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Sharma I, Gupta P, Kango N. Synthesis and characterization of keratinase laden green synthesized silver nanoparticles for valorization of feather keratin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11608. [PMID: 37463953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the efficient and cost-effective synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts, which have versatile and non-toxic applications. The research objectives include synthesizing AgNPs from readily available plant extracts, optimizing their production and multi scale characterization, along with exploring their use for enzyme immobilization and mitigation of poultry feather waste. Among the plant extracts tested, the flower extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (HF) showed the most potential for AgNP synthesis. The synthesis of HF-mediated AgNPs was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) for efficient and environment friendly production. Additionally, the keratinase enzyme obtained from Bacillus sp. NCIM 5802 was covalently linked to AgNPs, forming a keratinase nanocomplex (KNC) whose biochemical properties were evaluated. The KNC demonstrated optimal activity at pH 10.0 and 60 °C and it displayed remarkable stability in the presence of various inhibitors, metal ions, surfactants, and detergents. Spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, UV-visible, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were employed to investigate the formation of biogenic HF-AgNPs and KNC, confirming the presence of capping and stabilizing agents. The morphological characteristics of the synthesized AgNPs and KNC were determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size analysis. The study highlighted the antimicrobial, dye scavenging, and antioxidant properties of biogenic AgNPs and KNC, demonstrating their potential for various applications. Overall, this research showcases the effectiveness of plant extract-driven green synthesis of AgNPs and the successful development of keratinase-laden nanocomplexes, opening possibilities for their use in immobilizing industrial and commercial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, 470003, India
| | - Pranshi Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, 470003, India
| | - Naveen Kango
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, 470003, India.
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Pei XD, Li F, Yue SY, Huang XN, Gao TT, Jiao DQ, Wang CH. Production and characterization of novel thermo- and organic solvent-stable keratinase and aminopeptidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4-3 for effective poultry feather degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:2480-2493. [PMID: 35930154 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Feather biodegradation is an important premise for efficient resource development and utilization, in which keratinase plays an important role. However, there are few keratinases that combine the high activity, thermal stability, and organic solvent tolerance required for industrialization. This paper reported an efficient feather-degrading Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4-3 isolated from slaughterhouses. After 48 h of fermentation by P. aeruginosa 4-3 in a feather medium at 40 °C, pH 8.0, keratinase was efficiently produced (295.28 ± 5.42 U/mL) with complete feather degradation (95.3 ± 1.5%). Moreover, the keratinase from P. aeruginosa 4-3 showed high optimal temperature (55 °C), good thermal stability, wide pH tolerance, and excellent organic solvent resistance. In addition, P. aeruginosa 4-3-derived aminopeptidases also exhibit excellent thermal stability and organic solvent tolerance. Encouragingly, the reaction of crude keratinase and aminopeptidase with feathers for 8 h resulted in a 78% degradation rate of feathers. These properties make P. aeruginosa 4-3 keratinase and aminopeptidase ideal proteases for potential applications in keratin degradation, as well as provide ideas for the synergistic degradation of keratin by multiple enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Pei
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Yang Yue
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ni Huang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Tian Gao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dao-Quan Jiao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China.
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Jana A, Kakkar N, Halder SK, Das AJ, Bhaskar T, Ray A, Ghosh D. Efficient valorization of feather waste by Bacillus cereus IIPK35 for concomitant production of antioxidant keratin hydrolysate and milk-clotting metallo-serine keratinase. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 324:116380. [PMID: 36208515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Keratinase production by Bacillus cereus IIPK35 was investigated under solid-state fermentation (SSF) and the maximum titer of 648.28 U/gds was revealed. Feather hydrolysates obtained from SSF exhibited paramount antioxidant properties in ABTS [2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid], FRAP [Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power], and DPPH [2,2,-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl] assay. The keratinase was purified up to homogeneity have a molecular weight of 42 kDa, and showed its stability between pH 6.5-10.0 and temperature 35-60 °C with optimum enzyme activity at pH 9.0 and 55 °C. The catalytic indices viz. Km of 9.8 mg/ml and Vmax of 307.7 μmol/min for keratin were determined. Besides keratin, the enzyme displayed broad and proteolytic activity towards other proteinaceous substrates such as casein, skim milk, gelatin, and bovine serum albumin. Pure keratinase activity was stimulated in presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, while it was strongly inhibited by both iodoacetamide and EDTA, indicating it to be a metallo-serine protease in nature. Circular dichroism study endorses the structural stability of the secondary structure at the said range of pH and temperature. The IIPK35 keratinase is non-cytotoxic in nature, shows remarkable storage stability and is stable in presence of Tween 80, Triton X 100, and sodium sulfite. Furthermore, it showed excellent milk clotting potential (107.6 Soxhlet Unit), suggesting its usefulness as an alternative milk clotting agent in the dairy industry. This study unlocks a new gateway for keratinase investigation in SSF using chicken feathers as substrate and biochemical and biophysical characterization of keratinase for better understanding and implication in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Jana
- Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India.
