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Vieira RA, Nunes DP, Lima DB, Rocha GDS, Corona LP, Santos-Orlandi AAD, Sampaio EDS, Rodrigues PCDOG, de Brito TRP. Association between telomere length and anorexia of ageing: a cross-sectional study conducted with community-dwelling older people. J Hum Nutr Diet 2024. [PMID: 38856709 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To verify whether shorter telomere length is associated with anorexia of ageing in community-dwelling older people. METHODS Conducted as a cross-sectional investigation, the study enrolled 448 participants residing in an urban area of a municipality in Brazil. Relative telomere length in blood samples was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), whereas the presence of anorexia of ageing was determined using the Simplified Appetite Nutritional Questionnaire. Data analysis employed multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Among the 448 older individuals surveyed, 70.69% were female, and the predominant age bracket ranged from 60 to 69 years (45.08%). Approximately 25% exhibited the shortest telomeric length, with a corresponding anorexia of ageing prevalence of 41.16%. Older individuals with diminished telomere lengths displayed an increased likelihood of experiencing anorexia of ageing (odds ratio [OR] = 1.92; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12-3.29), independent of factors such as gender, age group, depressive symptoms, pain and performance in basic daily life activities. CONCLUSIONS The observed association between anorexia of ageing and a telomeric biomarker underscores the imperative to meticulously evaluate the nutritional dimensions of older people, with a view to implementing interventions that may enhance their overall health status.
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Sameni S, Viswanathan R, Ng GYQ, Martinez-Lopez W, Hande MP. Telomerase Inhibition by MST-312 Sensitizes Breast Cancer Cells to the Anti-cancer Properties of Plumbagin. Genome Integr 2023; 14:e20230002. [PMID: 38765717 PMCID: PMC11102071 DOI: 10.14293/genint.14.1.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cause of malignancy and the second most common cause of death due to cancer in women. This heterogeneous disease is currently broadly classified as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) positive luminal tumors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplified tumors and triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). Phytochemicals are proven to be promising anti-cancer chemotherapeutics agents with minimal cytotoxic effects on normal cells. Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone) is a phytochemical derived from the roots of Plumbago zeylanica and it is known to possess anti-cancer properties similar to other compounds of naphthoquinones. In about 90% of cancer cells, the telomerase enzyme activity is revived to add telomeric repeats to evade apoptosis. In this study, a combinatorial approach of combining the anti-cancer compound plumbagin to induce genotoxicity and a potent telomerase inhibitor, MST-312 (synthetic derivative of tea catechins), was used to determine the combinational treatment-induced lethality in breast cancer cells such as MDA-MB-231 (TNBC) and MCF-7 (lumina) cells. MDA-MB-231 cells were responsive to combination treatment in both short-term (48 h) and long-term treatment (14 days) in a synergistic manner, whereas in MCF-7, the combination treatment was more effective in the long-term regimen. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effects of the plumbagin and MST-312 combination treatment were not recoverable after the short-term treatment. In conclusion, a combination treatment of MST-312 and plumbagin is proven to be more effective than a single plumbagin compound treatment in inducing DNA damage and telomere dysfunction leading to greater genome instability, cell cycle arrest and eventually cell death in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Sameni
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ramya Viswanathan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gavin Yong-Quan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wilner Martinez-Lopez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Associate Unit on Genomic Stability, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M. Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Deacon S, Walker L, Radhi M, Smith S. The Regulation of m6A Modification in Glioblastoma: Functional Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3307. [PMID: 37444417 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most prevalent primary brain tumour and invariably confers a poor prognosis. The immense intra-tumoral heterogeneity of glioblastoma and its ability to rapidly develop treatment resistance are key barriers to successful therapy. As such, there is an urgent need for the greater understanding of the tumour biology in order to guide the development of novel therapeutics in this field. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant of the RNA modifications in eukaryotes. Studies have demonstrated that the regulation of this RNA modification is altered in glioblastoma and may serve to regulate diverse mechanisms including glioma stem-cell self-renewal, tumorigenesis, invasion and treatment evasion. However, the precise mechanisms by which m6A modifications exert their functional effects are poorly understood. This review summarises the evidence for the disordered regulation of m6A in glioblastoma and discusses the downstream functional effects of m6A modification on RNA fate. The wide-ranging biological consequences of m6A modification raises the hope that novel cancer therapies can be targeted against this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Deacon
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Lauryn Walker
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Masar Radhi
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stuart Smith
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Short Telomere Lesions with Dysplastic Metaplasia Histology May Represent Precancerous Lesions of Helicobacter pylori-Positive Gastric Mucosa. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043182. [PMID: 36834592 PMCID: PMC9958872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancers are strongly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, with intestinal metaplasia characterizing the background mucosa in most cases. However, only a subset of intestinal metaplasia cases proceed to carcinogenesis, and the characteristics of high-risk intestinal metaplasia that link it with gastric cancer are still unclear. We examined telomere reduction in five gastrectomy specimens using fluorescence in situ hybridization, and identified areas with localized telomere loss (outside of cancerous lesions), which were designated as short telomere lesions (STLs). Histological analyses indicated that STLs were characteristic of intestinal metaplasia accompanied by nuclear enlargement but lacking structural atypia, which we termed dysplastic metaplasia (DM). A review of gastric biopsy specimens from 587 H. pylori-positive patients revealed 32 cases of DM, 13 of which were classified as high-grade based on the degree of nuclear enlargement. All high-grade DM cases exhibited a telomere volume reduced to less than 60% of that of lymphocytes, increased stemness, and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression. Two patients (15%) exhibited low levels of p53 nuclear retention. After a 10-year follow-up, 7 (54%) of the high-grade DM cases had progressed to gastric cancer. These results suggest that DM is characterized by telomere shortening, TERT expression, and stem cell proliferation, and high-grade DM is a high-grade intestinal metaplasia that likely represents a precancerous lesion of gastric cancer. High-grade DM is expected to effectively prevent progression to gastric cancer in H. pylori-positive patients.
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Yamakawa K, Mukai Y, Ye J, Muto-Ishizuka M, Ito M, Tanimoto M, Suizu F, Asano K, Kurose A, Matsuda Y. Telomere length was associated with grade and pathological features of meningioma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6143. [PMID: 35414715 PMCID: PMC9005517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are tandem repeats of the TTAGGG sequence at chromosomal ends and afford protection against chromosomal instability. To investigate the contribution of telomere dysfunction in meningiomas, here we estimate the associations between telomere length, tumor grade, and proliferation index in a series of 14 archived samples, using quantitative-fluorescence in situ hybridization, Ki67 immunostaining, and pathological analysis. The number of mitoses per 10 high-power fields (HPF) and Ki67 index was higher in grade III cases than in grade I or grade II cases. Telomere length was negatively associated with both the number of mitoses/10HPF and Ki67 index. Meningioma cases with atypical mitosis, a morphological marker of chromosomal instability, exhibited shortened telomeres. Among telomere-shortened meningioma cases, 40% were grade I, 20% were grade II, and 100% were grade III. In grade I or II meningiomas, shortened telomeres lacked high proliferation activity and atypical mitosis. In conclusion, telomere shortening might be pivotal in the development of high-grade meningioma. Analysis of telomere length might be a selective marker for meningiomas with high-grade malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yamakawa
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yuri Mukai
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Juanjuan Ye
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Mariko Muto-Ishizuka
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Masumi Ito
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Misa Tanimoto
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Futoshi Suizu
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Asano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Akira Kurose
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuda
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.
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Telomere lengths in Barrett's esophagus as a precancerous lesion. Esophagus 2022; 19:287-293. [PMID: 34559348 DOI: 10.1007/s10388-021-00884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have reported that precancerous conditions and lesions invariably have shorter telomeres and associated chromosomal instability relative to normal tissue. METHODS Using the Q-FISH method and our original software, Tissue Telo, we estimated telomere lengths in cardiac- and intestinal-type mucosae in 48 cases of Barrett's esophagus (short-segment (SS) n = 18; long-segment (LS) n = 30). RESULTS There were no significant differences in telomere length between the cardiac and intestinal types in any of the 48 cases, suggesting that the presence or absence of goblet cells in the columnar segments is unrelated to telomere-dependent chromosomal instability in Barrett's esophagus. In LS Barrett's esophagus, telomeres were shorter in cardiac-type than in intestinal-type mucosa, suggesting that the former may play a more important role than the latter as a precancerous lesion in LS. Telomeres in cardiac-type mucosa were longer in SS than in LS, supporting the possibility that cardiac-type LS may pose a higher risk as a precancerous lesion than cardiac-type SS. CONCLUSIONS Although it has been considered that Barrett's carcinoma arises only from intestinal-type mucosa, our present findings support previous histogenetic studies suggesting that cardiac-type mucosa is more important as a precancerous condition in Barrett's esophagus than anticipated.
