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Finck NS, Fraga MAA, Correr AB, Dalmaschio CJ, Rodrigues CS, Moraes RR. Effects of solvent type and UV post-cure time on 3D-printed restorative polymers. Dent Mater 2024; 40:451-457. [PMID: 38129193 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the impact of different solvents and UV post-curing times on properties of 3D printing resins for provisional restorations. METHODS The post-processing methods were tested using two solvents (isopropyl alcohol or absolute ethanol) and three UV times (5, 10, or 30 min). The resins tested were Resilab 3D Temp, Printax Temp, and Prizma Bioprov. Microhardness (kgf/mm2), fracture toughness (KIC, MPa√m), surface roughness (Ra, µm), gloss (gloss units), and degree of CC conversion (%DC) were measured (n = 8). All response variables were collected from the same specimen. The specimens were 3D printed using an SLA/LCD printer (150° angulation, 50 µm layer thickness). Light exposure times were adjusted for each material, and the post-processing methods were applied using an all-in-one machine immediately after printing. Data were analyzed using Three-Way ANOVA (α = 0.05). RESULTS Microhardness was affected by UV post-cure time and 3D resin. Resilab showed higher microhardness with isopropyl alcohol and 30-min UV time, while Printax had higher microhardness with absolute ethanol. KIC was influenced by solvent type, UV time, and 3D resin, with varying effects on different resins. Roughness was affected by 3D resin and UV time, but no significant differences were seen for Resilab or Prizma. Gloss was influenced by 3D resin, and for Prizma, it was lower with specific solvent/UV time combinations. DC was influenced by 3D resin, with each resin behaving differently. SIGNIFICANCE Tailoring the combination of 3D resin, solvent washing type, and UV post-curing time is important to achieve optimal mechanical and aesthetic outcomes for restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia S Finck
- School of Dentistry, Centro Universitário FAESA, Vitória, Brazil; Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - May Anny A Fraga
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Américo B Correr
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Cleocir J Dalmaschio
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Camila S Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Moraes
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
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Oh R, Lim JH, Lee CG, Lee KW, Kim SY, Kim JE. Effects of washing solution temperature on the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of 3D-Printed dental resin material. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 143:105906. [PMID: 37178635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of digital manufacturing, particularly additive manufacturing using three-dimensional (3D) printing, is expanding in the field of dentistry. 3D-printed resin appliances must undergo an essential process, post-washing, to remove residual monomers; however, the effect of the washing solution temperature on the biocompatibility and mechanical properties remains unclear. Therefore, we processed 3D-printed resin samples under different post-washing temperatures (without temperature control (N/T), 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C) for different durations (5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min) and evaluated the degree of conversion rate, cell viability, flexural strength, and Vickers hardness. Increasing the washing solution temperature significantly improved the degree of conversion rate and cell viability. Conversely, increasing the solution temperature and time decreased the flexural strength and microhardness. This study confirmed that the washing temperature and time influence the mechanical and biological properties of the 3D-printed resin. Washing 3D-printed resin at 30 °C for 30 min was most efficient to maintain optimal biocompatibility and minimize changes of mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojee Oh
- Dental Hospital, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, 05368, Republic of Korea; Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Lim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Gyu Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Woo Lee
- Dental Hospital, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, 05368, Republic of Korea; Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yong Kim
- Dental Hospital, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, 05368, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Samuelsen JT, Dahl JE. Biological aspects of modern dental composites. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2223223. [PMID: 37347059 PMCID: PMC10281392 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2223223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological evaluation of resin-based dental composites has traditionally been based on in vitro endpoint tests with different methods to determine loss of cell viability and cell morphology changes after exposure to the material or monomer constituents. The data reveals a potential for biological effects, but clinical relevance of such data is limited. Positive allergy tests and allergic clinical reactions to dental monomers are observed in dental personnel and patients. The aim of this review is to address newer research on molecular events caused by exposure to resin-based composites to have a better understanding of the potential for clinical adverse effects. A more accurate understanding of the biological aspects of dental composite materials has been found after studying parameters like glutathione depletion, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and immunomodulatory key effects in various cell culture models. Using omics-based approaches allow for a broader and non-specified search of changes caused by methacrylate exposure. Defense mechanisms and adaption are observed in cells exposed to monomer concentrations relevant to clinical exposure. The above-mentioned methods are the foundations for modified testing strategies. The clinical relevance of most available in vitro endpoint tests is of limited relevance for the patient. Research focusing on molecular mechanisms has given new insight into methacrylate toxicity in exposed cells. Using this knowledge from mechanistic studies to develop standardized in vitro biocompatibility tests will likely improve their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon E. Dahl
- NIOM - Nordic institute of dental materials, Oslo, Norway
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A Pilot Study on Monomer and Bisphenol A (BPA) Release from UDMA-Based and Conventional Indirect Veneering Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214580. [PMID: 36365574 PMCID: PMC9656414 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the release of common monomers from conventional (Dialog Vario, Enamel Plus HFO) and UDMA-based indirect veneering composites (VITA VM LC, GC Gradia). Ten cylindrical samples of each material were prepared (n = 40), immersed in HPLC grade water, and incubated for 24 h in an incubation shaker at 37 °C and 112 rpm. Extraction was performed following ISO 10993-12 and monomers were detected and quantified by HPLC-MS/MS. In all the samples, urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) and bisphenol A (BPA) were quantifiable. Compared to water blanks, BPA levels were only elevated in the eluates from conventional composites. In all other samples, concentrations were in the range of extraneous BPA and were therefore clinically irrelevant. Low concentrations of Bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA) were found in one BPA-free composite and in both conventional materials. Statistical analyses showed that BPA-free materials released significantly less BisGMA and no BPA, while UDMA elution was comparable to elution from conventional materials. All measured concentrations were below reported effective cytotoxic concentrations. Considering these results, the substitution of BPA-derivatives with UDMA might be beneficial since BPA-associated adverse effects are ruled out. Further studies should be enrolled to test the biocompatibility of UDMA on cells of the oral environment.