| | - Nikita Kakkar
- Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 304022, India.
| | - Suman Kumar Halder
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India.
| | - Amar Jyoti Das
- Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India.
| | - Thallada Bhaskar
- Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 210002, India.
| | - Anjan Ray
- Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 210002, India.
| | - Debashish Ghosh
- Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 210002, India.
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Babbar N, Sharma G, Arya SK. Effective degradation of chicken feather waste by keratinase enzyme with triton X-100 additive. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li Q. Perspectives on Converting Keratin-Containing Wastes Into Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918262. [PMID: 35794912 PMCID: PMC9251476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin-containing wastes become pollution to the environment if they are not treated properly. On the other hand, these wastes can be converted into value-added products applicable to many fields. Organic fertilizers and biofertilizers are important for sustainable agriculture by providing nutrients to enhance the growth speed of the plant and production. Keratin-containing wastes, therefore, will be an important resource to produce organic fertilizers. Many microorganisms exhibit capabilities to degrade keratins making them attractive to convert keratin-containing wastes into valuable products. In this review, the progress in microbial degradation of keratins is summarized. In addition, perspectives in converting keratin into bio- and organic fertilizers for agriculture are described. With proper treatment, feather wastes which are rich in keratin can be converted into high-value fertilizers to serve as nutrients for plants, reduce environmental pressure and improve the quality of the soil for sustainable agriculture.
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Anbesaw MS. Bioconversion of Keratin Wastes Using Keratinolytic Microorganisms to Generate Value-Added Products. Int J Biomater 2022; 2022:2048031. [PMID: 37251738 PMCID: PMC10212687 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2048031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of keratinous wastes generated from different industries is becoming a major concern across the world. In each year, more than a billion tons of keratin waste is released into the environment. Despite some trials that have been performed and utilize this waste into valuable products, still a huge amount of keratin waste from different sources is a less explored biomaterial for making valuable products. This indicates that the huge amount of keratin waste is neither disposed properly nor converted into usable products rather thrown away to the environment that causes environmental pollution. Due to the introduction of this waste associated with different pathogenic organisms into soil and water bodies, human beings and other small and large animals are affected by different diseases. Therefore, there is a need for modern and ecofriendly approaches to dispose and convert this waste into usable products. Hence, the objective of this review is to give a concise overview regarding the degradation of keratin waste by biological approaches using keratinase producing microorganisms. The review also focuses on the practical use of keratinases and the economical importance of bioconverted products of keratinous wastes for different applications. Various researches have been studied about the source, disposal mechanisms, techniques of hydrolysis, potential use, and physical and chemical properties of keratin wastes. However, there is negligible information with regard to the use of keratin wastes as media supplements for the growth of keratinolytic microorganisms and silver retrieval from photographic and used X-ray films. Hence, this review differs from other similar reviews in the literature in that it discusses these neglected concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Seid Anbesaw
- Wollo University, School of Bio-Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Devi S, Chauhan A, Bishist R, Sankhyan N, Rana K, Sharma N. Production, partial purification and efficacy of keratinase from Bacillus halotolerans L2EN1 isolated from the poultry farm of Himachal Pradesh as a potential laundry additive. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2022.2029851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Devi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Aishwarya Chauhan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Rohit Bishist
- Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Neeraj Sankhyan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Kavita Rana
- Department of Basic Sciences, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Nisha Sharma
- Department of Basic Sciences, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
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Compatibility and Washing Performance of Compound Protease Detergent. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app12010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protease is the main enzyme of detergent. Through the combination of different proteases and the combination of protease and detergent additives, it can adapt to different washing conditions to improve the washing effect. In this experiment, whiteness determination, microscope scanning, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to detect the whiteness values of the cloth pieces before and after washing, as well as the stain residue between the fibers on the surface of the cloth pieces. The protease detergent formula with better decontamination and anti-deposition effects was selected. The combination of alkaline protease, keratinase, and trypsin was cost-effective in removing stains. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the molecular weight of the protein significantly changed after adding the enzyme preparation during washing, and the molecular weight of the protein was directly proportional to protein redeposition. The composite protease had a better comprehensive decontamination effect, and when compatible with suitable surfactants, anti-redeposition agents, and water-softening agents, the compound protease detergent exhibited a stronger decontamination ability than commercial detergents.
