mi
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Menglei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Emergency Department, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, PR China
| | - Chuanyu Sun
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bingbing Wei
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Weihong Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yingfeng Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Huashan North Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianmin Tang
- Department of Pathology, Huashan North Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guowei Xia
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Lijie Zhu
- Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Protein kinase C as a tumor suppressor. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 48:18-26. [PMID: 28476658 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) has historically been considered an oncoprotein. This stems in large part from the discovery in the early 1980s that PKC is directly activated by tumor-promoting phorbol esters. Yet three decades of clinical trials using PKC inhibitors in cancer therapies not only failed, but in some cases worsened patient outcome. Why has targeting PKC in cancer eluded successful therapies? Recent studies looking at the disease for insight provide an explanation: cancer-associated mutations in PKC are generally loss-of-function (LOF), supporting an unexpected function as tumor suppressors. And, contrasting with LOF mutations in cancer, germline mutations that enhance the activity of some PKC isozymes are associated with degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This review provides a background on the diverse mechanisms that ensure PKC is only active when, where, and for the appropriate duration needed and summarizes recent findings converging on a paradigm reversal: PKC family members generally function by suppressing, rather than promoting, survival signaling.
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Newton AC, Brognard J. Reversing the Paradigm: Protein Kinase C as a Tumor Suppressor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:438-447. [PMID: 28283201 PMCID: PMC5403564 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The discovery in the 1980s that protein kinase C (PKC) is a receptor for the tumor-promoting phorbol esters fueled the dogma that PKC is an oncoprotein. Yet 30+ years of clinical trials for cancer using PKC inhibitors not only failed, but in some instances worsened patient outcome. The recent analysis of cancer-associated mutations, from diverse cancers and throughout the PKC family, revealed that PKC isozymes are generally inactivated in cancer, supporting a tumor suppressive function. In keeping with a bona fide tumor suppressive role, germline causal loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in one isozyme have recently been identified in lymphoproliferative disorders. Thus, strategies in cancer treatment should focus on restoring rather than inhibiting PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721, USA.
| | - John Brognard
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK.
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Qian J, Chen H, Ji X, Eisenberg R, Chakravarthy AB, Mayer IA, Massion PP. A 3q gene signature associated with triple negative breast cancer organ specific metastasis and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45828. [PMID: 28387221 PMCID: PMC5384279 DOI: 10.1038/srep45828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are aggressive tumors, with high rates of metastatic spread and targeted therapies are critically needed. We aimed to assess the prognostic and predictive value of a 3q 19-gene signature identified previously from lung cancer in a collection of 4,801 breast tumor gene expression data. The 3q gene signature had a strong association with features of aggressiveness such as high grade, hormone receptor negativity, presence of a basal-like or TNBC phenotype and reduced distant metastasis free survival. The 3q gene signature was strongly associated with lung metastasis only in TNBC (P < 0.0001, Hazard ratio (HR) 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.31-1.60), significantly associated with brain but not bone metastasis regardless of TNBC status. The association of one 3q driver gene FXR1 with distant metastasis in TNBC (P = 0.01) was further validated by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the 3q gene signature was associated with better response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in TNBC (P < 0.0001) but not in non-TNBC patients. Our study suggests that the 3q gene signature is a novel prognostic marker for lung and/or brain metastasis and a predictive marker for the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in TNBC, implying a potential role for 3q genes in the mechanism of organ-specific metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qian
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heidi Chen
- Vanderbilt Center for Quantitative Sciences, Department of Statistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiangming Ji
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rosana Eisenberg
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - A Bapsi Chakravarthy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ingrid A Mayer
- Divsion of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pierre P Massion
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Callender J, Newton A. Conventional protein kinase C in the brain: 40 years later. Neuronal Signal 2017; 1:NS20160005. [PMID: 32714576 PMCID: PMC7373245 DOI: 10.1042/ns20160005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of enzymes whose members transduce a large variety of cellular signals instigated by the receptor-mediated hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids. While PKC has been widely implicated in the pathology of diseases affecting all areas of physiology including cancer, diabetes, and heart disease-it was discovered, and initially characterized, in the brain. PKC plays a key role in controlling the balance between cell survival and cell death. Its loss of function is generally associated with cancer, whereas its enhanced activity is associated with neurodegeneration. This review presents an overview of signaling by diacylglycerol (DG)-dependent PKC isozymes in the brain, and focuses on the role of the Ca2+-sensitive conventional PKC isozymes in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Callender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721, U.S.A
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721, U.S.A
| | - Alexandra C. Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721, U.S.A
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