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Influence of postwashing process on the elution of residual monomers, degree of conversion, and mechanical properties of a 3D printed crown and bridge materials. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1812-1825. [PMID: 36192277 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the effects of the postwashing method and time on the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of three-dimensional (3D) printed crown and bridge resin. METHODS DLP (digital light processing)-printed specimens produced from Nextdent crown & bridge (C&B) resins were washed separately using an ultrasonic bath and rotary washer with TPM (tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether) for 3 min, 6 min, 10 min, 20 min, and 1 h. Postcuring was applied for 30 min to each specimen after the washing process. The flexural strength, Vickers hardness, water sorption and solubility, degree of conversion (DC), elution of residual monomers, and biocompatibility of the specimens were evaluated. RESULTS The ultrasonic bath showed greater washing efficacy by reducing the residual HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) from 2.0634 ppm to 0.1456 ppm and reducing the residual TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) from 1.4862 ppm to 0.1484 ppm. With prolonged washing, the flexural strength significantly decreased from 129.67 ± 6.66 MPa (mean±standard deviation) to 103.17 ± 7.20 MPa, while the Vickers hardness increased slightly for the first 6 min and then decreased thereafter significantly. The DC was 87.78 ± 1.34% after 3 min and then gradually decreased with extended washing time. The cytotoxicity significantly decreases with the increment of the washing time. SIGNIFICANCE The washing effect on the elution of residual monomers was better for an ultrasonic bath than for a rotary washer. Extending the washing time reduces the mechanical properties and cytotoxicity of the Nextdent C&B resin.
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Roussou K, Nikolaidis AK, Ziouti F, Arhakis A, Arapostathis K, Koulaouzidou EA. Cytotoxic Evaluation and Determination of Organic and Inorganic Eluates from Restorative Materials. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164912. [PMID: 34443499 PMCID: PMC8399195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, diverse commercial resin-based composites have dominated as dental filling materials. The purpose of the present study was to determine organic and inorganic eluates from five restorative materials using GC/MS and ICP–OES and to compare the effect on cell survival of human gingival fibroblasts of a conventional and a bioactive resin. Five commercially available restorative materials were employed for this study: ActivaTM Bioactive Restorative, ENA HRi, Enamel plus HRi Biofunction, Fuji II LC Capsule, and Fuji IX Capsule. Disks that were polymerized with a curing LED light or left to set were immersed in: 1 mL methanol or artificial saliva for GC/MS analysis, 5mL deionized water for ICP–OES, and 5mL of culture medium for cell viability. Cell viability was investigated with a modified staining sulforhodamine B assay.The following organic substances were detected: ACP, BHT, BPA, 1,4-BDDMA, CQ, DBP, DMABEE, HEMA, MCE, MeHQ, MOPA, MS, TMPTMA, and TPSb and the ions silicon, aluminum, calcium, sodium, and barium. Activa Bioactive Restorative was found to be biocompatible. Elution of organic substances depended on material’s composition, the nature of the solvent and the storage time. Ions’ release depended on material’s composition and storage time. The newly introduced bioactive restorative was found to be more biocompatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Roussou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.R.); (A.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Alexandros K. Nikolaidis
- Division of Dental Tissues’ Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry), School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (F.Z.); (E.A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310-999616
| | - Fani Ziouti
- Division of Dental Tissues’ Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry), School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (F.Z.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Aristidis Arhakis
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.R.); (A.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Konstantinos Arapostathis
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.R.); (A.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Elisabeth A. Koulaouzidou
- Division of Dental Tissues’ Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry), School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (F.Z.); (E.A.K.)
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The self-renewal dental pulp stem cell microtissues challenged by a toxic dental monomer. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225156. [PMID: 32495822 PMCID: PMC7303350 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) regenerate injured/diseased pulp tissue and deposit tertiary dentin. DPSCs stress response can be activated by exposing cells to the monomer triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and inducing the DNA-damage inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) protein expression. The goal of the present study was to determine the impact of TEGDMA on the ability of DPSCs to maintain their self-renewal capabilities, develop and preserve their 3D structures and deposit the mineral. Human primary and immortalized DPSCs were cultured in extracellular matrix/basement membrane (ECM/BM) to support stemness and to create multicellular interacting layers (microtissues). The microtissues were exposed to the toxic concentrations of TEGDMA (0.5 and 1.5 mmol/l). The DPSCs spatial architecture was assessed by confocal microscopy. Mineral deposition was detected by alizarin red staining and visualized by stereoscopy. Cellular self-renewal transcription factor SOX2 was determined by immunocytochemistry. The microtissue thicknesses/vertical growth, surface area of the mineralizing microtissues, the percentage of area covered by the deposited mineral, and the fluorescence intensity of the immunostained cells were quantified ImageJ. DDIT4 expression was determined by a single molecule RNA-FISH technique and the cell phenotype was determined morphologically. DDIT4 expression was correlated with the cytotoxic phenotype. TEGDMA affected the structures of developing and mature microtissues. It inhibited the deposition of the mineral in the matrix while not affecting the SOX2 expression. Our data demonstrate that DPSCs retained their self-renewal capacity although their other functions were impeded. Since the DPSCs pool remained preserved, properties effected by the irritant should be restored by a proper rescue therapy.