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Cavello I, Bezus B, Cavalitto S. The keratinolytic bacteria Bacillus cytotoxicus as a source of novel proteases and feather protein hydrolysates with antioxidant activities. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:107. [PMID: 34292436 PMCID: PMC8298642 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Argentina's geothermal areas are niches of a rich microbial diversity. In 2020, species of Bacillus cytotoxicus were isolated for the first time from these types of pristine natural areas. Bacillus cytotoxicus strains demonstrated the capability to grow and degrade chicken feathers with the concomitant production of proteases with keratinolytic activity, enzymes that have multitude of industrial applications. The aim of this research was to study the production of the proteolytic enzymes and its characterization. Also, feather protein hydrolysates produced during fermentation were characterized. RESULTS Among the thermotolerant strains isolated from the Domuyo geothermal area (Neuquén province, Argentina), Bacillus cytotoxicus LT-1 and Oll-15 were selected and put through submerged cultures using feather wastes as sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source in order to obtain proteolytic enzymes and protein hydrolysates. Complete degradation of feathers was achieved after 48 h. Zymograms demonstrated the presence of several proteolytic enzymes with an estimated molecular weight between 50 and > 120 kDa. Optimum pH and temperatures of Bacillus cytotoxicus LT-1 crude extract were 7.0 and 40 °C, meanwhile for Oll-15 were 7.0 and 50 °C. Crude extracts were inhibited by EDTA and 1,10 phenanthroline indicating the presence of metalloproteases. Feather protein hydrolysates showed an interesting antioxidant potential measured through radical-scavenging and Fe3+-reducing activities. CONCLUSION This work represents an initial approach on the study of the biotechnological potential of proteases produced by Bacillus cytotoxicus. The results demonstrated the importance of continuous search for new biocatalysts with new characteristics and enzymes to be able to cope with the demands in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Cavello
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata (CINDEFI, CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Brenda Bezus
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata (CINDEFI, CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Cavalitto
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata (CINDEFI, CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH), La Plata, Argentina
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10
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Li Q. Structure, Application, and Biochemistry of Microbial Keratinases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:674345. [PMID: 34248885 PMCID: PMC8260994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.674345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinases belong to a class of proteases that are able to degrade keratins into amino acids. Microbial keratinases play important roles in turning keratin-containing wastes into value-added products by participating in the degradation of keratin. Keratin is found in human and animal hard tissues, and its complicated structures make it resistant to degradation by common proteases. Although breaking disulfide bonds are involved in keratin degradation, keratinase is responsible for the cleavage of peptides, making it attractive in pharmaceutical and feather industries. Keratinase can serve as an important tool to convert keratin-rich wastes such as feathers from poultry industry into diverse products applicable to many fields. Despite of some progress made in isolating keratinase-producing microorganisms, structural studies of keratinases, and biochemical characterization of these enzymes, effort is still required to expand the biotechnological application of keratinase in diverse fields by identifying more keratinases, understanding the mechanism of action and constructing more active enzymes through molecular biology and protein engineering. Herein, this review covers structures, applications, biochemistry of microbial keratinases, and strategies to improve its efficiency in keratin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High Value Utilization, Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Wu F, Ma J, Cha Y, Lu D, Li Z, Zhuo M, Luo X, Li S, Zhu M. Using inexpensive substrate to achieve high-level lipase A secretion by Bacillus subtilis through signal peptide and promoter screening. