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Rajpal S, Batista AD, Groß R, Münch J, Mizaikoff B, Mishra P. Rational design based on multi-monomer simultaneous docking for epitope imprinting of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23057. [PMID: 39367029 PMCID: PMC11452659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Among biomimetic strategies shaping engineering designs, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) technology stands out, involving chemically synthesised receptors emulating natural antigen-antibody interactions. These versatile 'designer polymers' with remarkable stability and low cost, are pivotal for in vitro diagnostics. Amid the recent global health crisis, we probed MIPs' potential to capture SARS-CoV-2 virions. Large biotemplates complicate MIP design, influencing generated binding site specificity. To precisely structure recognition sites within polymers, we innovated an epitope imprinting method supplemented by in silico polymerization component screening. A viral surface Spike protein informed epitope selection was targeted for MIP development. A novel multi-monomer docking approach (MMSD) was employed to simulate classical receptor-ligand interactions, mimicking binding reinforcement across multiple amino acids. Around 40 monomer combinations were docked to the epitope sequence and top performers experimentally validated via rapid fluorescence binding assays. Notably, high imprinting factor polymers correlated with MMSD predictions, promising rational MIP design applicable to diverse viral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Rajpal
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (IABC), Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Alex D Batista
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (IABC), Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Sedanstraße 14, 89077, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology (IMV), Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstraße 1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology (IMV), Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstraße 1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (IABC), Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
- Hahn-Schickard, Sedanstraße 14, 89077, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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2
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Fang P, You M, Cao Y, Feng Q, Shi L, Wang J, Sun X, Yu D, Zhou W, Yin L, Mei F, Zhu X, Cheng A, Tan X. Development and validation of bioanalytical assays for the quantification of 9MW2821, a nectin-4-targeting antibody-drug conjugate. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 248:116318. [PMID: 38908237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
We designed and developed 9MW2821, an anti-Nectin-4 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) with an enzymatically cleavable valine-citrulline linker and monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) as the payload. Four bioanalytical assays for total antibodies, conjugated antibodies, conjugated payload, and free payload were then developed and validated for the comprehensive evaluation of the multiple drug forms of 9MW2821. Specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to quantify total antibodies and conjugated antibody, showing good drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) tolerance. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine free MMAE, and conjugated MMAE was quantified using a combination of ligand-binding assay (LBA) and LC-MS/MS. Based on these four assays, we studied the serum stability and monkey pharmacokinetic profiles of 9MW2821, and the in vivo DAR of 9MW2821 was calculated and dynamically monitored. In conclusion, we developed and validated series of bioanalytical assays to quantify multiple forms of 9MW2821, a new ADC, and used the assays to evaluate the serum stability and monkey pharmacokinetic characteristics. The results indicate good linker stability and suggest that the developed assays can be further used in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fang
- Jiangsu Mabwell Health Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Meng You
- Jiangsu Mabwell Health Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yuxia Cao
- Jiangsu Mabwell Health Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Qingjun Feng
- Jiangsu Mabwell Health Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Jiangsu Mabwell Health Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Jiangsu Mabwell Health Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- Jiangsu Mabwell Health Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Dongan Yu
- Jiangsu Mabwell Health Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Jiangsu Mabwell Health Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Long Yin
- Jiangsu Mabwell Health Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Fei Mei
- Jiangsu Mabwell Health Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- Jiangsu Mabwell Health Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Aidi Cheng
- Jiangsu Mabwell Health Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Xiaoding Tan
- Jiangsu Mabwell Health Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China.
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3
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Sharma A, Cazade P, Khamar D, Hayden A, Thompson D, Hughes H. On the role of excipients in biopharmaceuticals manufacture: Modelling-guided formulation identifies the protective effect of arginine hydrochloride excipient on spray-dried Olipudase alfa recombinant protein. Int J Pharm 2024; 662:124466. [PMID: 39009288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are labile biomolecules that must be safeguarded to ensure the safety, quality, and efficacy of the product. Batch freeze-drying is an established means of manufacturing solid biopharmaceuticals but alternative technologies such as spray-drying may be more suitable for continuous manufacturing of inhalable biopharmaceuticals. Here we assessed the feasibility of spray-drying Olipudase alfa, a novel parenteral therapeutic enzyme, by evaluating some of its critical quality attributes (CQAs) in a range of excipients, namely, trehalose, arginine (Arg), and arginine hydrochloride (Arg-HCl) in the sucrose/methionine base formulation. The Arg-HCl excipient produced the best gain in CQAs of spray-dried Olipudase with a 63% reduction in reconstitution time and 83% reduction in the optical density of the solution. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the atomic-scale mechanism of the protein-excipient interactions, substantiating the experimental results. The Arg-HCl effect was explained by the calculated thermal stability and structural order of the protein wherein Arg-HCl acted as a crowding agent to suppress protein aggregation and promote stabilization of Olipudase post-spray-drying. Therefore, by rational selection of appropriate excipients, our experimental and modelling dataset confirms spray-drying is a promising technology for the manufacture of Olipudase and demonstrates the potential to accelerate development of continuous manufacturing of parenteral biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Sharma
- Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), South East Technological University (SETU), Main Campus, Cork Road, Waterford X91K0EK, Ireland
| | - Pierre Cazade
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Dikshitkumar Khamar
- Sanofi, Manufacturing Science, Analytics and Technology (MSAT), IDA Industrial Park Waterford, X91TP27, Ireland
| | - Ambrose Hayden
- Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), South East Technological University (SETU), Main Campus, Cork Road, Waterford X91K0EK, Ireland
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Helen Hughes
- Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), South East Technological University (SETU), Main Campus, Cork Road, Waterford X91K0EK, Ireland.
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4
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Schoenfeld K, Harwardt J, Kolmar H. Better safe than sorry: dual targeting antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. Biol Chem 2024; 405:443-459. [PMID: 38297991 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapies are revolutionizing cancer treatment and experience a steady increase from preclinical and clinical pipelines to market share. While the clinical success of monoclonal antibodies is frequently limited by low response rates, treatment resistance and various other factors, multispecific antibodies open up new prospects by addressing tumor complexity as well as immune response actuation potently improving safety and efficacy. Novel antibody approaches involve simultaneous binding of two antigens on one cell implying increased specificity and reduced tumor escape for dual tumor-associated antigen targeting and enhanced and durable cytotoxic effects for dual immune cell-related antigen targeting. This article reviews antibody and cell-based therapeutics for oncology with intrinsic dual targeting of either tumor cells or immune cells. As revealed in various preclinical studies and clinical trials, dual targeting molecules are promising candidates constituting the next generation of antibody drugs for fighting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schoenfeld
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julia Harwardt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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5
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Terstappen J, Delemarre EM, Versnel A, White JT, Derrien-Colemyn A, Ruckwardt TJ, Bont LJ, Mazur NI. RSV Neutralizing Antibodies in Dried Blood. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:e93-e101. [PMID: 39052716 PMCID: PMC11272053 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The key correlate of protection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is virus neutralization, measured via sera obtained through venipuncture. Dried blood obtained with a finger prick can simplify acquisition, processing, storage, and transport in trials and thereby reduce costs. In this study, we validate an assay to measure RSV neutralization in dried capillary blood. METHODS Functional antibodies were compared between matched serum and dried blood samples from a phase 1 trial with RSM01, an investigational anti-RSV prefusion F mAb. Hep-2 cells were infected with a serial dilution of sample-virus mixture by using RSV-A2-mKate to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration. Stability of dried blood was evaluated over time and during temperature stress. RESULTS Functional antibodies in dried blood were highly correlated with serum (R2 = 0.98, P < .0001). The precision of the assay for dried blood was similar to serum. The function of mAb remained stable for 9 months at room temperature and frozen dried blood samples. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the feasibility of measuring RSV neutralization using dried blood as a patient-centered solution that may replace serology testing in trials against RSV or other viruses, such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT05118386 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonne Terstappen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline M Delemarre
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Versnel
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joleen T White
- Bioassay Development and Operations, Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Alexandrine Derrien-Colemyn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Louis J Bont
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network Foundation, Zeist
| | - Natalie I Mazur
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
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6
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Schardt JS, Sivaneri NS, Tessier PM. Monoclonal Antibody Generation Using Single B Cell Screening for Treating Infectious Diseases. BioDrugs 2024; 38:477-486. [PMID: 38954386 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-024-00667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The screening of antigen-specific B cells has been pivotal for biotherapeutic development for over four decades. Conventional antibody discovery strategies, including hybridoma technology and single B cell screening, remain widely used based on their simplicity, accessibility, and proven track record. Technological advances and the urgent demand for infectious disease applications have shifted paradigms in single B cell screening, resulting in increased throughput and decreased time and labor, ultimately enabling the rapid identification of monoclonal antibodies with desired biological and biophysical properties. Herein, we provide an overview of conventional and emergent single B cell screening approaches and highlight their potential strengths and weaknesses. We also detail the impact of innovative technologies-including miniaturization, microfluidics, multiplexing, and deep sequencing-on the recent identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies for infectious disease applications. Overall, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has reinvigorated efforts to improve the efficiency of monoclonal antibody discovery, resulting in the broad application of innovative antibody discovery methodologies for treating a myriad of infectious diseases and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Schardt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Neelan S Sivaneri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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7