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Morais M, Dias F, Teixeira AL, Medeiros R. Telomere Length in Renal Cell Carcinoma: The Jekyll and Hyde Biomarker of Ageing of the Kidney. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:1669-1679. [PMID: 32184670 PMCID: PMC7064280 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s211225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogeneous group of cancers where the clear cell (ccRCC) is the most common and the most lethal. The absence of accurate diagnostic and follow-up biomarkers along with the time-limited response to therapies may explain the lethality and shows the necessity of new sensitive and specific biomarkers. One of the most studied molecules are the telomeres: specialized ribonucleoprotein structures that keep the structural integrity of the genome. Among other features, telomere length (TL) has been widely studied in several tumor models regarding its biomarker potential, due to the easy detection and quantification. The scope of this review was to analyze all the information about this parameter in RCC. There was some disparity in the results of the studies, since some pointed to an association between short TL and risk or poor outcome of RCC; others between long TL and RCC outcome and some did not find any association. We propose some epidemiological and biological explanations to these differences. The telomeres may play a dual role during RCC carcinogenesis in the early stages, short telomeres may increase RCC risk and in late carcinogenesis, long telomeres seem to be associated with tumor prognosis. However, the controversy of the results along with the lack of specificity are some problems that need to be clarified for the usage of TL as a prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Morais
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto4200-072, Portugal
- Research Department, LPCC- Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), Porto4200-172, Portugal
| | - Francisca Dias
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto4200-072, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Teixeira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto4200-072, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto4200-072, Portugal
- Research Department, LPCC- Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), Porto4200-172, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto4200-319, Portugal
- CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto4249-004, Portugal
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Tateishi-Karimata H, Banerjee D, Ohyama T, Matsumoto S, Miyoshi D, Nakano SI, Sugimoto N. Hydroxyl groups in cosolutes regulate the G-quadruplex topology of telomeric DNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:S0006-291X(20)30313-2. [PMID: 32081425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Telomeric G-quadruplex topology has the ability to regulate telomerase activity, which counteracts the shortening of telomere with successive cell divisions, thereby causing genomic longevity. However, the detailed mechanism of G-quadruplexes topologies formed by telomeric sequences requires further investigation. In this study, we quantitatively investigated the effect of cosolutes, particularly the varying number of hydroxyl groups, on the structural transition between hybrid type and parallel G-quadruplexes formed by telomeric DNA sequences. Cosolutes with one or no hydroxyl groups in the vicinal position more efficiently induced the transition to parallel G-quadruplex from hybrid G-quadruplex than those with more hydroxyl groups. We also examined the effect of cosolute structures on the hydration of G-quadruplex formation; the results indicated that cosolutes with fewer hydroxyl groups lead to the release of greater amount of water during G-quadruplex formation. Molecular dynamics results showed that the parallel G-quadruplex was more dehydrated than the hybrid type G-quadruplex. Generally, a dehydrated structure is favored under crowding condition. Thus, depending on the surrounding cosolutes, the G-quadruplex topology can be controlled by the G-quadruplex hydration state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipanwita Banerjee
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohyama
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, Japan
| | - Saki Matsumoto
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Japan
| | - Shu-Ich Nakano
- Graduate School of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Japan
| | - Naoki Sugimoto
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, Japan; Graduate School of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Japan.
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Aida J, Yokoyama A, Hara S, Ishizaki T, Fujiwara M, Arai T, Ishiwata T, Takubo K. Telomere shortening in the oral epithelium in relation to alcohol intake, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-1B), and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-2) genotypes and clinicopathologic features. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 49:82-90. [PMID: 31402483 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive telomere shortening with age or chronic inflammation may lead to genomic instability that characterizes the early stage of carcinogenesis. Certain risk factors, such as drinking alcoholic beverages or smoking, predispose the oral mucosa to squamous cell carcinoma. The ADH1B and ALDH2 genotypes can influence the risk of cancer due to alcohol drinking. In the present study, we analyzed chromosomal instability due to telomere shortening in the oral mucosa in relation to cancer risk factors. DESIGN Using our quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (Q-FISH) technique, we estimated telomere lengths (TL) in the background mucosa from 23 cases of mucosal carcinoma, 12 cases of oral epithelial dysplasia, and 21 non-neoplasia cases. ALDH2 and ADH1B genotypes were determined using DNA extracted from paraffin sections. We analyzed TL in relation to alcohol drinking, smoking, and cancer multiplicity. RESULTS Telomeres in the backgrounds of dysplasia and mucosal carcinoma were significantly shorter than in controls. In comparison with adult controls, telomeres were significantly (P = .038) shorter in the ADH1B less-active type (ADH1B*1/*1), but not (P = .841) in the ALDH2 inactive type (ALDH2*1/*2 or *2/*2). Cancer multiplicity and smoking had no significant relationship with TL. CONCLUSION Telomeres in the oral epithelium are shorter in cases of oral dysplasia or mucosal carcinoma than in non-neoplasia. Unlike the esophageal epithelium of alcoholics, they are also shorter in individuals with the less-active rather than the active ADH1B gene. Telomeres in the oral epithelium may be directly affected by alcohol drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Aida
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yokoyama
- Clinical Research Unit, National Hospital Organization Kurihama Alcoholism Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kurihama Alcoholism Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishizaki
- Human Care Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsunori Fujiwara
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaiyo Takubo
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Matsuda Y. Age-related morphological changes in the pancreas and their association with pancreatic carcinogenesis. Pathol Int 2019; 69:450-462. [PMID: 31339204 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Age-related pathological changes in the pancreas have been unclear because they are often minor and nonspecific. However, recent studies have shown that they are closely related to various pathological conditions such as pancreatic cancer and diabetes mellitus. Knowledge of age-related changes is important to determine appropriate prevention, detection, and treatment strategies for various diseases observed in elderly patients. We present a review of the pathological age-related non-neoplastic changes in the exocrine pancreas such as pancreatic fatty replacement, lobulocentric pancreatic atrophy, pancreatic duct ectasia, and metaplasia of exocrine pancreas, as well as changes in islet cells. We have discussed common pancreatic neoplasms in elderly patients, such as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Age-related pathological changes play a key role in pancreatic carcinogenesis via telomere dysfunction. Further studies are warranted to clarify molecular mechanisms of pancreatic carcinogenesis in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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11
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Saini G, Ogden A, McCullough LE, Torres M, Rida P, Aneja R. Disadvantaged neighborhoods and racial disparity in breast cancer outcomes: the biological link. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:677-686. [PMID: 31111277 PMCID: PMC7043809 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhoods encompass complex environments comprised of unique economic, physical, and social characteristics that have a profound impact on the residing individual's health and, collectively, on the community's wellbeing. Neighborhood disadvantage (ND) is one of several factors that prominently contributes to racial breast cancer (BC) health disparities in American women. African American (AA) women develop more aggressive breast cancer features, such as triple-negative receptor status and more advanced histologic grade and tumor stage, and suffer worse clinical outcomes than European American (EA) women. While the adverse effects of neighborhood disadvantage on health, including increased risk of cancer and decreased longevity, have recently come into focus, the specific molecular mechanisms by which neighborhood disadvantage increases BC risk and worsens BC outcomes (survivorship, recurrence, mortality) are not fully elucidated. This review illuminates the probable biological links between neighborhood disadvantage and predominantly BC risk, with an emphasis on stress reactivity and inflammation, epigenetics and telomere length in response to adverse neighborhood conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Saini
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Angela Ogden
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Lauren E McCullough
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mylin Torres
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Glenn Family Breast Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Padmashree Rida
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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Rai P, Sobol RW. Mechanisms of MTH1 inhibition-induced DNA strand breaks: The slippery slope from the oxidized nucleotide pool to genotoxic damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 77:18-26. [PMID: 30852368 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Unlike normal tissues, tumor cells possess a propensity for genomic instability, resulting from elevated oxidant levels produced by oncogenic signaling and aberrant cellular metabolism. Thus, targeting mechanisms that protect cancer cells from the tumor-inhibitory consequences of their redox imbalance and spontaneous DNA-damaging events is expected to have broad-spectrum efficacy and a high therapeutic index. One critical mechanism for tumor cell protection from oxidant stress is the hydrolysis of oxidized nucleotides. Human MutT homolog 1 (MTH1), the mammalian nudix (nucleoside diphosphate X) pyrophosphatase (NUDT1), protects tumor cells from oxidative stress-induced genomic DNA damage by cleansing the nucleotide pool of oxidized purine nucleotides. Depletion or pharmacologic inhibition of MTH1 results in genomic DNA strand breaks in many cancer cells. However, the mechanisms underlying how oxidized nucleotides, thought mainly to be mutagenic rather than genotoxic, induce DNA strand breaks are largely unknown. Given the recent therapeutic interest in targeting MTH1, a better understanding of such mechanisms is crucial to its successful translation into the clinic and in identifying the molecular contexts under which its inhibition is likely to be beneficial. Here we provide a comprehensive perspective on MTH1 function and its importance in protecting genome integrity, in the context of tumor-associated oxidative stress and the mechanisms that likely lead to irreparable DNA strand breaks as a result of MTH1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Rai
- Department of Medicine/Division of Medical Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, 33136, United States.
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, United States.
