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Wang N, Zhang C. Oxidative Stress: A Culprit in the Progression of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:455. [PMID: 38671903 PMCID: PMC11047699 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the principal culprit behind chronic kidney disease (CKD), ultimately developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and necessitating costly dialysis or kidney transplantation. The limited therapeutic efficiency among individuals with DKD is a result of our finite understanding of its pathogenesis. DKD is the result of complex interactions between various factors. Oxidative stress is a fundamental factor that can establish a link between hyperglycemia and the vascular complications frequently encountered in diabetes, particularly DKD. It is crucial to recognize the essential and integral role of oxidative stress in the development of diabetic vascular complications, particularly DKD. Hyperglycemia is the primary culprit that can trigger an upsurge in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately sparking oxidative stress. The main endogenous sources of ROS include mitochondrial ROS production, NADPH oxidases (Nox), uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), xanthine oxidase (XO), cytochrome P450 (CYP450), and lipoxygenase. Under persistent high glucose levels, immune cells, the complement system, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), protein kinase C (PKC), polyol pathway, and the hexosamine pathway are activated. Consequently, the oxidant-antioxidant balance within the body is disrupted, which triggers a series of reactions in various downstream pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), transforming growth factor beta/p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (TGF-β/p38-MAPK), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling. The disease might persist even if strict glucose control is achieved, which can be attributed to epigenetic modifications. The treatment of DKD remains an unresolved issue. Therefore, reducing ROS is an intriguing therapeutic target. The clinical trials have shown that bardoxolone methyl, a nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activator, blood glucose-lowering drugs, such as sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists can effectively slow down the progression of DKD by reducing oxidative stress. Other antioxidants, including vitamins, lipoic acid, Nox inhibitors, epigenetic regulators, and complement inhibitors, present a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of DKD. In this review, we conduct a thorough assessment of both preclinical studies and current findings from clinical studies that focus on targeted interventions aimed at manipulating these pathways. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in this area and identify key areas for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Wang L, Wang HL, Liu TT, Lan HY. TGF-Beta as a Master Regulator of Diabetic Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7881. [PMID: 34360646 PMCID: PMC8345981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common complications in diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. TGF-β is a pleiotropic cytokine and has been recognized as a key mediator of DN. However, anti-TGF-β treatment for DN remains controversial due to the diverse role of TGF-β1 in DN. Thus, understanding the regulatory role and mechanisms of TGF-β in the pathogenesis of DN is the initial step towards the development of anti-TGF-β treatment for DN. In this review, we first discuss the diverse roles and signaling mechanisms of TGF-β in DN by focusing on the latent versus active TGF-β1, the TGF-β receptors, and the downstream individual Smad signaling molecules including Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, and Smad7. Then, we dissect the regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β/Smad signaling in the development of DN by emphasizing Smad-dependent non-coding RNAs including microRNAs and long-non-coding RNAs. Finally, the potential therapeutic strategies for DN by targeting TGF-β signaling with various therapeutic approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (L.W.); (H.-L.W.); (T.-T.L.)
| | - Hong-Lian Wang
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (L.W.); (H.-L.W.); (T.-T.L.)
| | - Tong-Tong Liu
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (L.W.); (H.-L.W.); (T.-T.L.)
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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3
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α-Lipoic Acid Increases Collagen Synthesis and Deposition in Nondiabetic and Diabetic Rat Kidneys. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6669352. [PMID: 33777319 PMCID: PMC7979310 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6669352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
α-Lipoic acid (ALA) is widely used as a nutritional supplement and therapeutic agent in diabetes management. Well-established antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects of ALA were considered to be particularly important in combating diabetic complications including renal injury. The present study evaluated the potential of ALA to affect profibrotic events in kidney that could alter its structure and functioning. ALA was administered intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) to nondiabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats for 4 and 8 weeks. The effects of ALA were assessed starting from structural/morphological alterations through changes that characterize profibrotic processes, to regulation of collagen gene expression in kidney. Here, we demonstrated that ALA improved systemic glucose and urea level, reduced formation of renal advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and maintained renal structural integrity in diabetic rats. However, profibrotic events provoked in diabetes were not alleviated by ALA since collagen synthesis/deposition and expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) remained elevated in ALA-treated diabetic rats, especially after 8 weeks of diabetes onset. Moreover, 8 weeks treatment of nondiabetic rats with ALA led to the development of profibrotic features reflected in increased collagen synthesis/deposition. Besides the TGF-β1 downstream signaling, the additional mechanism underlying the upregulation of collagen IV in nondiabetic rats treated with ALA involves decreased DNA methylation of its promoter that could arise from increased Tet1 expression. These findings emphasize the therapeutic caution in the use of ALA, especially in patients with renal diabetic complication.