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Siemer K, Husari A, Vach K, Tomakidi P, Hellwig E, Schulz SD, Polydorou O. N-Acetylcysteine modulates the effects of composites on human gingival keratinocytes. Dent Mater 2021; 37:597-611. [PMID: 33551189 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate, if antioxidants, like N-Acetylcysteine, can modulate effects of composite eluates on human gingival keratinocytes. METHODS Composite samples of ceram.x® universal, Filtek™ Supreme XTE, and Admira® Fusion were stored 72h in cell culture medium to prepare eluates, according to ISO 10993-12:2012. Human gingival keratinocytes were exposed to these eluates with or without 3mM N-Acetylcysteine. Following cell observation by iCELLigence®, exposure periods were determined at 1d and 4d. Cell morphological analysis combined with live/dead staining was performed. Tissue-specific biomarkers of terminal differentiation, Involucrin and Filaggrin, were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and Western blot (WB). qPCR profiling was performed on genes encoding for: inflammation, apoptosis, turn-over of extracellular matrix, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. For statistical analysis one-way Anova was used (p<0.05). RESULTS Cells exposed to N-Acetylcysteine exhibited morphological changes but no cell death. After adding 3mM N-Acetylcysteine to HGK cultures, increased fluorescence intensity and protein amounts of Involucrin and Filaggrin indicated enhanced differentiation (p<0.05). Gene expression was modulated by: (i) composition of the composite eluates, (ii) NAC and (iii) exposure time. Filtek™ Supreme XTE showed a significant increased gene expression in inflammatory genes (p<0.05), which was amplified by the addition of NAC at 1d. Concerning exposure time, modulated gene expression showed eluate dependency, substantiated by Filtek™ Supreme XTE modulation at day 1 and Admira® Fusion at day 4. SIGNIFICANCE N-Acetylcysteine-emerging effects on gingival keratinocytes were threefold: (i) increase of differentiation, (ii) modulation of composite-related effects and (iii) in parts counteraction of eluate-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Siemer
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - A Husari
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K Vach
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany Stefan-Meier-Straße 26, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - P Tomakidi
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - E Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S D Schulz
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - O Polydorou
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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Kaufman G, Skrtic D. N-Acetyl Cysteine Modulates the Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Responses of Rescued Growth-Arrested Dental Pulp Microtissues Exposed to TEGDMA in ECM. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197318. [PMID: 33023018 PMCID: PMC7582816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp is exposed to resin monomers leaching from capping materials. Toxic doses of the monomer, triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), impact cell growth, enhance inflammatory and oxidative stress responses, and lead to tissue necrosis. A therapeutic agent is required to rescue growth-arrested tissues by continuing their development and modulating the exacerbated responses. The functionality of N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) as a treatment was assessed by employing a 3D dental pulp microtissue platform. Immortalized and primary microtissues developed and matured in the extracellular matrix (ECM). TEGDMA was introduced at various concentrations. NAC was administered simultaneously with TEGDMA, before or after monomer addition during the development and after the maturation stages of the microtissue. Spatial growth was validated by confocal microscopy and image processing. Levels of inflammatory (COX2, NLRP3, IL-8) and oxidative stress (GSH, Nrf2) markers were quantified by immunoassays. NAC treatments, in parallel with TEGDMA challenge or post-challenge, resumed the growth of the underdeveloped microtissues and protected mature microtissues from deterioration. Growth recovery correlated with the alleviation of both responses by decreasing significantly the intracellular and extracellular levels of the markers. Our 3D/ECM-based dental pulp platform is an efficient tool for drug rescue screening. NAC supports compromised microtissues development, and immunomodulates and maintains the oxidative balance.
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Comeau PA, Willett TL. Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate addition improves the 3D-printability and construct properties of a GelMA-nHA composite system towards tissue engineering applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110937. [PMID: 32409083 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, there is a growing interest in the development of 3D printable bone tissue-inspired nanocomposites. However, most such nanocomposites have poor mechanical properties, owing to poor dispersion of the mineral phase (e.g. nano-hydroxyapatite, nHA) within the organic phase (e.g. methacrylated gelatin, GelMA) and low volume fractions of each phase. Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) is commonly added to dental resin-based composites to improve the properties of the dental resin. Here, the effects of substituting a portion of the water phase in a GelMA-nHA composite with TEGDMA were evaluated. TEGDMA improved the dispersion of nHA within the highly-concentrated GelMA-based composite ink, as well as increased the ink's shear yield strength and reduced the critical energy for ink cure. As a result, the printability of the composite ink was greatly improved upon TEGDMA inclusion. Lastly, while the swelling of the cast composite in 37 °C water increased slightly, the mechanical properties (tensile strength, toughness, and stiffness) of the cast composite increased by at least an order of magnitude upon TEGDMA addition, and all composites demonstrated MSC cytocompatibility after 24 h. Overall, TEGDMA shows promise as an additive to tune properties of the GelMA-nHA system towards use in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Comeau
- 200 University Avenue West, Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
| | - T L Willett
- 200 University Avenue West, Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada.
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Vouzara T, Roussou K, Nikolaidis AK, Tolidis K, Koulaouzidou EA. Organic Eluates Derived from Intermediate Restorative Dental Materials. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071593. [PMID: 32235641 PMCID: PMC7180687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A great number of different types of materials have been used in dentistry as intermediate restoratives. Among them, new resin-based bases have been released in the dental market. The present study focuses on the identification of the organic eluates released from such materials and the study of their surface microstructure in combination with their corresponding elemental composition. For this purpose, the following materials were used:ACTIVA™BioACTIVE-BASE/LINER™, Ketac™Bond Glass Ionomer, SDR™ and Vitrebond™Light Cure Glass Ionomer Liner/Base. Methanolic leachates derived from polymerized materials were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) was used for the surface monitoring of suitably prepared specimens. The GC-MS analysis revealed the elution of twenty different substances from the three resin-based materials, while none was eluted from the glass ionomer base. The SEM analysis for Vitrebond™ presented small pits, the one for Ketac™Bond presented elongated cracks, while no voids were present for ACTIVA™BioACTIVE-BASE/LINER™ and SDR™. Moreover, the resin matrix of some dental materials may inhibit elements' accumulation on the surface layers. Particularly, the detected organic eluents may be related to potential toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triantafyllia Vouzara
- Division of Dental Tissues’ Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry), School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.V.); (K.R.); (A.K.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Konstantina Roussou
- Division of Dental Tissues’ Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry), School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.V.); (K.R.); (A.K.N.); (K.T.)