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Sharapov MG, Novoselov VI, Gudkov SV. Radioprotective Role of Peroxiredoxin 6. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E15. [PMID: 30621289 PMCID: PMC6356814 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) is a member of an evolutionary ancient family of peroxidase enzymes with diverse functions in the cell. Prdx6 is an important enzymatic antioxidant. It reduces a wide range of peroxide substrates in the cell, thus playing a leading role in the maintenance of the redox homeostasis in mammalian cells. Beside peroxidase activity, Prdx6 has been shown to possess an activity of phospholipase A2, an enzyme playing an important role in membrane phospholipid metabolism. Moreover, Prdx6 takes part in intercellular and intracellular signal transduction due to its peroxidase and phospholipase activity, thus facilitating the initiation of regenerative processes in the cell, suppression of apoptosis, and activation of cell proliferation. Being an effective and important antioxidant enzyme, Prdx6 plays an essential role in neutralizing oxidative stress caused by various factors, including action of ionizing radiation. Endogenous Prdx6 has been shown to possess a significant radioprotective potential in cellular and animal models. Moreover, intravenous infusion of recombinant Prdx6 to animals before irradiation at lethal or sublethal doses has shown its high radioprotective effect. Exogenous Prdx6 effectively alleviates the severeness of radiation lesions, providing normalization of the functional state of radiosensitive organs and tissues, and leads to a significant elevation of the survival rate of animals. Prdx6 can be considered as a potent and promising radioprotective agent for reducing the pathological effect of ionizing radiation on mammalian organisms. The radioprotective properties and mechanisms of radioprotective action of Prdx6 are discussed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mars G Sharapov
- Laboratory of Mechanisms of Reception, Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia.
| | - Vladimir I Novoselov
- Laboratory of Mechanisms of Reception, Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Gudkov
- Wave Research Center, Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
- Department of Experimental Clinical Studies, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), 129110 Moscow, Russia.
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, 603950 Nizhni Novgorod, Russia.
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14
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Tomita KI, Aida J, Izumiyama-Shimomura N, Nakamura KI, Ishikawa N, Matsuda Y, Arai T, Ishiwata T, Kumasaka T, Takahashi-Fujigasaki J, Hiraishi N, Yamada M, Fujiwara M, Takubo K. Changes in telomere length with aging in human neurons and glial cells revealed by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18:1507-1512. [PMID: 30095207 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The telomere is a structure present at the ends of chromosomes, and is known to shorten with aging and successive rounds of cell division. However, very little is known about telomere attrition in post-mitotic cells, such as neurons. METHODS Using our originally developed quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization method, we analyzed age-dependent alterations of telomere length in three types of cells in the human cerebrum: neurons and glial cells in both the gray and white matter. RESULTS In adults, telomeres were significantly longer in neurons than in glial cells, whereas in infants, telomere lengths did not differ among the three cell types. No aging-related telomere attrition was evident in neurons. However, the telomeres of glial cells were shorter in older individuals than in younger individuals, and attrition was more rapid in the white matter than in the gray matter. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that the telomeres of neurons remain stable throughout life, whereas telomeres in white matter glial cells become significantly shorter with age. Examination of adults showed no significant correlation between telomere length and age in the three cell types. Although the present study was cross-sectional, the results suggest that telomere shortening before adolescence contributes to the significant decrease of telomere length in white matter glial cells. The present findings in normal cerebral tissues will be informative for future studies of telomere stability in the diseased brain. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1507-1512.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Tomita
- Departments of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Aida
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ken-Ichi Nakamura
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoshi Ishikawa
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Kumasaka
- Departments of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Hiraishi
- Departments of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misaki Yamada
- Departments of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsunori Fujiwara
- Departments of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Nissan Tamagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaiyo Takubo
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Hiraishi N, Terai M, Fujiwara M, Aida J, Izumiyama-Shimomura N, Ishikawa N, Tomita KI, Matsuda Y, Arai T, Takubo K, Ishiwata T. Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization for investigation of telomere length dynamics in the pituitary gland using samples from 128 autopsied patients. Tissue Cell 2018; 53:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Abstract
Studies of rare and common illnesses have led to remarkable progress in the understanding of the role of telomeres (nucleoprotein complexes at chromosome ends essential for chromosomal integrity) in human disease. Telomere biology disorders encompass a growing spectrum of conditions caused by rare pathogenic germline variants in genes encoding essential aspects of telomere function. Dyskeratosis congenita, a disorder at the severe end of this spectrum, typically presents in childhood with the classic triad of abnormal skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy, and oral leukoplakia, accompanied by a very high risk of bone marrow failure, cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, and other medical problems. In contrast, the less severe end of the telomere biology disorder spectrum consists of middle-age or older adults with just one feature typically seen in dyskeratosis congenita, such as pulmonary fibrosis or bone marrow failure. In the common disease realm, large-scale molecular epidemiology studies have discovered novel associations between illnesses, such as cancer, heart disease, and mental health, and both telomere length and common genetic variants in telomere biology genes. This review highlights recent findings of telomere biology in human disease from both the rare and common disease perspectives. Multi-disciplinary collaborations between clinicians, basic scientists, and epidemiologist are essential as we seek to incorporate new telomere biology discoveries to improve health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A. Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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17
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Matsuda Y, Suzuki A, Esaka S, Hamashima Y, Imaizumi M, Kinoshita M, Shirahata H, Kiso Y, Kojima H, Matsukawa M, Fujii Y, Ishikawa N, Aida J, Takubo K, Ishiwata T, Nishimura M, Arai T. Telomere length determined by the fluorescence in situ hybridisation distinguishes malignant and benign cells in cytological specimens. Cytopathology 2018; 29:262-266. [PMID: 29578263 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomeres are tandem repeats of TTAGGG at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes that play a key role in preventing chromosomal instability. The aim of the present study is to determine telomere length using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) on cytological specimens. METHODS Aspiration samples (n = 41) were smeared on glass slides and used for FISH. RESULTS Telomere signal intensity was significantly lower in positive cases (cases with malignancy, n = 25) as compared to negative cases (cases without malignancy, n = 16), and the same was observed for centromere intensity. The difference in DAPI intensity was not statistically significant. The ratio of telomere to centromere intensity did not show a significant difference between positive and negative cases. There was no statistical difference in the signal intensities of aspiration samples from ascites or pleural effusion (n = 23) and endoscopic ultrasound-guided FNA samples from the pancreas (n = 18). CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that telomere length can be used as an indicator to distinguish malignant and benign cells in cytological specimens. This novel approach may help improve diagnosis for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - A Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - S Esaka
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - Y Hamashima
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - M Imaizumi
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - M Kinoshita
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - H Shirahata
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - Y Kiso
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - H Kojima
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - M Matsukawa
- Department of Endoscopy, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - Y Fujii
- Department of Endoscopy, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - N Ishikawa
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - J Aida
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - K Takubo
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - T Ishiwata
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - M Nishimura
- Department of Endoscopy, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - T Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Japan
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18
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Lynch SM, Mitra N, Ravichandran K, Mitchell J, Spangler E, Zhou W, Paskett ED, Gehlert S, DeGraffinreid C, Stowe R, Dubowitz T, Riethman H, Branas CC, Peek MK, Rebbeck TR. Telomere Length and Neighborhood Circumstances: Evaluating Biological Response to Unfavorable Exposures. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 26:553-560. [PMID: 28373169 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Multilevel frameworks suggest neighborhood circumstances influence biology; however, this relationship is not well studied. Telomere length (TL) shortening has been associated with individual-level and neighborhood-level exposures and disease and may provide insights into underlying biologic mechanisms linking neighborhood with biology. To support neighborhood-biology investigations, we sought to determine the independent effect of neighborhood exposures on TL using standard multilevel linear regression models and quantile regression, a nonlinear, social science method applicable for testing the biologic hypothesis that extremes of the TL distribution are related to poor outcomes.Methods: In a multicenter, cross-sectional study, blood TL was measured in 1,488 individuals from 127 census tracts in three U.S. regions using terminal restriction fragment assays. Multilevel linear and quantile regression models were adjusted for individual-level race, education, perceived stress, and depression. Neighborhood exposures included population density, urban/residential crowding, residential stability/mobility, and socioeconomic status.Results: TL was not associated with any neighborhood variable using linear models, but quantile regression revealed inverse associations between population density and urban crowding at the lower tails of the TL distribution [5th (population density P = 0.03; urban crowding P = 0.002), 50th (both P < 0.001), 75th percentiles (both P < 0.001)]. TL was related to residential stability at the upper tail (95th percentile P = 0.006).Conclusions: Findings support the use of nonlinear statistical methods in TL research and suggest that neighborhood exposures can result in biological effects.Impact: TL may serve as an underlying example of a biologic mechanism that can link neighborhood with biology, thus supporting multilevel investigations in future studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(4); 553-60. ©2017 AACRSee all the articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Geospatial Approaches to Cancer Control and Population Sciences."
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Lynch
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nandita Mitra
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jonathan Mitchell
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine Spangler
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wenting Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Harold Riethman
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Charles C Branas
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - M K Peek
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Telomeric G-Quadruplexes: From Human to Tetrahymena Repeats. J Nucleic Acids 2017; 2017:9170371. [PMID: 29445544 PMCID: PMC5763100 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9170371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human telomeric and protozoal telomeric sequences differ only in one purine base in their repeats; TTAGGG in telomeric sequences; and TTGGGG in protozoal sequences. In this study, the relationship between G-quadruplexes formed from these repeats and their derivatives is analyzed and compared. The human telomeric DNA sequence G3(T2AG3)3 and related sequences in which each adenine base has been systematically replaced by a guanine were investigated; the result is Tetrahymena repeats. The substitution does not affect the formation of G-quadruplexes but may cause differences in topology. The results also show that the stability of the substituted derivatives increased in sequences with greater number of substitutions. In addition, most of the sequences containing imperfections in repeats which were analyzed in this study also occur in human and Tetrahymena genomes. Generally, the presence of G-quadruplex structures in any organism is a source of limitations during the life cycle. Therefore, a fuller understanding of the influence of base substitution on the structural variability of G-quadruplexes would be of considerable scientific value.