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Zhang XT, Wang G, Ye LF, Pu Y, Li RT, Liang J, Wang L, Lee KKH, Yang X. Baicalin reversal of DNA hypermethylation-associated Klotho suppression ameliorates renal injury in type 1 diabetic mouse model. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:3329-3347. [PMID: 33190590 PMCID: PMC7751632 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1843815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Baicalin is a flavone glycoside that possesses numerous pharmacological properties. but its protective mode of action in kidney injury induced by diabetes mellitus remains incompletely understood. Using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model, we found that baicalin could ameliorate diabetes-induced the pathological changes of the kidney function and morphology through suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, baicalin treatment could alleviate interstitial fibrosis in the diabetic kidney via inhibiting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which was accompanied by a sharp upregulation of Klotho, the endogenous inhibitor of renal fibrosis. We further verified that baicalin-rescued expression of Klotho was associated with Klotho promoter hypomethylation due to aberrant methyltransferase 3a expressions. Klotho knockdown via RNA interferences largely abrogated the anti-renal fibrotic effects of Baicalin in HK2 cells. These findings suggested that baicalin could alleviate renal injury-induced by diabates through partly modulating Klotho promoter methylation, which provides new insights into the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tan Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang Wang
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu-Fang Ye
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Pu
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run-Tong Li
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Liang
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Public Health, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kenneth Ka Ho Lee
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xuesong Yang
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Zeigler AC, Nelson AR, Chandrabhatla AS, Brazhkina O, Holmes JW, Saucerman JJ. Computational model predicts paracrine and intracellular drivers of fibroblast phenotype after myocardial infarction. Matrix Biol 2020; 91-92:136-151. [PMID: 32209358 PMCID: PMC7434705 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast is a key mediator of wound healing in the heart and other organs, yet how it integrates multiple time-dependent paracrine signals to control extracellular matrix synthesis has been difficult to study in vivo. Here, we extended a computational model to simulate the dynamics of fibroblast signaling and fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI) in response to time-dependent data for nine paracrine stimuli. This computational model was validated against dynamic collagen expression and collagen area fraction data from post-infarction rat hearts. The model predicted that while many features of the fibroblast phenotype at inflammatory or maturation phases of healing could be recapitulated by single static paracrine stimuli (interleukin-1 and angiotensin-II, respectively), mimicking the reparative phase required paired stimuli (e.g. TGFβ and endothelin-1). Virtual overexpression screens simulated with either static cytokine pairs or post-MI paracrine dynamic predicted phase-specific regulators of collagen expression. Several regulators increased (Smad3) or decreased (Smad7, protein kinase G) collagen expression specifically in the reparative phase. NADPH oxidase (NOX) overexpression sustained collagen expression from reparative to maturation phases, driven by TGFβ and endothelin positive feedback loops. Interleukin-1 overexpression had mixed effects, both enhancing collagen via the TGFβ positive feedback loop and suppressing collagen via NFκB and BAMBI (BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor) incoherent feed-forward loops. These model-based predictions reveal network mechanisms by which the dynamics of paracrine stimuli and interacting signaling pathways drive the progression of fibroblast phenotypes and fibrosis after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Zeigler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, PO Box 800759, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0759, USA
| | - Anders R Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anirudha S Chandrabhatla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, PO Box 800759, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0759, USA
| | - Olga Brazhkina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, PO Box 800759, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0759, USA; Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Holmes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, PO Box 800759, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0759, USA; Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, PO Box 800759, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0759, USA; Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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6
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Kakoki M, Bahnson EM, Hagaman JR, Siletzky RM, Grant R, Kayashima Y, Li F, Lee EY, Sun MT, Taylor JM, Rice JC, Almeida MF, Bahr BA, Jennette JC, Smithies O, Maeda-Smithies N. Engulfment and cell motility protein 1 potentiates diabetic cardiomyopathy via Rac-dependent and Rac-independent ROS production. JCI Insight 2019; 4:127660. [PMID: 31217360 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Engulfment and cell motility protein 1 (ELMO1) is part of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac), and ELMO1 polymorphisms were identified to be associated with diabetic nephropathy in genome-wide association studies. We generated a set of Akita Ins2C96Y diabetic mice having 5 graded cardiac mRNA levels of ELMO1 from 30% to 200% of normal and found that severe dilated cardiomyopathy develops in ELMO1-hypermorphic mice independent of renal function at age 16 weeks, whereas ELMO1-hypomorphic mice were completely protected. As ELMO1 expression increased, reactive oxygen species indicators, dissociation of the intercalated disc, mitochondrial fragmentation/dysfunction, cleaved caspase-3 levels, and actin polymerization increased in hearts from Akita mice. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression in otherwise ELMO1-hypomorphic Akita mice was sufficient to promote cardiomyopathy. Cardiac Rac1 activity was positively correlated with the ELMO1 levels, and oral administration of a pan-Rac inhibitor, EHT1864, partially mitigated cardiomyopathy of the ELMO1 hypermorphs. Disrupting Nox4, a Rac-independent NADPH oxidase, also partially mitigated it. In contrast, a pan-NADPH oxidase inhibitor, VAS3947, markedly prevented cardiomyopathy. Our data demonstrate that in diabetes mellitus ELMO1 is the "rate-limiting" factor of reactive oxygen species production via both Rac-dependent and Rac-independent NADPH oxidases, which in turn trigger cellular signaling cascades toward cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Kakoki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward M Bahnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John R Hagaman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robin M Siletzky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ruriko Grant