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 541 24, Greece
| | - Alexandros K. Nikolaidis
- Division of Dental Tissues’ Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry), School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.V.); (K.R.); (A.K.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Kosmas Tolidis
- Division of Dental Tissues’ Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry), School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.V.); (K.R.); (A.K.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Elisabeth A. Koulaouzidou
- Division of Dental Tissues’ Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry), School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.V.); (K.R.); (A.K.N.); (K.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310-999-616
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Chang HH, Shih WC, Wang YL, Tsai YL, Chen YJ, Chang MC, Jeng JH. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of DMABEE, a co-photoinitiator of resin polymerization, on CHO-K1 cells: Role of redox and carboxylesterase. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:2088-2098. [PMID: 31880385 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The 4-dimethylaminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (DMABEE) is an important co-initiator for resin polymerization in dental resinous materials. As a radical forming chemical with high lipophilicity, the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of DMABEE deserve prudent investigation. In this study, we found that DMABEE reduced the viability and proliferation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells in a dose-dependent manner, and altered cell morphology at higher concentrations. G0/G1 cell cycle arrest was induced by DMABEE at 0.25-0.75 mM, and cell proportion of sub-G0/G1 phase was significantly elevated at 1 mM while cell apoptosis was observed. Genotoxic effect was noted when cells were treated by 0.1 mM DMABEE, as revealed by increase of micronucleus formation. Reactive oxygen species overproduction was observed as cells treated with 0.75 and 1 mM, while elevation of intracellular glutathione was noticeable since 0.1 mM. Contrary to our expectation, pretreatment by N-acetyl-l-cysteine enhanced the toxicity of DMABEE on CHO-K1 cells. Catalase mildly reduced the toxic effect and carboxylesterase showed obvious ability to reverse the toxicity of DMABEE. These findings highlight the mechanism of DMABEE toxicity and provide clues for safety improvement of its application in clinical dental treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hua Chang
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chih Shih
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Lin Wang
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Tsai
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jane Chen
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chi Chang
- Biomedical Science Team, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Fujioka-Kobayashi M, Miron RJ, Lussi A, Gruber R, Ilie N, Price RB, Schmalz G. Effect of the degree of conversion of resin-based composites on cytotoxicity, cell attachment, and gene expression. Dent Mater 2019; 35:1173-1193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Samuelsen JT, Michelsen VB, Bruun JA, Dahl JE, Jensen E, Örtengren U. The dental monomer HEMA causes proteome changes in human THP-1 monocytes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:851-859. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jack-Ansgar Bruun
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
| | - Jon E. Dahl
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM); Oslo Norway
| | - Einar Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
| | - Ulf Örtengren
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
- Department of Cariology; Institute for Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University; Göteborg Sweden
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15
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Juráňová J. Illuminating the cellular and molecular mechanism of the potential toxicity of methacrylate monomers used in biomaterials. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 43:266-278. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1488860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Juráňová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 5, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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16
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Oh E, Garg S, Liu Y, Afzal S, Gao R, Yun CO, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. Identification and Functional Characterization of Anti-metastasis and Anti-angiogenic Activities of Triethylene Glycol Derivatives. Front Oncol 2018; 8:552. [PMID: 30547009 PMCID: PMC6279921 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We had previously reported anticancer activity in the water extract (WEX) of Ashwagandha leaves, and identified Triethylene glycol (TEG) as an active tumor suppressor component. In this study, we investigated anti-migratory and anti-angiogenesis activities of WEX and TEG. We conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments using TEG, and its two derivatives, Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TD-10), and Tetraethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TD-11). The data revealed strong anticancer and anti-metastasis potentials in the derivatives. Non-toxic, anti-migratory doses of the derivatives showed inhibition of canonical Wnt/β-catenin axis and consequent downregulation of EMT-signaling proteins (Vimentin, MMPs and VEGF). These results endorse that the TD-10 and TD-11 have potential to safely put a check on the aggressiveness of the metastatic cells and therefore represent promising candidates for the treatment of metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eonju Oh
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sukant Garg
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Tsukuba, Japan.,School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ye Liu
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sajal Afzal
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Tsukuba, Japan.,School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ran Gao
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunil C Kaul
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Tsukuba, Japan.,School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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17
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Tigani EK, Skrtic D, Valerio MS, Kaufman G. Assessing the effect of triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate on tissue repair in 3D organotypic cultures. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:247-259. [PMID: 30229966 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leachables from dental restoratives induce toxicity in gingival and pulp tissues and affect tissue regeneration/healing. Appropriate testing of these materials requires a platform that mimics the in vivo environment and allows the architectural self-assembly of cells into tissue constructs. In this study, we employ a new 3D model to assess the impact of triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) on early organization and advanced recruitment/accumulation of immortalized mouse gingival fibroblasts (GFs) and dental papilla mesenchymal cells (DPMCs) in extracellular matrix. We hypothesize that TEGDMA (1) interferes with the developmental architecture of GFs and DPMCs, and (2) inhibits the deposition of mineral. To test these hypotheses, GFs and DPMCs were incubated with the soluble TEGDMA at concentrations (0-2.5) mmol/L. Diameter and thickness of the constructs were determined by microscopic analysis. Cell differentiation was assessed by immunocytochemistry and the secreted mineral detected by alizarin-red staining. TEGDMA interfered with the development of GFs and/or DPMCs microtissues in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting growth of inter-spherical cell layers and decreasing spheroid size (four to six times). At low/moderate TEGDMA levels, GFs organoids retained their structures while reducing thickness up to 21%. In contrast, at low TEGDMA doses, architecture of DPMC organoids was altered and thickness decreased almost twofold. Overall, developmental ability of TEGDMA-exposed GFs and DPMCs depended on TEGDMA level. GFs constructs were more resistant to structural modifications. The employed 3D platform was proven as an efficient tool for quantifying the effects of leachables on tissue repair capacities of gingiva and dental pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise K Tigani
- Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Drago Skrtic
- Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Michael S Valerio
- Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Gili Kaufman
- Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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18
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Dahl JE, Stenhagen IS. Optimizing quality and safety of dental materials. Eur J Oral Sci 2018; 126 Suppl 1:102-105. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon E. Dahl
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM) Oslo Norway
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19