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20
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Liao YH, Ren JT, Zhang W, Zhang ZZ, Lin Y, Su FX, Jia WH, Tang LY, Ren ZF. Polymorphisms in homologous recombination repair genes and the risk and survival of breast cancer. J Gene Med 2017; 19. [PMID: 28940489 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin (Ig)A antibody of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was found to associate with breast cancer (BC), whereas IgA positivity was related to a series of genetic markers in the genes of homologous recombination repair system (HRRs). We assessed the associations of the polymorphisms in HRR genes with the risk and survival of BC. METHODS A case-control study was conducted with 1551 bc cases and 1605 age-matched healthy controls between October 2008 and March 2012 in the Guangzhou Breast Cancer Study (GZBCS), China, and the case population were followed up until 31 January 2016. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms of candidate genes in HRR system were genotyped. Odds ratios (ORs) and hazards ratios (HRs) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the risk and prognostic effect, respectively. RESULTS RFC1 rs6829064 (AA) was associated with an increased BC risk [OR = 1.35; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-1.73] compared to the wild genotype (GG). NRM rs1075496 (GT/TT versus GG) was associated with a worse progression-free survival (PFS) and the HR was 1.34 (95% CI = 1.01-1.78), particularly among advanced patients. LIG3 rs1052536 (CT/TT versus CC) was associated with a better PFS and the HR was 0.70 (95% CI = 0.53-0.93). However, RAD54L rs1710286 and RPA1 rs11078676 were not observed to be associated with either the risk or survival of BC. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that the polymorphisms in HRR genes were associated with BC risk (RFC1 rs6829064) and prognosis (NRM rs1075496 and LIG3 rs1052536), whereas RAD54L rs1710286 and RPA1 rs11078676 had null associations with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huang Liao
- The School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ting Ren
- The School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Zhang
- The School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Xi Su
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- The Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu-Ying Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Fang Ren
- The School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Xu Y, Wang X, Chen SM, Chen C, Wang Y, Xiao BK, Tao ZZ. Effect of silencing key proteins in telomerase mechanism and alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism in laryngeal cancer cells. Am J Otolaryngol 2016; 37:552-558. [PMID: 27726944 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the influences of telomerase and alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism on telomere length and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Short hairpin RNA expression vectors targeting the messenger TERT, TRF2, RAD51 and NBS1 were constructed. The mRNA and protein expression of targeted genes in human laryngeal squamous carcinoma cell line HEp-2 was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting separately. The length of telomere was analyzed by fluorescent in-situ hybridization. Cell viability was examined by cell counting Kit-8. Effects on tumor growth were also investigated in vivo. RESULTS The transfection of multiple short hairpin RNAs expression plasmid significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of related genes. Silence of alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism and telomerase mechanism related genes resulted in the shortening of telomere length in HEp-2 cell. However, silence of alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism related genes could shorten the telomere length but had no significant difference. Both simultaneously and separately blocking telomerase mechanism and alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism resulted in reduction of tumor cell viability. Silence of alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism and telomerase mechanism related genes inhibited the tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition of telomere related gene may be a promising strategy for the treatment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Ming Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo-Kui Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze-Zhang Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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22
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Danforth DN. Genomic Changes in Normal Breast Tissue in Women at Normal Risk or at High Risk for Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016; 10:109-46. [PMID: 27559297 PMCID: PMC4990153 DOI: 10.4137/bcbcr.s39384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic breast cancer develops through the accumulation of molecular abnormalities in normal breast tissue, resulting from exposure to estrogens and other carcinogens beginning at adolescence and continuing throughout life. These molecular changes may take a variety of forms, including numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, epigenetic changes, and gene expression alterations. To characterize these abnormalities, a review of the literature has been conducted to define the molecular changes in each of the above major genomic categories in normal breast tissue considered to be either at normal risk or at high risk for sporadic breast cancer. This review indicates that normal risk breast tissues (such as reduction mammoplasty) contain evidence of early breast carcinogenesis including loss of heterozygosity, DNA methylation of tumor suppressor and other genes, and telomere shortening. In normal tissues at high risk for breast cancer (such as normal breast tissue adjacent to breast cancer or the contralateral breast), these changes persist, and are increased and accompanied by aneuploidy, increased genomic instability, a wide range of gene expression differences, development of large cancerized fields, and increased proliferation. These changes are consistent with early and long-standing exposure to carcinogens, especially estrogens. A model for the breast carcinogenic pathway in normal risk and high-risk breast tissues is proposed. These findings should clarify our understanding of breast carcinogenesis in normal breast tissue and promote development of improved methods for risk assessment and breast cancer prevention in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Danforth
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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23
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Lynch SM, Peek MK, Mitra N, Ravichandran K, Branas C, Spangler E, Zhou W, Paskett ED, Gehlert S, DeGraffinreid C, Rebbeck TR, Riethman H. Race, Ethnicity, Psychosocial Factors, and Telomere Length in a Multicenter Setting. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146723. [PMID: 26752285 PMCID: PMC4709232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leukocyte telomere length(LTL) has been associated with age, self-reported race/ethnicity, gender, education, and psychosocial factors, including perceived stress, and depression. However, inconsistencies in associations of LTL with disease and other phenotypes exist across studies. Population characteristics, including race/ethnicity, laboratory methods, and statistical approaches in LTL have not been comprehensively studied and could explain inconsistent LTL associations. Methods LTL was measured using Southern Blot in 1510 participants from a multi-ethnic, multi-center study combining data from 3 centers with different population characteristics and laboratory processing methods. Main associations between LTL and psychosocial factors and LTL and race/ethnicity were evaluated and then compared across generalized estimating equations(GEE) and linear regression models. Statistical models were adjusted for factors typically associated with LTL(age, gender, cancer status) and also accounted for factors related to center differences, including laboratory methods(i.e., DNA extraction). Associations between LTL and psychosocial factors were also evaluated within race/ethnicity subgroups (Non-hispanic Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics). Results Beyond adjustment for age, gender, and cancer status, additional adjustments for DNA extraction and clustering by center were needed given their effects on LTL measurements. In adjusted GEE models, longer LTL was associated with African American race (Beta(β)(standard error(SE)) = 0.09(0.04), p-value = 0.04) and Hispanic ethnicity (β(SE) = 0.06(0.01), p-value = 0.02) compared to Non-Hispanic Whites. Longer LTL was also associated with less than a high school education compared to having greater than a high school education (β(SE) = 0.06(0.02), p-value = 0.04). LTL was inversely related to perceived stress (β(SE) = -0.02(0.003), p<0.001). In subgroup analyses, there was a negative association with LTL in African Americans with a high school education versus those with greater than a high school education(β(SE) = -0.11(0.03), p-value<0.001). Conclusions Laboratory methods and population characteristics that differ by center can influence telomere length associations in multicenter settings, but these effects could be addressed through statistical adjustments. Proper evaluation of potential sources of bias can allow for combined multicenter analyses and may resolve some inconsistencies in reporting of LTL associations. Further, biologic effects on LTL may differ under certain psychosocial and racial/ethnic circumstances and could impact future health disparity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Lynch
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - M. K. Peek
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nandita Mitra
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | | | - Charles Branas
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Elaine Spangler
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Wenting Zhou
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | | | - Sarah Gehlert
- Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | | | - Timothy R. Rebbeck
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Harold Riethman
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
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24
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Melicher D, Buzas EI, Falus A. Genetic and epigenetic trends in telomere research: a novel way in immunoepigenetics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4095-109. [PMID: 26190020 PMCID: PMC11113282 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are protective heterochromatic structures that cap the end of linear chromosomes and play a key role in preserving genomic stability. Telomere length represents a balance between processes that shorten telomeres during cell divisions with incomplete DNA replication and the ones that lengthen telomeres by the action of telomerase, an RNA-protein complex with reverse transcriptase activity which adds telomeric repeats to DNA molecule ends. Telomerase activity and telomere length have a crucial role in cellular ageing and in the pathobiology of several human diseases attracting intense research. The last few decades have witnessed remarkable advances in our understanding about telomeres, telomere-associated proteins, and the biogenesis and regulation of the telomerase holoenzyme complex, as well as about telomerase activation and the telomere-independent functions of telomerase. Emerging data have revealed that telomere length can be modified by genetic and epigenetic factors, sex hormones, reactive oxygen species and inflammatory reactions. It has become clear that, in order to find out more about the factors influencing the rate of telomere attrition in vivo, it is crucial to explore both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Since the telomere/telomerase assembly is under the control of multiple epigenetic influences, the unique design of twin studies could help disentangle genetic and environmental factors in the functioning of the telomere/telomerase system. It is surprising that the literature on twin studies investigating this topic is rather scarce. This review aims to provide an overview of some important immune response- and epigenetics-related aspects of the telomere/telomerase system demanding more research, while presenting the available twin data published in connection with telomere research so far. By emphasising what we know and what we still do not know in these areas, another purpose of this review is to urge more twin studies in telomere research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Melicher
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzas
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Falus
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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The relationship between telomere length and clinicopathologic characteristics in colorectal cancers among Tunisian patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8703-13. [PMID: 26047604 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in telomere dynamics have emerged as having a causative role in carcinogenesis. Both the telomere attrition contribute to tumor initiation via increasing chromosomal instability and that the telomere elongation induces cell immortalization and leads to tumor progression. The objectives of this study are to investigate the dynamics of telomere length in colorectal cancer (CRC) and the clinicopathological parameters implicated. We measured the relative telomere length (RTL) in cancerous tissues and in corresponding peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) using quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) from 94 patients with CRC. Telomere length correlated significantly in cancer tissues and corresponding PBL (r = 0.705). Overall, cancer tissue had shorter telomeres than PBL (p = 0.033). In both cancer tissue and PBL, the RTL was significantly correlated with age groups (p = 0.008 and p = 0.012, respectively). The RTL in cancer tissue was significantly longer in rectal tumors (p = 0.04) and in the late stage of tumors (p = 0.01). In PBL, the RTL was significantly correlated with the macroscopic aspect of tumors (p = 0.02). In addition, the telomere-length ratio of cancer to corresponding PBL increased significantly with late-stage groups. Shortening of the telomere was detected in 44.7%, elongation in 36.2%, and telomeres were unchanged in 19.1% of 94 tumors. Telomere shortening occurred more frequently in the early stage of tumors (p = 0.01). This study suggests that the telomere length in PBL is affected by the macroscopic aspect of tumors and that telomere length in cancer tissues is a marker for progression of CRC and depends on tumor-origin site.