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Wang S, Zhang W, Yang B, Zhang X, Fang J, Rui H, Chen Z, Gu J, Chen Z, Xu J. A case study of a bispecific antibody manufacturability assessment and optimization during discovery stage and its implications. Antib Ther 2024; 7:189-198. [PMID: 39036070 PMCID: PMC11259756 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The manufacturability assessment and optimization of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) during the discovery stage are crucial for the success of the drug development process, impacting the speed and cost of advancing such therapeutics to the Investigational New Drug (IND) stage and ultimately to the market. The complexity of bsAbs creates challenges in employing effective evaluation methods to detect developability risks in early discovery stage, and poses difficulties in identifying the root causes and implementing subsequent engineering solutions. This study presents a case of engineering a bsAb that displayed a normal solution appearance during the discovery phase but underwent significant precipitation when subjected to agitation stress during 15 L Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control (CMC) production Leveraging analytical tools, structural analysis, in silico prediction, and wet-lab validations, the key molecular origins responsible for the observed precipitation were identified and addressed. Sequence engineering to reduce protein surface hydrophobicity and enhance conformational stability proved effective in resolving agitation-induced aggregation. The refined bsAb sequences enabled successful mass production in CMC department. The findings of this case study contribute to the understanding of the fundamental mechanism of agitation-induced aggregation and offer a potential protein engineering procedure for addressing similar issues in bsAb. Furthermore, this case study emphasizes the significance of a close partnership between Discovery and CMC teams. Integrating CMC's rigorous evaluation methods with Discovery's engineering capability can facilitate a streamlined development process for bsAb molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Biologics Innovation Discovery, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Biologics Innovation Discovery, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Baotian Yang
- Biologics Innovation Discovery, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Biologics Innovation Discovery, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Haopeng Rui
- D3 Bio (Wuxi) Co., Ltd., 1101, 11/F, Building 1, No.6, Lane 38, Yuanshen Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- D3 Bio (Wuxi) Co., Ltd., 1101, 11/F, Building 1, No.6, Lane 38, Yuanshen Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jijie Gu
- Biologics Innovation Discovery, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- D3 Bio (Wuxi) Co., Ltd., 1101, 11/F, Building 1, No.6, Lane 38, Yuanshen Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Biologics Innovation Discovery, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
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8
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Wang SJ, Gupta R, Benegal A, Avula R, Huang YY, Vahey MD, Chakrabarty RK, Pappu RV, Singamaneni S, Puthussery JV, King MR. A High-Avidity, Thermostable, and Low-Cost Synthetic Capture for Ultrasensitive Detection and Quantification of Viral Antigens and Aerosols. ACS Sens 2024; 9:3096-3104. [PMID: 38753414 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are currently the most popular point-of-care diagnostics, rapidly transforming disease diagnosis from expensive doctor checkups and laboratory-based tests to potential on-the-shelf commodities. Yet, their sensitive element, a monoclonal antibody, is expensive to formulate, and their long-term storage depends on refrigeration technology that cannot be met in resource-limited areas. In this work, LCB1 affibodies (antibody mimetic miniproteins) were conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) to afford a high-avidity synthetic capture (LCB1-BSA) capable of detecting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein and virus like particles (VLPs). Substituting the monoclonal antibody 2B04 for LCB1-BSA (stable up to 60 °C) significantly improved the thermal stability, shelf life, and affordability of plasmonic-fluor-based LFAs (p-LFAs). Furthermore, this substitution significantly improved the sensitivity of p-LFAs toward the spike protein and VLPs with precise quantitative ability over 2 and 3 orders of magnitude, respectively. LCB1-BSA sensors could detect VLPs at 100-fold lower concentrations, and this improvement, combined with their robust nature, enabled us to develop an aerosol sampling technology to detect aerosolized viral particles. Synthetic captures like LCB1-BSA can increase the ultrasensitivity, availability, sustainability, and long-term accuracy of LFAs while also decreasing their manufacturing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Rohit Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Ananya Benegal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Rohan Avula
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yin-Yuan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Michael D Vahey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Rajan K Chakrabarty
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Rohit V Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Joseph V Puthussery
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Matthew R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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9
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Dobrea A, Hall N, Milne S, Corrigan DK, Jimenez M. A plug-and-play, easy-to-manufacture fluidic accessory to significantly enhance the sensitivity of electrochemical immunoassays. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14154. [PMID: 38898088 PMCID: PMC11187161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Earlier access to patients' biomarker status could transform disease management. However, gold-standard techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are typically not deployed at the point-of-care due to their cumbersome instrumentation and complexity. Electrochemical immunosensors can be disruptive in this sector with their small size and lower cost but, without further modifications, the performance of these sensors in complex media (e.g., blood) has been limited. This paper presents a low-cost fluidic accessory fabricated using widely accessible materials and processes for boosting sensor sensitivity through confinement of the detection media next to the electrode surface. Liquid confinement first highlighted a spontaneous reaction between the pseudoreference electrode and ELISA detection substrate 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) that decreases the amount of oxTMB available for detection. Different strategies are investigated to limit this and maximize reliability. Next, flow cell integration during the signal amplification step of sensor preparation was shown to substantially enhance the detection of cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) with the best sensitivity boost recorded for fresh human plasma (x7 increase compared to x5.8 in purified serum and x5.5 in PBS). The flow cell requires no specialized equipment and can be seamlessly integrated with commercial sensors, making an ideal companion for electrochemical signal enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dobrea
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK.
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Nicole Hall
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK
| | - Stuart Milne
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK
- Pure and Applied Chemistry Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK
| | - Damion K Corrigan
- Pure and Applied Chemistry Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK
| | - Melanie Jimenez
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK
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10
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Sanaee M, Ronquist KG, Sandberg E, Morrell JM, Widengren J, Gallo K. Antibody-Loading of Biological Nanocarrier Vesicles Derived from Red-Blood-Cell Membranes. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22711-22718. [PMID: 38826552 PMCID: PMC11137724 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies, disruptive potent therapeutic agents against pharmacological targets, face a barrier in crossing immune systems and cellular membranes. To overcome these, various strategies have been explored including shuttling via liposomes or biocamouflaged nanoparticles. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of loading antibodies into exosome-mimetic nanovesicles derived from human red-blood-cell membranes, which can act as nanocarriers for intracellular delivery. Goat-antichicken antibodies are loaded into erythrocyte-derived nanovesicles, and their loading yields are characterized and compared with smaller dUTP-cargo molecules. Applying dual-color coincident fluorescence burst analyses, the loading yield of nanocarriers is rigorously profiled at the single-vesicle level, overcoming challenges due to size-heterogeneity and demonstrating a maximum antibody-loading yield of 38-41% at the optimal vesicle radius of 52 nm. The achieved average loading yields, amounting to 14% across the entire nanovesicle population, with more than two antibodies per loaded vesicle, are fully comparable to those obtained for the much smaller dUTP molecules loaded in the nanovesicles after additional exosome-spin-column purification. The results suggest a promising new avenue for therapeutic delivery of antibodies, potentially encompassing also intracellular targets and suitable for large-scale pharmacological applications, which relies on the exosome-mimetic properties, biocompatibility, and low-immunogenicity of bioengineered nanocarriers synthesized from human erythrocyte membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sanaee
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - K. Göran Ronquist
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Elin Sandberg
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Jane M. Morrell
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Jerker Widengren
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Katia Gallo
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
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11
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Krishna S, Jung ST, Lee EY. Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris: microbial cell-factory platform for -full-length IgG production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38797692 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2342969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the unmet demand, the pharmaceutical industry is investigating an alternative host to mammalian cells to produce antibodies for a variety of therapeutic and research applications. Regardless of some disadvantages, Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris are the preferred microbial hosts for antibody production. Despite the fact that the production of full-length antibodies has been successfully demonstrated in E. coli, which has mostly been used to produce antibody fragments, such as: antigen-binding fragments (Fab), single-chain fragment variable (scFv), and nanobodies. In contrast, Pichia, a eukaryotic microbial host, is mostly used to produce glycosylated full-length antibodies, though hypermannosylated glycan is a major challenge. Advanced strategies, such as the introduction of human-like glycosylation in endotoxin-edited E. coli and cell-free system-based glycosylation, are making progress in creating human-like glycosylation profiles of antibodies in these microbes. This review begins by explaining the structural and functional requirements of antibodies and continues by describing and analyzing the potential of E. coli and P. pastoris as hosts for providing a favorable environment to create a fully functional antibody. In addition, authors compare these microbes on certain features and predict their future in antibody production. Briefly, this review analyzes, compares, and highlights E. coli and P. pastoris as potential hosts for antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Krishna
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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12
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Eigenfeld M, Lupp KFM, Schwaminger SP. Role of Natural Binding Proteins in Therapy and Diagnostics. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:630. [PMID: 38792650 PMCID: PMC11122601 DOI: 10.3390/life14050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This review systematically investigates the critical role of natural binding proteins (NBPs), encompassing DNA-, RNA-, carbohydrate-, fatty acid-, and chitin-binding proteins, in the realms of oncology and diagnostics. In an era where cancer continues to pose significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide, the innovative exploration of NBPs offers a promising frontier for advancing both the diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficacy of cancer management strategies. This manuscript provides an in-depth examination of the unique mechanisms by which NBPs interact with specific molecular targets, highlighting their potential to revolutionize cancer diagnostics and therapy. Furthermore, it discusses the burgeoning research on aptamers, demonstrating their utility as 'nucleic acid antibodies' for targeted therapy and precision diagnostics. Despite the promising applications of NBPs and aptamers in enhancing early cancer detection and developing personalized treatment protocols, this review identifies a critical knowledge gap: the need for comprehensive studies to understand the diverse functionalities and therapeutic potentials of NBPs across different cancer types and diagnostic scenarios. By bridging this gap, this manuscript underscores the importance of NBPs and aptamers in paving the way for next-generation diagnostics and targeted cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Eigenfeld
- Otto-Loewi Research Center, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kilian F. M. Lupp
- Otto-Loewi Research Center, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian P. Schwaminger
- Otto-Loewi Research Center, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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13
