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Rubin M, Pagani E, Preziosa P, Meani A, Storelli L, Margoni M, Filippi M, Rocca MA. Cerebrospinal Fluid-In Gradient of Cortical and Deep Gray Matter Damage in Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200271. [PMID: 38896808 PMCID: PMC11197989 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A CSF-in gradient in cortical and thalamic gray matter (GM) damage has been found in multiple sclerosis (MS). We concomitantly explored the patterns of cortical, thalamic, and caudate microstructural abnormalities at progressive distances from CSF using a multiparametric MRI approach. METHODS For this cross-sectional study, from 3T 3D T1-weighted scans, we sampled cortical layers at 25%-50%-75% depths from pial surface and thalamic and caudate bands at 2-3-4 voxels from the ventricular-GM interface. Using linear mixed models, we tested between-group comparisons of magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) and R2* layer-specific z-scores, CSF-in across-layer z-score changes, and their correlations with clinical (disease duration and disability) and structural (focal lesions, brain, and choroid plexus volume) MRI measures. RESULTS We enrolled 52 patients with MS (33 relapsing-remitting [RRMS], 19 progressive [PMS], mean age: 46.4 years, median disease duration: 15.1 years, median: EDSS 2.0) and 70 controls (mean age 41.5 ± 12.8). Compared with controls, RRMS showed lower MTR values in the outer and middle cortical layers (false-discovery rate [FDR]-p ≤ 0.025) and lower R2* values in all 3 cortical layers (FDR-p ≤ 0.016). PMS had lower MTR values in the outer and middle cortical (FDR-p ≤ 0.016) and thalamic (FDR-p ≤ 0.048) layers, and in the outer caudate layer (FDR-p = 0.024). They showed lower R2* values in the outer cortical layer (FDR-p = 0.003) and in the outer thalamic layer (FDR-p = 0.046) and higher R2* values in all 3 caudate layers (FDR-p ≤ 0.031). Both RRMS and PMS had a gradient of damage, with lower values closer to the CSF, for cortical (FDR-p ≤ 0.002) and thalamic (FDR-p ≤ 0.042) MTR. PMS showed a gradient of damage for cortical R2* (FDR-p = 0.005), thalamic R2* (FDR-p = 0.004), and caudate MTR (FDR-p ≤ 0.013). Lower MTR and R2* of outer cortical, thalamic, and caudate layers and steeper gradient of damage toward the CSF were significantly associated with older age, higher T2-hyperintense white matter lesion volume, higher thalamic lesion volume, and lower brain volume (β ≥ 0.08, all FDR-p ≤ 0.040). Lower MTR of outer caudate layer was associated with more severe disability (β = -0.26, FDR-p = 0.040). No correlations with choroid plexus volume were found. DISCUSSION CSF-in damage gradients are heterogeneous among different GM regions and through MS course, possibly reflecting different dynamics of demyelination and iron loss/accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rubin
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.R., E.P., P.P., A.M., L.S., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Division of Neuroscience; Neurology Unit (M.R., P.P., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.R., P.P., M.F., M.A.R.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.M., M.F.); and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pagani
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.R., E.P., P.P., A.M., L.S., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Division of Neuroscience; Neurology Unit (M.R., P.P., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.R., P.P., M.F., M.A.R.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.M., M.F.); and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.R., E.P., P.P., A.M., L.S., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Division of Neuroscience; Neurology Unit (M.R., P.P., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.R., P.P., M.F., M.A.R.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.M., M.F.); and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Meani
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.R., E.P., P.P., A.M., L.S., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Division of Neuroscience; Neurology Unit (M.R., P.P., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.R., P.P., M.F., M.A.R.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.M., M.F.); and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Loredana Storelli
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.R., E.P., P.P., A.M., L.S., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Division of Neuroscience; Neurology Unit (M.R., P.P., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.R., P.P., M.F., M.A.R.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.M., M.F.); and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Margoni
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.R., E.P., P.P., A.M., L.S., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Division of Neuroscience; Neurology Unit (M.R., P.P., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.R., P.P., M.F., M.A.R.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.M., M.F.); and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.R., E.P., P.P., A.M., L.S., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Division of Neuroscience; Neurology Unit (M.R., P.P., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.R., P.P., M.F., M.A.R.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.M., M.F.); and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.R., E.P., P.P., A.M., L.S., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Division of Neuroscience; Neurology Unit (M.R., P.P., M.M., M.F., M.A.R.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.R., P.P., M.F., M.A.R.); Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.M., M.F.); and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Kumar A, Scarpa M, Nordberg A. Tracing synaptic loss in Alzheimer's brain with SV2A PET-tracer UCB-J. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:2589-2605. [PMID: 38363009 PMCID: PMC11032538 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synaptic loss is an early prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The recently developed novel synaptic vesicle 2A protein (SV2A) PET-tracer UCB-J has shown great promise in tracking synaptic loss in AD. However, there have been discrepancies between the findings and a lack of mechanistic insight. METHODS Here we report the first extensive pre-clinical validation studies for UCB-J in control (CN; n = 11) and AD (n = 11) brains using a multidimensional approach of post-mortem brain imaging techniques, radioligand binding, and biochemical studies. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We demonstrate that UCB-J could target SV2A protein with high specificity and depict synaptic loss at synaptosome levels in AD brain regions compared to CNs. UCB-J showed highest synaptic loss in AD hippocampus followed in descending order by frontal cortex, temporal cortex, parietal cortex, and cerebellum. 3H-UCB-J large brain-section autoradiography and cellular/subcellular fractions binding studies indicated potential off-target interaction with phosphorylated tau (p-tau) species in AD brains, which could have subsequent clinical implications for imaging studies. HIGHLIGHTS Synaptic positron emission tomography (PET)-tracer UCB-J could target synaptic vesicle 2A protein (SV2A) with high specificity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and control brains. Synaptic PET-tracer UCB-J could depict synaptic loss at synaptosome levels in AD brain regions compared to control. Potential off-target interaction of UCB-J with phosphorylated tau (p-tau) species at cellular/subcellular levels could have subsequent clinical implications for imaging studies, warranting further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Division of Clinical GeriatricsCenter for Alzheimer ResearchDepartment of NeurobiologyCare Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Miriam Scarpa
- Division of Clinical GeriatricsCenter for Alzheimer ResearchDepartment of NeurobiologyCare Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Division of Clinical GeriatricsCenter for Alzheimer ResearchDepartment of NeurobiologyCare Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Theme Inflammation and AgingKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
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Serrano GE, Walker J, Nelson C, Glass M, Arce R, Intorcia A, Cline MP, Nabaty N, Acuña A, Huppert Steed A, Sue LI, Belden C, Choudhury P, Reiman E, Atri A, Beach TG. Correlation of Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Proteins with Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3130. [PMID: 38542104 PMCID: PMC10970005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic transmission is essential for nervous system function and the loss of synapses is a known major contributor to dementia. Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) is characterized by synaptic loss in the mesial temporal lobe and cerebral neocortex, both of which are brain areas associated with memory and cognition. The association of synaptic loss and ADD was established in the late 1980s, and it has been estimated that 30-50% of neocortical synaptic protein is lost in ADD, but there has not yet been a quantitative profiling of different synaptic proteins in different brain regions in ADD from the same individuals. Very recently, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of synapses is being developed, accelerating the focus on the role of synaptic loss in ADD and other conditions. In this study, we quantified the densities of two synaptic proteins, the presynaptic protein Synaptosome Associated Protein 25 (SNAP25) and the postsynaptic protein postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) in the human brain, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Protein was extracted from the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, frontal, primary visual, and entorhinal cortex from cognitively unimpaired controls, subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and subjects with dementia that have different levels of Alzheimer's pathology. SNAP25 is significantly reduced in ADD when compared to controls in the frontal cortex, visual cortex, and cingulate, while the hippocampus showed a smaller, non-significant reduction, and entorhinal cortex concentrations were not different. In contrast, all brain areas showed lower PSD95 concentrations in ADD when compared to controls without dementia, although in the hippocampus, this failed to reach significance. Interestingly, cognitively unimpaired cases with high levels of AD pathology had higher levels of both synaptic proteins in all brain regions. SNAP25 and PSD95 concentrations significantly correlated with densities of neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Our results suggest that synaptic transmission is affected by ADD in multiple brain regions. The differences were less marked in the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus, most likely due to a ceiling effect imposed by the very early development of neurofibrillary tangles in older people in these brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geidy E. Serrano
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Jessica Walker
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Courtney Nelson
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Michael Glass
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Richard Arce
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Anthony Intorcia
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Madison P. Cline
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Natalie Nabaty
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Amanda Acuña
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Ashton Huppert Steed
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Lucia I. Sue
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Christine Belden
- Cleo Roberts Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA (P.C.)
| | - Parichita Choudhury
- Cleo Roberts Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA (P.C.)
| | - Eric Reiman
- The Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
| | - Alireza Atri
- Cleo Roberts Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA (P.C.)
| | - Thomas G. Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; (J.W.); (R.A.); (A.I.); (M.P.C.); (N.N.); (A.A.); (A.H.S.)
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Lista S, Santos-Lozano A, Emanuele E, Mercuri NB, Gabelle A, López-Ortiz S, Martín-Hernández J, Maisto N, Imbimbo C, Caraci F, Imbimbo BP, Zetterberg H, Nisticò R. Monitoring synaptic pathology in Alzheimer's disease through fluid and PET imaging biomarkers: a comprehensive review and future perspectives. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:847-857. [PMID: 38228892 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently constrained by limited clinical treatment options. The initial pathophysiological event, which can be traced back to decades before the clinical symptoms become apparent, involves the excessive accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ), a peptide comprised of 40-42 amino acids, in extraneuronal plaques within the brain. Biochemical and histological studies have shown that overaccumulation of Aβ instigates an aberrant escalation in the phosphorylation and secretion of tau, a microtubule-binding axonal protein. The accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau into intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles is in turn correlated with microglial dysfunction and reactive astrocytosis, culminating in synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. As neurodegeneration progresses, it gives rise to mild clinical symptoms of AD, which may eventually evolve into overt dementia. Synaptic loss in AD may develop even before tau alteration and in response to possible elevations in soluble oligomeric forms of Aβ associated with early AD. These findings largely rely on post-mortem autopsy examinations, which typically involve a limited number of patients. Over the past decade, a range of fluid biomarkers such as neurogranin, α-synuclein, visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1), neuronal pentraxin 2, and β-synuclein, along with positron emission tomography (PET) markers like synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A, have been developed. These advancements have facilitated the exploration of how synaptic markers in AD patients correlate with cognitive impairment. However, fluid biomarkers indicating synaptic loss have only been validated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), not in plasma, with the exception of VILIP-1. The most promising PET radiotracer, [11C]UCB-J, currently faces significant challenges hindering its widespread clinical use, primarily due to the necessity of a cyclotron. As such, additional research geared toward the exploration of synaptic pathology biomarkers is crucial. This will not only enable their extensive clinical application, but also refine the optimization process of AD pharmacological trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lista
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012, Valladolid, Spain
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- CMRR, Memory Resources and Research Center, Montpellier University of Excellence i-site, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Susana López-Ortiz
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Martín-Hernández
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Nunzia Maisto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Camillo Imbimbo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
- Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences Research Unit, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018, Troina, Italy
| | - Bruno P Imbimbo
- Department of Research and Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici, 43122, Parma, Italy
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53726, WI, USA
| | - Robert Nisticò
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy.