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Blood Telomere Length Attrition and Cancer Development in the Normative Aging Study Cohort. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:591-6. [PMID: 26288820 PMCID: PMC4535161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accelerated telomere shortening may cause cancer via chromosomal instability, making it a potentially useful biomarker. However, publications on blood telomere length (BTL) and cancer are inconsistent. We prospectively examined BTL measures over time and cancer incidence. Methods We included 792 Normative Aging Study participants with 1–4 BTL measurements from 1999 to 2012. We used linear mixed-effects models to examine BTL attrition by cancer status (relative to increasing age and decreasing years pre-diagnosis), Cox models for time-dependent associations, and logistic regression for cancer incidence stratified by years between BTL measurement and diagnosis. Findings Age-related BTL attrition was faster in cancer cases pre-diagnosis than in cancer-free participants (pdifference = 0.017); all participants had similar age-adjusted BTL 8–14 years pre-diagnosis, followed by decelerated attrition in cancer cases resulting in longer BTL three (p = 0.003) and four (p = 0.012) years pre-diagnosis. Longer time-dependent BTL was associated with prostate cancer (HR = 1.79, p = 0.03), and longer BTL measured ≤ 4 years pre-diagnosis with any (OR = 3.27, p < 0.001) and prostate cancers (OR = 6.87, p < 0.001). Interpretation Age-related BTL attrition was faster in cancer cases but their age-adjusted BTL attrition began decelerating as diagnosis approached. This may explain prior inconsistencies and help develop BTL as a cancer detection biomarker. Normal, age-related telomere attrition is faster in subjects who later developed cancer. Telomere attrition began decelerating before cancer diagnosis, resulting in longer telomeres 3–4 years pre-diagnosis. Longer telomeres measured within four years of diagnosis were associated with all-cancer incidence.
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Matsuda Y, Ishiwata T, Izumiyama-Shimomura N, Hamayasu H, Fujiwara M, Tomita KI, Hiraishi N, Nakamura KI, Ishikawa N, Aida J, Takubo K, Arai T. Gradual telomere shortening and increasing chromosomal instability among PanIN grades and normal ductal epithelia with and without cancer in the pancreas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117575. [PMID: 25658358 PMCID: PMC4319908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence supports a key role for telomere dysfunction in carcinogenesis due to the induction of chromosomal instability. To study telomere shortening in precancerous pancreatic lesions, we measured telomere lengths using quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization in the normal pancreatic duct epithelium, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs), and cancers. The materials employed included surgically resected pancreatic specimens without cancer (n = 33) and with invasive ductal carcinoma (n = 36), as well as control autopsy cases (n = 150). In comparison with normal ducts, telomere length was decreased in PanIN-1, −2 and −3 and cancer. Furthermore, telomeres were shorter in cancer than in PanIN-1 and −2. Telomere length in cancer was not associated with histological type, lesion location, or cancer stage. PanINs with or without cancer showed similar telomere lengths. The incidences of atypical mitosis and anaphase bridges, which are morphological characteristics of chromosomal instability, were negatively correlated with telomere length. The telomeres in normal duct epithelium became shorter with aging, and those in PanINs or cancers were shorter than in age-matched controls, suggesting that telomere shortening occurs even when histological changes are absent. Our data strongly suggest that telomere shortening occurs in the early stages of pancreatic carcinogenesis and progresses with precancerous development. Telomere shortening and chromosomal instability in the duct epithelium might be associated with carcinogenesis of the pancreas. Determination of telomere length in pancreatic ductal lesions may be valuable for accurate detection and risk assessment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
- * E-mail: (YM); (KT)
| | - Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Naotaka Izumiyama-Shimomura
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hideki Hamayasu
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Mutsunori Fujiwara
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, 4-1-22 Hiroo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-8935, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Tomita
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, 4-1-22 Hiroo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-8935, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiraishi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hadano Red Cross Hospital, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0017, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Nakamura
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Naoshi Ishikawa
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Junko Aida
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kaiyo Takubo
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
- * E-mail: (YM); (KT)
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
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Muzza M, Colombo C, Rossi S, Tosi D, Cirello V, Perrino M, De Leo S, Magnani E, Pignatti E, Vigo B, Simoni M, Bulfamante G, Vicentini L, Fugazzola L. Telomerase in differentiated thyroid cancer: promoter mutations, expression and localization. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 399:288-95. [PMID: 25448848 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase-reverse-transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations have been recently described in tumors. In the present large series, TERT mutations were found in 12% of papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) and in 14% of follicular thyroid cancers (FTCs), and were found to significantly correlate with older age at diagnosis and poorer outcome. Interestingly, the prognostic value of TERT mutations resulted to be significantly stronger than that of BRAF(V600E). Moreover, the outcome was not different among tumors with isolated TERT mutation and those with coexistent mutations (TERT/BRAF in PTCs or TERT/RAS in FTCs). TERT rs2853669 polymorphism was found in 44.4% of tumors. At WB, TERT was significantly more expressed in tumors than in normal samples, being the highest levels of expression recorded in TERT mutated cases. At IHC, in tumors and in metastatic lymph-nodes TERT staining was significantly higher in the cytoplasm than in the nucleus, whereas in normal tissue the degree of staining did not differ in the two cellular compartments. In conclusion, TERT mutations were shown to strongly correlate with a poorer outcome in differentiated thyroid tumors, and neither BRAF nor RAS mutation were found to confer an additional effect in the disease persistence. TERT protein was found to be more expressed in neoplastic than in normal tissues, and to display a different cellular localization, suggesting that it could contribute to thyroid cancer progression by mechanisms taking place in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Muzza
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Colombo
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Delfina Tosi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Cirello
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Perrino
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Simone De Leo
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Magnani
- Azienda USL of Modena, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Metabolism and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Elisa Pignatti
- Azienda USL of Modena, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Metabolism and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vigo
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Azienda USL of Modena, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Metabolism and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Bulfamante
- Division of Pathology, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Fugazzola
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy.