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Sirén H. Research of saccharides and related biocomplexes: A review with recent techniques and applications. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300668. [PMID: 38699940 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Saccharides and biocompounds as saccharide (sugar) complexes have various roles and biological functions in living organisms due to modifications via nucleophilic substitution, polymerization, and complex formation reactions. Mostly, mono-, di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides are stabilized to inactive glycosides, which are formed in metabolic pathways. Natural saccharides are important in food and environmental monitoring. Glycosides with various functionalities are significant in clinical and medical research. Saccharides are often studied with the chromatographic methods of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and anion exchange chromatograpy, but also with capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry with their on-line coupling systems. Sample preparation is important in the identification of saccharide compounds. The cases discussed here focus on bioscience, clinical, and food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Sirén
- Chemicum Building, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Das PK, Sahoo A, Veeranki VD. Recombinant monoclonal antibody production in yeasts: Challenges and considerations. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131379. [PMID: 38580014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-based engineered protein molecules with a monovalent affinity or multivalent avidity towards a specific target or antigen, which can mimic natural antibodies that are produced in the human immune systems to fight against detrimental pathogens. The recombinant mAb is one of the most effective classes of biopharmaceuticals produced in vitro by cloning and expressing synthetic antibody genes in a suitable host. Yeast is one of the potential hosts among others for the successful production of recombinant mAbs. However, there are very few yeast-derived mAbs that got the approval of the regulatory agencies for direct use for treatment purposes. Certain challenges encountered by yeasts for recombinant antibody productions need to be overcome and a few considerations related to antibody structure, host engineering, and culturing strategies should be followed for the improved production of mAbs in yeasts. In this review, the drawbacks related to the metabolic burden of the host, culturing conditions including induction mechanism and secretion efficiency, solubility and stability, downstream processing, and the pharmacokinetic behavior of the antibody are discussed, which will help in developing the yeast hosts for the efficient production of recombinant mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Kumar Das
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ansuman Sahoo
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Venkata Dasu Veeranki
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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15
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Amirdhanayagam J, Guleria M, Sharma R, Kumar N, Mukherjee A, Das T. Formulation of patient dose of [ 177Lu]Lu-Trastuzumab using in-house developed freeze-dried kit: A path forward for clinical translation. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2024; 67:131-144. [PMID: 38342496 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Trastuzumab is a US-FDA-approved humanized monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. The aim of the present work is to optimize a freeze-dried formulation of DOTA-Trastuzumab conjugate for the preparation of patient doses of [177Lu]Lu-Trastuzumab for radioimmunotherapy of breast cancer. The formulation of [177Lu]Lu-Trastuzumab usually takes a long time, and thus, such a process is not suitable for the routine preparation of this agent in hospital radiopharmacies. To circumvent this, a pre-synthesized DOTA-Trastuzumab conjugate as a freeze-dried formulation is proposed. In the present work, DOTA-Trastuzumab conjugate was subjected to a freeze-drying process after the addition of optimized amounts of radioprotectant and cryoprotectant. [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-Trastuzumab was prepared by incubating the lyophilized powder of the kit vial with medium-specific activity 177LuCl3. The final radiochemical purity of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-Trastuzumab, prepared using freeze-dried kit, was determined to be >95%. To ascertain the reproducibility of the procedure, six consecutive batches of the freeze-dried formulation were prepared, radiolabeled, and evaluated by carrying out both in vitro and ex vivo studies. The consistency of the results of all the six consecutive batches confirmed the robustness and utility of the in-house optimized freeze-dried formulation for the preparation of patient doses of [177Lu]Lu-Trastuzumab at hospital radiopharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohini Guleria
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Archana Mukherjee
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Tapas Das
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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16
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Peng L, Li W, Peng G, Wei D, Gou L, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Chen X, Wu L, Zhang W, Hu L, Cao Q, Wang C, Zhang Y. Antibacterial and DNA-Based Hydrogels In Situ Block TNF-α to Promote Diabetic Alveolar Bone Rebuilding. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300559. [PMID: 38014713 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar bone injury under diabetic conditions can severely impede many oral disease treatments. Rebuilding diabetic alveolar bone in clinics is currently challenging due to persistent infection and inflammatory response. Here, an antibacterial DNA-based hydrogel named Agantigel is developed by integrating silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) antibody into DNA hydrogel to promote diabetic alveolar bone regeneration. Agantigel can effectively inhibit bacterial growth through AgNCs while exhibiting negligible cytotoxicity in vitro. The sustained release of TNF-α antibody from Agantigel effectively blocks TNF-α and promotes M2 polarization of macrophages, ultimately accelerating diabetic alveolar bone regeneration in vivo. After 21 days of treatment, Agantigel significantly accelerates the defect healing rate of diabetic alveolar bone up to 82.58 ± 8.58% and improves trabecular architectures compared to free TNF-α (42.52 ± 15.85%). The results imply that DNA hydrogels are potential bio-scaffolds helping the sustained release of multidrug for treating DABI or other oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linrui Peng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ge Peng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Danfeng Wei
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liping Gou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Animal Experimental Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yaojia Zhou
- Animal Experimental Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Animal Experimental Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Core facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Core facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liqiang Hu
- WestChina-California Research Center for Predictive Intervention Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Chengshi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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17
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Duan H, Tang SY, Goda K, Li M. Enhancing the sensitivity and stability of electrochemical aptamer-based sensors by AuNPs@MXene nanocomposite for continuous monitoring of biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115918. [PMID: 38086309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensors offer exciting potential for real-time tracking of various biomarkers, such as proteins and small molecules, due to their exceptional selectivity and adaptability. However, most E-AB sensors rely on planar gold structures, which inherently limit their sensitivity and operational stability for continuous monitoring of biomarkers. Although gold nanostructures have recently enhanced E-AB sensor performance, no studies have explored the combination of gold nanostructure with other types of nanomaterials for continuous molecular monitoring. To fill this gap, we employed gold nanoparticles and MXene Ti3C2 (AuNPs@MXene), a versatile nanocomposite, in designing an E-AB sensor targeted at vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a crucial human signaling protein. Remarkably, the AuNPs@MXene nanocomposite achieved over thirty-fold and half-fold increases in active surface area compared to bare and AuNPs-modified gold electrodes, respectively, significantly elevating the analytical capabilities of E-AB sensors during continuous operation. After a systematic optimization and characterization process, the newly developed E-AB sensor, powered by AuNPs@MXene nanocomposite, demonstrated both enhanced stability and heightened sensitivity. Overall, our findings open new avenues for the incorporation of nanocomposites in E-AB sensor design, enabling the creation of more sensitive and durable real-time monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Duan
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 1BJ, UK
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia; School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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18
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Lou H, Zhang Y, Kuczera K, Hageman MJ, Schöneich C. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of an Iron(III) Binding Site on the Fc Domain of IgG1 Relevant for Visible Light-Induced Protein Fragmentation. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:501-512. [PMID: 38128475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the interaction between Fe(III) and an iron-binding site composed of THR259, ASP252, and GLU261 on the Fc domain of an IgG1. The goal was to provide microscopic mechanistic information for the photochemical, iron-dependent site-specific oxidative fragmentation of IgG1 at THR259 reported in our previous paper. The distance between Fe(III) and residues of interest as well as the binding pocket size was examined for both protonated and deprotonated THR259. The Fe(III) binding free energy (ΔG) was estimated by using an umbrella sampling approach. The pKa shift of the THR259 hydroxyl group caused by the presence of nearby Fe(III) was estimated based on a thermodynamic cycle. The simulation results show that Fe(III) resides inside the proposed binding pocket and profoundly changes the pocket configuration. The ΔG values indicate that the pocket possesses a strong binding affinity for Fe(III). Furthermore, Fe(III) profoundly lowers the pKa value of the THR259 hydroxyl group by 5.4 pKa units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
- Biopharmaceutical Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Yilue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Krzysztof Kuczera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Michael J Hageman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
- Biopharmaceutical Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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19
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Blin T, Parent C, Pichon G, Guillon A, Jouan Y, Allouchi H, Aubrey N, Boursin F, Domain R, Korkmaz B, Sécher T, Heuzé-Vourc'h N. The proteolytic airway environment associated with pneumonia acts as a barrier for treatment with anti-infective antibodies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 195:114163. [PMID: 38086491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Like pneumonia, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by a massive infiltration of innate immune cells (such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes) into the airways and alveolar spaces. These cells release proteases that may degrade therapeutic antibodies and thus limit their effectiveness. Here, we investigated the in vitro and ex vivo impact on anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) IgG1s and other IgG subclasses (IgG2 and IgG4) of the neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3 and cathepsin G (the three main neutrophil serine proteases) found in endotracheal aspirates from patients with severe COVID-19. Although the IgGs were sensitive to neutrophil serine proteases, IgG2 was most resistant to proteolytic degradation. The two anti-SARS CoV2 antibodies (casirivimab and imdevimab) were sensitive to the lung's proteolytic environment, although neutrophil serine protease inhibitors only partly limited the degradation. Overall, our results show that the pneumonia-associated imbalance between proteases and their inhibitors in the airways contributes to degradation of antiviral antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Blin
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; Tours University Hospital (CHRU), Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Cystic Fibrosis Resource Center, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Christelle Parent
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Gabrielle Pichon
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Antoine Guillon
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; Tours University Hospital (CHRU), Critical Care Department, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Youenn Jouan
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; Tours University Hospital (CHRU), Cardiac Surgery Department, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Hassan Allouchi
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; Tours University Hospital (CHRU), Pharmacy Department, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Aubrey
- University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; UMR INRA ISP 1282, BioMap Team, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Fanny Boursin
- University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; UMR INRA ISP 1282, BioMap Team, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Roxane Domain
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Baris Korkmaz
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Thomas Sécher
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc'h
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France.