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Milham LT, Morris GP, Konen LM, Rentsch P, Avgan N, Vissel B. Quantification of AMPA receptor subunits and RNA editing-related proteins in the J20 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by capillary western blotting. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 16:1338065. [PMID: 38299128 PMCID: PMC10828003 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1338065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accurate modelling of molecular changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia is crucial for understanding the mechanisms driving neuronal pathology and for developing treatments. Synaptic dysfunction has long been implicated as a mechanism underpinning memory dysfunction in AD and may result in part from changes in adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) mediated RNA editing of the GluA2 subunit of AMPA receptors and changes in AMPA receptor function at the post synaptic cleft. However, few studies have investigated changes in proteins which influence RNA editing and notably, AD studies that focus on studying changes in protein expression, rather than changes in mRNA, often use traditional western blotting. Methods Here, we demonstrate the value of automated capillary western blotting to investigate the protein expression of AMPA receptor subunits (GluA1-4), the ADAR RNA editing proteins (ADAR1-3), and proteins known to regulate RNA editing (PIN1, WWP2, FXR1P, and CREB1), in the J20 AD mouse model. We describe extensive optimisation and validation of the automated capillary western blotting method, demonstrating the use of total protein to normalise protein load, in addition to characterising the optimal protein/antibody concentrations to ensure accurate protein quantification. Following this, we assessed changes in proteins of interest in the hippocampus of 44-week-old J20 AD mice. Results We observed an increase in the expression of ADAR1 p110 and GluA3 and a decrease in ADAR2 in the hippocampus of 44-week-old J20 mice. These changes signify a shift in the balance of proteins that play a critical role at the synapse. Regression analysis revealed unique J20-specific correlations between changes in AMPA receptor subunits, ADAR enzymes, and proteins that regulate ADAR stability in J20 mice, highlighting potential mechanisms mediating RNA-editing changes found in AD. Discussion Our findings in J20 mice generally reflect changes seen in the human AD brain. This study underlines the importance of novel techniques, like automated capillary western blotting, to assess protein expression in AD. It also provides further evidence to support the hypothesis that a dysregulation in RNA editing-related proteins may play a role in the initiation and/or progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke T. Milham
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gary P. Morris
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Lyndsey M. Konen
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peggy Rentsch
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nesli Avgan
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Valentin-Escalera J, Leclerc M, Calon F. High-Fat Diets in Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease: How Can Eating Too Much Fat Increase Alzheimer's Disease Risk? J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:977-1005. [PMID: 38217592 PMCID: PMC10836579 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
High dietary intake of saturated fatty acids is a suspected risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). To decipher the causal link behind these associations, high-fat diets (HFD) have been repeatedly investigated in animal models. Preclinical studies allow full control over dietary composition, avoiding ethical concerns in clinical trials. The goal of the present article is to provide a narrative review of reports on HFD in animal models of AD. Eligibility criteria included mouse models of AD fed a HFD defined as > 35% of fat/weight and western diets containing > 1% cholesterol or > 15% sugar. MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched from 1946 to August 2022, and 32 preclinical studies were included in the review. HFD-induced obesity and metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance have been replicated in most studies, but with methodological variability. Most studies have found an aggravating effect of HFD on brain Aβ pathology, whereas tau pathology has been much less studied, and results are more equivocal. While most reports show HFD-induced impairment on cognitive behavior, confounding factors may blur their interpretation. In summary, despite conflicting results, exposing rodents to diets highly enriched in saturated fat induces not only metabolic defects, but also cognitive impairment often accompanied by aggravated neuropathological markers, most notably Aβ burden. Although there are important variations between methods, particularly the lack of diet characterization, these studies collectively suggest that excessive intake of saturated fat should be avoided in order to lower the incidence of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue Valentin-Escalera
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain - Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Manon Leclerc
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain - Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain - Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
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Chujan S, Cholpraipimolrat W, Satayavivad J. Integrated Transcriptomics and Network Analysis Identified Altered Neural Mechanisms in Frontal Aging Brain-Associated Alzheimer's Disease. Biochem Genet 2023:10.1007/s10528-023-10549-9. [PMID: 37934339 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. The late stage of AD typically develops after 60 years of age and AD pathogenesis can be detected predominately in the frontal lobe, which is responsible for memory. Multiple alterations in cellular mechanisms have been associated with AD, but there is no clear information on AD pathogenesis during brain aging. This study aimed to explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the frontal lobe of aging brains and to identify shared crucial mechanisms in the aging brain linked to AD pathogenesis. Three datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Biological function analysis was performed by DAVID and KEGG databases. An AD patient's cohort (GSE150696) was collected for verification of the enriched pathway. The results demonstrated that multiple neurochemical synapsis and regulation of the cytoskeleton are linked to AD pathogenesis during aging. Taken together, this study contributes to our further understanding of neural alterations during aging in AD that could be used to develop therapeutics for early intervention to prevent or slow progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthipong Chujan
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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8
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Dan L, Zhang Z. Alzheimer's disease: an axonal injury disease? Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1264448. [PMID: 37927337 PMCID: PMC10620718 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1264448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia and is anticipated to impose a substantial economic burden in the future. Over a significant period, the widely accepted amyloid cascade hypothesis has guided research efforts, and the recent FDA approval of an anti- amyloid-beta (Aβ) protofibrils antibody, believed to decelerate AD progression, has further solidified its significance. However, the excessive emphasis placed on the amyloid cascade hypothesis has overshadowed the physiological nature of Aβ and tau proteins within axons. Axons, specialized neuronal structures, sustain damage during the early stages of AD, exerting a pivotal influence on disease progression. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the relationship between axonal damage and AD pathology, amalgamating the physiological roles of Aβ and tau proteins, along with the impact of AD risk genes such as APOE and TREM2. Furthermore, we underscore the exceptional significance of axonal damage in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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9
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Wang L, Zhu R, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Peng D. Altered local and remote functional connectivity in mild Alzheimer's disease patients with sleep disturbances. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1269582. [PMID: 37920381 PMCID: PMC10619161 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1269582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate local and remote functional connectivity in mild Alzheimer's disease patients with sleep disturbances (ADSD) and those without sleep disturbances (ADNSD). Methods Thirty eight mild AD patients with sleep disturbances and 21 mild AD patients without sleep disturbances participated in this study. All subjects underwent neuropsychological assessments and 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance scanning. Static and dynamic regional homogeneity (ReHo) were used to represent the local functional connectivity. Seed-based whole-brain functional connectivity was used to represent the remote functional connectivity. The seed was chosen based on the results of ReHo. Results Compared to ADNSD, ADSD showed decreased static ReHo in the left posterior central gyrus and the right cuneus and increased dynamic ReHo in the left posterior central gyrus. As for the remote functional connectivity, comparing ADSD to ADNSD, it was found that there was a decreased functional connection between the left posterior central gyrus and the left cuneus as well as the left calcarine. Conclusion The current study demonstrated that, compared with ADNSD, ADSD is impaired in both local and remote functional connectivity, manifested as reduced functional connectivity involving the primary sensory network and the primary visual network. The abnormality of the above functional connectivity is one of the reasons why sleep disorders promote cognitive impairment in AD. Moreover, sleep disorders change the temporal sequence of AD pathological damage to brain functional networks, but more evidence is needed to support this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dantao Peng
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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10
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Morris M, Coste GI, Redding-Ochoa J, Guo H, Graves AR, Troncoso JC, Huganir RL. Hippocampal synaptic alterations associated with tau pathology in primary age-related tauopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2023; 82:836-844. [PMID: 37595576 PMCID: PMC10516464 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlad064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary age-related tauopathy (PART) is characterized by aggregation of tau in the mesial temporal lobe in older individuals. High pathologic tau stage (Braak stage) or a high burden of hippocampal tau pathology has been associated with cognitive impairment in PART. However, the potential underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Cognitive impairment in many neurodegenerative diseases correlates with synaptic loss, raising the question of whether synaptic loss also occurs in PART. To address this, we investigated synaptic changes associated with tau Braak stage and high tau pathology burden in PART using synaptophysin and phospho-tau immunofluorescence. We compared 12 cases of definite PART with 6 controls and 6 Alzheimer disease cases. In this study, the hippocampal CA2 region showed loss of synaptophysin puncta and intensity in cases of PART with either a high stage (Braak IV) or a high burden of neuritic tau pathology. There was also loss of synaptophysin intensity in CA3 associated with a high stage or high burden of tau pathology. Loss of synaptophysin was present in Alzheimer disease, but the pattern appeared distinct. These novel findings suggest the presence of synaptic loss associated with either a high hippocampal tau burden or a Braak stage IV in PART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Morris
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabrielle I Coste
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Javier Redding-Ochoa
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Haidan Guo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Austin R Graves
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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11
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Landry O, François A, Oye Mintsa Mi-Mba MF, Traversy MT, Tremblay C, Emond V, Bennett DA, Gylys KH, Buxbaum JD, Calon F. Postsynaptic Protein Shank3a Deficiency Synergizes with Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology to Impair Cognitive Performance in the 3xTg-AD Murine Model. J Neurosci 2023; 43:4941-4954. [PMID: 37253603 PMCID: PMC10312061 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1945-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic loss is intrinsically linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology and symptoms, but its direct impact on clinical symptoms remains elusive. The postsynaptic protein Shank3 (SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains) is of particular interest, as the loss of a single allele of the SHANK3 gene is sufficient to cause profound cognitive symptoms in children. We thus sought to determine whether a SHANK3 deficiency could contribute to the emergence or worsening of AD symptoms and neuropathology. We first found a 30%-50% postmortem loss of SHANK3a associated with cognitive decline in the parietal cortex of individuals with AD. To further probe the role of SHANK3 in AD, we crossed male and female 3xTg-AD mice modelling Aβ and tau pathologies with Shank3a-deficient mice (Shank3Δex4-9). We observed synergistic deleterious effects of Shank3a deficiency and AD neuropathology on object recognition memory at 9, 12, and 18 months of age and on anxious behavior at 9 and 12 months of age in hemizygous Shank3Δex4-9-3xTg-AD mice. In addition to the expected 50% loss of Shank3a, levels of other synaptic proteins, such as PSD-95, drebrin, and homer1, remained unchanged in the parietotemporal cortex of hemizygous Shank3Δex4-9 animals. However, Shank3a deficiency increased the levels of soluble Aβ42 and human tau at 18 months of age compared with 3xTg-AD mice with normal Shank3 expression. The results of this study in human brain samples and in transgenic mice are consistent with the hypothesis that Shank3 deficiency makes a key contribution to cognitive impairment in AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although the loss of several synaptic proteins has been described in Alzheimer's disease (AD), it remains unclear whether their reduction contributes to clinical symptoms. The results of this study in human samples show lower levels of SHANK3a in AD brain, correlating with cognitive decline. Data gathered in a novel transgenic mouse suggest that Shank3a deficiency synergizes with AD neuropathology to induce cognitive impairment, consistent with a causal role in AD. Therefore, treatment aiming at preserving Shank3 in the aging brain may be beneficial to prevent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Landry
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arnaud François
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada
| | - Méryl-Farelle Oye Mintsa Mi-Mba
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Therese Traversy
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Emond
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Karen H Gylys
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029, New York
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada
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12