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Turner KJ, Vasu V, Greenall J, Griffin DK. Telomere length analysis and preterm infant health: the importance of assay design in the search for novel biomarkers. Biomark Med 2014; 8:485-98. [PMID: 24796612 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.14.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants develop an 'aged' phenotype in comparison with term-born infants, one component of which is adverse metabolic health and, therefore, long-term health follow-up is warranted to identify morbidity. In light of this, the identification and use of biomarkers to aid with prognosis would be a welcome development. Telomeres are repeat sequences at the ends of each chromosome arm known to shorten as a consequence of cellular aging, and in relation to several disease conditions. The hypothesis that expreterm infants manifest alterations in telomere attrition rate is, therefore, one of interest. Analysis of telomere length maybe a plausible technique to predict prognosis in relation to preterm birth, and early life environmental and nutritional exposures. In this article, we review the literature on telomere length analysis in the preterm infant population and examine the tools available to measure telomere length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara J Turner
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
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30
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Friis-Ottessen M, Burum-Auensen E, Schjølberg AR, Ekstrøm PO, Andersen SN, Clausen OP, De Angelis PM. TP53/p53 alterations and Aurora A expression in progressor and non-progressor colectomies from patients with longstanding ulcerative colitis. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:24-30. [PMID: 25333414 PMCID: PMC4249752 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is a common feature in the colonic mucosa of patients suffering from the inflammatory bowel disease ulcerative colitis (UC) and often precedes the development of dysplasia and cancer. Aneuploidy is assumed to be caused by missegregation of chromosomes during mitosis, often due to a faulty spindle assembly checkpoint. p53 is a tumour suppressor protein known to regulate the spindle assembly checkpoint and is frequently mutated in aneuploid cells. Aurora A is a presumed oncoprotein, also involved in regulation of the spindle assembly checkpoint. In the present study, we examined the mutational frequency of TP53 and the protein levels of p53 in a set of 20 progressor and 10 non-progressor colectomies from patients suffering from longstanding UC. In addition, we re-examined previously published immunohistochemical data on Aurora A expression using the same material. Levels of Aurora A were re-examined with regard to DNA ploidy status and dysplasia within the progressors, as well as in relation to p53 accumulation and TP53 mutational status. We detected p53 accumulation only within the progressor colectomies, where it could be followed back 14 years prior to the colectomies, in pre-colectomy biopsies. TP53 mutations were detected in both progressors and non-progressors. Expression levels of Aurora A were similar in the progressors and non-progressors. Within the group of progressors however, low levels of Aurora A were associated with areas of DNA aneuploidy, as well as with increasing degrees of dysplasia. Our results indicate that alterations in p53 may be an early biomarker of a progressor colon, and that p53 is accumulated early in UC-related carcinogenesis. Furthermore, a decreased Aurora A expression is associated with the development of DNA aneuploidy, as well as with dysplasia in UC progressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Friis-Ottessen
- Division of Diagnostics and Intervention, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Per Olaf Ekstrøm
- Division of Surgery and Cancer Medicine, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solveig N Andersen
- Department of Pathology, Akershus University Hospital, Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Paula M De Angelis
- Division of Diagnostics and Intervention, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Tseng TS, Park JY, Zabaleta J, Moody-Thomas S, Sothern MS, Chen T, Evans DE, Lin HY. Role of nicotine dependence on the relationship between variants in the nicotinic receptor genes and risk of lung adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107268. [PMID: 25233467 PMCID: PMC4169410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several variations in the nicotinic receptor genes have been identified to be associated with both lung cancer risk and smoking in the genome-wide association (GWA) studies. However, the relationships among these three factors (genetic variants, nicotine dependence, and lung cancer) remain unclear. In an attempt to elucidate these relationships, we applied mediation analysis to quantify the impact of nicotine dependence on the association between the nicotinic receptor genetic variants and lung adenocarcinoma risk. We evaluated 23 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the five nicotinic receptor related genes (CHRNB3, CHRNA6, and CHRNA5/A3/B4) previously reported to be associated with lung cancer risk and smoking behavior and 14 SNPs in the four 'control' genes (TERT, CLPTM1L, CYP1A1, and TP53), which were not reported in the smoking GWA studies. A total of 661 lung adenocarcinoma cases and 1,347 controls with a smoking history, obtained from the Environment and Genetics in Lung Cancer Etiology case-control study, were included in the study. Results show that nicotine dependence is a mediator of the association between lung adenocarcinoma and gene variations in the regions of CHRNA5/A3/B4 and accounts for approximately 15% of this relationship. The top two CHRNA3 SNPs associated with the risk for lung adenocarcinoma were rs1051730 and rs12914385 (p-value = 1.9×10(-10) and 1.1×10(-10), respectively). Also, these two SNPs had significant indirect effects on lung adenocarcinoma risk through nicotine dependence (p = 0.003 and 0.007). Gene variations rs2736100 and rs2853676 in TERT and rs401681 and rs31489 in CLPTM1L had significant direct associations on lung adenocarcinoma without indirect effects through nicotine dependence. Our findings suggest that nicotine dependence plays an important role between genetic variants in the CHRNA5/A3/B4 region, especially CHRNA3, and lung adenocarcinoma. This may provide valuable information for understanding the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma and for conducting personalized smoking cessation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Sung Tseng
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Jong Y. Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Jovanny Zabaleta
- Department of Pediatrics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Sarah Moody-Thomas
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Melinda S. Sothern
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Ted Chen
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - David E. Evans
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States of America
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Samassekou O, Bastien N, Lichtensztejn D, Yan J, Mai S, Drouin R. DifferentTP53mutations are associated with specific chromosomal rearrangements, telomere length changes, and remodeling of the nuclear architecture of telomeres. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:934-50. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oumar Samassekou
- Division of Genetics; Department of Pediatrics; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology; CancerCare Manitoba; Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Nathalie Bastien
- Division of Genetics; Department of Pediatrics; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - Daniel Lichtensztejn
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology; CancerCare Manitoba; Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Ju Yan
- Division of Genetics; Department of Pediatrics; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - Sabine Mai
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology; CancerCare Manitoba; Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Régen Drouin
- Division of Genetics; Department of Pediatrics; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
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33
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Iranifam M. Analytical applications of chemiluminescence methods for cancer detection and therapy. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Weischer M, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG. Telomere shortening unrelated to smoking, body weight, physical activity, and alcohol intake: 4,576 general population individuals with repeat measurements 10 years apart. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004191. [PMID: 24625632 PMCID: PMC3953026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional studies have associated short telomere length with smoking, body weight, physical activity, and possibly alcohol intake; however, whether these associations are due to confounding is unknown. We tested these hypotheses in 4,576 individuals from the general population cross-sectionally, and with repeat measurement of relative telomere length 10 years apart. We also tested whether change in telomere length is associated with mortality and morbidity in the general population. Relative telomere length was measured with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cross-sectionally at the first examination, short telomere length was associated with increased age (P for trend across quartiles = 3 × 10(-77)), current smoking (P = 8 × 10(-3)), increased body mass index (P = 7 × 10(-14)), physical inactivity (P = 4 × 10(-17)), but not with increased alcohol intake (P = 0.10). At the second examination 10 years later, 56% of participants had lost and 44% gained telomere length with a mean loss of 193 basepairs. Change in leukocyte telomere length during 10 years was associated inversely with baseline telomere length (P<1 × 10(-300)) and age at baseline (P = 1 × 10(-27)), but not with baseline or 10-year inter-observational tobacco consumption, body weight, physical activity, or alcohol intake. Prospectively during a further 10 years follow-up after the second examination, quartiles of telomere length change did not associate with risk of all-cause mortality, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, or ischemic heart disease. In conclusion, smoking, increased body weight, and physical inactivity were associated with short telomere length cross-sectionally, but not with telomere length change during 10 years observation, and alcohol intake was associated with neither. Also, change in telomere length did not associate prospectively with mortality or morbidity in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Weischer
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig E. Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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35
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Lengacher CA, Reich RR, Kip KE, Barta M, Ramesar S, Paterson CL, Moscoso MS, Carranza I, Budhrani PH, Kim SJ, Park HY, Jacobsen PB, Schell MJ, Jim HSL, Post-White J, Farias JR, Park JY. Influence of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on telomerase activity in women with breast cancer (BC). Biol Res Nurs 2014; 16:438-47. [PMID: 24486564 DOI: 10.1177/1099800413519495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) reduces symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fear of recurrence among breast cancer (BC) survivors. However, the effects of MBSR (BC) on telomere length (TL) and telomerase activity (TA), known markers of cellular aging, psychological stress, and disease risk, are not known. This randomized, wait-listed, controlled study, nested within a larger trial, investigated the effects of MBSR (BC) on TL and TA. BC patients (142) with Stages 0-III cancer who had completed adjuvant treatment with radiation and/or chemotherapy at least 2 weeks prior to enrollment and within 2 years of completion of treatment with lumpectomy and/or mastectomy were randomly assigned to either a 6-week MBSR for BC program or a usual care. Assessments of TA and TL were obtained along with psychological measurements at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks after completing the MBSR(BC) program. The mean age of 142 participants was 55.3 years; 72% were non-Hispanic White; 78% had Stage I or II cancer; and 36% received both chemotherapy and radiation. In analyses adjusted for baseline TA and psychological status, TA increased steadily over 12 weeks in the MBSR(BC) group (approximately 17%) compared to essentially no increase in the control group (approximately 3%, p < .01). In contrast, no between-group difference was observed for TL (p = .92). These results provide preliminary evidence that MBSR(BC) increases TA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from BC patients and have implications for understanding how MBSR(BC) may extend cell longevity at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard R Reich
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee, Manatee County, FL, USA
| | - Kevin E Kip
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michelle Barta
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sophia Ramesar
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Irina Carranza
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Pinky H Budhrani
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seung Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Y Park
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paul B Jacobsen
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael J Schell
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Heather S L Jim
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Jong Y Park