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20
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Strickland S, Jorns M, Fourroux L, Heyd L, Pappas D. Cancer Cell Targeting Via Selective Transferrin Receptor Labeling Using Protein-Derived Carbon Dots. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:2707-2718. [PMID: 38250381 PMCID: PMC10795060 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dot (CD) nanoparticles offer tremendous advantages as fluorescent probes in bioimaging and biosensing; however, they lack specific affinity for biomolecules, limiting their practical applications in selective targeting. Nanoparticles with intrinsic affinity for a target have applications in imaging, cytometry, therapeutics, etc. Toward that end, we report the transferrin receptor (CD71) targeting CDs, synthesized for the first time. The formation of these particles is truly groundbreaking, as direct tuning of nanoparticle affinity was achieved by simple and careful precursor selection of a protein, which has the targeting characteristic of interest. We hypothesized that the retention of the original protein's peptides on the nanoparticle surface provides the CDs with some of the function of the precursor protein, enabling selective binding to the protein's receptor. This was confirmed with FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) data and subsequent affinity-based cell assays. These transferrin (Tf)-derived CDs have been shown to possess an affinity for CD71, a cancer biomarker that is ubiquitously expressed in nearly every cancer cell line due to its central role mediating the uptake of cellular iron. The CDs were tested using the human leukemia cell line HL60 and demonstrated the selective targeting of CD71 and specific triggering of transferrin-mediated endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits. The particle characterization results reflect a carbon-based nanoparticle with bright violet fluorescence and 7.9% quantum yield in aqueous solution. These unpresented CDs proved to retain the functional properties of the precursor protein. Indicating that this process can be repeated for other disease biomarkers for applications ranging from biosensing and diagnostic bioimaging to targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Strickland
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Mychele Jorns
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Luke Fourroux
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Lindsey Heyd
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Dimitri Pappas
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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21
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Carpanese D, Rossi V, Di Paolo V, Quintieri L, Penna A, Zuccolotto G, Sebellin J, Saran C, Pipitone F, Miolo G, De Diana E, Realdon N, Rigamonti N, Di Sarra F, Coppola M, Rosato A. Prolonging the stability of cetuximab (Erbitux®) and panitumumab (Vectibix®): An orthogonal assessment of physicochemical, biological and microbiological properties of original opened glass vials and diluted saline preparations. Int J Pharm 2024; 649:123643. [PMID: 38040395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The two anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) cetuximab and panitumumab are the pillars for the treatment of EGFR-positive, KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancers. However, stability data of these mAbs are generally missing or incomplete. Here, we report for the first time an orthogonal analysis of the stability of cetuximab (Erbitux®) and panitumumab (Vectibix®), either undiluted vial leftovers or saline dilutions in polyolefin/polyamide infusion bags. All samples were stored at 2-8 °C protected from light, according to their summary of product characteristics (SmPCs). Alternatively, opened vials and preparations were maintained at 25 °C for 15 h, and then stored again at 2-8 °C protected from light to mimic a temporary interruption of the cold chain. Vial leftovers proved stable up to 180 days when stored according to their SmPCs, while compounded preparations in infusion bags maintained their physiochemical, biological and microbiological stability up to 30 days. Additionally, no changes were detected up to 30 days for the same samples undergoing a thermal excursion. Our results provide additional rationale to the SmPCs, crucial especially in the case of reassignment and pre-preparation of bags. This information will allow hospitals to achieve significant cost savings, and better organization of the entire therapeutic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Carpanese
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Rossi
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy.
| | - Veronica Di Paolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Quintieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Penna
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Gaia Zuccolotto
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Jessica Sebellin
- Pharmacy Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Camilla Saran
- Pharmacy Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Miolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta De Diana
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Realdon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Marina Coppola
- Pharmacy Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy; Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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22
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Saini S, Kumar Y. Structural and functional analysis of engineered antibodies for cancer immunotherapy: insights into protein compactness and solvent accessibility. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38173178 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2300129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies are crucial tools in various biomedical applications, including immunotherapy. In this study, we focused on designing and engineering antibodies to enhance their structural dynamics and functional properties. By employing advanced computational techniques and experimental validation, we gained crucial insights into the impact of specific mutations on the engineered antibodies. This study investigates the design and engineering of antibodies to improve their structural dynamics and functional properties. Structural attributes, such as protein compactness and solvent accessibility, were assessed, revealing interesting trends in anti-CD3 and anti-HER2 antibodies. Mutations in CD3 antibodies resulted in a more stable conformation, while mutant HER2 antibodies exhibited altered interaction with the target. Analysis of secondary structure assignments demonstrated significant changes in the folding and stability of the mutant antibodies compared to the wild-type counterparts. The conformational landscape of the engineered antibodies was explored, providing insights into folding pathways and binding mechanisms. Overall, the current study highlights the significance of antibody design and engineering in modulating structural dynamics and functional properties. The findings contribute to developing improved immunotherapeutic strategies by optimising antibody-based therapeutics for targeted diseases with enhanced efficacy and precision.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samvedna Saini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering (BSE), Netaji Subhas University of Technology (NSUT), New Delhi, India
| | - Yatender Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering (BSE), Netaji Subhas University of Technology (NSUT), New Delhi, India
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23
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Lu A, Williams RO, Maniruzzaman M. 3D printing of biologics-what has been accomplished to date? Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103823. [PMID: 37949427 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising approach for the stabilization and delivery of non-living biologics. This versatile tool builds complex structures and customized resolutions, and has significant potential in various industries, especially pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics. Biologics have become increasingly prevalent in the field of medicine due to their diverse applications and benefits. Stability is the main attribute that must be achieved during the development of biologic formulations. 3D printing could help to stabilize biologics by entrapment, support binding, or crosslinking. Furthermore, gene fragments could be transited into cells during co-printing, when the pores on the membrane are enlarged. This review provides: (i) an introduction to 3D printing technologies and biologics, covering genetic elements, therapeutic proteins, antibodies, and bacteriophages; (ii) an overview of the applications of 3D printing of biologics, including regenerative medicine, gene therapy, and personalized treatments; (iii) information on how 3D printing could help to stabilize and deliver biologics; and (iv) discussion on regulations, challenges, and future directions, including microneedle vaccines, novel 3D printing technologies and artificial-intelligence-facilitated research and product development. Overall, the 3D printing of biologics holds great promise for enhancing human health by providing extended longevity and enhanced quality of life, making it an exciting area in the rapidly evolving field of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Lu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Robert O Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mohammed Maniruzzaman
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D Printing (PharmE3D) Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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24
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Ochi A, Fujii S, Ohta T, Uto T, Nuntawong P, Tanaka H, Morimoto S, Sakamoto S. Highly sensitive indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on a monoclonal antibody against saikosaponin b2 for quality control of Kampo medicines containing Bupleuri radix. J Nat Med 2024; 78:160-168. [PMID: 37804411 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Saikosaponins are naturally occurring oleanane-type triterpenoids that are found in Bupleuri radix (root of Bupleurum falcatum) and exhibit a broad biological activity spectrum. Saikosaponin b2 (SSb2) is the main saikosaponin in Kampo medicine extracts and is a designated quality control marker for the same in the Japanese Pharmacopeia. Although some monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against saikosaponins have been produced to evaluate the quality of Bupleuri radix and related products, anti-SSb2 mAbs have not been used to quantify SSb2 in Kampo medicines. To address this knowledge gap, we herein established a new hybridoma cell line secreting a highly specific anti-SSb2 mAb and developed an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) based on this mAb for the detection of SSb2 in Bupleuri radix-containing Kampo medicines. The generated SSb2-recognized mAb exhibited high specificity to SSb2 in icELISA. The developed assay featured high sensitivity (linearity range = 1.95-125 ng/ml), accuracy, precision and reproducibility (coefficient of variation < 5%), and the thus determined SSb2 contents were strongly correlated with those obtained using liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer. These results suggest that the anti-SSb2 mAb-based icELISA method can be used for the quality control and standardization of Kampo medicines containing Bupleuri radix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ochi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Fujii
- Faculty of Health Management, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, 859-3298, Japan
| | - Tomoe Ohta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, 859-3298, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Uto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, 859-3298, Japan
| | - Poomraphie Nuntawong
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, 1-1-1 Daigaku-Dori, Yamaguchi, 756-0884, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Seiichi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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25
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Song BPC, Ch'ng ACW, Lim TS. Review of phage display: A jack-of-all-trades and master of most biomolecule display. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128455. [PMID: 38013083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Phage display was first described by George P. Smith when it was shown that virus particles were capable of presenting foreign proteins on their surface. The technology has paved the way for the evolution of various biomolecules presentation and diverse selection strategies. This unique feature has been applied as a versatile platform for numerous applications in drug discovery, protein engineering, diagnostics, and vaccine development. Over the decades, the limits of biomolecules displayed on phage particles have expanded from peptides to proteomes and even alternative scaffolds. This has allowed phage display to be viewed as a versatile display platform to accommodate various biomolecules ranging from small peptides to larger proteomes which has significantly impacted advancements in the biomedical industry. This review will explore the vast array of biomolecules that have been successfully employed in phage display technology in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Pei Chui Song
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Angela Chiew Wen Ch'ng
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
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26
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Sullivan MV, Nanalal S, Dean BE, Turner NW. Molecularly imprinted polymer hydrogel sheets with metalloporphyrin-incorporated molecular recognition sites for protein capture. Talanta 2024; 266:125083. [PMID: 37598443 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Metalloporphyrins are often found in nature as coordination recognition sites within biological process, and synthetically offer the potential for use in therapeutic, catalytic and diagnostic applications. While porphyrin containing biological recognition elements have stability limitations, molecularly imprinted polymers bearing these structures offer an alternative with excellent robustness and the ability to work in extreme conditions. In this work, we synthesised a polymerizable porphyrin and metalloporphyrin and have incorporated these as co-monomers within a hydrogel thin-sheet MIP for the specific recognition of bovine haemoglobin (BHb). The hydrogels were evaluated using Scatchard analysis, with Kd values of 10.13 × 10-7, 5.30 × 10-7, and 3.40 × 10-7 M, for the control MIP, porphyrin incorporated MIP and the iron-porphyrin incorporated MIP, respectively. The MIPs also observed good selectivity towards the target protein with 73.8%, 77.4%, and 81.2% rebinding of the BHb target for the control MIP, porphyrin incorporated MIP and the iron-porphyrin incorporated MIP, respectively, compared with the non-imprinted (NIP) counterparts. Specificity was determined against a non-target protein, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). The results indicate that the introduction of the metalloporphyrin as a functional co-monomer is significantly beneficial to the recognition of a MIP, further enhancing MIP capabilities at targeting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark V Sullivan
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Sakshi Nanalal
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, United Kingdom
| | - Bethanie E Dean
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W Turner
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, United Kingdom.