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yukako Kayashima
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Esther Y Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle T Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joan M Taylor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica C Rice
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael F Almeida
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ben A Bahr
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Charles Jennette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Oliver Smithies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nobuyo Maeda-Smithies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Cruz-Bermúdez A, Laza-Briviesca R, Vicente-Blanco RJ, García-Grande A, Coronado MJ, Laine-Menéndez S, Alfaro C, Sanchez JC, Franco F, Calvo V, Romero A, Martin-Acosta P, Salas C, Garcia JM, Provencio M. Cancer-associated fibroblasts modify lung cancer metabolism involving ROS and TGF-β signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:163-173. [PMID: 30391585 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a major public health problem due to its high incidence and mortality rate. The altered metabolism in lung cancer is key for the diagnosis and has implications on both, the prognosis and the response to treatments. Although Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the major components of the tumor microenvironment, little is known about their role in lung cancer metabolism. We studied tumor biopsies from a cohort of 12 stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma patients and saw a positive correlation between the grade of fibrosis and the glycolysis phenotype (Low PGC-1α and High GAPDH/MT-CO1 ratio mRNA levels). These results were confirmed and extended to other metabolism-related genes through the in silico data analysis from 73 stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma patients available in TCGA. Interestingly, these relationships are not observed with the CAFs marker α-SMA in both cohorts. To characterize the mechanism, in vitro co-culture studies were carried out using two NSCLC cell lines (A549 and H1299 cells) and two different fibroblast cell lines. Our results confirm that a metabolic reprogramming involving ROS and TGF-β signaling occurs in lung cancer cells and fibroblasts independently of α-SMA induction. Under co-culture conditions, Cancer-Associated fibroblasts increase their glycolytic ability. On the other hand, tumor cells increase their mitochondrial function. Moreover, the differential capability among tumor cells to induce this metabolic shift and also the role of the basal fibroblasts Oxphos Phosphorylation (OXPHOS) function modifying this phenomenon could have implications on both, the diagnosis and prognosis of patients. Further knowledge in the mechanism involved may allow the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cruz-Bermúdez
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Laza-Briviesca
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramiro J Vicente-Blanco
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu García-Grande
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda Calle, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria José Coronado
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Laine-Menéndez
- Mitochondrial and neuromuscular disease laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Alfaro
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Cristobal Sanchez
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Franco
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Calvo
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Atocha Romero
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martin-Acosta
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Salas
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Garcia
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Provencio
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Goitre L, DiStefano PV, Moglia A, Nobiletti N, Baldini E, Trabalzini L, Keubel J, Trapani E, Shuvaev VV, Muzykantov VR, Sarelius IH, Retta SF, Glading AJ. Up-regulation of NADPH oxidase-mediated redox signaling contributes to the loss of barrier function in KRIT1 deficient endothelium. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8296. [PMID: 28811547 PMCID: PMC5558000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular scaffold KRIT1/CCM1 is an established regulator of vascular barrier function. Loss of KRIT1 leads to decreased microvessel barrier function and to the development of the vascular disorder Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM). However, how loss of KRIT1 causes the subsequent deficit in barrier function remains undefined. Previous studies have shown that loss of KRIT1 increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exacerbates vascular permeability triggered by several inflammatory stimuli, but not TNF−α. We now show that endothelial ROS production directly contributes to the loss of barrier function in KRIT1 deficient animals and cells, as targeted antioxidant enzymes reversed the increase in permeability in KRIT1 heterozygous mice as shown by intravital microscopy. Rescue of the redox state restored responsiveness to TNF-α in KRIT1 deficient arterioles, but not venules. In vitro, KRIT1 depletion increased endothelial ROS production via NADPH oxidase signaling, up-regulated Nox4 expression, and promoted NF-κB dependent promoter activity. Recombinant yeast avenanthramide I, an antioxidant and inhibitor of NF-κB signaling, rescued barrier function in KRIT1 deficient cells. However, KRIT1 depletion blunted ROS production in response to TNF-α. Together, our data indicate that ROS signaling is critical for the loss of barrier function following genetic deletion of KRIT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Goitre
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Peter V DiStefano
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Nicholas Nobiletti
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Eva Baldini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, New York, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenza Trabalzini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Julie Keubel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Eliana Trapani
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Vladimir V Shuvaev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Ingrid H Sarelius
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Angela J Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, New York, USA.