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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Lynch SM, Major JM, Cawthon R, Weinstein SJ, Virtamo J, Lan Q, Rothman N, Albanes D, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ. A prospective analysis of telomere length and pancreatic cancer in the alpha-tocopherol beta-carotene cancer (ATBC) prevention study. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2672-80. [PMID: 23674344 PMCID: PMC5646275 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Smoking and diabetes, consistent risk factors for pancreatic cancer, are also factors that influence telomere length maintenance. To test whether telomere length is associated with pancreatic cancer risk, we conducted a nested case-control study in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study cohort of male smokers, aged 50-69 years at baseline. Between 1992 and 2004, 193 incident cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma occurred (mean follow-up from blood draw: 6.3 years) among participants with whole blood samples available for telomere length assays. For these cases and 660 controls, we calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, number of years smoked regularly, and history of diabetes mellitus. Telomere length was categorized into quartiles (shortest to longest) and analyzed as both a categorical and a continuous normal variable (reported per 0.2 unit increase in telomere length). All statistical tests were two-sided. Longer telomere length was significantly associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk (continuous OR = 1.26 95% CI = 1.09-1.46; highest quartile compared to lowest, OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.01-2.43, p-trend = 0.007). This association remained for subjects diagnosed within the first five years of blood draw (continuous OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.19-1.79 highest quartile OR = 2.92, 95% CI = 1.47-5.77, p-trend = 0.002), but not those diagnosed greater than five years after blood draw (continuous OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.85-1.22; highest quartile OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.60-1.79). This is the first prospective study to suggest an association between longer blood leukocyte telomere length and increased pancreatic cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Lynch
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center for Genetics and Complex Traits, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jacqueline M. Major
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Richard Cawthon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 United States
| | - Stephanie J. Weinstein
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Aida J, Yokoyama A, Shimomura N, Nakamura KI, Ishikawa N, Terai M, Poon S, Matsuura M, Fujiwara M, Sawabe M, Arai T, Takubo K. Telomere shortening in the esophagus of Japanese alcoholics: relationships with chromoendoscopic findings, ALDH2 and ADH1B genotypes and smoking history. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63860. [PMID: 23667679 PMCID: PMC3646776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromoendoscopy with Lugol iodine staining provides important information on the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In particular, distinct iodine-unstained lesions (DIULs) larger than 10 mm show a high prevalence in high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia. It has also been reported that inactive ALDH2*1/*2 and less-active ADH1B*1/*1, and smoking, are risk factors for esophageal SCC. We previously examined telomere shortening in the esophageal epithelium of alcoholics, and suggested a high prevalence of chromosomal instability in such individuals. In the present study, we attempted to analyze telomere lengths in 52 DIULs with reference to both their size and multiplicity, ALDH2 and ADH1B genotypes, and smoking history. Patients with DIULs <10 mm (n = 42) had significantly longer telomeres than those with DIULs ≥10 mm (n = 10, p = 0.008). No significant differences in telomere length were recognized between the ALDH2 and ADH1B genotypes (ALDH2 active/inactive = 35/17, ADH1B active/inactive = 32/20; p = 0.563, 0.784, respectively) or among four groups of patients divided according to smoking history (never-, ex-, light, and heavy smokers = 3, 6, 21, and 22 patients, respectively; p = 0.956). Patients without multiple DIULs (n = 17) had significantly longer telomeres than patients with multiple DIULs (n = 35, p = 0.040). It is suggested that alcoholism reduces telomere length in the esophagus, irrespective of genotype or smoking habit. Telomere shortening may not generate cancer directly, but may create conditions under which SCC can develop more easily, depending on subsequent exposure to carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Aida
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
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Zee RYL, Rose L, Chasman DI, Ridker PM. Genetic variation of fifteen folate metabolic pathway associated gene loci and the risk of incident head and neck carcinoma: the Women's Genome Health Study. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 418:33-6. [PMID: 23276522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of folate metabolic pathway (FMP) in the pathogenesis of head and neck carcinoma (HNC). Whether the genetic variation within the FMP associated genes modulates HNC remains elusive. To date, prospective, epidemiological data on the relationship of FMP gene variation with the risk of HNC are sparse. METHODS The association between 203 tag-SNPs (tSNPs) of 15 FMP associated genes (CBS, BHMT, DHFR, FOLR1, FOLR2, FOLR3, MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, MTHFD1, RFC1, SHMT1, SLC19A1, TCN2, and TYMS) and incident HNC was investigated in 23,294 Caucasian female participants of the prospective Women's Genome Health Study. All were free of known cancer at baseline. During a 15-year follow-up period, 55 participants developed a first ever HNC. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between genotypes and HNC risk assuming an additive genetic model. Haplotype-block analysis was also performed. RESULTS A total of 11 tSNPs within DHFR, MTHFR, RFC1, and TYMS were associated with HNC risk (all p-uncorrected <0.050). Further investigation using the haplotype-block analysis revealed an association of several prespecified haplotypes of RFC1 with HNC risk (all p-uncorrected <0.050). CONCLUSION If corroborated in other large prospective studies, the present findings suggest that genetic variation within the folate metabolic pathway gene loci examined, in particular, the replication factor C-1 (RFC1) gene variation may influence HNC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y L Zee
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02215, USA.
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Aida J, Kobayashi T, Saku T, Yamaguchi M, Shimomura N, Nakamura KI, Ishikawa N, Maruyama S, Cheng J, Poon SSS, Sawabe M, Arai T, Takubo K. Short telomeres in an oral precancerous lesion: Q-FISH analysis of leukoplakia. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:372-8. [PMID: 22122732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A precancerous condition is a lesion that, if left untreated, leads to cancer or can be induced to become malignant. In the oral region, leukoplakia is a lesion that has been regarded as precancerous. In cases of oral carcinoma, we have frequently noticed that a type of leukoplakia histologically demonstrating hyper-orthokeratosis and mild atypia (ortho-keratotic dysplasia; OKD) is often associated with carcinoma, either synchronously or metachronously. Therefore, we consider OKD-type leukoplakia to be a true precancerous lesion. MATERIALS AND METHODS In an attempt to clarify the relationship between OKD as a precancerous condition in the oral mucosa and telomere length, we estimated telomere lengths in this type of leukoplakia using quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization, and also quantified the frequency of anaphase-telophase bridges (ATBs) in comparison with squamous cell carcinoma in situ (CIS) and the background tissues of CIS and OKD. RESULTS Ortho-keratotic dysplasia was frequently associated with squamous cell carcinoma (45.0%) and showed significantly shorter telomeres than normal control epithelium, CIS, or the background of CIS or OKD. The frequency of ATBs was much higher in OKD than in control epithelium or CIS. CONCLUSION Ortho-keratotic dysplasia appears to be frequently associated with carcinoma, chromosomal instability, and excessively shortened telomeres, not only in the lesion itself but also in the surrounding background. Therefore, when this type of leukoplakia is recognized in the oral region, strict follow-up for oral squamous cell carcinoma is necessary, focusing not only on the areas of leukoplakia, but also the surrounding background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Aida
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Kheirollahi M, Mehrazin M, Kamalian N, Mehdipour P. Alterations of telomere length in human brain tumors. Med Oncol 2011; 28:864-70. [PMID: 20373057 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres at the ends of human chromosomes consist of tandem hexametric (TTAGGG)n repeats, which protect them from degradation. At each cycle of cell division, most normal somatic cells lose approximately 50-100 bp of the terminal telomeric repeat DNA. Precise prediction of growth and estimation of the malignant potential of brain tumors require additional markers. DNA extraction was performed from the 51 frozen tissues, and a non-radioactive chemiluminescent assay was used for Southern blotting. One sample t-test shows highly significant difference in telomere length in meningioma and astrocytoma with normal range. According to our results, higher grades of meningioma and astrocytoma tumors show more heterogeneity in telomere length, and also it seems shortening process of telomeres is an early event in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Kheirollahi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
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Shen M, Cawthon R, Rothman N, Weinstein SJ, Virtamo J, Hosgood HD, Lim U, Albanes D, Lan Q. A prospective study of telomere length measured by monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR and risk of lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2011; 73:133-7. [PMID: 21507503 PMCID: PMC3509808 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Telomere length plays an important role in chromosomal stability and tumorigenesis, and its measurement in peripheral white blood cell DNA may be a predictor of the development of lung cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using a new method - monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR - which reduces measurement variability, we compared telomere length relative to standard DNA in white blood cell DNA in 229 incident male lung cancer cases and 229 matched controls within the prospective Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study of male smokers. RESULTS Median (10th, 90th percentile) telomere length was 1.13 (0.86, 1.45) in cases and 1.08 (0.85, 1.38) in controls (P=0.038). Telomere length was inversely associated with pack-years of smoking (Spearman's correlation r=-0.16, P=0.02) among controls. Compared to subjects with shorter telomere length (≤median), subjects with greater telomere length (>median) had a 1.6-fold (95% CI, 1.06-2.36) increased risk of lung cancer. There was a significant linear relationship between quartiles of telomere length and risk of lung cancer (odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) by quartile: 1.00, 0.98 (0.55-1.73), 1.62 (0.95-2.77), and 1.50 (0.84-2.68); P(trend)=0.05). In addition, subgroup analysis showed that greater telomere length was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer among longer-term smokers (>38 years) (OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.00-3.59) but not among shorter-term smokers (≤38 years) (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.56-2.11) (P(interaction)=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that greater telomere length may be associated with higher risk of lung cancer among male smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard Cawthon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Jarmo Virtamo
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H. Dean Hosgood
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Unhee Lim
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Zadesenets KS, Katokhin AV, Mordvinov VA, Rubtsov NB. Telomeric DNA in chromosomes of five opisthorchid species. Parasitol Int 2011; 61:81-3. [PMID: 21708281 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of telomere repeat distribution in chromosomes of five opisthorchid species (Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884), Opisthorchis viverrini (Poirier, 1886), Metorchis xanthosomus (Creplin, 1846), Metorchis bilis (Braun, 1890), Clonorchis sinensis (Cobbold, 1875)) was performed with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of labeled (TTAGGG)n DNA-probe and PNA telomere probe on mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of these species. It was shown that chromosome telomeres of all studied species contain large clusters of (TTAGGG)n telomeric repeats. Interstitial clusters of the (TTAGGG)n repeats have not been revealed in the chromosomes of any studied species even when FISH of PNA telomere probe on pachytene chromosomes was performed. Furthermore interstitial clusters of the (TTAGGG)n repeats have not been detected in the chromosomes of O. viverrini, one of chromosomes of this species is the result of a fusion of two ancestral opisthorchid chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira S Zadesenets
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Abstract
Chromosomal instability occurs early in the development of cancer and may represent an important step in promoting the multiple genetic changes required for the initiation and/or progression of the disease. Telomere erosion is one of the factors that contribute to chromosome instability through end-to-end chromosome fusions entering BFB (breakage-fusion-bridge) cycles. Uncapped chromosomes with short dysfunctional telomeres represent an initiating substrate for both pre- and post-replicative joining, which leads to unstable chromosome rearrangements prone to bridge at mitotic anaphase. Resolution of chromatin bridge intermediates is likely to contribute greatly to the generation of segmental chromosome amplification events, unbalanced chromosome rearrangements and whole chromosome aneuploidy. Accordingly, telomere-driven instability generates highly unstable genomes that could promote cell immortalization and the acquisition of a tumour phenotype.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most cancers are characterized by some degree of aneuploidy, although its relevance for tumor initiation or progression and the nature of the initial trigger are still not well understood. It was Theodor Boveri who first suggested a link between aneuploidy and cancer at the beginning of the last century, but it is only recently that the molecular mechanisms involved have started to be uncovered. AREAS COVERED The molecular mechanisms that are at the origin of aneuploidy and their cellular consequences. Based on these new findings molecular targets have emerged which could lead to a specific treatment of at least some types of aneuploid tumors. EXPERT OPINION Therapeutic intervention specifically for aneuploid cells is a very promising approach, however, although new promising targets have been spotted they still need to be tested for proof of concept. Targeting the spindle checkpoint could be an interesting approach for cancer therapy, however, as for other mitotic targets, the open question of the therapeutic window and sensitivity of normal hemopoietic cells has to be considered carefully. Future challenges will not only include identifying and validating druggable targets related to the relevant pathways, but also finding predictive biomarkers to define the responding patient population(s).