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Koulaouzidou EA, Roussou K, Sidiropoulos K, Nikolaidis A, Kolokuris I, Tsakalof A, Tsitsimpikou C, Kouretas D. Investigation of the chemical profile and cytotoxicity evaluation of organic components eluted from pit and fissure sealants. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:536-543. [PMID: 30076914 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify organic components eluted from five resin dental sealants using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after 1-day and 40-days storage and the effect of sealants on cell survival of cultured fibroblasts. Five resin materials were studied: BeautiSealant (SHOFU), Clinpro (3M/ESPE), Conseal F (SDI), Grandio Seal (VOCO) and Helioseal Clear (Ivoclar/Vivadent). The organic monomers detected were butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), bis-phenol-A (BPA), camphoroquinone (CQ), diethylenglycoldimethacrylate (DEGDMA), 4N, N-dimethylaminobenzoic acid butylethoxyester (DMABEE), hydroxyethylmethcrylate (HEMA), hydroquinone monomethylether (MEHQ), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBATFB), triphenylstibane (TPSb). The main monomer detected was TEGDMA, whereas BHT and DEGDMA were detected at lower concentrations. Higher monomer concentrations were detected after 40 days storage. The eluting chemical profiles of the tested materials differ qualitative and quantitative. For cytotoxicity evaluation, NIH/3T3 cells were exposed to eluates of sealants and cell viability was assessed by a quantitative technique at two observation periods. Decreased cell viability was observed. The cytotoxicity and the release of monomers from dental materials examined depends on the type of material and the observation time point. Resin-based dental materials have raised public concerns regarding possible adverse biological effects, thus it is essential to evaluate possible side effects for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Koulaouzidou
- Division of Dental Tissues Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences- Endodontology-Operative Dentistry), Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Konstantina Roussou
- Division of Dental Tissues Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences- Endodontology-Operative Dentistry), Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Sidiropoulos
- Division of Dental Tissues Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences- Endodontology-Operative Dentistry), Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexander Nikolaidis
- Division of Dental Tissues Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences- Endodontology-Operative Dentistry), Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kolokuris
- Division of Dental Tissues Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences- Endodontology-Operative Dentistry), Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Tsakalof
- Laboratory of Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christina Tsitsimpikou
- General Chemical State Laboratory of Greece, 16, A. Tsocha Street, Athens, 11521, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
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20
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Jerg A, Schulz S, Tomakidi P, Hellwig E, Polydorou O. Modulation of gingival cell response towards dental composites. Dent Mater 2018; 34:412-426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Bielecka-Kowalska A, Czarny P, Wigner P, Synowiec E, Kowalski B, Szwed M, Krupa R, Toma M, Drzewiecka M, Majsterek I, Szemraj J, Sliwinski T, Kowalski M. Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate exhibits cytotoxic and genotoxic effect on human gingival fibroblasts via induction of reactive oxygen species. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 47:8-17. [PMID: 29107684 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although methacrylic acid derivatives in their polymeric form are considered to be safe, insufficient polymerization and the release of monomers due to either mechanical or enzymatical factors can lead to their reaching millimolar concentrations in local tissue. The present study evaluates the effect of two methacrylate monomers - ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) - on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Both monomers were found to reduce cells viability in MTT assay, increase apoptosis and cause cell cycle arrest in G1/G0 phase. They also increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as measured by DCFH-DA and DHE probes and increased expression of GPx4 and SOD2. Both monomers increased DNA damage in comet assay. Moreover, HGFs were not able to repair those lesions within 120min of repair incubation. However, the monomers were not found to have any effect on the integrity of isolated plasmids. We postulate that EGDMA and DEGDMA exhibit their cytotoxic and genotoxic properties via increased production of ROS, which cause DNA damage, affect apoptosis, viability and cell cycle. Further studies are needed to better understand the properties of methacrylic acid monomers and to evaluate the risk that they cause for patients, dentists and dental technicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Czarny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Wigner
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Synowiec
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kowalski
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marzena Szwed
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Renata Krupa
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Toma
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Drzewiecka
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sliwinski
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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22
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Walters NJ, Xia W, Salih V, Ashley PF, Young AM. Poly(propylene glycol) and urethane dimethacrylates improve conversion of dental composites and reveal complexity of cytocompatibility testing. Dent Mater 2016; 32:264-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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23
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Ginzkey C, Zinnitsch S, Steussloff G, Koehler C, Hackenberg S, Hagen R, Kleinsasser NH, Froelich K. Assessment of HEMA and TEGDMA induced DNA damage by multiple genotoxicological endpoints in human lymphocytes. Dent Mater 2015; 31:865-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Huang FM, Kuan YH, Lee SS, Chang YC. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of triethyleneglycol-dimethacrylate in macrophages involved in DNA damage and caspases activation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:581-588. [PMID: 24307521 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Triethyleneglycol-dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) is a monomer and widely used in dental composite resins. TEGDMA has been found to exhibit cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on many cells. However, little is known about the potential toxicological implications of TEGDMA on murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. In this study, TEGDMA demonstrated a cytotoxic effect to RAW264.7 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (p < 0.05). TEGDMA was found to induce two modes of cell death in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05). TEGDMA-induced cell apoptosis was demonstrated by the increase in the portion of sub-G0/G1 phase and DNA ladder formation. In addition, TEGDMA exhibited genotoxicity via a dose-related increase in the numbers of micronucleus and DNA strand breaks (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9 were generated by TEGDMA in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). These results indicated that cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by TEGDMA in macrophages may be via DNA damage and caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Mei Huang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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25
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Bakopoulou A, Leyhausen G, Volk J, Papachristou E, Koidis P, Geurtsen W. Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates Dental Pulp Stem Cells' responses to pulp injury by resinous monomers. Dent Mater 2015; 31:542-55. [PMID: 25735758 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aim of this study was to investigate whether Dental Pulp Stem Cells-DPSCs responses to pulp injury caused by resinous monomers is be mediated through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. METHODS DPSCs cultures were established from third molars of healthy donors and characterized for stem cell markers with flow cytometry. Cells were exposed to TEGDMA (T: 0.5-2mM) with or without presence of the Wnt-1 ligand (W:25-100ng/ml) or the GSK3β inhibitor Lithium (L:1-10mM), used both as activators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay, cell cycle profiles by flow cytometry and expression of key molecules of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by Real-time PCR and Western Blot. RESULTS DPSC exposure to TEGDMA caused a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, accompanied by G1 arrest at lower and G2/M arrest at higher concentrations or after prolonged exposure. Lithium caused a dual effect, by stimulating/inhibiting cell proliferation at lower/higher concentrations respectively and causing a G2/M arrest in a concentration-dependent manner. Wnt signaling could be activated in DPSCs after Lithium or Wnt-1 treatment, as shown by accumulation of β-catenin, its translocation into the nucleus and enhanced expression of key pathway players, like LEF1 and Cyclin D1. Importantly, exposure to TEGDMA caused a more pronounced activation of the pathway, whereas cumulative effects were observed after T/L or T/W co-treatment, indicating a very strong activation of Wnt signaling after treatment of already "activated" (by Lithium or Wnt-1) cells with TEGDMA. SIGNIFICANCE These findings highlight the important role of Wnt canonical signaling in pulp repair responses to common injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Bakopoulou
- Department of Fixed Prosthesis & Implant Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece; Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology & Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D-30625, Germany
| | - Gabriele Leyhausen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology & Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D-30625, Germany
| | - Joachim Volk
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology & Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D-30625, Germany
| | - Eleni Papachristou
- Department of Fixed Prosthesis & Implant Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - Petros Koidis
- Department of Fixed Prosthesis & Implant Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - Werner Geurtsen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology & Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D-30625, Germany.