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9
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Retta SF, Glading AJ. Oxidative stress and inflammation in cerebral cavernous malformation disease pathogenesis: Two sides of the same coin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:254-270. [PMID: 27639680 PMCID: PMC5155701 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CCM proteins play pleiotropic roles in various redox-sensitive signaling pathways. CCM proteins modulate the crosstalk between redox signaling and autophagy that govern cell homeostasis and stress responses. Oxidative stress and inflammation are emerging as key focal determinants of CCM lesion formation, progression and severity. The pleiotropic functions of CCM proteins may prevent vascular dysfunctions triggered by local oxidative stress and inflammatory events. The distinct therapeutic compounds proposed so far for CCM disease share the ability to modulate redox signaling and autophagy.
Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) is a vascular disease of proven genetic origin, which may arise sporadically or is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance and highly variable expressivity. CCM lesions exhibit a range of different phenotypes, including wide inter-individual differences in lesion number, size, and susceptibility to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Lesions may remain asymptomatic or result in pathological conditions of various type and severity at any age, with symptoms ranging from recurrent headaches to severe neurological deficits, seizures, and stroke. To date there are no direct therapeutic approaches for CCM disease besides the surgical removal of accessible lesions. Novel pharmacological strategies are particularly needed to limit disease progression and severity and prevent de novo formation of CCM lesions in susceptible individuals. Useful insights into innovative approaches for CCM disease prevention and treatment are emerging from a growing understanding of the biological functions of the three known CCM proteins, CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2 and CCM3/PDCD10. In particular, accumulating evidence indicates that these proteins play major roles in distinct signaling pathways, including those involved in cellular responses to oxidative stress, inflammation and angiogenesis, pointing to pathophysiological mechanisms whereby the function of CCM proteins may be relevant in preventing vascular dysfunctions triggered by these events. Indeed, emerging findings demonstrate that the pleiotropic roles of CCM proteins reflect their critical capacity to modulate the fine-tuned crosstalk between redox signaling and autophagy that govern cell homeostasis and stress responses, providing a novel mechanistic scenario that reconciles both the multiple signaling pathways linked to CCM proteins and the distinct therapeutic approaches proposed so far. In addition, recent studies in CCM patient cohorts suggest that genetic susceptibility factors related to differences in vascular sensitivity to oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to inter-individual differences in CCM disease susceptibility and severity. This review discusses recent progress into the understanding of the molecular basis and mechanisms of CCM disease pathogenesis, with specific emphasis on the potential contribution of altered cell responses to oxidative stress and inflammatory events occurring locally in the microvascular environment, and consequent implications for the development of novel, safe, and effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy; CCM Italia Research Network(1).
| | - Angela J Glading
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, 14642 Rochester, NY, USA.