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Abstract
Under the widely used World Health Organization (WHO) classification for the pathological diagnosis of oral premalignant lesions, dysplasia, which is graded as mild, moderate or severe, and carcinoma in situ (CIS), which is a non-invasive carcinoma, are classified as precursor lesions of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Since the first edition (Wahi et al. International histological classification of tumours no. 4, WHO, Geneva, 1971), the criterion for CIS--that all epithelial layers are replaced by atypical cells--has remained unchanged. However, this dysplasia-carcinoma sequence theory was introduced from the viewpoint of pathological changes in the uterine cervix: in contrast, almost all premalignant lesions and CIS of the oral mucosa show superficial maturation and differentiation. Based on this recognition, the squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (SIN) classification and Ljubljana classification were included in WHO's latest edition published in 2005. Although the WHO classification is commonly used in Japan, recent developments in oral oncology have promoted modifications of the classification used in this country. In 2005, the Working Group of the Japan Society for Oral Tumours advocated iodine staining and proposed a modified SIN system, and in 2007, the Working Committee of the Japanese Society for Oral Pathology (JSOP) reported a new CIS (JSOP) definition that included differentiated-type CIS. In 2010, based on these studies, a new entity--oral intraepithelial neoplasia (OIN)--was included in the first edition of General Rules for Clinical and Pathological Studies on Oral Cancer. In this review, we focus on the OIN/CIS (JSOP) new classification of premalignant lesions in oral mucosa, which further advances the concept of SIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Izumo
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina-machi, Saitama 362-0806, Japan.
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Jin G, Yoo SS, Cho S, Jeon HS, Lee WK, Kang HG, Choi YY, Choi JE, Cha SI, Lee EB, Kim CH, Jung TH, Kim YT, Park JY. Dual roles of a variable number of tandem repeat polymorphism in the TERT gene in lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:144-9. [PMID: 21083788 PMCID: PMC11159479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the impact of a functional tandem repeat minisatellite (MNS16A) polymorphism in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene on the risk of lung cancer, as well as on survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The effect of the MNS16A variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism on the risk of lung cancer was evaluated in a case-control study that consisted of 937 lung cancer patients and 943 healthy controls. The effect of the polymorphism on survival outcome was evaluated in 703 patients with surgically resected NSCLC. Compared with the VNTR-302 allele, the VNTR-243 allele was associated with a significantly increased risk of lung cancer (adjusted odds ratio, 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-2.25; P = 0.02). In addition, the genotypes carrying at least one VNTR-243 allele were associated with a significantly increased risk of lung cancer compared with the genotypes with no VNTR-243 allele (adjusted odds ratio, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.09-2.38; P = 0.02). In contrast to the effect of the polymorphism on the risk of lung cancer, the genotypes carrying at least one VNTR-243 allele were associated with a significantly better overall survival in patients with surgically resected NSCLC (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.28-0.93; P = 0.03). These findings suggest that the MNS16A VNTR polymorphism in the TERT gene has dual, conflicting roles in lung carcinogenesis. This polymorphism may increase the risk of lung cancer development, and may improve survival in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Spallarossa P, Altieri P, Barisione C, Passalacqua M, Aloi C, Fugazza G, Frassoni F, Podestà M, Canepa M, Ghigliotti G, Brunelli C. p38 MAPK and JNK antagonistically control senescence and cytoplasmic p16INK4A expression in doxorubicin-treated endothelial progenitor cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15583. [PMID: 21187925 PMCID: PMC3004949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients treated with low-dose anthracyclines often show late onset cardiotoxicity. Recent studies suggest that this form of cardiotoxicity is the result of a progenitor cell disease. In this study we demonstrate that Cord Blood Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) exposed to low, sub-apoptotic doses of doxorubicin show a senescence phenotype characterized by increased SA-b-gal activity, decreased TRF2 and chromosomal abnormalities, enlarged cell shape, and disarrangement of F-actin stress fibers accompanied by impaired migratory ability. P16 INK4A localizes in the cytoplasm of doxorubicin-induced senescent EPCs and not in the nucleus as is the case in EPCs rendered senescent by different stimuli. This localization together with the presence of an arrest in G2, and not at the G1 phase boundary, which is what usually occurs in response to the cell cycle regulatory activity of p16INK4A, suggests that doxorubicin-induced p16 INK4A does not regulate the cell cycle, even though its increase is closely associated with senescence. The effects of doxorubicin are the result of the activation of MAPKs p38 and JNK which act antagonistically. JNK attenuates the senescence, p16 INK4A expression and cytoskeleton remodeling that are induced by activated p38. We also found that conditioned medium from doxorubicin-induced senescent cardiomyocytes does not attract untreated EPCs, unlike conditioned medium from apoptotic cardiomyocytes which has a strong chemoattractant capacity. In conclusion, this study provides a better understanding of the senescence of doxorubicin-treated EPCs, which may be helpful in preventing and treating late onset cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Spallarossa
- Division of Cardiology, Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Altieri
- Division of Cardiology, Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiara Barisione
- Division of Cardiology, Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Passalacqua
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Concetta Aloi
- Division of Cardiology, Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Fugazza
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Marina Podestà
- 2nd Division, Department of Hematology, S. Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Canepa
- Division of Cardiology, Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ghigliotti
- Division of Cardiology, Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Claudio Brunelli
- Division of Cardiology, Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Aida J, Yokoyama A, Izumiyama N, Nakamura KI, Ishikawa N, Poon SS, Fujiwara M, Sawabe M, Matsuura M, Arai T, Takubo K. Alcoholics show reduced telomere length in the oesophagus. J Pathol 2010; 223:410-6. [PMID: 21171086 DOI: 10.1002/path.2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are repetitive G-rich DNA sequences located at the ends of chromosomes. Chromosomal and genomic instability due to telomere dysfunction plays an important role in carcinogenesis. To study telomere shortening in the oesophageal epithelium of alcoholics, we measured the telomere lengths of basal and parabasal cells in comparison with those of non-alcoholics using Q-FISH and our original software, Tissue Telo, and also assessed histological inflammation. Telomeres in basal cells were significantly shorter in alcoholics than in age-matched normal controls. Prominent histological findings of chronic inflammation were not evident in either alcoholics or non-alcoholics. Our finding that telomeres in the oesophageal epithelium are shorter in alcoholics than in non-alcoholics indicates that telomere shortening may be associated with the frequent occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in alcoholics. Further studies to clarify the reason for the large annual loss of telomere length with rapid turnover or lower telomerase activity in the oesophageal epithelium of alcoholics will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Aida
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
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Viglasky V, Bauer L, Tluckova K, Javorsky P. Evaluation of human telomeric g-quadruplexes: the influence of overhanging sequences on quadruplex stability and folding. J Nucleic Acids 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20798854 PMCID: PMC2925402 DOI: 10.4061/2010/820356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, various G-quadruplex structures have been reported in human telomeric sequences. Human telomeric repeats can form many topological structures depending on conditions and on base modification; parallel, antiparallel, and hybrid forms. The effect of salts and some specific ligands on conformational switches between different conformers is known, but the influence of protruding sequences has rarely been discussed. In this paper, we analyze different quadruplex-forming oligomers derived from human telomeric sequences which contain 3′- and 5′-protruding nucleotides, not usually associated with the G-quadruplex motif. The study was performed using electrophoresis, CD, and UV spectroscopies. The major findings are (i) protruding nucleotides destabilize the G-quadruplex structure, and (ii) overhanging sequences influence the folding of the quadruplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Viglasky
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, P. J. Safarik University, Moyzesova 11, 04154 Kosice, Slovakia
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Rouquette J, Cremer C, Cremer T, Fakan S. Functional nuclear architecture studied by microscopy: present and future. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 282:1-90. [PMID: 20630466 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)82001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review we describe major contributions of light and electron microscopic approaches to the present understanding of functional nuclear architecture. The large gap of knowledge, which must still be bridged from the molecular level to the level of higher order structure, is emphasized by differences of currently discussed models of nuclear architecture. Molecular biological tools represent new means for the multicolor visualization of various nuclear components in living cells. New achievements offer the possibility to surpass the resolution limit of conventional light microscopy down to the nanometer scale and require improved bioinformatics tools able to handle the analysis of large amounts of data. In combination with the much higher resolution of electron microscopic methods, including ultrastructural cytochemistry, correlative microscopy of the same cells in their living and fixed state is the approach of choice to combine the advantages of different techniques. This will make possible future analyses of cell type- and species-specific differences of nuclear architecture in more detail and to put different models to critical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Rouquette
- Biocenter, Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
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