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O'Dell RS, Higgins-Chen A, Gupta D, Chen MK, Naganawa M, Toyonaga T, Lu Y, Ni G, Chupak A, Zhao W, Salardini E, Nabulsi NB, Huang Y, Arnsten AFT, Carson RE, van Dyck CH, Mecca AP. Principal component analysis of synaptic density measured with [ 11C]UCB-J PET in early Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 39:103457. [PMID: 37422964 PMCID: PMC10338149 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic loss is considered an early pathological event and major structural correlate of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used principal component analysis (PCA) to identify regional patterns of covariance in synaptic density using [11C]UCB-J PET and assessed the association between principal components (PC) subject scores with cognitive performance. METHODS [11C]UCB-J binding was measured in 45 amyloid + participants with AD and 19 amyloid- cognitively normal participants aged 55-85. A validated neuropsychological battery assessed performance across five cognitive domains. PCA was applied to the pooled sample using distribution volume ratios (DVR) standardized (z-scored) by region from 42 bilateral regions of interest (ROI). RESULTS Parallel analysis determined three significant PCs explaining 70.2% of the total variance. PC1 was characterized by positive loadings with similar contributions across the majority of ROIs. PC2 was characterized by positive and negative loadings with strongest contributions from subcortical and parietooccipital cortical regions, respectively, while PC3 was characterized by positive and negative loadings with strongest contributions from rostral and caudal cortical regions, respectively. Within the AD group, PC1 subject scores were positively correlated with performance across all cognitive domains (Pearson r = 0.24-0.40, P = 0.06-0.006), PC2 subject scores were inversely correlated with age (Pearson r = -0.45, P = 0.002) and PC3 subject scores were significantly correlated with CDR-sb (Pearson r = 0.46, P = 0.04). No significant correlations were observed between cognitive performance and PC subject scores in CN participants. CONCLUSIONS This data-driven approach defined specific spatial patterns of synaptic density correlated with unique participant characteristics within the AD group. Our findings reinforce synaptic density as a robust biomarker of disease presence and severity in the early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S O'Dell
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, One Church Street, 8(th) Floor, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Albert Higgins-Chen
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, One Church Street, 8(th) Floor, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Pain Research, Informatics, Multi-morbidities, and Education Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dhruva Gupta
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, One Church Street, 8(th) Floor, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yihuan Lu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gessica Ni
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, One Church Street, 8(th) Floor, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Anna Chupak
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, One Church Street, 8(th) Floor, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Wenzhen Zhao
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, One Church Street, 8(th) Floor, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Elaheh Salardini
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, One Church Street, 8(th) Floor, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208001, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christopher H van Dyck
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, One Church Street, 8(th) Floor, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208001, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208018, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam P Mecca
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, One Church Street, 8(th) Floor, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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13
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Morris M, Coste GI, Redding-Ochoa J, Guo H, Graves AR, Troncoso JC, Huganir RL. Hippocampal Synaptic Alterations Associated with Tau Pathology in Primary Age-Related Tauopathy. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.22.23286323. [PMID: 36865237 PMCID: PMC9980270 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.22.23286323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary Age-Related Tauopathy (PART) is characterized by the aggregation of tau in the mesial temporal lobe in older individuals. High pathologic tau stage (Braak stage) or a high burden of hippocampal tau pathology have been associated with cognitive impairment in PART. However, the underlying mechanisms of cognitive impairment in PART are not well understood. Cognitive impairment in many neurodegenerative diseases correlates with synaptic loss, raising the question of whether synaptic loss occurs in PART. To address this, we investigated synaptic changes associated with tau Braak stage and a high tau pathology burden in PART using synaptophysin and phospho-tau immunofluorescence. We compared twelve cases of definite PART with six young controls and six Alzheimer's disease cases. In this study, we identified loss of synaptophysin puncta and intensity in the CA2 region of the hippocampus in cases of PART with either a high stage (Braak IV) or a high burden of neuritic tau pathology. There was also loss of synaptophysin intensity in CA3 associated with a high stage or high burden of tau pathology. Loss of synaptophysin signal was present in AD, but the pattern was distinct from that seen in PART. These novel findings suggest the presence of synaptic loss in PART associated with either a high hippocampal tau burden or a Braak stage IV. These synaptic changes raise the possibility that synaptic loss in PART could contribute to cognitive impairment, though future studies including cognitive assessments are needed to address this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Morris
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gabrielle I Coste
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Javier Redding-Ochoa
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Haidan Guo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Austin R Graves
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Baltimore, MD
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14
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Aguilar Barberà M, Soler Girabau P, Tabuenca Martín AI, Prieto Del Val L. Fortasyn Connect Improves Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Results from a Retrospective Real-World Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:621-631. [PMID: 37066911 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) manifest in the early stages of the disease and impair patients' and caregivers' quality of life. OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of the nutritional supplement Fortasyn Connect on BPSD for 12 months in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in clinical practice. METHODS Retrospective, national, single-center study of 236 patients (158 MCI and 78 dementia; 55.1% of AD etiology). BPSD were assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) at month 3, 6, and 12. Cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE), depression (Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS), and everyday functioning (Blessed Dementia Scale, BLS-D; Rapid Disability Rating Scale 2, RDRS2) were also evaluated. RESULTS Total NPI score, caregiver impact, and symptoms of depression, anxiety, apathy, and irritability improved after 3, 6, and 12 months from Fortasyn Connect initiation (p < 0.001). NPI decreases were more pronounced when baseline NPI score was higher than > 20 points (p < 0.001). The benefit was independent of gender, age, diagnosis, etiology, or concomitant treatment (p < 0.0001), although larger decreases in NPI total score were observed in MCI patients (p < 0.0001). After 12 months, GDS scores decreased (p = 0.042), and MMSE, BLS-D, and RDRS 2 scores remained stable. CONCLUSION Fortasyn Connect improved BPSD over at least a year in patients with MCI and dementia. Depression, anxiety, apathy, and irritability were the symptoms that improved the most. The benefit was independent of patients' characteristics and treatment but was greater if prescribed early and when baseline NPI scores were higher.
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15
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Zott B, Konnerth A. Impairments of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in Alzheimer's disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 139:24-34. [PMID: 35337739 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is structural cell damage and neuronal death in the brains of affected individuals. As these changes are irreversible, it is important to understand their origins and precursors in order to develop treatment strategies against AD. Here, we review evidence for AD-specific impairments of glutamatergic synaptic transmission by relating evidence from human AD subjects to functional studies in animal models of AD. The emerging picture is that early in the disease, the accumulation of toxic β-amyloid aggregates, particularly dimers and low molecular weight oligomers, disrupts glutamate reuptake, which leads to its extracellular accumulation causing neuronal depolarization. This drives the hyperactivation of neurons and might facilitate neuronal damage and degeneration through glutamate neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Zott
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Arthur Konnerth
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
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16
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Griffiths J, Grant SGN. Synapse pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 139:13-23. [PMID: 35690535 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synapse loss and damage are central features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contribute to the onset and progression of its behavioural and physiological features. Here we review the literature describing synapse pathology in AD, from what we have learned from microscopy in terms of its impacts on synapse architecture, to the mechanistic role of Aβ, tau and glial cells, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the link with AD risk genes. We consider the emerging view that synapse pathology may operate at a further level, that of synapse diversity, and discuss the prospects for leveraging new synaptome mapping methods to comprehensively understand the molecular properties of vulnerable and resilient synapses. Uncovering AD impacts on brain synapse diversity should inform therapeutic approaches targeted at preserving or replenishing lost and damaged synapses and aid the interpretation of clinical imaging approaches that aim to measure synapse damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Griffiths
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
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17
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Guan F, Gao Q, Dai X, Li L, Bao R, Gu J. LncRNA RP11-59J16.2 aggravates apoptosis and increases tau phosphorylation by targeting MCM2 in AD. Front Genet 2022; 13:824495. [PMID: 36092938 PMCID: PMC9459667 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.824495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of central nervous system with unclear pathogenesis, accounting for 60%–70% of dementia cases. Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) play an important function in the development of AD. This study aims to explore the role of differentially expressed lncRNAs in AD patients’ serum in the pathogenesis of AD. Microarray analysis was performed in the serum of AD patients and healthy controls to establish lncRNAs and mRNAs expression profiles. GO analysis and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle might be involved in the development of AD. The result showed that RP11-59J16.2 was up-regulated and MCM2 was down-regulated in serum of AD patients. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with Aβ 1–42 to establish AD cell model. Dual luciferase reporter gene analysis verified that RP11-59J16.2 could directly interact with 3′UTR of MCM2 and further regulate the expression of MCM2. Inhibition of RP11-59J16.2 or overexpression of MCM2, CCK-8 assay and Annexin V FITC/PI apoptosis assay kit results showed that RP11-59J16.2 could reduce cell viability, aggravate apoptosis and increase Tau phosphorylation in AD cell model by inhibiting MCM2. In short, our study revealed a novel lncRNA RP11-59J16.2 that could promote neuronal apoptosis and increase Tau phosphorylation by regulating MCM2 in AD model, and indicated that lncRNA RP11-59J16.2 might be a potential target molecule for AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Guan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qichang Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinghua Dai
- Haiyuan Hospital of Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Li
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Bao
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaao Gu, ; Rui Bao,
| | - Jiaao Gu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaao Gu, ; Rui Bao,
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18
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Zhao F, Li B, Yang W, Ge T, Cui R. Brain-immune interaction mechanisms: Implications for cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13295. [PMID: 35860850 PMCID: PMC9528770 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cognitive dysfunction has been identified as a major symptom of a series of psychiatric disorders. Multidisciplinary studies have shown that cognitive dysfunction is monitored by a two‐way interaction between the neural and immune systems. However, the specific mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in immune response and brain immune remain unclear. Materials and methods In this review, we summarized the relevant research to uncover our comprehension of the brain–immune interaction mechanisms underlying cognitive decline. Results The pathophysiological mechanisms of brain‐immune interactions in psychiatric‐based cognitive dysfunction involve several specific immune molecules and their associated signaling pathways, impairments in neural and synaptic plasticity, and the potential neuro‐immunological mechanism of stress. Conclusions Therefore, this review may provide a better theoretical basis for integrative therapeutic considerations for psychiatric disorders associated with cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tongtong Ge
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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19
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St-Pierre MK, Carrier M, Lau V, Tremblay MÈ. Investigating Microglial Ultrastructural Alterations and Intimate Relationships with Neuronal Stress, Dystrophy, and Degeneration in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2515:29-58. [PMID: 35776344 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2409-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, microglia have taken the field of neuroscience by storm, with numerous studies identifying key roles for these cells in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The heterogeneity of these cells (e.g., the presence of various subtypes like the disease-associated microglia, microglia associated with neurodegeneration, dark microglia, lipid droplet-accumulating microglia), and their ultrastructural alterations arising from environmental challenges have become a central focus of recent studies. Dark microglia are electron-dense cells defined by their ultrastructural markers of cellular stress using electron microscopy (EM). In this protocol, we first describe the steps required for proper brain tissue preparation for EM experiments. Ultrastructural analysis of microglia and neurons/synapses in AD mouse models is also detailed, using transmission or scanning EM. We next explain how to characterize several ultrastructural markers of cellular stress, dystrophy or degeneration, in microglia and neurons/synapses, with relation to amyloid beta plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Département de neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Victor Lau
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Physiology & Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. .,Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. .,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. .,The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria , Victoria, Canada.