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10
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is not only a key mediator of oxidative stress but also one of the most important cellular second messengers. This small short-lived molecule is involved in the regulation of a wide range of different biological processes, including regulation of cellular signaling pathways. Studying the role of H2O2 in living systems would be challenging without modern approaches. A genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor, HyPer, is one of the most effective tools for this purpose. RECENT ADVANCES HyPer has been used by many investigators of redox signaling in various models of different scales: from cytoplasmic subcompartments and single cells to tissues of whole organisms. In many studies, the results obtained using HyPer have enabled a better understanding of the roles of H2O2 in these biological processes. However, much remains to be learned. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we focus on the uses of HyPer. We provide a general description of HyPer and its improved versions. Separate chapters are devoted to the results obtained by various groups who have used this biosensor for their experiments in living cells and organisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS HyPer is an effective tool for H2O2 imaging in living systems as indicated by the increasing numbers of publications each year since its development. However, this biosensor requires further improvements. In particular, much brighter and more pH-stable versions of HyPer are necessary for imaging in mammalian tissues. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 731-751.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Bilan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Moscow, Russia
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11
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High Elmo1 expression aggravates and low Elmo1 expression prevents diabetic nephropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2218-22. [PMID: 26858454 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600511113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human genome-wide association studies have demonstrated that polymorphisms in the engulfment and cell motility protein 1 gene (ELMO1) are strongly associated with susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy. However, proof of causation is lacking. To test whether modest changes in its expression alter the severity of the renal phenotype in diabetic mice, we have generated mice that are type 1 diabetic because they have the Ins2(Akita) gene, and also have genetically graded expression of Elmo1 in all tissues ranging in five steps from ∼30% to ∼200% normal. We here show that the Elmo1 hypermorphs have albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, and changes in the ultrastructure of the glomerular basement membrane that increase in severity in parallel with the expression of Elmo 1. Progressive changes in renal mRNA expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), endothelin-1, and NAD(P)H oxidase 4 also occur in parallel with Elmo1, as do the plasma levels of cystatin C, lipid peroxides, and TGFβ1, and erythrocyte levels of reduced glutathione. In contrast, Akita type 1 diabetic mice with below-normal Elmo1 expression have reduced expression of these various factors and less severe diabetic complications. Remarkably, the reduced Elmo1 expression in the 30% hypomorphs almost abolishes the pathological features of diabetic nephropathy, although it does not affect the hyperglycemia caused by the Akita mutation. Thus, ELMO1 plays an important role in the development of type 1 diabetic nephropathy, and its inhibition could be a promising option for slowing or preventing progression of the condition to end-stage renal disease.
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12
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Chang AS, Hathaway CK, Smithies O, Kakoki M. Transforming growth factor-β1 and diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 310:F689-F696. [PMID: 26719364 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00502.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is established to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. The diabetic milieu enhances oxidative stress and induces the expression of TGF-β1. TGF-β1 promotes cell hypertrophy and extracellular matrix accumulation in the mesangium, which decreases glomerular filtration rate and leads to chronic renal failure. Recently, TGF-β1 has been demonstrated to regulate urinary albumin excretion by both increasing glomerular permeability and decreasing reabsorption in the proximal tubules. TGF-β1 also increases urinary excretion of water, electrolytes and glucose by suppressing tubular reabsorption in both normal and diabetic conditions. Although TGF-β1 exerts hypertrophic and fibrogenic effects in diabetic nephropathy, whether suppression of the function of TGF-β1 can be an option to prevent or treat the complication is still controversial. This is partly because adrenal production of mineralocorticoids could be augmented by the suppression of TGF-β1. However, differentiating the molecular mechanisms for glomerulosclerosis from those for the suppression of the effects of mineralocorticoids by TGF-β1 may assist in developing novel therapeutic strategies for diabetic nephropathy. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the role of TGF-β1 in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert S Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Catherine K Hathaway
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Oliver Smithies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Masao Kakoki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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13
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García-Jérez A, Luengo A, Carracedo J, Ramírez-Chamond R, Rodriguez-Puyol D, Rodriguez-Puyol M, Calleros L. Effect of uraemia on endothelial cell damage is mediated by the integrin linked kinase pathway. J Physiol 2014; 593:601-18; discussion 618. [PMID: 25398526 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.283887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Patients with chronic kidney disease have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases than the general population. Their vascular endothelium is dysfunctional, among other things, because it is permanently exposed to uraemic toxins, several of which have poor clearance by conventional dialysis. Recent studies have demonstrated the important role of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in the maintenance of endothelial integrity and in this study we investigate the involvement of ILK in the mechanism underlying vascular endothelial damage that occurs in uraemia. For the first time, we demonstrate the implication of ILK in the protection against endothelial cell damage (inhibition of proliferation, toxicity, oxidative stress and programed cell death) induced by uraemic serum from chronic kidney disease patients and uraemic toxins. This molecular mechanism may have clinical relevance because it highlights the importance of maintaining high levels of ILK activity to help preserve endothelial integrity, at least in early stages of chronic kidney disease. ABSTRACT Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Their vascular endothelium is dysfunctional, among other things, because it is permanently exposed