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Sharma I, Kango N. Production and characterization of keratinase by Ochrobactrum intermedium for feather keratin utilization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1046-1056. [PMID: 33157140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A newly isolated bacterium producing 55.5 U/mL keratinase on feather meal minimal medium was identified as Ochrobactrum intermedium. Optimization of process parameters by one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) approach (substrate concentration 0.5% w/v, inoculum size 5% w/v, pH 7.0, 200 rpm for 96 h at 40 °C) resulted in 2.1-fold increase in keratinase secretion (117 U/mL). Keratinase was optimally active at pH 9.0 and 40 °C and was stable at pH 9.0 and 60 °C for 120 min. Calcium ions enhanced keratinase activity (158%) significantly, while it was strongly inhibited by both PMSF and EDTA, indicating it to be a metallo-serine protease. Keratinase degraded native chicken feathers efficiently resulting in 97.9% weight loss along with release of 745.5 μg/mL soluble proteins and 4196.69 μg/mL amino acids. Feather hydrolysate generated by NKIS 1 exhibited significant anti-oxidant and free-radical scavenging activity (90.46%). The present study revealed that O. intermedium NKIS 1 has potential applications in the biodegradation of chicken feathers and the value-addition of poultry waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, M.P. 470003, India
| | - Naveen Kango
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, M.P. 470003, India.
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Cavello I, Urbieta MS, Cavalitto S, Donati E. Bacillus cytotoxicus Isolated from a Pristine Natural Geothermal Area Reveals High Keratinolytic Activity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E796. [PMID: 32466512 PMCID: PMC7355561 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Geothermal areas are the niches of a rich microbial diversity that is not only part of the intangible patrimony of a country but also the source of many microbial species with potential biotechnological applications. Particularly, microbial species in geothermal areas in Argentina have been scarcely explored regarding their possible biotechnological uses. The purpose of this work was to explore the proteolytic and keratinolytic enzymatic potential of microorganisms that inhabit in the Domuyo geothermal area in the Neuquén Province. To this end, we did enrichment cultures from two high-temperature natural samples in mineral media only supplemented with whole chicken feathers. After the isolation and the phylogenetic and morphologic characterization of different colonies, we obtained a collection of Bacillus cytotoxicus isolates, a species with no previous report of keratinolytic activity and only reported in rehydrated meals connected with food poisoning outbreaks. Its natural habitat has been unknown up to now. We characterized the proteolytic and keratinolytic capacities of the B. cytotoxicus isolates in different conditions, which proved to be remarkably high compared with those of other similar species. Thus, our work represents the first report of the isolation as well as the keratinolytic capacity characterization of strains of B. cytotixicus obtained from a natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Sofía Urbieta
- CINDEFI (CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH) La Plata 1900, Argentina; (I.C.); (S.C.); (E.D.)
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Citrobacter diversus-derived keratinases and their potential application as detergent-compatible cloth-cleaning agents. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:969-977. [PMID: 32291739 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, poultry farming is one of the sectors that have a significant impact on the global economy. In recent years, there has been an increase in the production of broilers, inflicting this segment of the industry to generate tons of keratin due to huge disposal of chicken feathers. This points to the need to degrade these chicken feathers, as they have emerged as a major threat to the environment. Thus, in this study we aimed to identify keratinases that are produced by the bacterium Citrobacter diversus and further investigate the biochemical characteristics of these keratin-degrading enzymes. In a submerged medium, the bacterium was capable of degrading chicken feathers almost completely after 36 h of fermentation. We found a maximum caseinolytic activity at pH 9-10.5 and 50-55 °C, and keratinolytic activity at pH 8.5-9.5 and 50 °C. Thus, given its stability at higher temperatures, upon incubation of this enzyme extract for 1 h at 50 °C, it showed approximately 50% of the keratinolytic and 100% of the caseinolytic activity. Further, under pH stability for 48 h at 4 °C, the enzyme extract maintained greater residual activity in the pH range 6-8. Caseinolytic activity was inhibited by EDTA and PMSF, whereas the keratinolytic activity was inhibited only by EDTA. Additionally, due to its alkaline activity and detergent compatibility, this enzyme extract could improve washing performance when added to a commercial detergent formulation. Using application tests, we could demonstrate a potential use of this bacterial enzyme extract as an additive in detergents to remove egg stains from cloth.