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20
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Vrillon A, Mouton-Liger F, Martinet M, Cognat E, Hourregue C, Dumurgier J, Bouaziz-Amar E, Brinkmalm A, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Hugon J, Paquet C. Plasma neuregulin 1 as a synaptic biomarker in Alzheimer's disease: a discovery cohort study. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:71. [PMID: 35606871 PMCID: PMC9125890 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic dysfunction is an early core feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), closely associated with cognitive symptoms. Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is a growth and differentiation factor with a key role in the development and maintenance of synaptic transmission. Previous reports have shown that changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NRG1 concentration are associated with cognitive status and biomarker evidence of AD pathology. Plasma biomarkers reflecting synaptic impairment would be of great clinical interest. OBJECTIVE To measure plasma NRG1 concentration in AD patients in comparison with other neurodegenerative disorders and neurological controls (NC) and to study its association with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) core AD and synaptic biomarkers. METHODS This retrospective study enrolled 127 participants including patients with AD at mild cognitive impairment stage (AD-MCI, n = 27) and at dementia stage (n = 35), non-AD dementia (n = 26, Aβ-negative), non-AD MCI (n = 19), and neurological controls (n=20). Plasma and CSF NRG1, as well as CSF core AD biomarkers (Aβ 42/Aβ 40 ratio, phospho-tau, and total tau), were measured using ELISA. CSF synaptic markers were measured using ELISA for GAP-43 and neurogranin and through immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry for SNAP-25. RESULTS Plasma NRG1 concentration was higher in AD-MCI and AD dementia patients compared with neurological controls (respectively P = 0.005 and P < 0.001). Plasma NRG1 differentiated AD MCI patients from neurological controls with an area under the curve of 88.3%, and AD dementia patients from NC with an area under the curve of 87.3%. Plasma NRG1 correlated with CSF NRG1 (β = 0.372, P = 0.0056, adjusted on age and sex). Plasma NRG1 was associated with AD CSF core biomarkers in the whole cohort and in Aβ-positive patients (β = -0.197-0.423). Plasma NRG1 correlated with CSF GAP-43, neurogranin, and SNAP-25 (β = 0.278-0.355). Plasma NRG1 concentration correlated inversely with MMSE in the whole cohort and in Aβ-positive patients (all, β = -0.188, P = 0.038; Aβ+: β = -0.255, P = 0.038). CONCLUSION Plasma NRG1 concentration is increased in AD patients and correlates with CSF core AD and synaptic biomarkers and cognitive status. Thus, plasma NRG1 is a promising non-invasive biomarker to monitor synaptic impairment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Vrillon
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1144, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Hospital, APHP, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis, 75010, Paris, France.
| | | | - Matthieu Martinet
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1144, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Hospital, APHP, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Cognat
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1144, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Hospital, APHP, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Claire Hourregue
- Université Paris Cité, Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Hospital, APHP, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Julien Dumurgier
- Université Paris Cité, Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Hospital, APHP, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Bouaziz-Amar
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1144, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Department of Biochemistry, APHP GHU Nord Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Paris, France
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Salhgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Salhgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Salhgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacques Hugon
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1144, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Hospital, APHP, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Claire Paquet
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1144, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Hospital, APHP, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis, 75010, Paris, France
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21
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Serrano ME, Kim E, Petrinovic MM, Turkheimer F, Cash D. Imaging Synaptic Density: The Next Holy Grail of Neuroscience? Front Neurosci 2022; 16:796129. [PMID: 35401097 PMCID: PMC8990757 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.796129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is the central and most complex organ in the nervous system, comprising billions of neurons that constantly communicate through trillions of connections called synapses. Despite being formed mainly during prenatal and early postnatal development, synapses are continually refined and eliminated throughout life via complicated and hitherto incompletely understood mechanisms. Failure to correctly regulate the numbers and distribution of synapses has been associated with many neurological and psychiatric disorders, including autism, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and schizophrenia. Therefore, measurements of brain synaptic density, as well as early detection of synaptic dysfunction, are essential for understanding normal and abnormal brain development. To date, multiple synaptic density markers have been proposed and investigated in experimental models of brain disorders. The majority of the gold standard methodologies (e.g., electron microscopy or immunohistochemistry) visualize synapses or measure changes in pre- and postsynaptic proteins ex vivo. However, the invasive nature of these classic methodologies precludes their use in living organisms. The recent development of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers [such as (18F)UCB-H or (11C)UCB-J] that bind to a putative synaptic density marker, the synaptic vesicle 2A (SV2A) protein, is heralding a likely paradigm shift in detecting synaptic alterations in patients. Despite their limited specificity, novel, non-invasive magnetic resonance (MR)-based methods also show promise in inferring synaptic information by linking to glutamate neurotransmission. Although promising, all these methods entail various advantages and limitations that must be addressed before becoming part of routine clinical practice. In this review, we summarize and discuss current ex vivo and in vivo methods of quantifying synaptic density, including an evaluation of their reliability and experimental utility. We conclude with a critical assessment of challenges that need to be overcome before successfully employing synaptic density biomarkers as diagnostic and/or prognostic tools in the study of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Serrano
- Department of Neuroimaging, The BRAIN Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Kim
- Department of Neuroimaging, The BRAIN Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marija M Petrinovic
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Cash
- Department of Neuroimaging, The BRAIN Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Development and Biological Characterization of a Novel Selective TrkA Agonist with Neuroprotective Properties against Amyloid Toxicity. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030614. [PMID: 35327415 PMCID: PMC8945229 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins are growth factors that exert important neuroprotective effects by preventing neuronal death and synaptic loss. Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) acts through the activation of its high-affinity, pro-survival TrkA and low-affinity, pro-apoptotic p75NTR receptors. NGF has been shown to slow or prevent neurodegenerative signals in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) progression. However, its low bioavailability and its blood–brain-barrier impermeability limit the use of NGF as a potential therapeutic agent against AD. Based on our previous findings on synthetic dehydroepiandrosterone derivatives, we identified a novel NGF mimetic, named ENT-A013, which selectively activates TrkA and exerts neuroprotective, anti-amyloid-β actions. We now report the chemical synthesis, in silico modelling, metabolic stability, CYP-mediated reaction phenotyping and biological characterization of ENT-A013 under physiological and neurodegenerative conditions. We show that ENT-A013 selectively activates the TrkA receptor and its downstream kinases Akt and Erk1/2 in PC12 cells, protecting these cells from serum deprivation-induced cell death. Moreover, ENT-A013 promotes survival of primary Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) neurons upon NGF withdrawal and protects hippocampal neurons against Amyloid β-induced apoptosis and synaptic loss. Furthermore, this neurotrophin mimetic partially restores LTP impairment. In conclusion, ENT-A013 represents a promising new lead molecule for developing therapeutics against neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s Disease, selectively targeting TrkA-mediated pro-survival signals.
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23
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Paasila PJ, Aramideh JA, Sutherland GT, Graeber MB. Synapses, Microglia, and Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:778822. [PMID: 35095394 PMCID: PMC8789683 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.778822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by synaptic dysfunction accompanied by the microscopically visible accumulation of pathological protein deposits and cellular dystrophy involving both neurons and glia. Late-stage AD shows pronounced loss of synapses and neurons across several differentially affected brain regions. Recent studies of advanced AD using post-mortem brain samples have demonstrated the direct involvement of microglia in synaptic changes. Variants of the Apolipoprotein E and Triggering Receptors Expressed on Myeloid Cells gene represent important determinants of microglial activity but also of lipid metabolism in cells of the central nervous system. Here we review evidence that may help to explain how abnormal lipid metabolism, microglial activation, and synaptic pathophysiology are inter-related in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Paasila
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason A. Aramideh
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Greg T. Sutherland
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Manuel B. Graeber
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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24
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Camporesi E, Nilsson J, Vrillon A, Cognat E, Hourregue C, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Becker B, Brinkmalm A, Paquet C, Brinkmalm G. Quantification of the trans-synaptic partners neurexin-neuroligin in CSF of neurodegenerative diseases by parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103793. [PMID: 34990894 PMCID: PMC8743209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic proteins are increasingly studied as biomarkers for synaptic dysfunction and loss, which are early and central events in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and strongly correlate with the degree of cognitive decline. In this study, we specifically investigated the synaptic binding partners neurexin (NRXN) and neuroligin (Nlgn) proteins, to assess their biomarker's potential. METHODS we developed a parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous quantification of NRXNs and Nlgns in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on AD. Specifically, NRXN-1α, NRXN-1β, NRXN-2α, NRXN-3α and Nlgn1, Nlgn2, Nlgn3 and Nlgn4 proteins were targeted. FINDINGS The proteins were investigated in a clinical cohort including CSF from controls (n=22), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (n=44), MCI due to other conditions (n=46), AD (n=77) and a group of non-AD dementia (n=28). No difference in levels of NRXNs and Nlgns was found between AD (both at dementia and MCI stages) or controls or the non-AD dementia group for any of the targeted proteins. NRXN and Nlgn proteins correlated strongly with each other, but only a weak correlation with the AD core biomarkers and the synaptic biomarkers neurogranin and growth-associated protein 43, was found, possibly reflecting different pathogenic processing at the synapse. INTERPRETATION we conclude that NRXN and Nlgn proteins do not represent suitable biomarkers for synaptic pathology in AD. The panel developed here could aid in future investigations of the potential involvement of NRXNs and Nlgns in synaptic dysfunction in other disorders of the central nervous system. FUNDING a full list of funding can be found under the acknowledgments section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Camporesi
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Nilsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Agathe Vrillon
- Université de Paris, Cognitive Neurology Center, GHU Nord APHP Hospital Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Inserm UMR S11-44 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Cognat
- Université de Paris, Cognitive Neurology Center, GHU Nord APHP Hospital Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Inserm UMR S11-44 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, Paris, France
| | - Claire Hourregue
- Université de Paris, Cognitive Neurology Center, GHU Nord APHP Hospital Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Paris, France
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Bruno Becker
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Claire Paquet
- Université de Paris, Cognitive Neurology Center, GHU Nord APHP Hospital Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Inserm UMR S11-44 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, Paris, France
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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25
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Yuan M, Wang Y, Wen J, Jing F, Zou Q, Pu Y, Pan T, Cai Z. Dietary Salt Disrupts Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Induces Tau Hyperphosphorylation and Synapse Dysfunction during Aging. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1532-1545. [PMID: 36186135 PMCID: PMC9466974 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary salt causes synaptic deficits and tau hyperphosphorylation, which are detrimental to cognitive function. However, the specific effects of a high-salt diet on synapse and tau protein remain poorly understood. In this study, aged (15-month-old) C57BL/6 mice received a normal (0.5% NaCl) or high-salt (8% NaCl) diet for 3 months, and N2a cells were treated with normal culture medium or a NaCl medium (40 mM). Spatial learning and memory abilities were tested using the Morris water maze. The levels of metabolites and related enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were confirmed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. We also investigated synapse morphology and the phosphorylation of tau protein. Under the high-salt diet, mice displayed impaired learning and memory compared to mice fed the normal diet. Furthermore, excessive salt intake disturbed the TCA cycle in both animals and cells compared to the respective normal controls. High dietary salt reduced postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, impaired neurons, and caused synaptic loss in the mice. We also detected tau hyperphosphorylation at different sites (Thr205, Thr231, and Thr181) without increasing total tau levels in response to high salt treatment, both in vivo and in vitro. We concluded that elevated salt intake impairs the TCA cycle and induces tau hyperphosphorylation and synapse dysfunction during aging, which ultimately results in cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Yuan
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jie Wen
- Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Feng Jing
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.
| | - Qian Zou
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yinshuang Pu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.
| | - Tingyu Pan
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Zhiyou Cai, Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Chongqing, 400016, China. .