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26
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Chang HH, Chang MC, Wang HH, Huang GF, Lee YL, Wang YL, Chan CP, Yeung SY, Tseng SK, Jeng JH. Urethane dimethacrylate induces cytotoxicity and regulates cyclooxygenase-2, hemeoxygenase and carboxylesterase expression in human dental pulp cells. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:722-31. [PMID: 24140606 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effect of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), a major dental resin monomer, on human dental pulp is not fully clear. In this study, we investigated the influence of UDMA on the cytotoxicity, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis and related gene expression of dental pulp cells. The role of reactive oxygen species, hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and carboxylesterase (CES) in UDMA cytotoxicity, was evaluated. UDMA induced morphological changes of pulp cells and decreased cell viability by 29-49% at concentrations of 0.1-0.35 mM. UDMA induced G0/G1, G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The expression of cdc2, cyclinB1 and cdc25C was inhibited by UDMA. Moreover, UDMA stimulated COX-2, HO-1 and CES2 mRNA expression of pulp cells. The cytotoxicity of UDMA was attenuated by N-acetyl-l-cysteine, catalase and esterase, but was enhanced by Zn-protoporphyrin (HO-1 inhibitor), BNPP (CES inhibitor) and loperamide (CES2 inhibitor). Exposure of UDMA may potentially induce the inflammation and toxicity of dental pulp. These findings are important for understanding the clinical response of human pulp to resin monomers after operative restoration and pulp capping, and also provide clues for improvement of dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hua Chang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pulp Biology, Department of Dentistry and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mei-Chi Chang
- Biomedical Science Team, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Hsin-Hui Wang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pulp Biology, Department of Dentistry and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Guay-Fen Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pulp Biology, Department of Dentistry and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Ling Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pulp Biology, Department of Dentistry and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yin-Lin Wang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pulp Biology, Department of Dentistry and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiu-Po Chan
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sin-Yuet Yeung
- Biomedical Science Team, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shuei-Kuen Tseng
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pulp Biology, Department of Dentistry and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pulp Biology, Department of Dentistry and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Krifka S, Spagnuolo G, Schmalz G, Schweikl H. A review of adaptive mechanisms in cell responses towards oxidative stress caused by dental resin monomers. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4555-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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28
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Synergistic interaction caused to human gingival fibroblasts from dental monomers. Dent Mater 2012; 28:818-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Cataldi A, Zara S, Rapino M, Patruno A, di Giacomo V. Human gingival fibroblasts stress response to HEMA: A role for protein kinase C α. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:378-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Nocca G, D'Antò V, Rivieccio V, Schweikl H, Amato M, Rengo S, Lupi A, Spagnuolo G. Effects of ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide on solubility and cytotoxicity of the resin monomer triethylene glycol dimethacrylate. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012; 100:1500-6. [PMID: 22689313 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several in vitro studies have reported contrasting values for triethylene glycol-dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) concentrations shown to induce cytotoxic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effective concentrations of TEGDMA reached under the routine experimental conditions used in biocompatibility in vitro tests and determines changes in cytotoxicity and the associated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) based on different TEGDMA solutions. TEGDMA was added to cell culture medium either directly or previously dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or ethanol (EtOH), both in the presence and absence of cells. Intracellular and extracellular TEGDMA concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The cytotoxicity effects of TEGDMA preparations were determined in 3T3-fibroblasts by 3-(4,5 dimethyiazol-2-1)-2-5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The production of ROS was measured by flow cytometry. In the absence of cells the effective final TEGDMA concentrations obtained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium were significantly lower than the nominal one. When 2 mmol/L TEGDMA was first solubilized in DMSO or EtOH, a significant decrease in cell viability, and an increase in ROS production-compared to pure TEGDMA-was observed. After 2 h of incubation, TEGDMA previously dissolved in DMSO or ETOH was reduced by 15% and 20%, respectively, whereas otherwise it remained unaffected. Our results demonstrate that the effective concentration of TEGDMA dissolved in culture medium (in the presence or absence of solvents) does not concur with the nominal one. Therefore, the presence of the utilized solvents does not substantially alter the monomer solubility but eases its entrance into the cells thus improving its cytotoxic potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Nocca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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31
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Chang HH, Chang MC, Huang GF, Wang YL, Chan CP, Wang TM, Lin PS, Jeng JH. Effect of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate on the cytotoxicity, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostanoids production in human dental pulp cells. Int Endod J 2012; 45:848-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Michelsen VB, Kopperud HBM, Lygre GB, Björkman L, Jensen E, Kleven IS, Svahn J, Lygre H. Detection and quantification of monomers in unstimulated whole saliva after treatment with resin-based composite fillings in vivo. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120:89-95. [PMID: 22288926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Resin-based dental restorative materials contain allergenic methacrylate monomers, which may be released into saliva after restorative treatment. Monomers from resin-based composite materials have been demonstrated in saliva in vitro; however, studies analyzing saliva after restorative therapy are scarce. The aim of this study was to quantify methacrylate monomers in saliva after treatment with a resin-based composite filling material. Saliva was collected from 10 patients at four start points--before treatment, and 10 min, 24 h, and 7 d after treatment--and analysed by combined chromatography/mass spectrometry. The monomers bisphenol-A diglycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) were detected and quantified in the samples collected shortly (10 min) after treatment. The amounts detected ranged from 0.028 to 9.65 μg ml(-1) for Bis-GMA, from 0.015 to 0.19 μg ml(-1) for HEMA, and from 0.004 to 1.2 μg ml(-1) for UDMA. Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was detected in four of the samples. Ethoxylated bisphenol-A dimethacrylate (Bis-EMA) was not detected. Monomers were not detected in saliva samples collected before treatment, or 24 h or 7 d after treatment, with the exception of one sample, 24 h after treatment, in which HEMA was detected. In conclusion, monomers from the investigated resin-based composite and adhesive system were present in saliva shortly after treatment. One week after treatment, no monomers could be detected in patients' saliva samples.