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27
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Pasquardini L, Cennamo N, Arcadio F, Perri C, Chiodi A, D'agostino G, Zeni L. Immuno-SPR biosensor for the detection of Brucella abortus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22832. [PMID: 38129569 PMCID: PMC10739931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A proof of principle biosensor for the Brucella abortus recognition onsite is presented. The system is based on a plasmonic optical fiber probe functionalized with an oriented antibody layer immobilized on a short polyethyleneglycol (PEG) interface through carbodiimide chemistry and protein G as an intermediate layer. The biosensor is inserted in a holder built in 3D printing technology, obtaining a custom holder useful for housing the sample to be measured and the equipment. The removable sensor chip is a low-cost Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) platform based on D-shaped plastic optical fibers (POFs), built-in in 3D printed connectors, used here for the first time to detect bacteria via a bio-receptor layer specific for its membrane protein. The performances of the biosensor in Brucella abortus recognition are tested by using two different SPR-POF probes combined with the same bio-receptor layer. The best sensor configuration has presented a sensitivity at low concentrations of one order of magnitude greater than the other. A limit of detection (LoD) of 2.8 bacteria/mL is achieved well competitive with other systems but without the need for amplification or special sample treatments. Specificity has been tested using Salmonella bacteria, and reproducibility, regenerability and stability are moreover evaluated. These experimental results pave the way for building an efficient and specific biosensor system for Brucella abortus detection onsite and in a few minutes. Moreover, the proposed POF-based SPR biosensor device, with respect to the already available technologies, could be a Point-of-care-test (POCT), simple to use, small-size and portable, low-cost, don't necessary of a microfluidic system, and can be connected to the Internet (IoT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasquardini
- Indivenire Srl, Via Sommarive 18, 38123, Trento, Italy.
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, 81031, Aversa, Italy.
| | - Nunzio Cennamo
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, 81031, Aversa, Italy
| | - Francesco Arcadio
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, 81031, Aversa, Italy
| | - Chiara Perri
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, 81031, Aversa, Italy
- Moresense Srl, Filarete Foundation, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Chiodi
- Moresense Srl, Filarete Foundation, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Zeni
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, 81031, Aversa, Italy.
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28
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Yamamoto K, Nagatoishi S, Matsunaga R, Nakakido M, Kuroda D, Tsumoto K. Conformational features and interaction mechanisms of V H H antibodies with β-hairpin CDR3: A case of Nb8-HigB2 interaction. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4827. [PMID: 37916305 PMCID: PMC10661080 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The β-hairpin conformation is regarded as an important basic motif to form and regulate protein-protein interactions. Single-domain VH H antibodies are potential therapeutic and diagnostic tools, and the third complementarity-determining regions of the heavy chains (CDR3s) of these antibodies are critical for antigen recognition. Although the sequences and conformations of the CDR3s are diverse, CDR3s sometimes adopt β-hairpin conformations. However, characteristic features and interaction mechanisms of β-hairpin CDR3s remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the molecular recognition of the anti-HigB2 VH H antibody Nb8, which has a CDR3 that forms a β-hairpin conformation. The interaction was analyzed by evaluation of alanine-scanning mutants, molecular dynamics simulations, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. These experiments demonstrated that positions 93 and 94 (Chothia numbering) in framework region 3, which is right outside CDR3 by definition, play pivotal roles in maintaining structural stability and binding properties of Nb8. These findings will facilitate the design and optimization of single-domain antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yamamoto
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- The Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Medical Device Development and Regulation Research Center, School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Ryo Matsunaga
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Daisuke Kuroda
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine DevelopmentNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- The Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Medical Device Development and Regulation Research Center, School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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29
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Engelmaier A, Butterweck HA, Weber A. Stability assessment of anti-bacterial antibodies in immunoglobulin G-depleted serum with validated immunoassays. Immunotherapy 2023; 15:1459-1476. [PMID: 37753548 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2023-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the stability of the anti-pneumococcal (PCP) and anti-haemophilus type B (Hib) immunoglobulins (IgGs) in human IgG-depleted serum samples frozen at -20°C. Materials & methods: Modified commercially available immunoassays (ELISAs) were bioanalytically validated. These ELISAs were used to measure levels of the two anti-bacterial IgG in samples kept at -20°C for up to 15 months. Human IgG-depleted serum was spiked with GAMMAGARD Liquid to obtain those samples. Results: Both ELISAs passed the validation test. Anti-PCP IgG and anti-Hib IgG were shown to be stable for at least 15 months at -20°C. Conclusion: These data confirm the stability of anti-bacterial IgG in human IgG-depleted serum and support the common practice of testing frozen samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Engelmaier
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, part of Takeda, Pharmaceutical Science, Vienna A-1220, Austria
| | - Harald A Butterweck
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, part of Takeda, Plasma Derived Therapies R&D, Vienna A-1220, Austria
| | - Alfred Weber
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, part of Takeda, Plasma Derived Therapies R&D, Vienna A-1220, Austria
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30
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Labra-Vázquez P, Gressier M, Rioland G, Menu MJ. A review on solution- and vapor-responsive sensors for the detection of phthalates. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1282:341828. [PMID: 37923401 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters, largely referred to as phthalates, are today acknowledged as important pollutants used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-based plastics, whose use extends to almost every aspect of modern life. The risk of exposure to phthalates is particularly relevant as high concentrations are regularly found in drinking water, food-contact materials and medical devices, motivating an immense body of research devoted to methods for their detection in liquid samples. Conversely, phthalate vapors have only recently been acknowledged as potentially important atmospheric pollutants and as early fire indicators; additionally, deposition of these vapors can pose significant problems to the proper functioning of spacecraft and diverse on-board devices, leading to major space agencies recognizing the need of developing vapor-responsive phthalate sensors. In this manuscript we present a literature survey on solution- and vapor-responsive sensors and analytical assays for the detection of phthalates, providing a detailed analysis of a vast array of analytical data to offer a clear idea on the analytical performance (limits of detection and quantification, linear range) and advantages provided by each class of sensor covered in this review (electrochemical, optical and vapor-responsive) in the context of their potential real-life applications; the manuscript also gives detailed fundamental information on the various physicochemical responses exploited by these sensors and assays that could potentially be harnessed by new researchers entering the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Labra-Vázquez
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France.
| | - Marie Gressier
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Guillaume Rioland
- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, DTN/QE/LE, 31401, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Joëlle Menu
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France.
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31
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del Moral M, Loeck M, Muntimadugu E, Vives G, Pham V, Pfeifer P, Battaglia G, Muro S. Role of the Lactide:Glycolide Ratio in PLGA Nanoparticle Stability and Release under Lysosomal Conditions for Enzyme Replacement Therapy of Lysosomal Storage Disorders. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:440. [PMID: 37754854 PMCID: PMC10531859 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14090440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior studies demonstrated that encapsulation in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) enhanced the delivery of enzymes used for replacement therapy (ERT) of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). This study examined how the copolymer lactide:glycolide ratio impacts encapsulation, physicochemical characteristics, stability, and release under lysosomal conditions. Hyaluronidase, deficient in mucopolysaccharidosis IX, was encapsulated in NPs synthesized using 50:50, 60:40, or 75:25 lactide:glycolide copolymers. All NPs had diameters compatible with cellular transport (≤168 nm) and polydispersity indexes (≤0.16) and ζ-potentials (≤-35 mV) compatible with colloidal stability. Yet, their encapsulation efficiency varied, with 75:25 NPs and 60:40 NPs having the lowest and highest EE, respectively (15% vs. 28%). Under lysosomal conditions, the 50:50 copolymer degraded fastest (41% in 1 week), as expected, and the presence of a targeting antibody coat did not alter this result. Additionally, 60:40 NPs destabilized fastest (<1 week) because of their smaller diameter, and 75:25 NPs did not destabilize in 4 weeks. All formulations presented burst release under lysosomal conditions (56-78% of the original load within 30 min), with 50:50 and 60:40 NPs releasing an additional small fraction after week 1. This provided 4 weeks of sustained catalytic activity, sufficient to fully degrade a substrate. Altogether, the 60:40 NP formulation is preferred given its higher EE, and 50:50 NPs represent a valid alternative, while the highest stability of 75:25 NPs may impair lysosomes. These results can guide future studies aiming to translate PLGA NP-based ERT for this and other LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Moral
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Applied Materials Chemistry Master Program (M.d.M) and Biomedicine Doctorate Program, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maximilian Loeck
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Applied Materials Chemistry Master Program (M.d.M) and Biomedicine Doctorate Program, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eameema Muntimadugu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Guillem Vives
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Degree Program, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Vy Pham
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Peter Pfeifer
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institution of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Institution of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Jesadabundit W, Jampasa S, Crapnell RD, Dempsey NC, Banks CE, Siangproh W, Chailapakul O. Toward the rapid diagnosis of sepsis: dendritic copper nanostructure functionalized diazonium salt modified screen-printed graphene electrode for IL-6 detection. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:362. [PMID: 37608141 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis, an infectious disease affecting millions of people's health worldwide each year, calls for urgent attention to an improvement of analytical devices. Chemiluminescence immunoassay is a typical diagnostic method utilized to assess the risk development of sepsis. However, due to its high-cost, delayed, and complicated procedure, the practical utilization is therefore undoubtedly limited, especially for point-of-care test. Herein, we fabricated for the first time an immunosensor based on dendritic copper nanostructures (CuNSs) combined with 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-AB, the diazonium salt) as antibody linker modified on a screen-printed graphene electrode for the early detection of the sepsis biomarker interleukin-6 (IL-6). The electrode fabrication is made by electrodeposition, thus eliminating the multistep of nanomaterial synthesis and time wasting. The resulting dendritic CuNSs significantly increase the effective surface area (1.2 times) and the sensor's performance. The morphology of this combination was characterized using CV, EIS, SEM, EDX, and FTIR techniques. In the detection process, the appearance of IL-6 suppresses the current response of the redox probe indicator measured by differential pulse voltammetry due to the antibody-antigen complex. The subtraction of signal (ΔI) was interpreted as IL-6 concentration. This sensor exhibited a linear range from 0.05 to 500 pg mL-1 with low detection limit of 0.02 pg mL-1, proving a possibility for early sepsis screening. In addition, the established immunosensor can successfully quantify IL-6 in human serum sample, in which the results agreed well with those achieved using the standard approach, further showing high practical applicability of this developed immunosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitchuta Jesadabundit
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sakda Jampasa
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Robert D Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Nina C Dempsey
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand.