to uraemic toxins, several of which, mostly protein-bound compounds such as indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulphate, having poor clearance by conventional dialysis, induce endothelial toxicity. However, the molecular mechanism by which uraemic toxins regulate early stages of endothelial dysfunction remains unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated the important role of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in the maintenance of endothelial integrity. In this study, we investigate the involvement of ILK in the mechanism underlying vascular endothelial damage that occurs in uraemia. First, we show that incubation of EA.hy926 cells with human uraemic serum from CKD patients upregulates ILK activity. This ILK activation also occurs when the cells are exposed to IS (25-100 μg ml(-1)), p-cresol (10-100 μg ml(-1)) or both combined, compared to human serum control. Next, we observed that high doses of both toxins together induce a slight decrease in cell proliferation and increase apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production. Interestingly, these toxic effects displayed a strong increase when the ILK protein is knocked down by small interfering RNA, even at low doses of uraemic toxins. Abrogation of AKT has demonstrated the ILK/AKT signalling pathway involved in these processes. This study has demonstrated the implication of ILK in the protection against endothelial cell damage induced by uraemic toxins, a molecular mechanism that could play a protective role in the early stages of endothelial dysfunction observed in uraemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea García-Jérez
- Department of Systems Biology, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain; IRSIN, Spain; REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Abstract
The Ras superfamily of small GTPases is composed of more than 150 members, which share a conserved structure and biochemical properties, acting as binary molecular switches turned on by binding GTP and off by hydrolyzing GTP to GDP. However, despite considerable structural and biochemical similarities, these proteins play multiple and divergent roles, being versatile and key regulators of virtually all fundamental cellular processes. Conversely, their dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of serious human diseases, including cancer and developmental syndromes. Fuelled by the original identification in 1982 of mutationally activated and transforming human Ras genes in human cancer cell lines, a variety of powerful experimental techniques have been intensively focused on discovering and studying structure, biochemistry, and biology of Ras and Ras-related small GTPases, leading to fundamental research breakthroughs into identification and structural and functional characterization of a huge number of Ras superfamily members, as well as of their multiple regulators and effectors. In this review we provide a general overview of the major milestones that eventually allowed to unlock the secret treasure chest of this large and important superfamily of proteins.
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15
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Bellaye PS, Burgy O, Causse S, Garrido C, Bonniaud P. Heat shock proteins in fibrosis and wound healing: Good or evil? Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:119-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Endothelin-1 driven proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells is c-fos dependent. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:137-48. [PMID: 25016214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by enhanced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation leading to vascular remodeling. Although, multiple factors have been associated with pathogenesis of PH the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we hypothesize that already very short exposure to hypoxia may activate molecular cascades leading to vascular remodeling. Microarray studies from lung homogenates of mice exposed to only 3h of hypoxia revealed endothelin-1 (ET-1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) as the most upregulated genes, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway as the most differentially regulated pathway. Evaluation of these results in vitro showed that ET-1 but not CTGF stimulation of human PASMCs increased DNA synthesis and expression of proliferation markers such as Ki67 and cell cycle regulator, cyclin D1. Moreover, ET-1 treatment elevated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)-dependent c-fos expression and phosphorylation of c-fos and c-jun transcription factors. Silencing of c-fos with siRNA abrogated the ET-1-induced proliferation of PASMCs. Expression and immunohistochemical analyses revealed higher levels of total and phosphorylated c-fos and c-jun in the vessel wall of lung samples of human idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension patents, hypoxia-exposed mice and monocrotaline-treated rats as compared to control subjects. These findings shed the light on the involvement of c-fos/c-jun in the proliferative response of PASMCs to ET-1 indicating that already very short hypoxia exposure leads to the regulation of mediators involved in vascular remodeling underlying PH.
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Martín P, Mora I, Cortes MA, Calleros L, García-Jerez A, Ortiz A, Rodríguez-Puyol M, Rodríguez-Puyol D, Olmos G. Relevant role of PKG in the progression of fibrosis induced by TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F75-85. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00398.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is an inflammatory cytokine that activates the FGF-inducible 14 receptor. Both TWEAK and the FGF-inducible 14 receptor are constitutively expressed in the kidney. TWEAK has been shown to modulate several biological responses, such as inflammation, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, that contribute to kidney injury. However, the role of TWEAK in fibrosis and TWEAK-activated intracellular signaling pathways remain poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that TWEAK can be a potent inducer of renal fibrosis by increasing transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 expression (a well-known switch in the fibrosis process) through PKG-I downregulation. We showed that in human mesangial cells, TWEAK increased TGF-β1 expression and activity, leading to higher levels of the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin and decreased PKG-I expression and activity via the Ras pathway. PKG-I activation with 8-bromo-cGMP, Ras inactivation with dominant negative Ras, or Ras pathway inhibition with the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD-98059 resulted in the prevention of TWEAK-induced TGF-β1 upregulation. In vivo, exogenous administration of TWEAK to wild-type mice downregulated kidney PKG-I and increased kidney TGF-β1 expression. These effects were blunted in H-Ras knockout mice. Together, these data demonstrate, for the first time, the key role of PKG-I in TGF-β1 induction by TWEAK in kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Martín
- Department of System Biology, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Mora
- REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Alicia Cortes
- Department of System Biology, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Calleros