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26
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Yang X, Zhang R, Sun Z, Kurths J. Controlling Alzheimer's Disease Through the Deep Brain Stimulation to Thalamic Relay Cells. Front Comput Neurosci 2021; 15:636770. [PMID: 34819845 PMCID: PMC8606419 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2021.636770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and clinical studies have shown that the technique of deep brain stimulation (DBS) plays a potential role in the regulation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet it still desires for ongoing studies including clinical trials, theoretical approach and action mechanism. In this work, we develop a modified thalamo-cortico-thalamic (TCT) model associated with AD to explore the therapeutic effects of DBS on AD from the perspective of neurocomputation. First, the neuropathological state of AD resulting from synapse loss is mimicked by decreasing the synaptic connectivity strength from the Inter-Neurons (IN) neuron population to the Thalamic Relay Cells (TRC) neuron population. Under such AD condition, a specific deep brain stimulation voltage is then implanted into the neural nucleus of TRC in this TCT model. The symptom of AD is found significantly relieved by means of power spectrum analysis and nonlinear dynamical analysis. Furthermore, the therapeutic effects of DBS on AD are systematically examined in different parameter space of DBS. The results demonstrate that the controlling effect of DBS on AD can be efficient by appropriately tuning the key parameters of DBS including amplitude A, period P and duration D. This work highlights the critical role of thalamus stimulation for brain disease, and provides a theoretical basis for future experimental and clinical studies in treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoLi Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - RuiXi Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - ZhongKui Sun
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jürgen Kurths
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Physics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Centre for Analysis of Complex Systems, World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Saeger HN, Olson DE. Psychedelic-inspired approaches for treating neurodegenerative disorders. J Neurochem 2021; 162:109-127. [PMID: 34816433 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Psychedelics are increasingly being recognized for their potential to treat a wide range of brain disorders including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorder. Their broad therapeutic potential might result from an ability to rescue cortical atrophy common to many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases by impacting neurotrophic factor gene expression, activating neuronal growth and survival mechanisms, and modulating the immune system. While the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has not yet been extended to neurodegenerative disorders, we provide evidence suggesting that approaches based on psychedelic science might prove useful for treating these diseases. The primary target of psychedelics, the 5-HT2A receptor, plays key roles in cortical neuron health and is dysregulated in Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, evidence suggests that psychedelics and related compounds could prove useful for treating the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). While more research is needed to probe the effects of psychedelics in models of neurodegenerative diseases, the robust effects of these compounds on structural and functional neuroplasticity and inflammation clearly warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah N Saeger
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - David E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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28
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Yassine HN, Solomon V, Thakral A, Sheikh-Bahaei N, Chui HC, Braskie MN, Schneider LS, Talbot K. Brain energy failure in dementia syndromes: Opportunities and challenges for glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:478-497. [PMID: 34647685 PMCID: PMC8940606 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Medications for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) offer a promising path for discovery and development of effective interventions for dementia syndromes. A common feature of dementia syndromes is an energy failure due to reduced energy supply to neurons and is associated with synaptic loss and results in cognitive decline and behavioral changes. Among diabetes medications, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonists (RAs) promote protective effects on vascular, microglial, and neuronal functions. In this review, we present evidence from animal models, imaging studies, and clinical trials that support developing GLP‐1 RAs for dementia syndromes. The review examines how changes in brain energy metabolism differ in conditions of insulin resistance and T2DM from dementia and underscores the challenges that arise from the heterogeneity of dementia syndromes. The development of GLP‐1 RAs as dementia therapies requires a deeper understanding of the regional changes in brain energy homeostasis guided by novel imaging biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein N Yassine
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Victoria Solomon
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Angad Thakral
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Helena C Chui
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Meredith N Braskie
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lon S Schneider
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Konrad Talbot
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pathology and Human Anatomy, and Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
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29
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Xu H, Jia J. Immune-Related Hub Genes and the Competitive Endogenous RNA Network in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:1255-1265. [PMID: 32925027 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves various immune-related phenomena; however, the mechanisms underlying these immune phenomena and the potential hub genes involved therein are unclear. An understanding of AD-related immune hub genes and regulatory mechanisms would help develop new immunotherapeutic targets. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the hub genes and the mechanisms underlying the regulation of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in immune-related phenomena in AD pathogenesis. METHODS We used the GSE48350 data set from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and identified AD immune-related differentially expressed RNAs (DERNAs). We constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks for differentially expressed mRNAs and determined the degree for screening hub genes. By determining Pearson's correlation coefficient and using StarBase, DIANA-LncBase, and Human MicroRNA Disease Database (HMDD), the AD immune-related ceRNA network was generated. Furthermore, we assessed the upregulated and downregulated ceRNA subnetworks to identify key lncRNAs. RESULTS In total, 552 AD immune-related DERNAs were obtained. Twenty hub genes, including PIK3R1, B2M, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DQB1, PIK3CA, APP, CDC42, PPBP, C3AR1, HRAS, PTAFR, RAB37, FYN, PSMD1, ACTR10, HLA-E, ARRB2, GGH, ALDOA, and VAMP2 were identified on PPI network analysis. Furthermore, upon microRNAs (miRNAs) inhibition, we identified LINC00836 and DCTN1-AS1 as key lncRNAs regulating the aforementioned hub genes. CONCLUSION AD-related immune hub genes include B2M, FYN, PIK3R1, and PIK3CA, and lncRNAs LINC00836 and DCTN1-AS1 potentially contribute to AD immune-related phenomena by regulating AD-related hub genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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30
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Poor SR, Ettcheto M, Cano A, Sanchez-Lopez E, Manzine PR, Olloquequi J, Camins A, Javan M. Metformin a Potential Pharmacological Strategy in Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090890. [PMID: 34577590 PMCID: PMC8465337 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most devastating brain disorders. Currently, there are no effective treatments to stop the disease progression and it is becoming a major public health concern. Several risk factors are involved in the progression of AD, modifying neuronal circuits and brain cognition, and eventually leading to neuronal death. Among them, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have attracted increasing attention, since brain insulin resistance can contribute to neurodegeneration. Consequently, AD has been referred to "type 3 diabetes" and antidiabetic medications such as intranasal insulin, glitazones, metformin or liraglutide are being tested as possible alternatives. Metformin, a first line antihyperglycemic medication, is a 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator hypothesized to act as a geroprotective agent. However, studies on its association with age-related cognitive decline have shown controversial results with positive and negative findings. In spite of this, metformin shows positive benefits such as anti-inflammatory effects, accelerated neurogenesis, strengthened memory, and prolonged life expectancy. Moreover, it has been recently demonstrated that metformin enhances synaptophysin, sirtuin-1, AMPK, and brain-derived neuronal factor (BDNF) immunoreactivity, which are essential markers of plasticity. The present review discusses the numerous studies which have explored (1) the neuropathological hallmarks of AD, (2) association of type 2 diabetes with AD, and (3) the potential therapeutic effects of metformin on AD and preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghar Rabiei Poor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran;
- Institute for Brain and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.E.); (P.R.M.)
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.E.); (P.R.M.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08028 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (E.S.-L.)
| | - Amanda Cano
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08028 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (E.S.-L.)
- Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sanchez-Lopez
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08028 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (E.S.-L.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Regina Manzine
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.E.); (P.R.M.)
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile;
| | - Antoni Camins
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.E.); (P.R.M.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08028 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (E.S.-L.)
- Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran;
- Institute for Brain and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.J.)
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Buccellato FR, D’Anca M, Fenoglio C, Scarpini E, Galimberti D. Role of Oxidative Damage in Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegeneration: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Biomarker Discovery. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091353. [PMID: 34572985 PMCID: PMC8471953 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder accounting for over 50% of all dementia patients and representing a leading cause of death worldwide for the global ageing population. The lack of effective treatments for overt AD urges the discovery of biomarkers for early diagnosis, i.e., in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or prodromal AD. The brain is exposed to oxidative stress as levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased, whereas cellular antioxidant defenses are decreased. Increased ROS levels can damage cellular structures or molecules, leading to protein, lipid, DNA, or RNA oxidation. Oxidative damage is involved in the molecular mechanisms which link the accumulation of amyloid-β and neurofibrillary tangles, containing hyperphosphorylated tau, to microglia response. In this scenario, microglia are thought to play a crucial role not only in the early events of AD pathogenesis but also in the progression of the disease. This review will focus on oxidative damage products as possible peripheral biomarkers in AD and in the preclinical phases of the disease. Particular attention will be paid to biological fluids such as blood, CSF, urine, and saliva, and potential future use of molecules contained in such body fluids for early differential diagnosis and monitoring the disease course. We will also review the role of oxidative damage and microglia in the pathogenesis of AD and, more broadly, in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Romana Buccellato
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.S.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02 55033814
| | - Marianna D’Anca
- Fondazione IRCSS ca’ Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.S.); (D.G.)
- Fondazione IRCSS ca’ Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.S.); (D.G.)
- Fondazione IRCSS ca’ Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy;
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Thordardottir S, Almkvist O, Johansson C, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Graff C. Cerebrospinal Fluid YKL-40 and Neurogranin in Familial Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 76:941-953. [PMID: 32568193 PMCID: PMC7505010 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND YKL-40 and neurogranin are promising additional cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) which reflect different underlying disease mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To compare the levels of CSF YKL-40 and neurogranin between asymptomatic carriers of familial AD (FAD) mutations (MC) and non-carriers (NC) from the same families. Another objective was to assess changes in YKL-40 and neurogranin, from the presymptomatic to clinical phase of FAD. METHODS YKL-40 and neurogranin, as well as Aβ42, total tau-protein, and phospho-tau, were measured in the CSF of 14 individuals carrying one of three FAD mutations, APPswe (p.KM670/671NL), APParc (p.E693G), and PSEN1 (p.H163Y), as well as in 17 NC from the same families. Five of the MC developed mild cognitive impairment (MCI) during follow-up. RESULTS In this pilot study, there was no difference in either CSF YKL-40 or neurogranin when comparing the presymptomatic MC to the NC. YKL-40 correlated positively with expected years to symptom onset and to age in both the MC and the NC, while neurogranin had no correlation to either variable in either of the groups. A subgroup of the participants underwent more than one CSF sampling in which half of the MC developed MCI during follow-up. The longitudinal data showed an increase in YKL-40 levels in the MC as the expected symptom onset approached. Neurogranin remained stable over time in both the MC and the NC. CONCLUSION These findings support a positive correlation between progression from presymptomatic to symptomatic AD and levels of CSF YKL-40, but not neurogranin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinunn Thordardottir
- Department of NVS, Karolinska Institutet, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Disease Research, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ove Almkvist
- Department of NVS, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Johansson
- Department of NVS, Karolinska Institutet, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Disease Research, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Solna, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,UCL Insitute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of NVS, Karolinska Institutet, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Disease Research, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Solna, Sweden
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Lu MH, Ji WL, Chen H, Sun YY, Zhao XY, Wang F, Shi Y, Hu YN, Liu BX, Wu JW, Xu DE, Zheng JW, Liu CF, Ma QH. Intranasal Transplantation of Human Neural Stem Cells Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology in a Mouse Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:650103. [PMID: 33776747 PMCID: PMC7987677 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.650103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory impairments, which has no effective therapy. Stem cell transplantation shows great potential in the therapy of various disease. However, the application of stem cell therapy in neurological disorders, especially the ones with a long-term disease course such as AD, is limited by the delivery approach due to the presence of the brain blood barrier. So far, the most commonly used delivery approach in the therapy of neurological disorders with stem cells in preclinical and clinical studies are intracranial injection and intrathecal injection, both of which are invasive. In the present study, we use repetitive intranasal delivery of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) to the brains of APP/PS1 transgenic mice to investigate the effect of hNSCs on the pathology of AD. The results indicate that the intranasally transplanted hNSCs survive and exhibit extensive migration and higher neuronal differentiation, with a relatively limited glial differentiation. A proportion of intranasally transplanted hNSCs differentiate to cholinergic neurons, which rescue cholinergic dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice. In addition, intranasal transplantation of hNSCs attenuates β-amyloid accumulation by upregulating the expression of β-amyloid degrading enzymes, insulin-degrading enzymes, and neprilysin. Moreover, intranasal transplantation of hNSCs ameliorates other AD-like pathology including neuroinflammation, cholinergic dysfunction, and pericytic and synaptic loss, while enhancing adult hippocampal neurogenesis, eventually rescuing the cognitive deficits of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Thus, our findings highlight that intranasal transplantation of hNSCs benefits cognition through multiple mechanisms, and exhibit the great potential of intranasal administration of stem cells as a non-invasive therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hong Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,School of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Li Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ning Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo-Xiang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing-Wen Wu
- Department of Functional Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - De-En Xu
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | | | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Camporesi E, Lashley T, Gobom J, Lantero-Rodriguez J, Hansson O, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Becker B. Neuroligin-1 in brain and CSF of neurodegenerative disorders: investigation for synaptic biomarkers. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:19. [PMID: 33522967 PMCID: PMC7852195 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic pathology is a central event in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative conditions, and investigation of synaptic proteins can provide valuable tools to follow synaptic dysfunction and loss in these diseases. Neuroligin-1 (Nlgn1) is a postsynaptic cell adhesion protein, important for synapse stabilization and formation. Nlgn1 has been connected to cognitive disorders, and specifically to AD, as target of the synaptotoxic effect of amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers and Aβ fibrils. To address changes in Nlgn1 expression in human brain, brain regions in different neurological disorders were examined by Western blot and mass spectrometry. Brain specimens from AD (n = 23), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP, n = 11), corticobasal degeneration (CBD, n = 10), and Pick’s disease (PiD, n = 9) were included. Additionally, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of AD patients (n = 43) and non-demented controls (n = 42) were analysed. We found decreased levels of Nlgn1 in temporal and parietal cortex (~ 50–60% reductions) in AD brains compared with controls. In frontal grey matter the reduction was not seen for AD patients; however, in the same region, marked reduction was found for PiD (~ 77%), CBD (~ 66%) and to a lesser extent for PSP (~ 43%), which could clearly separate these tauopathies from controls. The Nlgn1 level was reduced in CSF from AD patients compared to controls, but with considerable overlap. The dramatic reduction of Nlgn1 seen in the brain extracts of tauopathies warrants further investigation regarding the potential use of Nlgn1 as a biomarker for these neurodegenerative diseases.