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33
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Orsini G, Mazzoni A, Orciani M, Putignano A, Procaccini M, Falconi M, Pashley DH, Tay FR, Breschi L. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression induced by two different adhesive systems on human pulp fibroblasts. J Endod 2011; 37:1663-7. [PMID: 22099901 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study evaluated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in primary cultures of human pulp fibroblasts (HPFs) when exposed to extracts from dentin-bonding systems. METHODS Polymerized resin disks of the bonding agent of a 2-step self-etch adhesive (TechBond, Isasan, Rovello Porro, Italy) or of the primer/bonding agent a 2-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (Optibond Solo; Sybron-Kerr, Orange, CA) were immersed in HPF culture medium for 24 or 96 hours. HPFs were incubated in the adhesive-conditioned or control (untreated) culture medium for 24 hours. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses were performed to assay MMP-2 expression. RESULTS MMP-2 expression levels in HPFs cultured for 24 hours in culture medium were similar in both the control and experimental media groups showing a faint band at 67 kDa. Conversely, the HPFs incubated in the medium that contain polymerized resin disks for 96 hours showed increased MMP-2 expression compared with the untreated medium. The self-etch adhesive displayed the most pronounced induction of MMP-2 expression. These findings were confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis. CONCLUSIONS HPFs display increased MMP-2 expression after 96 hours of conditioning of the HPF culture medium with polymerized disks of dentin bonding systems. This MMP-2 expression/activation may represent a defence mechanism exhibited by HPFs towards monomers eluted from the dentin bonding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Orsini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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34
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Ansteinsson V, Solhaug A, Samuelsen J, Holme J, Dahl J. DNA-damage, cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis induced in BEAS-2B cells by 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 723:158-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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35
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Szczepanska J, Poplawski T, Synowiec E, Pawlowska E, Chojnacki CJ, Chojnacki J, Blasiak J. 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate (HEMA), a tooth restoration component, exerts its genotoxic effects in human gingival fibroblasts trough methacrylic acid, an immediate product of its degradation. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:1561-74. [PMID: 21617943 PMCID: PMC3249584 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), a methacrylate commonly used in dentistry, was reported to induce genotoxic effects, but their mechanism is not fully understood. HEMA may be degraded by the oral cavity esterases or through mechanical stress following the chewing process. Methacrylic acid (MAA) is the primary product of HEMA degradation. In the present work we compared cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced by HEMA and MAA in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). A 6-h exposure to HEMA or MAA induced a weak decrease in the viability of HGFs. Neither HEMA nor MAA induced strand breaks in the isolated plasmid DNA, but both compounds evoked DNA damage in HGFs, as evaluated by the alkaline comet assay. Oxidative modifications to the DNA bases were monitored by the DNA repair enzymes Endo III and Fpg. DNA damage induced by HEMA and MAA was not persistent and was removed during a 120 min repair incubation. Results from the neutral comet assay indicated that both compounds induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and they were confirmed by the γ-H2AX assay. Both compounds induced apoptosis and perturbed the cell cycle. Therefore, methacrylic acid, a product of HEMA degradation, may be involved in its cytotoxic and genotoxic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczepanska
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Synowiec
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland
| | - Cezary J. Chojnacki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Plac Hallera 1, 91-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Chojnacki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Plac Hallera 1, 91-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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36
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Wisniewska-Jarosinska M, Poplawski T, Chojnacki CJ, Pawlowska E, Krupa R, Szczepanska J, Blasiak J. Independent and combined cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate and urethane dimethacrylate. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4603-11. [PMID: 21127987 PMCID: PMC3162630 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dental composite materials contain polymers of methacrylates, which, due to mechanical abrasion and enzymatic action of saliva, may release their monomers into oral cavity and the pulp. Moreover, polymerization is always incomplete and leaves usually considerable fraction of free monomers. Mechanisms of the genotoxicity of methacrylate monomers have been rarely explored. As the polymerization of a monomer is catalyzed by a co-monomer, their combined action should be considered. In the present work, we investigated cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), often used as a monomer, at 1 mM, and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), a typical co-monomer, at 5 mM singly and in combination. Experiments were conducted on Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle were assessed by flow cytometry, whereas DNA damage was evaluated by plasmid conformation test and comet assay. Both compounds decreased the viability of the cells, but did not induce strand breaks in an isolated plasmid DNA. However, both substances, either singly or in combination, damaged DNA in CHO cells as evaluated by comet assay. Both compounds induced apoptosis, but a combined action of them led to a decrease in the number of apoptotic cells. The combined action of UDMA and TEGDMA in the disturbance of cell cycle was lesser compared to the action of each compound individually. Individually, though UDMA and TEGDMA may induce cytotoxic and genotoxic, however, a combination of both does not produce a significant increase in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wisniewska-Jarosinska
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Haller's Square, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
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37
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Minamikawa H, Yamada M, Iwasa F, Ueno T, Deyama Y, Suzuki K, Yawaka Y, Ogawa T. Amino acid derivative-mediated detoxification and functionalization of dual cure dental restorative material for dental pulp cell mineralization. Biomaterials 2010; 31:7213-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Drozdz K, Wysokinski D, Krupa R, Wozniak K. Bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate induces a broad spectrum of DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:1453-61. [PMID: 20878393 PMCID: PMC3204149 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA) is monomer of dental filling composites, which can be released from these materials and cause adverse biologic effects in human cells. In the present work, we investigated genotoxic effect of BisGMA on human lymphocytes and human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (CCRF-CEM) cells. Our results indicate that BisGMA is genotoxic for human lymphocytes. The compound induced DNA damage evaluated by the alkaline, neutral, and pH 12.1 version of the comet assay. This damage included oxidative modifications of the DNA bases, as checked by DNA repair enzymes EndoIII and Fpg, alkali-labile sites and DNA double-strand breaks. BisGMA induced DNA-strand breaks in the isolated plasmid. Lymphocytes incubated with BisGMA at 1 mM were able to remove about 50% of DNA damage during 120-min repair incubation. The monomer at 1 mM evoked a delay of the cell cycle in the S phase in CCRF-CEM cells. The experiment with spin trap—DMPO demonstrated that BisGMA induced reactive oxygen species, which were able to damage DNA. BisGMA is able to induce a broad spectrum of DNA damage including severe DNA double-strand breaks, which can be responsible for a delay of the cell cycle in the S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Drozdz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Renata Krupa
- Laboratory of DNA Repair, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wozniak
- Laboratory of DNA Repair, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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39
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Lamblin G, Leprince J, Devaux J, Mestdagh M, Gallez B, Leloup G. Hydroxyl radical release from dental resins: electron paramagnetic resonance evidence. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3193-8. [PMID: 20206719 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that polymeric free radicals remain trapped inside dental resins for a long time after photopolymerization. Moreover, although these high molecular mass compounds have very limited mobility, there is evidence to suggest that they disappear progressively over time. The purpose of this study was to provide new experimental data to help understand this phenomenon. To determine whether low molecular mass free radicals are released by dental composites stored in hydrophilic media, we used electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to perform spin-trapping experiments on experimental and commercial samples stored in ethanol. Under these conditions, ethoxy radicals were produced. Further experiments demonstrated that (1) hydroxyl radicals were released from the methacrylated resin and (2) they reacted with ethanol molecules to produce "secondary" ethoxy free radicals. In addition to the well-known monomer toxicity of methacrylated resins, we may have identified a new source of concern for these biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lamblin
- School of Dental Medicine and Stomatology, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10/5721, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
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40
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Krifka S, Petzel C, Hiller KA, Frank EM, Bosl C, Spagnuolo G, Reichl FX, Schmalz G, Schweikl H. Resin monomer-induced differential activation of MAP kinases and apoptosis in mouse macrophages and human pulp cells. Biomaterials 2010; 31:2964-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Influence of TEGDMA on the mammalian cell cycle in comparison with chemotherapeutic agents. Dent Mater 2010; 26:232-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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42
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Pawlowska E, Poplawski T, Ksiazek D, Szczepanska J, Blasiak J. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 696:122-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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43
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Seiss M, Langer C, Hickel R, Reichl FX. Quantitative determination of TEGDMA, BHT, and DMABEE in eluates from polymerized resin-based dental restorative materials by use of GC/MS. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:1109-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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44
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Bakopoulou A, Papadopoulos T, Garefis P. Molecular toxicology of substances released from resin-based dental restorative materials. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3861-3899. [PMID: 19865523 PMCID: PMC2769064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10093861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Resin-based dental restorative materials are extensively used today in dentistry. However, significant concerns still remain regarding their biocompatibility. For this reason, significant scientific effort has been focused on the determination of the molecular toxicology of substances released by these biomaterials, using several tools for risk assessment, including exposure assessment, hazard identification and dose-response analysis. These studies have shown that substances released by these materials can cause significant cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, leading to irreversible disturbance of basic cellular functions. The aim of this article is to review current knowledge related to dental composites' molecular toxicology and to give implications for possible improvements concerning their biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Bakopoulou
- Department of Fixed & Implant Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 541 24, Greece; E-Mails: (B.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Triantafillos Papadopoulos
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 115 27, Greece
| | - Pavlos Garefis
- Department of Fixed & Implant Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 541 24, Greece; E-Mails: (B.A.); (G.P.)