- Department of System Biology, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea García-Jerez
- Department of System Biology, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Puyol
- Department of System Biology, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Rodríguez-Puyol
- REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Nephrology Section and Research Unit, Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Gemma Olmos
- Department of System Biology, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Miao L, Holley AK, Zhao Y, St Clair WH, St Clair DK. Redox-mediated and ionizing-radiation-induced inflammatory mediators in prostate cancer development and treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1481-500. [PMID: 24093432 PMCID: PMC3936609 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Radiation therapy is widely used for treatment of prostate cancer. Radiation can directly damage biologically important molecules; however, most effects of radiation-mediated cell killing are derived from the generated free radicals that alter cellular redox status. Multiple proinflammatory mediators can also influence redox status in irradiated cells and the surrounding microenvironment, thereby affecting prostate cancer progression and radiotherapy efficiency. RECENT ADVANCES Ionizing radiation (IR)-generated oxidative stress can regulate and be regulated by the production of proinflammatory mediators. Depending on the type and stage of the prostate cancer cells, these proinflammatory mediators may lead to different biological consequences ranging from cell death to development of radioresistance. CRITICAL ISSUES Tumors are heterogeneous and dynamic communication occurs between stromal and prostate cancer cells, and complicated redox-regulated mechanisms exist in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory strategies should be carefully evaluated for each patient at different stages of the disease to maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing unintended side effects. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Compared with normal cells, tumor cells are usually under higher oxidative stress and secrete more proinflammatory mediators. Thus, redox status is often less adaptive in tumor cells than in their normal counterparts. This difference can be exploited in a search for new cancer therapeutics and treatment regimes that selectively activate cell death pathways in tumor cells with minimal unintended consequences in terms of chemo- and radio-resistance in tumor cells and toxicity in normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Miao
- 1 Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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19
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Wertheimer C, Liegl R, Kernt M, Docheva D, Kampik A, Eibl-Lindner KH. EGFR-blockade with erlotinib reduces EGF and TGF-β2 expression and the actin-cytoskeleton which influences different aspects of cellular migration in lens epithelial cells. Curr Eye Res 2014; 39:1000-12. [PMID: 24588338 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.888453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After cataract surgery, residual lens epithelial cells migrate and proliferate within the capsular bag resulting in posterior capsule opacification (PCO). The up-regulation of TGF-β2, EGF and FGF-2 has been identified as a key factor in PCO pathogenesis leading to actin fiber assembly and alterations in the migration pattern. In this in vitro study, the influence of Erlotinib as a selective EGFR inhibitor is investigated on the cellular features indicated, which might promote a future clinical application. METHODS Expression of EGF, FGF-2 and TGF-β2 was measured using RT-PCR and ELISA in human lens epithelial cells (HLEC). Computational data of an in vitro time lapse microscopy assay were used for statistical analysis of single cell migration with a particular focus on cell-cell interaction; cell velocity distribution; and displacement before, during and after mitosis. The effect of Erlotinib on the actin-cytoskeleton was evaluated using Alexa Fluor 488 Phalloidin and epifluorescence microscopy. RESULTS EGF and TGF-β2 mRNA expression and protein levels are reduced by Erlotinib, while FGF-2 expression remained stable. Overall fluidity of cell-cell interaction is less in the presence of Erlotinib compared to the control and the velocity distribution across all cells becomes less uniform within the cell cluster. After mitosis, HLEC move significantly faster without EGFR inhibition, which can be completely blocked by Erlotinib. Furthermore, Erlotinib diminishes the amount of actin stress fibers and the stress fiber diameter. CONCLUSION As a novel effect of Erlotinib on HLEC, we describe the down-regulation of EGF and TGF-β2 expression, both are crucial factors for PCO development. Cellular movement displays complex alterations under EGFR inhibition, which is partly explained by actin fiber depletion. These findings further underline the role of Erlotinib in pharmacologic PCO prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wertheimer
- Cell- and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich , Germany and
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20
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Goitre L, De Luca E, Braggion S, Trapani E, Guglielmotto M, Biasi F, Forni M, Moglia A, Trabalzini L, Retta SF. KRIT1 loss of function causes a ROS-dependent upregulation of c-Jun. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 68:134-47. [PMID: 24291398 PMCID: PMC3994518 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the KRIT1 gene (CCM1) have been associated with the pathogenesis of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM), a major cerebrovascular disease. However, KRIT1 functions and CCM pathogenetic mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Indeed, recent experiments in animal models have clearly demonstrated that the homozygous loss of KRIT1 is not sufficient to induce CCM lesions, suggesting that additional factors are necessary to cause CCM disease. Previously, we found that KRIT1 is involved in the maintenance of the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis to prevent ROS-induced cellular dysfunctions, including a reduced ability to maintain a quiescent state. Here, we show that KRIT1 loss of function leads to enhanced expression and phosphorylation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor c-Jun, as well as induction of its downstream target COX-2, in both cellular models and human CCM tissues. Furthermore, we demonstrate that c-Jun upregulation can be reversed by either KRIT1 re-expression or ROS scavenging, whereas KRIT1 overexpression prevents forced upregulation of c-Jun induced by oxidative stimuli. Taken together with the reported role of c-Jun in vascular dysfunctions triggered by oxidative stress, our findings shed new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying KRIT1 function and CCM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Goitre
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Elisa De Luca
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Stefano Braggion
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Eliana Trapani
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | | | - Fiorella Biasi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Marco Forni
- EuroClone SpA Research Laboratory, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - Lorenza Trabalzini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy.