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- National Center of Excellence for Petroleum, Petrochemicals, and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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33
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Zhao Y, Wang X, Sun T, Shan P, Zhan Z, Zhao Z, Jiang Y, Qu M, Lv Q, Wang Y, Liu P, Chen S. Artificial intelligence-driven electrochemical immunosensing biochips in multi-component detection. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:041301. [PMID: 37614678 PMCID: PMC10444200 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical Immunosensing (EI) combines electrochemical analysis and immunology principles and is characterized by its simplicity, rapid detection, high sensitivity, and specificity. EI has become an important approach in various fields, such as clinical diagnosis, disease prevention and treatment, environmental monitoring, and food safety. However, EI multi-component detection still faces two major bottlenecks: first, the lack of cost-effective and portable detection platforms; second, the difficulty in eliminating batch differences and accurately decoupling signals from multiple analytes. With the gradual maturation of biochip technology, high-throughput analysis and portable detection utilizing the advantages of miniaturized chips, high sensitivity, and low cost have become possible. Meanwhile, Artificial Intelligence (AI) enables accurate decoupling of signals and enhances the sensitivity and specificity of multi-component detection. We believe that by evaluating and analyzing the characteristics, benefits, and linkages of EI, biochip, and AI technologies, we may considerably accelerate the development of EI multi-component detection. Therefore, we propose three specific prospects: first, AI can enhance and optimize the performance of the EI biochips, addressing the issue of multi-component detection for portable platforms. Second, the AI-enhanced EI biochips can be widely applied in home care, medical healthcare, and other areas. Third, the cross-fusion and innovation of EI, biochip, and AI technologies will effectively solve key bottlenecks in biochip detection, promoting interdisciplinary development. However, challenges may arise from AI algorithms that are difficult to explain and limited data access. Nevertheless, we believe that with technological advances and further research, there will be more methods and technologies to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoai Wang
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Peng Shan
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhikun Zhan
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Mingyue Qu
- The PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Qingyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shaolong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
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Bauer A, Klassa S, Herbst A, Maccioni C, Abhamon W, Segueni N, Kaluzhny Y, Hunter MC, Halin C. Optimization and Characterization of Novel ALCAM-Targeting Antibody Fragments for Transepithelial Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1841. [PMID: 37514028 PMCID: PMC10385607 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) is a cell adhesion molecule that supports T cell activation, leukocyte migration, and (lymph)angiogenesis and has been shown to contribute to the pathology of various immune-mediated disorders, including asthma and corneal graft rejection. In contrast to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting ALCAM's T cell expressed binding partner CD6, no ALCAM-targeting mAbs have thus far entered clinical development. This is likely linked with the broad expression of ALCAM on many different cell types, which increases the risk of eliciting unwanted treatment-induced side effects upon systemic mAb application. Targeting ALCAM in surface-exposed tissues, such as the lungs or the cornea, by a topical application could circumvent this issue. Here, we report the development of various stability- and affinity-improved anti-ALCAM mAb fragments with cross-species reactivity towards mouse, rat, monkey, and human ALCAM. Fragments generated in either mono- or bivalent formats potently blocked ALCAM-CD6 interactions in a competition ELISA, but only bivalent fragments efficiently inhibited ALCAM-ALCAM interactions in a leukocyte transmigration assay. The different fragments displayed a clear size-dependence in their ability to penetrate the human corneal epithelium. Furthermore, intranasal delivery of anti-ALCAM fragments reduced leukocyte infiltration in a mouse model of asthma, confirming ALCAM as a target for topical application in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 1-5/10 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Klassa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 1-5/10 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Herbst
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 1-5/10 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Maccioni
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 1-5/10 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William Abhamon
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 1-5/10 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noria Segueni
- Artimmune SAS, 13 Avenue Buffon, 45100 Orleans, France
| | - Yulia Kaluzhny
- MatTek Corporation, 200 Homer Avenue, Ashland, MA 01721, USA
| | - Morgan Campbell Hunter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 1-5/10 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 1-5/10 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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35
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van der Wulp W, Gram AM, Bleijlevens B, Hagedoorn RS, Araman C, Kim RQ, Drijfhout JW, Parren PWHI, Hibbert RG, Hoeben RC, van Kasteren SI, Schuurman J, Ressing ME, Heemskerk MHM. Comparison of methods generating antibody-epitope conjugates for targeting cancer with virus-specific T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183914. [PMID: 37261346 PMCID: PMC10227578 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibody-epitope conjugates (AECs) are promising new modalities to deliver immunogenic epitopes and redirect virus-specific T-cell activity to cancer cells. Nevertheless, many aspects of these antibody conjugates require optimization to increase their efficacy. Here we evaluated different strategies to conjugate an EBV epitope (YVL/A2) preceded by a protease cleavage site to the antibodies cetuximab and trastuzumab. Three approaches were taken: chemical conjugation (i.e. a thiol-maleimide reaction) to reduced cysteine side chains, heavy chain C-terminal enzymatic conjugation using sortase A, and genetic fusions, to the heavy chain (HC) C-terminus. All three conjugates were capable of T-cell activation and target-cell killing via proteolytic release of the EBV epitope and expression of the antibody target was a requirement for T-cell activation. Moreover, AECs generated with a second immunogenic epitope derived from CMV (NLV/A2) were able to deliver and redirect CMV specific T-cells, in which the amino sequence of the attached peptide appeared to influence the efficiency of epitope delivery. Therefore, screening of multiple protease cleavage sites and epitopes attached to the antibody is necessary. Taken together, our data demonstrated that multiple AECs could sensitize cancer cells to virus-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn van der Wulp
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anna M. Gram
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Renate S. Hagedoorn
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Can Araman
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Robbert Q. Kim
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rob C. Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sander I. van Kasteren
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Maaike E. Ressing
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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36
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Trier NH, Houen G. Advances in Antibody Design and Antigenic Peptide Targeting 2.0. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098033. [PMID: 37175740 PMCID: PMC10178569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies possess numerous important functions in diagnostics, both as therapeutics and as research tools [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hartwig Trier
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansensvej 13, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansensvej 13, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
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37
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Gao Y, Shelling AN, Porter D, Leung E, Wu Z. Stability of trastuzumab during nanomedicine formulation using SEC-HPLC coupled with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:288-298. [PMID: 36912800 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2191277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab has been proven to be an effective targeting ligand for drug delivery. This study investigates the structural integrity of trastuzumab under different stress factors in formulation development and its long-term stability. A validated size exclusion high performance liquid chromatographic (SEC-HPLC) method was first developed. The stability of trastuzumab (0.21-21 mg/ml) under stress conditions (mechanical, freeze-and-thaw, pH and temperature) and long-term storage in the presence of formulation excipients were monitored for up to 12 months, using both the SEC-HPLC method and sodium-dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The anti-proliferation activity of the reconstituted antibody stored at 4 °C against HER2+ BT-474 breast cells was also monitored over 12 months. The developed SEC-HPLC method was sensitive and accurate. Solutions of trastuzumab were resistant to mechanical stress and repeated freeze-and-thaw; but were unstable under acidic (pH 2.0 and 4.0) and alkaline (pH 10.0 and 12.0) environments. The samples degraded over 5 days at 60 °C, and within 24 h at 75 °C. Low temperature (-80 °C or 4 °C) and low concentration (0.21 mg/ml) favoured the long-term stability. The anti-proliferation activity was conserved at 4 °C for at least 12 months. This study provided valuable stability information in developing trastuzumab involved nano-formulation as well as in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew N Shelling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Porter
- Auckland Regional Cancer and Blood Service, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zimei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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38
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Amle S, Radford S, Wang Z, Bronsart L, Mohanty P, Renu S, Shank-Retzlaff M. Use of capillary-mediated vitrification to produce thermostable, single-use antibody conjugates as immunoassay reagents. J Immunol Methods 2023; 516:113460. [PMID: 36967060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The performance of enzyme-linked immunoassays is directly dependent on the storage, handling, and long-term stability of the critical reagents used in the assay. Currently, antibody reagents are routinely stored as concentrated, multi-use, frozen aliquots. This practice results in material waste, adds complexity to laboratory workflows, and can compromise reagents via cross-contamination and freeze-thaw damage. While refrigeration or freezing can slow down many degradation processes, the freezing process itself can have damaging effects, including introduction of aggregation and microheterogeneity. To address these challenges, we evaluated the application of capillary-mediated vitrification (CMV) as a tool for storing antibody reagents in a thermostable, single-use format. CMV is a novel biopreservation method that enables vitrification of biological materials without freezing. Using an anti-human IgG-alkaline phosphatase conjugate as a model system, we prepared CMV-stabilized aliquots which were stored in a single-use format at temperatures ranging from 25 to 55 °C for up to 3 months. Each stabilized aliquot contained enough antibody to perform a single assay run. We evaluated the assay performance and functional stability of the CMV-stabilized reagents using a plate-based ELISA. Assays run using the CMV stabilized reagents exhibited good linearity and precision that was comparable to results obtained with a frozen control. Throughout the stability study, the maximum signal and EC50s observed for ELISAs run using CMV-stabilized reagents were generally consistent with those obtained using a frozen control. These results indicate that the CMV process has the potential to improve both reagent stability and long-term assay performance, while also reducing reagent waste and simplifying assay workflows.