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45
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Teti G, Mazzotti G, Zago M, Ortolani M, Breschi L, Pelotti S, Ruggeri A, Falconi M. HEMA down-regulates procollagen alpha1 type I in human gingival fibroblasts. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 90:256-62. [PMID: 18496863 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) can be released from restorative materials and diffused into the tooth pulp over long periods of time. Although cytotoxicity due to high concentrations of monomers has been well studied, little is known about the risk of chronic toxicity resulting from low concentrations. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of a minor toxic concentration of HEMA in the synthesis and expression of procollagen alpha1 type I produced by human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). HGF were exposed to 3 mM HEMA from 24 to 96 h. An MTT assay was performed to evaluate cell viability while reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), and Western-blot analysis were carried out to evaluate the variability in the expression and synthesis of procollagen alpha1. Immunofluorescence was performed to detect the protein inside the cells. The results showed that there was a strong reduction of procollagen alpha 1 type I expression at 72 and 96 h. These findings demonstrate that, even if it does not reduce cell viability, 3 mM HEMA interferes both with the synthesis of the procollagen alpha 1 type I protein and its mRNA expression, suggesting that normal cell production and activity are modified by HEMA at concentrations below those which cause acute cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Teti
- Department of SAU and FAL, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
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46
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Nocca G, Martorana GE, De Sole P, De Palma F, Callà C, Corsale P, Antenucci M, Gambarini G, Chimenti C, Giardina B, Lupi A. Effects of 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate and urethane dimethacrylate on HL-60 cell metabolism. Eur J Oral Sci 2009; 117:175-81. [PMID: 19320727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2008.00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The polymerization of methacrylic monomers present in dental composite resins never reaches completion and therefore the leakage of residual monomers into the oral cavity and into biological fluids can cause local and systemic adverse effects. This work was carried out to study the in vitro biochemical interactions of urethane dimethacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate monomers with HL-60 cells, a cell line assumed as an experimental model for simulating granulocyte behaviour. Our main finding was that both monomers induce cell differentiation at toxic concentrations and that cytotoxicity seems to be caused by alterations of glucose metabolism arising from mitochondrial dysfunction rather than from oxidative stress, which could not be altogether verified under our experimental conditions. Our study could be considered as a useful approach to investigate the biochemical mechanisms that contribute to the cytotoxicity of methacrylate compounds and it underlines the importance of assessing such parameters for testing biocompatibility in order to promote the development of better and safer dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Nocca
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome, Italy.
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47
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Abstract
Oral and mucosal adverse reactions to resin-based dental materials have been reported. Numerous studies have examined the biocompatibility of restorative dental materials and their components, and a wide range of test systems for the evaluation of the biological effects of these materials have been developed. This article reviews the biological aspects of resin-based dental materials and discusses the conventional as well as the new techniques used for biocompatibility assessment of dental materials.
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48
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TEGDMA-induced oxidative DNA damage and activation of ATM and MAP kinases. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2006-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Szustakiewicz B, Djerbi N, Gondy A, Derki M, Devulder-Salana A, Pindi G, Rakotomalala H, Sergent O, Swead M, Tronet J. [Behavior of materials in the oral environment]. Orthod Fr 2009; 80:99-135. [PMID: 19327280 DOI: 10.1051/orthodfr/2009001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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50
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Poplawski T, Pawlowska E, Wisniewska-Jarosinska M, Ksiazek D, Wozniak K, Szczepanska J, Blasiak J. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of glycidyl methacrylate. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 180:69-78. [PMID: 19428346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methacrylates are used in the polymer form as composite restorative materials in dentistry. However, the polymers can release monomers and co-monomers into the oral cavity and pulp, from where they can migrate into the bloodstream reaching virtually all organs. The local concentration of the released monomers can be in the millimolar range, high enough to induce adverse biological effects. Genotoxicity of methacrylate monomers is of a special significance due to potential serious phenotypic consequences, including cancer, and long latency period. In the present work, we investigated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) in the human peripheral blood lymphocytes and the CCR-CM human cancer cells. GMA at concentrations up to 5mM evoked a concentration-dependent decrease in the viability of the lymphocytes up to about 80%, as assessed by flow cytometry. This agent did not induce strand breaks in the isolated plasmid DNA, but evoked concentration-dependent DNA damage in the human lymphocytes evaluated by the alkaline and neutral comet assay. This damage included oxidative modifications to the DNA bases, as checked by DNA repair enzymes Endo III and Fpg as well as single and double DNA strand breaks. The lymphocytes exposed to GMA at 2.5 microM were able to remove about 90% of damage to their DNA in 120 min. The ability of GMA to induce DNA double-strand breaks was confirmed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The drug evoked apoptosis and induced an increase in the G2/M cell population, accompanied by a decrease in the S cell population and an increase in G0/G1 cell population. Due to broad spectrum of GMA genotoxicity, including DNA double-strand breaks, and a potential long-lasting exposure to this compound, its use should be accompanied by precautions, reducing the chance of its release into blood stream and the possibility to induce adverse biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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