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21
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Gonzalez-Ramos M, de Frutos S, Griera M, Luengo A, Olmos G, Rodriguez-Puyol D, Calleros L, Rodriguez-Puyol M. Integrin-linked kinase mediates the hydrogen peroxide-dependent transforming growth factor-β1 up-regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:416-27. [PMID: 23624332 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor type-β1 (TGF-β1) has been recognized as a central mediator in many pathological events related to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins accumulation, where their locally increased expression has been implicated in the fibrosis process of numerous organs, including glomerular fibrosis in the kidney. We and others have reported the TGF-β1 synthesis regulation by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and moreover we also described the implication of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in the AP-1-dependent TGF-β1 up-regulation. Thus, we propose here that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-dependent TGF-β1 regulation may be mediated by ILK activation. First we confirmed the increase in TGF-β1 expression in human mesangial cells (HMC) after treatment with H2O2 or with an alternative H2O2-generating system such as the glucose-oxidase enzyme (GOX). By using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and ELISA techniques, we demonstrate that extracellular H2O2 up-regulates TGF-β1 transcription, as well as increases TGF-β1 promoter activity. Furthermore, catalase-decreased intracellular H2O2 abolished TGF-β1 up-regulation. The use of pharmacological inhibitors as well as knockdown of ILK with small interfering RNA (siRNA) demonstrated the implication of a PI3K/ILK/AKT/ERK MAPK signaling pathway axis in the H2O2-induced TGF-β1 overexpression. Finally, we explored the physiological relevance of these findings by treating HMC with angiotensin II, a known stimuli of H2O2 synthesis. Our results confirm the relevance of previous findings after a more physiological stimulus. In summary, our results provide evidence that ILK activity changes may act as a mechanism in response to different stimuli such as H2O2 in the induced TGF-β1 up-regulation in pathological or even physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gonzalez-Ramos
- Department of Physiology, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; IRSIN, Madrid, Spain; RedInRen (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - S de Frutos
- Department of Physiology, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; IRSIN, Madrid, Spain; RedInRen (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Griera
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain; RedInRen (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Unit Foundation, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Luengo
- Department of Physiology, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; IRSIN, Madrid, Spain; RedInRen (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - G Olmos
- Department of Physiology, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; IRSIN, Madrid, Spain; RedInRen (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - D Rodriguez-Puyol
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain; RedInRen (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; Nephrology Section, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Calleros
- Department of Physiology, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; IRSIN, Madrid, Spain; RedInRen (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Rodriguez-Puyol
- Department of Physiology, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; IRSIN, Madrid, Spain; RedInRen (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
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HSP70 increases extracellular matrix production by human vascular smooth muscle through TGF-β1 up-regulation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 45:232-42. [PMID: 23084979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The circulating levels of heat shock proteins (HSP) are increased in cardiovascular diseases; however, the implication of this for the fibrotic process typical of such diseases remains unclear. HSP70 can interact with the vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC), the major producer of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, through the Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4). The transforming growth factor type-β1 (TGF-β1) is a well known vascular pro-fibrotic cytokine that is regulated in part by AP-1-dependent transcriptional mechanisms. We hypothesized that extracellular HSP70 could interact with SMCs, inducing TGF-β1 synthesis and subsequent changes in the vascular ECM. We demonstrate that extracellular HSP70 binds to human aorta SMC TLR4, which up-regulates the AP-1-dependent transcriptional activity of the TGF-β1 promoter. This is achieved through the mitogen activated protein kinases JNK and ERK, as demonstrated by the use of specific blockers and the knockdown of TLR4 with specific small interfering RNAs. The TGF-β1 upregulation increase the expression of the ECM proteins type I collagen and fibronectin. This novel observation may elucidate the mechanisms by which HSP70 contributes in the inflammation and fibrosis present in atherosclerosis and other fibrosis-related diseases.
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