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Hassan MA, Abol-Fotouh D, Omer AM, Tamer TM, Abbas E. Comprehensive insights into microbial keratinases and their implication in various biotechnological and industrial sectors: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:567-583. [PMID: 32194110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enormous masses of keratinous wastes are annually accumulated in the environment as byproducts of poultry processing and agricultural wastes. Keratin is a recalcitrant fibrous protein, which represents the major constituent of various keratin-rich wastes, which released into the environment in the form of feathers, hair, wool, bristle, and hooves. Chemical treatment methods of these wastes resulted in developing many hazardous gases and toxins to the public health, in addition to the destruction of several amino acids. Accordingly, microbial keratinases have been drawing much interest as an eco-friendly approach to convert keratinous wastes into valuable products. Numerous keratinolytic microorganisms have been identified, which revealed the competence to hydrolyze keratins into peptides and amino acids. Several types of keratinolytic proteases have been produced that possess diverse biochemical characteristics, conferring them the versatility for implementing in multifarious applications such as detergents, leather and textile industries, animal feeding, and production of bio-fertilizers, in addition to medical and pharmaceutical treatments. This review article emphasizes the significance of keratinases and keratinase based-products via comprehensive insights into the keratin structure, diversity of keratinolytic microorganisms, and mechanisms of keratin hydrolysis. Furthermore, we discuss the biochemical properties of the produced keratinases and their feasible applications in diverse disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hassan
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, P.O. Box: 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Deyaa Abol-Fotouh
- Electronic Materials Researches Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, P.O. Box: 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Omer
- Polymer Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, P.O. Box: 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tamer M Tamer
- Polymer Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, P.O. Box: 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman Abbas
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Li Q. Progress in Microbial Degradation of Feather Waste. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2717. [PMID: 31866957 PMCID: PMC6906142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feathers are a major by-product of the poultry industry. They are mainly composed of keratins which have wide applications in different fields. Due to the increasing production of feathers from poultry industries, the untreated feathers could become pollutants because of their resistance to protease degradation. Feathers are rich in amino acids, which makes them a valuable source for fertilizer and animal feeds. Numerous bacteria and fungi exhibited capabilities to degrade chicken feathers by secreting enzymes such as keratinases, and accumulated evidence shows that feather-containing wastes can be converted into value-added products. This review summarizes recent progress in microbial degradation of feathers, structures of keratinases, feather application, and microorganisms that are able to secrete keratinase. In addition, the enzymes critical for keratin degradation and their mechanism of action are discussed. We also proposed the strategy that can be utilized for feather degradation. Based on the accumulated studies, microbial degradation of feathers has great potential to convert them into various products such as biofertilizer and animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Li
- Guangdong Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Cucho H, López Y, Caldeira C, Valverde A, Ordóñez C, Soler C. Comparison of three different staining methods for the morphometric characterization of Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) sperm, using ISAS® CASA-Morph system. NOVA BIOLOGICA REPERTA 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/nbr.6.3.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Aguilar JGDS, Castro RJSD, Sato HH. ALKALINE PROTEASE PRODUCTION BY Bacillus licheniformis LBA 46 IN A BENCH REACTOR: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND AGITATION. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20190362s20180014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bhari R, Kaur M, Singh RS. Thermostable and halotolerant keratinase fromBacillus aeriusNSMk2 with remarkable dehairing and laundary applications. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:555-568. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeeta Bhari
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
| | - Ram S. Singh
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