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35
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Ettcheto M, Busquets O, Cano A, Sánchez-Lopez E, Manzine PR, Espinosa-Jimenez T, Verdaguer E, Sureda FX, Olloquequi J, Castro-Torres RD, Auladell C, Folch J, Casadesús G, Camins A. Pharmacological Strategies to Improve Dendritic Spines in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:S91-S107. [PMID: 33325386 PMCID: PMC9853464 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
To deeply understand late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), it may be necessary to change the concept that it is a disease exclusively driven by aging processes. The onset of LOAD could be associated with a previous peripheral stress at the level of the gut (changes in the gut microbiota), obesity (metabolic stress), and infections, among other systemic/environmental stressors. The onset of LOAD, then, may result from the generation of mild peripheral inflammatory processes involving cytokine production associated with peripheral stressors that in a second step enter the brain and spread out the process causing a neuroinflammatory brain disease. This hypothesis could explain the potential efficacy of Sodium Oligomannate (GV-971), a mixture of acidic linear oligosaccharides that have shown to remodel gut microbiota and slowdown LOAD. However, regardless of the origin of the disease, the end goal of LOAD-related preventative or disease modifying therapies is to preserve dendritic spines and synaptic plasticity that underlay and support healthy cognition. Here we discuss how systemic/environmental stressors impact pathways associated with the regulation of spine morphogenesis and synaptic maintenance, including insulin receptor and the brain derived neurotrophic factor signaling. Spine structure remodeling is a plausible mechanism to maintain synapses and provide cognitive resilience in LOAD patients. Importantly, we also propose a combination of drugs targeting such stressors that may be able to modify the course of LOAD by acting on preventing dendritic spines and synapsis loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Ettcheto
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Busquets
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda Cano
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-Lopez
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia R. Manzine
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Triana Espinosa-Jimenez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología de laneurotransmisión, C.U.C.B.A, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Francesc X. Sureda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Ruben D. Castro-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología de laneurotransmisión, C.U.C.B.A, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Carme Auladell
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Folch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Casadesús
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Antoni Camins
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
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John A, Reddy PH. Synaptic basis of Alzheimer's disease: Focus on synaptic amyloid beta, P-tau and mitochondria. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 65:101208. [PMID: 33157321 PMCID: PMC7770124 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and synaptic failure disease. Despite the many years of research, AD still harbors many secrets. As more of the world's population grows older, researchers are striving to find greater information on disease progression and pathogenesis. Identifying and treating the markers of this disease, or better yet, preventing it all together, are the hopes of those investing in this field of study. Several years of research revealed that synaptic pathology and mitochondrial oxidative damage are early events in disease progression. Loss of synapses and synaptic damage are the best correlates of cognitive deficits found in AD patients. As the disease progresses, there are significant changes at the synapse. These changes can both shed greater light onto the progression of the disease and serve as markers and therapeutic targets. This article addresses the mechanisms of synaptic action, mitochondrial regulation/dysregulation, resulting synaptic changes caused by amyloid beta and phosphorylated tau in AD progression. This article also highlights recent developments of risk factors, genetics and ApoE4 involvement, factors related to synaptic damage and loss, mislocalization of amyloid beta and phosphorylated tau, mitophagy, microglial activation and synapse-based therapies in AD. Furthermore, impairments in LTD and reactivation of microglia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin John
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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Khalsa DS, Newberg AB. Spiritual Fitness: A New Dimension in Alzheimer's Disease Prevention. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:505-519. [PMID: 33554917 PMCID: PMC8075383 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Religious and spiritual interventions may have an effect on Alzheimer's disease prevention. Kirtan Kriya meditation has been shown to mitigate the deleterious effects of chronic stress on cognition, reverse memory loss, and create psychological and spiritual wellbeing, which may reduce multiple drivers of Alzheimer's disease risk. OBJECTIVE To detail a new concept in medicine called Spiritual Fitness, a merging of stress reduction, basic wellbeing, and psycho/spiritual wellbeing to prevent Alzheimer's disease. METHODS The literature on the topics mentioned above is described, including an in-depth discussion on why and how each are critical to advancing the future of Alzheimer's disease prevention. The many negative effects of chronic stress, and the benefits of Kirtan Kriya, are reviewed. The four pillars of basic wellbeing, six practical aspects of psychological wellbeing, and the four new non-sectarian features of spiritual fitness are then disclosed. Moreover, instructions on practicing Kirtan Kriya are offered in the Supplementary Material. CONCLUSION Religious and spiritual practices, including Kirtan Kriya, are crucial components in the development of enhanced cognition and well-being, which may help prevent and, in some cases, reverse cognitive decline. The key point of this review is that making a commitment to live a brain longevity lifestyle including spiritual fitness is a critically important way for aging Alzheimer's disease free. We hope that this article will inspire scientists, clinicians, and patients to embrace this new concept of spiritual fitness and make it a part of every multidomain program for the prevention of cognitive disability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew B. Newberg
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Radiology, Marcus Institute of Integrative Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Camporesi E, Nilsson J, Brinkmalm A, Becker B, Ashton NJ, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Fluid Biomarkers for Synaptic Dysfunction and Loss. Biomark Insights 2020; 15:1177271920950319. [PMID: 32913390 PMCID: PMC7444114 DOI: 10.1177/1177271920950319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are the site for brain communication where information is transmitted between neurons and stored for memory formation. Synaptic degeneration is a global and early pathogenic event in neurodegenerative disorders with reduced levels of pre- and postsynaptic proteins being recognized as a core feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Together with AD, other neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders show altered synaptic homeostasis as an important pathogenic event, and due to that, they are commonly referred to as synaptopathies. The exact mechanisms of synapse dysfunction in the different diseases are not well understood and their study would help understanding the pathogenic role of synaptic degeneration, as well as differences and commonalities among them and highlight candidate synaptic biomarkers for specific disorders. The assessment of synaptic proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which can reflect synaptic dysfunction in patients with cognitive disorders, is a keen area of interest. Substantial research efforts are now directed toward the investigation of CSF synaptic pathology to improve the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders at an early stage as well as to monitor clinical progression. In this review, we will first summarize the pathological events that lead to synapse loss and then discuss the available data on established (eg, neurogranin, SNAP-25, synaptotagmin-1, GAP-43, and α-syn) and emerging (eg, synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A and neuronal pentraxins) CSF biomarkers for synapse dysfunction, while highlighting possible utilities, disease specificity, and technical challenges for their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Camporesi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Nilsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bruno Becker
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
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Bachmann C, Tetzlaff T, Duarte R, Morrison A. Firing rate homeostasis counteracts changes in stability of recurrent neural networks caused by synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007790. [PMID: 32841234 PMCID: PMC7505475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease is clearly correlated to synapse loss. However, the mechanisms underlying this correlation are only poorly understood. Here, we investigate how the loss of excitatory synapses in sparsely connected random networks of spiking excitatory and inhibitory neurons alters their dynamical characteristics. Beyond the effects on the activity statistics, we find that the loss of excitatory synapses on excitatory neurons reduces the network's sensitivity to small perturbations. This decrease in sensitivity can be considered as an indication of a reduction of computational capacity. A full recovery of the network's dynamical characteristics and sensitivity can be achieved by firing rate homeostasis, here implemented by an up-scaling of the remaining excitatory-excitatory synapses. Mean-field analysis reveals that the stability of the linearised network dynamics is, in good approximation, uniquely determined by the firing rate, and thereby explains why firing rate homeostasis preserves not only the firing rate but also the network's sensitivity to small perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bachmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tom Tetzlaff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Renato Duarte
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Abigail Morrison
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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40
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathological assessment of the Alzheimer spectrum. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:1229-1256. [PMID: 32740684 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common form of dementia globally, classically defined a clinicopathological entity, is a heterogenous disorder with various pathobiological subtypes, currently referred to as Alzheimer continuum. Its morphological hallmarks are extracellular parenchymal β-amyloid (amyloid plaques) and intraneuronal (tau aggregates forming neurofibrillary tangles) lesions accompanied by synaptic loss and vascular amyloid deposits, that are essential for the pathological diagnosis of AD. In addition to "classical" AD, several subtypes with characteristic regional patterns of tau pathology have been described that show distinct clinical features, differences in age, sex distribution, biomarker levels, and patterns of key network destructions responsible for cognitive decline. AD is a mixed proteinopathy (amyloid and tau), frequently associated with other age-related co-pathologies, such as cerebrovascular lesions, Lewy and TDP-43 pathologies, hippocampal sclerosis, or argyrophilic grain disease. These and other co-pathologies essentially influence the clinical picture of AD and may accelerate disease progression. The purpose of this review is to provide a critical overview of AD pathology, its defining pathological substrates, and the heterogeneity among the Alzheimer spectrum entities that may provide a broader diagnostic coverage of this devastating disorder as a basis for implementing precision medicine approaches and for ultimate development of successful disease-modifying drugs for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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Schrank S, Barrington N, Stutzmann GE. Calcium-Handling Defects and Neurodegenerative Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a035212. [PMID: 31427373 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcium signaling is critical to neuronal function and regulates highly diverse processes such as gene transcription, energy production, protein handling, and synaptic structure and function. Because there are many common underlying calcium-mediated pathological features observed across several neurological conditions, it has been proposed that neurodegenerative diseases have an upstream underlying calcium basis in their pathogenesis. With certain diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's, specific sources of calcium dysregulation originating from distinct neuronal compartments or channels have been shown to have defined roles in initiating or sustaining disease mechanisms. Herein, we will review the major hallmarks of these diseases, and how they relate to calcium dysregulation. We will then discuss neuronal calcium handling throughout the neuron, with special emphasis on channels involved in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Schrank
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064.,School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Nikki Barrington
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064.,School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064.,Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Grace E Stutzmann
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064.,School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064.,Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
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42
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Pomeshchik Y, Klementieva O, Gil J, Martinsson I, Hansen MG, de Vries T, Sancho-Balsells A, Russ K, Savchenko E, Collin A, Vaz AR, Bagnoli S, Nacmias B, Rampon C, Sorbi S, Brites D, Marko-Varga G, Kokaia Z, Rezeli M, Gouras GK, Roybon L. Human iPSC-Derived Hippocampal Spheroids: An Innovative Tool for Stratifying Alzheimer Disease Patient-Specific Cellular Phenotypes and Developing Therapies. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:256-273. [PMID: 32589876 PMCID: PMC7363942 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is important for memory formation and is severely affected in the brain with Alzheimer disease (AD). Our understanding of early pathogenic processes occurring in hippocampi in AD is limited due to tissue unavailability. Here, we report a chemical approach to rapidly generate free-floating hippocampal spheroids (HSs), from human induced pluripotent stem cells. When used to model AD, both APP and atypical PS1 variant HSs displayed increased Aβ42/Aβ40 peptide ratios and decreased synaptic protein levels, which are common features of AD. However, the two variants differed in tau hyperphosphorylation, protein aggregation, and protein network alterations. NeuroD1-mediated gene therapy in HSs-derived progenitors resulted in modulation of expression of numerous genes, including those involved in synaptic transmission. Thus, HSs can be harnessed to unravel the mechanisms underlying early pathogenic changes in the hippocampi of AD patients, and provide a robust platform for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting early stage AD. Rapid generation of hippocampal spheroids (HSs) from hiPSCs using defined chemical agents hiPSC-derived HSs can be utilized as a source of hippocampal neurons hiPSC-derived HSs can be used to model Alzheimer disease hiPSC-derived HSs can be used to develop innovative therapeutic solutions
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Pomeshchik
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Oxana Klementieva
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Medical Microspectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Jeovanis Gil
- Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, BMC D13, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Marita Grønning Hansen
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences, BMC B10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Tessa de Vries
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Anna Sancho-Balsells
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Kaspar Russ
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Savchenko
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Anna Collin
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Office for Medical Services, Lund SE-221 85, Sweden
| | - Ana Rita Vaz
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Silvia Bagnoli
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino- NEUROFARBA, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino- NEUROFARBA, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Claire Rampon
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse; CNRS, UPS, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino- NEUROFARBA, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, BMC D13, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences, BMC B10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, BMC D13, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Laurent Roybon
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden.