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39
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Yao Y, Hu Y, Wang F. Trispecific antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. Immunology 2023. [PMID: 36855956 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the clinical success of monoclonal and bispecific antibodies, there are still limitations in the therapeutic effect of malignant tumours, such as low response rate, treatment resistance, and so on, inspiring the exploration of trispecific antibodies (TsAbs). TsAbs further improve the safety and efficacy and has great clinical potential through three targets combination and formats optimization. This article reviews the development history and the target combination features of TsAbs. Although there are still great challenges in the clinical application of TsAbs, it is undeniable that TsAbs may be a breakthrough in the development of antibody drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fourth People's Hospital of Gui Yang, Guiyang, China
| | - Yiyin Hu
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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40
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Spanov B, Olaleye O, Mesurado T, Govorukhina N, Jungbauer A, van de Merbel NC, Lingg N, Bischoff R. Pertuzumab Charge Variant Analysis and Complementarity-Determining Region Stability Assessment to Deamidation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3951-3958. [PMID: 36795375 PMCID: PMC9979147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Pertuzumab is a monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer in combination with trastuzumab. Charge variants of trastuzumab have been extensively described in the literature; however, little is known about the charge heterogeneity of pertuzumab. Here, changes in the ion-exchange profile of pertuzumab were evaluated by pH gradient cation-exchange chromatography after stressing it for up to 3 weeks at physiological and elevated pH and 37 °C. Isolated charge variants arising under stress conditions were characterized by peptide mapping. The results of peptide mapping showed that deamidation in the Fc domain and N-terminal pyroglutamate formation in the heavy chain are the main contributors to charge heterogeneity. The heavy chain CDR2, which is the only CDR containing asparagine residues, was quite resistant to deamidation under stress conditions according to peptide mapping results. Using surface plasmon resonance, it was shown that the affinity of pertuzumab for the HER2 target receptor does not change under stress conditions. Peptide mapping analysis of clinical samples showed an average of 2-3% deamidation in the heavy chain CDR2, 20-25% deamidation in the Fc domain, and 10-15% N-terminal pyroglutamate formation in the heavy chain. These findings suggest that in vitro stress studies are able to predict in vivo modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubek Spanov
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oladapo Olaleye
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tomés Mesurado
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Nico C. van de Merbel
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands,Bioanalytical
Laboratory, ICON, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands,
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41
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Hardebol L, Sikking C, Florack M, Crul M. The handling of biopharmaceuticals used in home-based therapy for cancer patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2023; 31:298-304. [PMID: 36773007 DOI: 10.1093/ijpp/riad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to their low bioavailability, biopharmaceuticals are typically administered via injection or infusion in a hospital setting. Home-based therapy could be a valuable alternative for cancer patients. However, when exposed to stressors, such as high or low temperatures, particles can form in the biopharmaceutical solution, compromising the safety and efficacy of the biopharmaceutical. AIM This research investigated current practises with ready-to-administer biopharmaceuticals to determine if it is possible to offer cancer patients home-based therapy with monoclonal antibodies. METHODS First, a questionnaire was conducted with the survey tool Survalyzer among Amsterdam UMC patients receiving immunoglobulins at home. Secondly, a web-based questionnaire (Survalyzer) was sent to pharmacists throughout Europe with a home-based therapy programme in place. RESULTS The patient questionnaire (n = 52) showed that the biopharmaceutical is stored outside the recommended temperature range by 38% of the patients. Additionally, 17% of the patients do not recall getting any information on how to store their biopharmaceuticals, and 23% would like more information on the subject. Furthermore, the questionnaire amongst pharmacists (n = 21) showed that there is a lack of resources and logistical challenges when home-based therapy is applied to biopharmaceuticals used in cancer therapy. CONCLUSION Home-based therapy with monoclonal antibodies for cancer patients is challenging to implement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hardebol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Sikking
- Department of Pharmacy, Albert Sweitzer Ziekenhuis, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlou Florack
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Crul
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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42
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Yang J, Tabuchi Y, Katsuki R, Taki M. bioTCIs: Middle-to-Macro Biomolecular Targeted Covalent Inhibitors Possessing Both Semi-Permanent Drug Action and Stringent Target Specificity as Potential Antibody Replacements. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3525. [PMID: 36834935 PMCID: PMC9968108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody therapies targeting immuno-modulatory targets such as checkpoint proteins, chemokines, and cytokines have made significant impact in several areas, including cancer, inflammatory disease, and infection. However, antibodies are complex biologics with well-known limitations, including high cost for development and production, immunogenicity, a limited shelf-life because of aggregation, denaturation, and fragmentation of the large protein. Drug modalities such as peptides and nucleic acid aptamers showing high-affinity and highly selective interaction with the target protein have been proposed alternatives to therapeutic antibodies. The fundamental limitation of short in vivo half-life has prevented the wide acceptance of these alternatives. Covalent drugs, also known as targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs), form permanent bonds to target proteins and, in theory, eternally exert the drug action, circumventing the pharmacokinetic limitation of other antibody alternatives. The TCI drug platform, too, has been slow in gaining acceptance because of its potential prolonged side-effect from off-target covalent binding. To avoid the potential risks of irreversible adverse drug effects from off-target conjugation, the TCI modality is broadening from the conventional small molecules to larger biomolecules possessing desirable properties (e.g., hydrolysis resistance, drug-action reversal, unique pharmacokinetics, stringent target specificity, and inhibition of protein-protein interactions). Here, we review the historical development of the TCI made of bio-oligomers/polymers (i.e., peptide-, protein-, or nucleic-acid-type) obtained by rational design and combinatorial screening. The structural optimization of the reactive warheads and incorporation into the targeted biomolecules enabling a highly selective covalent interaction between the TCI and the target protein is discussed. Through this review, we hope to highlight the middle to macro-molecular TCI platform as a realistic replacement for the antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Yang
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu 182-8585, Japan
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of GI Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 068-8638, Japan
| | - Yudai Tabuchi
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu 182-8585, Japan
| | - Riku Katsuki
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu 182-8585, Japan
| | - Masumi Taki
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu 182-8585, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Science, UEC, Chofu 182-8585, Japan
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Niedrist T, Kriegl L, Zurl CJ, Schmidt F, Perkmann-Nagele N, Mucher P, Repl M, Flieder I, Radakovics A, Sieghart D, Radner H, Aletaha D, Binder CJ, Gülly C, Krause R, Herrmann M, Wagner OF, Perkmann T, Haslacher H. Preanalytical stability of SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:332-338. [PMID: 36323338 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anti-nucleocapsid (NC) antibodies are produced in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, they are well suited for the detection of a previous infection. Especially in the case of seroprevalence studies or during the evaluation of a novel in-vitro diagnostic test, samples have been stored at <-70 °C (short- and long-term) or 2-10 °C (short-term) before analysis. This study aimed to assess the impact of different storage conditions relevant to routine biobanking on anti-NC antibodies. METHODS The preanalytical impact of short-term storage (84 [58-98] days) on <-70 °C and for 14 days at 2-10 °C was evaluated using samples from 111 donors of the MedUni Vienna Biobank. Long-term effects (443 [409-468] days) were assessed using 208 samples from Biobank Graz and 49 samples from Biobank Vienna. Anti-Nucleocapsid antibodies were measured employing electrochemiluminescence assays (Roche Anti-SARS-CoV-2). RESULTS After short-term storage, the observed changes did not exceed the extent that could be explained by analytical variability. In contrast, results after long-term storage were approximately 20% higher and seemed to increase with storage duration. This effect was independent of the biobank from which the samples were obtained. Accordingly, the sensitivity increased from 92.6 to 95.3% (p=0.008). However, comparisons with data from Anti-Spike protein assays, where these deviations were not apparent, suggest that this deviation could also be explained by the analytical variability of the qualitative Anti-NC assay. CONCLUSIONS Results from anti-NC antibodies are stable during short-term storage at <-70 °C and 2-10 °C. After long-term storage, a slight increase in sensitivity could not be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Niedrist
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lisa Kriegl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph J Zurl
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Paediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Schmidt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Patrick Mucher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Repl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ines Flieder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Radakovics
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Sieghart
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Radner
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Aletaha
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Gülly
- Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Krause
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Oswald F Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmuth Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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44
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M. Schopfer L, David E, Hinrichs SH, Lockridge O. Human butyrylcholinesterase in Cohn fraction IV-4 purified in a single chromatography step on Hupresin. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280380. [PMID: 36638134 PMCID: PMC9838835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Protection from the toxicity of nerve agents is achieved by pretreatment with human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Current methods for purifying large quantities of BChE from frozen Cohn fraction IV-4 produce 99% pure enzyme, but the yield is low (21%). Our goal was to simplify the purification procedure and increase the yield. Butyrylcholinesterase was extracted from frozen Cohn fraction IV-4 in 10 volumes of water pH 6. The filtered extract was pumped onto a Hupresin affinity column. The previously utilized anion exchange chromatography step was omitted. Solvent and detergent reagents used to inactivate lipid enveloped virus, bacteria and protozoa did not bind to Hupresin. BChE was eluted with 0.1 M tetramethylammonium bromide in 20 mM sodium phosphate pH 8.0. BChE protein was concentrated on a Pellicon tangential flow filtration system and demonstrated to be highly purified by mass spectrometry. A high pump rate produced protein aggregates, but a low pump rate caused minimal turbidity. Possible contamination by prekallikrein and prekallikrein activator was examined by LC-MS/MS and by a chromogenic substrate assay for kallikrein activity. Prekallikrein and kallikrein were not detected by mass spectrometry in the 99% pure BChE. The chromogenic assay indicated kallikrein activity was less than 9 mU/mL. This new, 1-step chromatography protocol on Hupresin increased the yield of butyrylcholinesterase by 200%. The new method significantly reduces production costs by optimizing yield of 99% pure butyrylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M. Schopfer