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Dai C, Wu A, Qi Y, Chen Z. The Optimization of Mix Proportions for Cement Paste Backfill Materials via Box–Behnken Experimental Method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40033-019-00180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ramakrishna Reddy M, Sathi Reddy K, Ranjita Chouhan Y, Bee H, Reddy G. Effective feather degradation and keratinase production by Bacillus pumilus GRK for its application as bio-detergent additive. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 243:254-263. [PMID: 28672188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An effecient feather-degrading bacterium was isolated from poultry dumping yard and identified as Bacillus pumilus GRK based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Complete feather degradation (98.3±1.52%) with high keratinase production (373±4 U/ml) was observed in 24h under optimized conditions (substrate 1% (w/w); inoculum size 4% (v/v); pH 10; 200rpm at 37°C) with feathers as sole carbon and nitrogen source in tap water. The fermented broth was enriched with amino acids like tryptophan (221.44µg/ml), isoleucine (15.0µg/ml), lysine (10.81µg/ml) and methionine (7.24µg/ml) suggesting its potential use as feed supplement. The keratinase produced was a detergent stable serine protease and its activity was further enhanced by Ca+2 and Mg+2. Bacillus pumilus GRK keratinase was successfully utilised as bioadditive in detergent formulations for removing the blood stains from cloth without affecting its fiber and texture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Sathi Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Y Ranjita Chouhan
- Department of Microbiology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Hameeda Bee
- Department of Microbiology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Gopal Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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Sahoo DK, Thatoi HN, Mitra B, Mondal KC, Das Mohapatra PK. Advances in Microbial Keratinase and Its Potential Applications. Microb Biotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6847-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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23
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Gao J, Yu H, Zhou L, He Y, Ma L, Jiang Y. Formation of cross-linked nitrile hydratase aggregates in the pores of tannic-acid-templated magnetic mesoporous silica: Characterization and catalytic application. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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24
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Ferreira CMO, Correia PC, Brandão-Costa RMP, Albuquerque WWC, Lin Liu TPS, Campos-Takaki GM, Porto ALF. Collagenase produced fromAspergillussp. (UCP 1276) using chicken feather industrial residue. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Michelle Oliveira Ferreira
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology; Rural Federal University of Pernambuco - UFRPE; Recife PE Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology; Laboratory of Imunopathology Keizo Asami; Federal University of Pernambuco; Recife PE Brazil
| | - Patyanne Carvalho Correia
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology; Rural Federal University of Pernambuco - UFRPE; Recife PE Brazil
| | | | | | - Tatiana Pereira Shin Lin Liu
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology; Rural Federal University of Pernambuco - UFRPE; Recife PE Brazil
| | | | - Ana Lúcia Figueiredo Porto
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology; Rural Federal University of Pernambuco - UFRPE; Recife PE Brazil
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Yusuf I, Ahmad SA, Phang LY, Syed MA, Shamaan NA, Abdul Khalil K, Dahalan FA, Shukor MY. Keratinase production and biodegradation of polluted secondary chicken feather wastes by a newly isolated multi heavy metal tolerant bacterium-Alcaligenes sp. AQ05-001. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 183:182-195. [PMID: 27591845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of agricultural wastes, generated annually from poultry farms and slaughterhouses, can solve the pollution problem and at the same time yield valuable degradation products. But these wastes also constitute environmental nuisance, especially in Malaysia where their illegal disposal on heavy metal contaminated soils poses a serious biodegradation issue as feather tends to accumulate heavy metals from the surrounding environment. Further, continuous use of feather wastes as cheap biosorbent material for the removal of heavy metals from effluents has contributed to the rising amount of polluted feathers, which has necessitated the search for heavy metal-tolerant feather degrading strains. Isolation, characterization and application of a novel heavy metal-tolerant feather-degrading bacterium, identified by 16S RNA sequencing as Alcaligenes sp. AQ05-001 in degradation of heavy metal polluted recalcitrant agricultural wastes, have been reported. Physico-cultural conditions influencing its activities were studied using one-factor-at-a-time and a statistical optimisation approach. Complete degradation of 5 g/L feather was achieved with pH 8, 2% inoculum at 27 °C and incubation period of 36 h. The medium optimisation after the response surface methodology (RSM) resulted in a 10-fold increase in keratinase production (88.4 U/mL) over the initial 8.85 U/mL when supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) sucrose, 0.15% (w/v) ammonium bicarbonate, 0.3% (w/v) skim milk, and 0.01% (w/v) urea. Under optimum conditions, the bacterium was able to degrade heavy metal polluted feathers completely and produced valuable keratinase and protein-rich hydrolysates. About 83% of the feathers polluted with a mixture of highly toxic metals were degraded with high keratinase activities. The heavy metal tolerance ability of this bacterium can be harnessed not only in keratinase production but also in the bioremediation of heavy metal-polluted feather wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Yusuf
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Bimolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayero University, Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Bimolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lai Yee Phang
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Bimolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Arif Syed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Bimolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Aripin Shamaan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 13th Floor, Menara B, Persiaran MPAJ, Jalan Pandan Utama, Pandan Indah, 55100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khalilah Abdul Khalil