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Abstract
In this issue, an article by Tiepolt et al. shows that PET scanning using [11C]PiB can demonstrate both cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes and amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in patients with mild cognitive dysfunction or mild dementia of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The CBF changes can be determined because the early scan counts (1–9 minutes) reflect the flow of the radiotracer in the blood passing through the brain, while the Aβ levels are measured by later scan counts (40–70 minutes) after the radiotracer has been cleared from regions to which the radiotracer did not bind. Thus, two different diagnostic measures are obtained with a single injection. Unexpectedly, the mild patients with Aβ positivity had scan data with only a weak relationship to memory, while the relationships to executive function and language function were relatively strong. This divergence of findings from studies of severely impaired patients highlights the importance of determining how AD pathology affects the brain. A possibility suggested in this commentary is that Aβ deposits occur early in AD and specifically in critical areas of the neocortex affected only later by the neurofibrillary pathology indicating a different role of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) in the development of those neocortical regions, and a separate component of AD pathology may selectively impact functions of these neocortical regions. The effects of adverse AβPP metabolism in the medial temporal and brainstem regions occur later possibly because of different developmental issues, and the later, different pathology is clearly more cognitively and socially devastating.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System and Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA
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Vanhaute H, Ceccarini J, Michiels L, Koole M, Sunaert S, Lemmens R, Triau E, Emsell L, Vandenbulcke M, Van Laere K. In vivo synaptic density loss is related to tau deposition in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 2020; 95:e545-e553. [PMID: 32493717 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate in vivo whether synaptic loss and neurofibrillary tangle load spatially overlap and correlate with clinical symptoms in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 10 patients with aMCI and 10 healthy controls underwent triple PET-MRI with 11C-UCB-J (synaptic vesicle protein 2A), 18F-MK-6240 (tau deposition), and 11C-Pittsburgh compound B (β-amyloid) and neuropsychological assessment. Gray matter atrophy was assessed by voxel-based morphometry with T1-weighted MRIs. Voxel-wise and volume-of-interest analyses were conducted on PET data. The interrelationship of synaptic density and tau deposition was investigated. We also investigated correlations of 18F-MK-6240 and 11C-UCB-J binding with cognitive performance. RESULTS Compared to controls, patients with aMCI showed a decreased 11C-UCB-J binding mainly in substructures of the medial temporal lobe (MTL; 48%-51%, p cluster = 0.02). Increased 18F-MK6240 binding in the same region was observed (42%-44%, p cluster = 0.0003), spreading to association cortices. In the MTL, higher 18F-MK-6240 binding inversely related to lower 11C-UCB-J binding (p = 0.02, r = -0.76). Decreased performance on cognitive tests was associated with both increased 18F-MK-6240 and decreased 11C-UCB-J binding in the hippocampus (p < 0.01, r > 0.7), although in a multivariate analysis only 18F-MK-6240 binding was significantly related to cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS Patients with aMCI have high tau deposition and synaptic density loss mainly in key regions known to be involved in early cognitive impairment, indicating that these are interrelated in the MTL, while tau binding had already spread toward association cortices. Longitudinal data are needed to provide further insight into the temporal aspects of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Vanhaute
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine (H.V., J.C., M.K., K.V.L.) and Department of Neurology (L.M., R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (H.V., J.C., M.K., S.S., L.E., K.V.L.) and Translational MRI (S.S., L.E.), Department of Imaging and Pathology, and Department of Geriatric Psychiatry (H.V., L.E., M.V.), University Psychiatric Centre, Laboratory for Neurobiology (L.M., R.L.), KU Leuven; and Center for Brain and Disease Research (L.M., R.L.), VIB-KU Leuven, Belgium. Dr. Triau is in private practice in Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jenny Ceccarini
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine (H.V., J.C., M.K., K.V.L.) and Department of Neurology (L.M., R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (H.V., J.C., M.K., S.S., L.E., K.V.L.) and Translational MRI (S.S., L.E.), Department of Imaging and Pathology, and Department of Geriatric Psychiatry (H.V., L.E., M.V.), University Psychiatric Centre, Laboratory for Neurobiology (L.M., R.L.), KU Leuven; and Center for Brain and Disease Research (L.M., R.L.), VIB-KU Leuven, Belgium. Dr. Triau is in private practice in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Michiels
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine (H.V., J.C., M.K., K.V.L.) and Department of Neurology (L.M., R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (H.V., J.C., M.K., S.S., L.E., K.V.L.) and Translational MRI (S.S., L.E.), Department of Imaging and Pathology, and Department of Geriatric Psychiatry (H.V., L.E., M.V.), University Psychiatric Centre, Laboratory for Neurobiology (L.M., R.L.), KU Leuven; and Center for Brain and Disease Research (L.M., R.L.), VIB-KU Leuven, Belgium. Dr. Triau is in private practice in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine (H.V., J.C., M.K., K.V.L.) and Department of Neurology (L.M., R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (H.V., J.C., M.K., S.S., L.E., K.V.L.) and Translational MRI (S.S., L.E.), Department of Imaging and Pathology, and Department of Geriatric Psychiatry (H.V., L.E., M.V.), University Psychiatric Centre, Laboratory for Neurobiology (L.M., R.L.), KU Leuven; and Center for Brain and Disease Research (L.M., R.L.), VIB-KU Leuven, Belgium. Dr. Triau is in private practice in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine (H.V., J.C., M.K., K.V.L.) and Department of Neurology (L.M., R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (H.V., J.C., M.K., S.S., L.E., K.V.L.) and Translational MRI (S.S., L.E.), Department of Imaging and Pathology, and Department of Geriatric Psychiatry (H.V., L.E., M.V.), University Psychiatric Centre, Laboratory for Neurobiology (L.M., R.L.), KU Leuven; and Center for Brain and Disease Research (L.M., R.L.), VIB-KU Leuven, Belgium. Dr. Triau is in private practice in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robin Lemmens
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine (H.V., J.C., M.K., K.V.L.) and Department of Neurology (L.M., R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (H.V., J.C., M.K., S.S., L.E., K.V.L.) and Translational MRI (S.S., L.E.), Department of Imaging and Pathology, and Department of Geriatric Psychiatry (H.V., L.E., M.V.), University Psychiatric Centre, Laboratory for Neurobiology (L.M., R.L.), KU Leuven; and Center for Brain and Disease Research (L.M., R.L.), VIB-KU Leuven, Belgium. Dr. Triau is in private practice in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Triau
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine (H.V., J.C., M.K., K.V.L.) and Department of Neurology (L.M., R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (H.V., J.C., M.K., S.S., L.E., K.V.L.) and Translational MRI (S.S., L.E.), Department of Imaging and Pathology, and Department of Geriatric Psychiatry (H.V., L.E., M.V.), University Psychiatric Centre, Laboratory for Neurobiology (L.M., R.L.), KU Leuven; and Center for Brain and Disease Research (L.M., R.L.), VIB-KU Leuven, Belgium. Dr. Triau is in private practice in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Louise Emsell
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine (H.V., J.C., M.K., K.V.L.) and Department of Neurology (L.M., R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (H.V., J.C., M.K., S.S., L.E., K.V.L.) and Translational MRI (S.S., L.E.), Department of Imaging and Pathology, and Department of Geriatric Psychiatry (H.V., L.E., M.V.), University Psychiatric Centre, Laboratory for Neurobiology (L.M., R.L.), KU Leuven; and Center for Brain and Disease Research (L.M., R.L.), VIB-KU Leuven, Belgium. Dr. Triau is in private practice in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vandenbulcke
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine (H.V., J.C., M.K., K.V.L.) and Department of Neurology (L.M., R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (H.V., J.C., M.K., S.S., L.E., K.V.L.) and Translational MRI (S.S., L.E.), Department of Imaging and Pathology, and Department of Geriatric Psychiatry (H.V., L.E., M.V.), University Psychiatric Centre, Laboratory for Neurobiology (L.M., R.L.), KU Leuven; and Center for Brain and Disease Research (L.M., R.L.), VIB-KU Leuven, Belgium. Dr. Triau is in private practice in Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine (H.V., J.C., M.K., K.V.L.) and Department of Neurology (L.M., R.L.), University Hospitals Leuven; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (H.V., J.C., M.K., S.S., L.E., K.V.L.) and Translational MRI (S.S., L.E.), Department of Imaging and Pathology, and Department of Geriatric Psychiatry (H.V., L.E., M.V.), University Psychiatric Centre, Laboratory for Neurobiology (L.M., R.L.), KU Leuven; and Center for Brain and Disease Research (L.M., R.L.), VIB-KU Leuven, Belgium. Dr. Triau is in private practice in Leuven, Belgium
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Treyer V, Gietl AF, Suliman H, Gruber E, Meyer R, Buchmann A, Johayem A, Unschuld PG, Nitsch RM, Buck A, Ametamey SM, Hock C. Reduced uptake of [11C]-ABP688, a PET tracer for metabolic glutamate receptor 5 in hippocampus and amygdala in Alzheimer's dementia. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01632. [PMID: 32304284 PMCID: PMC7303388 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabotropic glutamate receptors play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease due to their involvement in processes of memory formation, neuroplasticity, and synaptotoxity. The objective of the current study was to study mGluR5 availability measured by [11 C]-ABP688 (ABP) in patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's dementia (AD). METHODS A bolus-infusion protocol of [11 C]-ABP688 was applied in 9 subjects with AD and 10 cognitively healthy controls (Controls) to derive distribution volume estimates of mGluR5. Furthermore, we also estimated cerebral perfusion by averaging early frame signal of initial ABP bolus injection. RESULTS Subjects with Alzheimer's dementia (mean age: 77.3/SD 5.7) were older than controls (mean age: 68.5/SD: 9.6) and scored lower on the MMSE (22.1/SD2.7 vs. 29.0/SD0.8). There were no overall differences in ABP signal. However, distribution volume ratio (DVR) for ABP was reduced in the bilateral hippocampus (AD: 1.34/SD: 0.40 vs. Control: 1.84/SD:0.31, p = .007) and the bilateral amygdala (AD:1.86/SD:0.26 vs. Control:2.33/SD:0.37 p = .006) in AD patients compared to controls. Estimate of cerebral blood flow was reduced in the bilateral hippocampus in AD (AD:0.75/SD:0.10 vs. Control:0.86/SD:0.09 p = .02). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate reduced mGluR5 binding in the hippocampus and amygdala in Alzheimer's dementia. Whether this is due to synaptic loss and/or consecutive reduction of potential binding sites or reflects disease inherent mechanisms remains to be elucidated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Treyer
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anton F Gietl
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Husam Suliman
- Hospital for Psychogeriatric Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Esmeralda Gruber
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Meyer
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Buchmann
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Anass Johayem
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul G Unschuld
- Hospital for Psychogeriatric Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger M Nitsch
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Neurimmune, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hock
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Neurimmune, Schlieren, Switzerland
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Pietrancosta N, Djibo M, Daumas S, El Mestikawy S, Erickson JD. Molecular, Structural, Functional, and Pharmacological Sites for Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Regulation. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3118-3142. [PMID: 32474835 PMCID: PMC7261050 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) control quantal size of glutamatergic transmission and have been the center of numerous studies over the past two decades. VGLUTs contain two independent transport modes that facilitate glutamate packaging into synaptic vesicles and phosphate (Pi) ion transport into the synaptic terminal. While a transmembrane proton electrical gradient established by a vacuolar-type ATPase powers vesicular glutamate transport, recent studies indicate that binding sites and flux properties for chloride, potassium, and protons within VGLUTs themselves regulate VGLUT activity as well. These intrinsic ionic binding and flux properties of VGLUTs can therefore be modulated by neurophysiological conditions to affect levels of glutamate available for release from synapses. Despite their extraordinary importance, specific and high-affinity pharmacological compounds that interact with these sites and regulate VGLUT function, distinguish between the various modes of transport, and the different isoforms themselves, are lacking. In this review, we provide an overview of the physiologic sites for VGLUT regulation that could modulate glutamate release in an over-active synapse or in a disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pietrancosta
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS, LBM, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Mahamadou Djibo
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, LCBPT, UMR 8601, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Daumas
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Salah El Mestikawy
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France. .,Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 boulevard Lasalle, Verdun, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey D Erickson
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Honer WG, Ramos-Miguel A, Alamri J, Sawada K, Barr AM, Schneider JA, Bennett DA. The synaptic pathology of cognitive life
. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 21:271-279. [PMID: 31749651 PMCID: PMC6829169 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2019.21.3/whoner] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prospective, community-based studies allow evaluation of associations between
cognitive functioning and synaptic measures, controlled for age-related pathologies.