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | | | - Steven H. Hinrichs
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
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45
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Patel R, Verma P, Nagraj AK, Gavade A, Sharma OP, Patil J. Significance of antibody numbering systems in the development of antibody engineering. Hum Antibodies 2023; 31:71-80. [PMID: 38217590 DOI: 10.3233/hab-230014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become increasingly popular in recent years for treating a variety of diseases including inflammatory, neurological, oncological, and auto-immune disorders. The significant interest in antibody development is due to the high binding affinity and specificity of an antibody against a specific antigen. Recent advances in antibody engineering have provided a different view on how to engineer antibodies in silico for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. In order to improve the clinical utility of therapeutic antibodies, it is of paramount importance to understand the various molecular properties which impact antigen targeting and its potency. In antibody engineering, antibody numbering (AbN) systems play an important role to identify the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and the framework regions (FR). Hence, it is crucial to accurately define and understand the CDR, FR and the crucial residues of heavy and light chains that aid in the binding of the antibody to the antigenic site. Detailed understanding of amino acids positions are useful for modifying the binding affinity, specificity, physicochemical features, and half-life of an antibody. In this review, we have summarized the different antibody numbering systems that are widely used in antibody engineering and highlighted their significance. Here, we have systematically explored and mentioned the various tools and servers that harness different AbN systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Patel
- Innoplexus Consulting Services Pvt Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pratibha Verma
- Innoplexus Consulting Services Pvt Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Akshata Gavade
- Innoplexus Consulting Services Pvt Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Jaspal Patil
- Innoplexus Consulting Services Pvt Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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46
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Ó'Fágáin C. Protein Stability: Enhancement and Measurement. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2699:369-419. [PMID: 37647007 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3362-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
This chapter defines protein stability, emphasizes its importance, and surveys the field of protein stabilization, with summary reference to a selection of 2014-2021 publications. One can enhance stability, particularly by protein engineering strategies but also by chemical modification and by other means. General protocols are set out on how to measure a given protein's (i) kinetic thermal stability and (ii) oxidative stability and (iii) how to undertake chemical modification of a protein in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán Ó'Fágáin
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
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47
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Mieczkowski C, Zhang X, Lee D, Nguyen K, Lv W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Way J, Gries JM. Blueprint for antibody biologics developability. MAbs 2023; 15:2185924. [PMID: 36880643 PMCID: PMC10012935 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2185924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-molecule antibody biologics have revolutionized medicine owing to their superior target specificity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, safety and toxicity profiles, and amenability to versatile engineering. In this review, we focus on preclinical antibody developability, including its definition, scope, and key activities from hit to lead optimization and selection. This includes generation, computational and in silico approaches, molecular engineering, production, analytical and biophysical characterization, stability and forced degradation studies, and process and formulation assessments. More recently, it is apparent these activities not only affect lead selection and manufacturability, but ultimately correlate with clinical progression and success. Emerging developability workflows and strategies are explored as part of a blueprint for developability success that includes an overview of the four major molecular properties that affect all developability outcomes: 1) conformational, 2) chemical, 3) colloidal, and 4) other interactions. We also examine risk assessment and mitigation strategies that increase the likelihood of success for moving the right candidate into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Mieczkowski
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Xuejin Zhang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Dana Lee
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jackie Way
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Gries
- President, Discovery Research, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
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Dauer K, Werner C, Lindenblatt D, Wagner KG. Impact of process stress on protein stability in highly-loaded solid protein/PEG formulations from small-scale melt extrusion. Int J Pharm X 2022; 5:100154. [PMID: 36632069 PMCID: PMC9826855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As protein-based therapeutics often exhibit a limited stability in liquid formulations, there is a growing interest in the development of solid protein formulations due to improved protein stability in the solid state. We used small-scale (<3 g) ram and twin-screw extrusion for the solid stabilization of proteins (Lysozyme, BSA, and human insulin) in PEG-matrices. Protein stability after extrusion was systematically investigated using ss-DSC, ss-FTIR, CD spectroscopy, SEM-EDX, SEC, RP-HPLC, and in case of Lysozyme an activity assay. The applied analytical methods offered an accurate assessment of protein stability in extrudates, enabling the comparison of different melt extrusion formulations and process parameters (e.g., shear stress levels, screw configurations, residence times). Lysozyme was implemented as a model protein and was completely recovered in its active form after extrusion. Differences seen between Lysozyme- and BSA- or human insulin-loaded extrudates indicated that melt extrusion could have an impact on the conformational stability. In particular, BSA and human insulin were more susceptible to heat exposure and shear stress compared to Lysozyme, where shear stress was the dominant parameter. Consequently, ram extrusion led to less conformational changes compared to TSE. Ram extrusion showed good protein particle distribution resulting in the preferred method to prepare highly-loaded solid protein formulations.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- BSE, backscattered electron
- CD, circular dichroism
- DSC, Differential Scanning Calorimetry
- EDX, energy-dispersive X-ray detector
- EVA, Ethylene-vinyl acetate
- FTIR, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy
- HME, hot-melt extrusion
- HMWS, high molecular weight species
- Hot-melt extrusion
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEO, polyethylene oxide
- PLGA, Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid
- Protein stability
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- Small-scale
- Solid-state characterization
- TSE, twin-screw extrusion
- ss, solid-state
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dauer
- University of Bonn, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Werner
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Lindenblatt
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karl Gerhard Wagner
- University of Bonn, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Bonn, Germany
- Corresponding author at: University of Bonn, Department of Pharmaceutics, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Puumala LS, Grist SM, Morales JM, Bickford JR, Chrostowski L, Shekhar S, Cheung KC. Biofunctionalization of Multiplexed Silicon Photonic Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:53. [PMID: 36671887 PMCID: PMC9855810 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photonic (SiP) sensors offer a promising platform for robust and low-cost decentralized diagnostics due to their high scalability, low limit of detection, and ability to integrate multiple sensors for multiplexed analyte detection. Their CMOS-compatible fabrication enables chip-scale miniaturization, high scalability, and low-cost mass production. Sensitive, specific detection with silicon photonic sensors is afforded through biofunctionalization of the sensor surface; consequently, this functionalization chemistry is inextricably linked to sensor performance. In this review, we first highlight the biofunctionalization needs for SiP biosensors, including sensitivity, specificity, cost, shelf-stability, and replicability and establish a set of performance criteria. We then benchmark biofunctionalization strategies for SiP biosensors against these criteria, organizing the review around three key aspects: bioreceptor selection, immobilization strategies, and patterning techniques. First, we evaluate bioreceptors, including antibodies, aptamers, nucleic acid probes, molecularly imprinted polymers, peptides, glycans, and lectins. We then compare adsorption, bioaffinity, and covalent chemistries for immobilizing bioreceptors on SiP surfaces. Finally, we compare biopatterning techniques for spatially controlling and multiplexing the biofunctionalization of SiP sensors, including microcontact printing, pin- and pipette-based spotting, microfluidic patterning in channels, inkjet printing, and microfluidic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S. Puumala
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Samantha M. Grist
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
| | - Jennifer M. Morales
- Army Research Laboratory, US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Justin R. Bickford
- Army Research Laboratory, US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Lukas Chrostowski
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sudip Shekhar
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karen C. Cheung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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50
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Hicks D, Baehr C, Silva-Ortiz P, Khaimraj A, Luengas D, Hamid FA, Pravetoni M. Advancing humanized monoclonal antibody for counteracting fentanyl toxicity towards clinical development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2122507. [PMID: 36194773 PMCID: PMC9746415 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2122507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative therapies to complement current treatments are needed to curb the growing incidence of fatal overdoses related to synthetic opioids. Murine and chimeric monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for fentanyl and its analogs have demonstrated pre-clinical efficacy in preventing and reversing drug-induced toxicity in rodent models. However, mAb-based therapeutics require extensive engineering as well as in vitro and in vivo characterization to advance to first-in-human clinical trials. Here, novel murine anti-fentanyl mAbs were selected for development based on affinity for fentanyl, and efficacy in counteracting the pharmacological effects of fentanyl in mice. Humanization and evaluation of mutations designed to eliminate predicted post-translational modifications resulted in two humanized mAbs that were effective at preventing fentanyl-induced pharmacological effects in rats. These humanized mAbs showed favorable biophysical properties with respect to aggregation and hydrophobicity by chromatography-based assays, and thermostability by dynamic scanning fluorimetry. These results collectively support that the humanized anti-fentanyl mAbs developed herein warrant further clinical development for treatment of fentanyl toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Hicks
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Carly Baehr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pedro Silva-Ortiz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Aaron Khaimraj
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Diego Luengas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Fatima A. Hamid
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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