- Biomolecular Science Program, School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknology MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farrah Aini Dahalan
- The School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pengajian Kejuruteraan Jejawi 3, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yunus Shukor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Bimolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Verma A, Singh H, Anwar S, Chattopadhyay A, Tiwari KK, Kaur S, Dhilon GS. Microbial keratinases: industrial enzymes with waste management potential. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:476-491. [PMID: 27291252 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1185388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are ubiquitous enzymes that occur in various biological systems ranging from microorganisms to higher organisms. Microbial proteases are largely utilized in various established industrial processes. Despite their numerous industrial applications, they are not efficient in hydrolysis of recalcitrant, protein-rich keratinous wastes which result in environmental pollution and health hazards. This paved the way for the search of keratinolytic microorganisms having the ability to hydrolyze "hard to degrade" keratinous wastes. This new class of proteases is known as "keratinases". Due to their specificity, keratinases have an advantage over normal proteases and have replaced them in many industrial applications, such as nematicidal agents, nitrogenous fertilizer production from keratinous waste, animal feed and biofuel production. Keratinases have also replaced the normal proteases in the leather industry and detergent additive application due to their better performance. They have also been proved efficient in prion protein degradation. Above all, one of the major hurdles of enzyme industrial applications (cost effective production) can be achieved by using keratinous waste biomass, such as chicken feathers and hairs as fermentation substrate. Use of these low cost waste materials serves dual purposes: to reduce the fermentation cost for enzyme production as well as reducing the environmental waste load. The advent of keratinases has given new direction for waste management with industrial applications giving rise to green technology for sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Verma
- a CBSH, SD Agricultural University , Gujarat , India
| | - Hukum Singh
- b Climate Change and Forest Influences Division , Forest Research Institute, ICFRE , Dehradun , India
| | - Shahbaz Anwar
- c Department of Microbiology , GBPUAT , Pantnagar , India
| | | | | | - Surinder Kaur
- e Department of Biological Sciences , University of Lethbridge , Lethbridge , AB , Canada.,f Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agrifood Canada , Lethbridge , AB , Canada
| | - Gurpreet Singh Dhilon
- g Department of Food, Agricultural, and Nutritional Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB , Canada
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El-Bakry M, Gea T, Sánchez A. Inoculation effect of thermophilic microorganisms on protease production through solid-state fermentation under non-sterile conditions at lab and bench scale (SSF). Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:585-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Zhang RX, Gong JS, Zhang DD, Su C, Hou YS, Li H, Shi JS, Xu ZH. A metallo-keratinase from a newly isolated Acinetobacter sp. R-1 with low collagenase activity and its biotechnological application potential in leather industry. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 39:193-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Reddy N. Non-food industrial applications of poultry feathers. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 45:91-107. [PMID: 26092473 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Poultry feathers are one of the unique coproducts that have versatile applications ranging from composites, fibers, tissue engineering scaffolds, nano and micro particles, electronic devices and many others. Despite their low cost, abundant availability, wide applicability and unique properties, non-food industrial applications of feather keratin are very limited. Poor-thermoplasticity, difficulty in dissolving keratin and limited knowledge on the processability and properties of products developed are some of the limitations for the large scale use of feather/keratin. Nevertheless, increasing interests in using renewable and sustainable raw materials and need to decrease dependence on non-renewable petroleum resources make feathers an attractive raw material for bioproducts. This review provides an overview of the products developed from poultry feathers and their limitations and advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Reddy
- Center for Emerging Technologies, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Jakkasandra Post, Ramanagara District, Bengaluru 562112, India.
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Optimization for production of liquid nitrogen fertilizer from the degradation of chicken feather by iron-oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles coupled β-keratinase. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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31
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Pourjavaheri F, Mohaddes F, Bramwell P, Sherkat F, Shanks RA. Purification of avian biological material to refined keratin fibres. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08947f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin derived from chicken feather fibres (CFFs) has many potential applications that are constrained by the quality and pathogen content after purification treatment.