Findings from >400 community-based participants are reviewed. Levels of two
presynaptic proteins, complexin-I (inhibitory terminals), and complexin-II (excitatory
terminals) contributed to cognitive variation from normal to dementia. Adding the amount
of protein-protein interaction between two others, synaptosome-associated protein-25 and
syntaxin, explained 6% of overall variance. The presynaptic protein Munc18-1 long
variant was localized to inhibitory terminals, and like complexin-I, was positively
associated with cognition. Associations depended on Braak stage, with the level of
complexin-I contributing nearly 15% to cognitive variation in stages 0-II, while
complexin-II contributed 7% in stages V-VI. Non-denaturing gels identified multiple
soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor protein-protein
(SNARE) complexes in frontal and in temporal lobes, making specific contributions to
cognitive functions. Multiple mechanisms of presynaptic plasticity contribute to
cognitive function during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Honer
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alfredo Ramos-Miguel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jehan Alamri
- Departments of Anaesthesia, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Alasdair M Barr
- Departments of Anaesthesia, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, US
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, US
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Wagner LM, Nathwani SM, Ten Eyck PP, Aldridge GM. Local cortical overexpression of human wild-type alpha-synuclein leads to increased dendritic spine density in mouse. Neurosci Lett 2020; 733:135051. [PMID: 32417387 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lewy body dementias are characterized by deposition of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) protein aggregates known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in cortical regions, in addition to brainstem. These aggregates are thought to cause the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and other vulnerable cell types in patients, leading to parkinsonism. There is evidence from mice that localized overexpression of wild-type α-syn leads to dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra. However, it is not known how cortical neurons are affected by α-syn. In this study, we used viral overexpression of α-syn to investigate whether localized overexpression within the cortex affects the density, length, and morphology of dendritic spines, which serve as a measure of synaptic connectivity. An AAV2/6 viral vector coding for wild-type human α-syn was used to target overexpression bilaterally to the medial prefrontal cortex within adult mice. After ten weeks the brain was stained using the Golgi-Cox method. Density of dendritic spines in the injected region was increased in layer V pyramidal neurons compared with animals injected with control virus. Immunohistochemistry in separate animals showed human α-syn expression throughout the region of interest, especially in presynaptic terminals. However, phosphorylated α-syn was seen in a discrete number of cells at the region of highest overexpression, localized mainly to the soma and nucleus. These findings demonstrate that at early timepoints, α-syn overexpression may alter connectivity in the cortex, which may be relevant to early stages of the disease. In addition, these findings contribute to the understanding of α-syn, which when overexpressed in the wildtype, non-aggregated state may promote spine formation. Loss of spines secondary to α-syn in cortex may require higher expression, longer incubation, cellular damage, concomitant dopaminergic dysfunction or other two-hit factors to lead to synaptic degeneration.
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Yan ML, Zhang S, Zhao HM, Xia SN, Jin Z, Xu Y, Yang L, Qu Y, Huang SY, Duan MJ, Mao M, An XB, Mishra C, Zhang XY, Sun LH, Ai J. MicroRNA-153 impairs presynaptic plasticity by blocking vesicle release following chronic brain hypoperfusion. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:57. [PMID: 32252776 PMCID: PMC7137307 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic brain hypoperfusion (CBH) is closely related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). Meanwhile, synaptic pathology plays a prominent role in the initial stage of AD and VaD. However, whether and how CBH impairs presynaptic plasticity is currently unclear. Methods In the present study, we performed a battery of techniques, including primary neuronal culture, patch clamp, stereotaxic injection of the lentiviral vectors, morris water maze (MWM), dual luciferase reporter assay, FM1–43 fluorescence dye evaluation, qRT-PCR and western blot, to investigate the regulatory effect of miR-153 on hippocampal synaptic vesicle release both in vivo and in vitro. The CBH rat model was generated by bilateral common carotid artery ligation (2VO). Results Compared to sham rats, 2VO rats presented decreased field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) amplitude and increased paired-pulse ratios (PPRs) in the CA3-CA1 pathway, as well as significantly decreased expression of multiple vesicle fusion-related proteins, including SNAP-25, VAMP-2, syntaxin-1A and synaptotagmin-1, in the hippocampi. The levels of microRNA-153 (miR-153) were upregulated in the hippocampi of rats following 2VO surgery, and in the plasma of dementia patients. The expression of the vesicle fusion-related proteins affected by 2VO was inhibited by miR-153, elevated by miR-153 inhibition, and unchanged by binding-site mutation or miR masks. FM1–43 fluorescence images showed that miR-153 blunted vesicle exocytosis, but this effect was prevented by either 2′-O-methyl antisense oligoribonucleotides to miR-153 (AMO-153) and miR-masking of the miR-153 binding site in the 3′ untranslated region (3’UTR) of the Snap25, Vamp2, Stx1a and Syt1 genes. Overexpression of miR-153 by lentiviral vector-mediated miR-153 mimics (lenti-pre-miR-153) decreased the fEPSP amplitude and elevated the PPR in the rat hippocampus, whereas overexpression of the antisense molecule (lenti-AMO-153) reversed these changes triggered by 2VO. Furthermore, lenti-AMO-153 attenuated the cognitive decline of 2VO rats. Conclusions Overexpression of miR-153 controls CBH-induced presynaptic vesicle release impairment by posttranscriptionally regulating the expression of four vesicle release-related proteins by targeting the 3’UTRs of the Stx1a, Snap25, Vamp2 and Syt1 genes. These findings identify a novel mechanism of presynaptic plasticity impairment during CBH, which may be a new drug target for prevention or treatment of AD and VaD. Video Abstract
Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yan
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Xia
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhuo Jin
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Si-Yu Huang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ming-Jing Duan
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Meng Mao
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bin An
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Chandan Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Li-Hua Sun
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Tremblay C, François A, Delay C, Freland L, Vandal M, Bennett DA, Calon F. Association of Neuropathological Markers in the Parietal Cortex With Antemortem Cognitive Function in Persons With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 76:70-88. [PMID: 28158844 PMCID: PMC7526851 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The associations between cognitive function and neuropathological markers in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer disease (AD) remain only partly defined. We investigated relationships between antemortem global cognitive scores and β-amyloid (Aβ), tau, TDP-43, synaptic proteins and other key AD neuropathological markers assessed by biochemical approaches in postmortem anterior parietal cortex samples from 36 subjects (12 MCI, 12 AD and 12 not cognitively impaired) from the Religious Orders Study. Overall, the strongest negative correlation coefficients associated with global cognitive scores were obtained for insoluble phosphorylated tau (r2 = -0.484), insoluble Aβ42 (r2 = -0.389) and neurofibrillary tangle counts (r2 = -0.494) (all p < 0.001). Robust inverse associations with cognition scores were also established for TDP-43-positive cytoplasmic inclusions (r2 = -0.476), total insoluble tau (r2 = -0.385) and Aβ plaque counts (r2 = -0.426). Sarkosyl (SK)- or formic acid (FA)-extracted tau showed similar interrelations. On the other hand, synaptophysin (r2 = +0.335), pS403/404 TDP-43 (r2 = +0.265) and septin-3 (r2 = +0.257) proteins positively correlated with cognitive scores. This study suggests that tau and Aβ42 in their insoluble aggregated forms, synaptic proteins and TDP-43 are the markers in the parietal cortex that are most strongly associated with cognitive function. This further substantiates the relevance of investigating these markers to understand the pathogenesis of AD and develop therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyntia Tremblay
- From the Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada (CT, AF, LF, MV, FC); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU-Q) Research Center, Neuroscience Axis, Québec, QC, Canada (CT, AF, LF, MV, FC); "Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement" (RID-AGE) Research Group, University of Lille, INSERM U1167, Lille University Medical Center, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (CD); and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (DAB)
| | - Arnaud François
- From the Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada (CT, AF, LF, MV, FC); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU-Q) Research Center, Neuroscience Axis, Québec, QC, Canada (CT, AF, LF, MV, FC); "Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement" (RID-AGE) Research Group, University of Lille, INSERM U1167, Lille University Medical Center, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (CD); and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (DAB)
| | - Charlotte Delay
- From the Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada (CT, AF, LF, MV, FC); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU-Q) Research Center, Neuroscience Axis, Québec, QC, Canada (CT, AF, LF, MV, FC); "Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement" (RID-AGE) Research Group, University of Lille, INSERM U1167, Lille University Medical Center, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (CD); and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (DAB)
| | - Laure Freland
- From the Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada (CT, AF, LF, MV, FC); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU-Q) Research Center, Neuroscience Axis, Québec, QC, Canada (CT, AF, LF, MV, FC); "Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement" (RID-AGE) Research Group, University of Lille, INSERM U1167, Lille University Medical Center, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (CD); and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (DAB)
| | - Milène Vandal
- From the Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada (CT, AF, LF, MV, FC); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU-Q) Research Center, Neuroscience Axis, Québec, QC, Canada (CT, AF, LF, MV, FC); "Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement" (RID-AGE) Research Group, University of Lille, INSERM U1167, Lille University Medical Center, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (CD); and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (DAB)
| | - David A Bennett
- From the Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada (CT, AF, LF, MV, FC); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU-Q) Research Center, Neuroscience Axis, Québec, QC, Canada (CT, AF, LF, MV, FC); "Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement" (RID-AGE) Research Group, University of Lille, INSERM U1167, Lille University Medical Center, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (CD); and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (DAB)
| | - Frédéric Calon
- From the Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada (CT, AF, LF, MV, FC); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU-Q) Research Center, Neuroscience Axis, Québec, QC, Canada (CT, AF, LF, MV, FC); "Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement" (RID-AGE) Research Group, University of Lille, INSERM U1167, Lille University Medical Center, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (CD); and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (DAB)
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