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Daroit DJ, Brandelli A. A current assessment on the production of bacterial keratinases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:372-84. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.794768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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34
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Sharma R, Verma VV, Gupta R. Functional characterization of an extracellular keratinolytic protease, Ker AP from Pseudomonas aeruginosa KS-1: A putative aminopeptidase with PA domain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Purification and characterization of moderately halophilic alkaline serine protease from marine Bacillus subtilis AP-MSU 6. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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36
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Chaudhari PN, Chaudhari BL, Chincholkar SB. Iron containing keratinolytic metallo-protease produced by Chryseobacterium gleum. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Ye M, Liu X, Zhao L. Production of a Novel Salt-tolerant L-glutaminase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Using Agro-industrial Residues and its Application in Chinese Soy Sauce Fermentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2013.25.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Queiroga AC, Pintado ME, Malcata FX. Search for novel proteolytic enzymes aimed at textile and agro-industrial applications: An overview of current and novel approaches. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.650856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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39
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Yong X, Raza W, Yu G, Ran W, Shen Q, Yang X. Optimization of the production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C1 in solid-state fermentation using dairy manure compost and monosodium glutamate production residues as basic substrates. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:7548-54. [PMID: 21665467 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a polymer with uses in foods, cosmetics, medicine and agriculture. The medium for the production of γ-PGA by Bacillusamyloliquefaciens C1 was optimized by response surface methodology using agro-industrial wastes in solid-state fermentation (SSF). The optimal SSF medium (20g substrates with 50% initial moisture) for producing γ-PGA was determined to contain 5.51g dairy manure compost, 1.91g soybean cake, 0.57g corn flour, 2.15g monosodium glutamate production residues, 1.5g wheat bran, 0.5g rapeseed cake, 0.1g citric acid, 0.05g MgSO(4)·7H(2)O and 0.03g MnSO(4)·H(2)O. In this medium the strain produced up to 0.0437g γ-PGA per gram of substrates when cultured for 48h at 37°C. SDS-PAGE showed that the molecular weight of the γ-PGA was more than 130kDa. Due to the high-yields observed and the low-cost nature of the optimal medium, this study indicates a possibility to establish economical large-scale production of γ-PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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40
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Dynamics of bacterial communities during solid-state fermentation using agro-industrial wastes to produce poly-γ-glutamic acid, revealed by real-time PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:717-25. [PMID: 21670980 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of bacterial communities play an important role in solid-state fermentation (SSF). Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) was produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C1 in SSF using dairy manure compost and monosodium glutamate production residuals as basic substrates. The production of γ-PGA reached a maximum of 0.6% after 20 days fermentation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction showed the amount of total bacteria reached 3.95 × 10(9) 16S rDNA copies/g sample after 30 days, which was in good accordance with the 4.80 × 10(9) CFU/g obtained by plate counting. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile showed a reduction of microbial diversity during fermentation, while the inoculum, B. amyloliquefaciens C1, was detected as the dominant organism through the whole process. In the mesophilic phase of SSF, Proteobacteria was the dominant microbial, which was replaced by Firmicutes and Actinobacteria in the thermophilic phase. The molecular analysis of the bacterial diversity has significant potential for instructing the maturing process of SSF to produce γ-PGA at a large-scale level, which could be a benefit in the production of high quality and stable SSF products.
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41
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Optimization of production of an oxidant and detergent-stable alkaline β-keratinase from Brevibacillus sp. strain AS-S10-II: Application of enzyme in laundry detergent formulations and in leather industry. Biochem Eng J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Kumar L, Awasthi G, Singh B. Extremophiles: A Novel Source of Industrially Important Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2011.121.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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43
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Mukherjee AK, Rai SK. A statistical approach for the enhanced production of alkaline protease showing fibrinolytic activity from a newly isolated Gram-negative Bacillus sp. strain AS-S20-I. N Biotechnol 2011; 28:182-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Rai SK, Mukherjee AK. Statistical optimization of production, purification and industrial application of a laundry detergent and organic solvent-stable subtilisin-like serine protease (Alzwiprase) from Bacillus subtilis DM-04. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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45
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Biochemical features of microbial keratinases and their production and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1735-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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