1
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Hao S, Ji Y, Pan W, Sun H, Nie F, Warren JR, Ding Y, Han W. Long non-coding RNA BANCR promotes pancreatic cancer lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis by regulating the HIF-1α/VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 pathway via miR-143-5p. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101015. [PMID: 38486677 PMCID: PMC10937517 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong Hao
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tongzhou, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tongzhou, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Weixuan Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tongzhou, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tongzhou, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Fang Nie
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tongzhou, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Jonathan Ray Warren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Wei Han
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tongzhou, Beijing 101149, China
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2
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Wang C, Xu J, Cheng X, Sun G, Li F, Nie G, Zhang Y. Anti-lymphangiogenesis for boosting drug accumulation in tumors. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:89. [PMID: 38616190 PMCID: PMC11016544 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The inadequate tumor accumulation of anti-cancer agents is a major shortcoming of current therapeutic drugs and remains an even more significant concern in the clinical prospects for nanomedicines. Various strategies aiming at regulating the intratumoral permeability of therapeutic drugs have been explored in preclinical studies, with a primary focus on vascular regulation and stromal reduction. However, these methods may trigger or facilitate tumor metastasis as a tradeoff. Therefore, there is an urgent need for innovative strategies that boost intratumoral drug accumulation without compromising treatment outcomes. As another important factor affecting drug tumor accumulation besides vasculature and stroma, the impact of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels (LVs) has not been widely considered. In the current research, we verified that anlotinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with anti-lymphangiogenesis activity, and SAR131675, a selective VEGFR-3 inhibitor, effectively decreased the density of tumor lymphatic vessels in mouse cancer models, further enhancing drug accumulation in tumor tissue. By combining anlotinib with therapeutic drugs, including doxorubicin (Dox), liposomal doxorubicin (Lip-Dox), and anti-PD-L1 antibody, we observed improved anti-tumor efficacy in comparison with monotherapy regimens. Meanwhile, this strategy significantly reduced tumor metastasis and elicited stronger anti-tumor immune responses. Our work describes a new, clinically transferrable approach to augmenting intratumoral drug accumulation, which shows great potential to address the current, unsatisfactory efficacies of therapeutic drugs without introducing metastatic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Junchao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Cheng
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ge Sun
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fenfen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Yinlong Zhang
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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3
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Nazarzadeh Zare E, Khorsandi D, Zarepour A, Yilmaz H, Agarwal T, Hooshmand S, Mohammadinejad R, Ozdemir F, Sahin O, Adiguzel S, Khan H, Zarrabi A, Sharifi E, Kumar A, Mostafavi E, Kouchehbaghi NH, Mattoli V, Zhang F, Jucaud V, Najafabadi AH, Khademhosseini A. Biomedical applications of engineered heparin-based materials. Bioact Mater 2024; 31:87-118. [PMID: 37609108 PMCID: PMC10440395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin is a negatively charged polysaccharide with various chain lengths and a hydrophilic backbone. Due to its fascinating chemical and physical properties, nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, heparin has been extensively used in different fields of medicine, such as cardiovascular and hematology. This review highlights recent and future advancements in designing materials based on heparin for various biomedical applications. The physicochemical and mechanical properties, biocompatibility, toxicity, and biodegradability of heparin are discussed. In addition, the applications of heparin-based materials in various biomedical fields, such as drug/gene delivery, tissue engineering, cancer therapy, and biosensors, are reviewed. Finally, challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in preparing heparin-based materials are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danial Khorsandi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, United States
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul, 34396, Turkey
| | - Hulya Yilmaz
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India
| | - Sara Hooshmand
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatma Ozdemir
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Onur Sahin
- Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevin Adiguzel
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul, 34396, Turkey
| | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials - National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Viale J.F. Kennedy 54 - Mostra D'Oltremare pad. 20, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Feng Zhang
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, 324000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Vadim Jucaud
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, United States
| | | | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, United States
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Wang J, Xiao L, Wang W, Zhang D, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Wang X. The Auxiliary Role of Heparin in Bone Regeneration and its Application in Bone Substitute Materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:837172. [PMID: 35646879 PMCID: PMC9133562 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.837172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration in large segmental defects depends on the action of osteoblasts and the ingrowth of new blood vessels. Therefore, it is important to promote the release of osteogenic/angiogenic growth factors. Since the discovery of heparin, its anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer functions have been extensively studied for over a century. Although the application of heparin is widely used in the orthopedic field, its auxiliary effect on bone regeneration is yet to be unveiled. Specifically, approximately one-third of the transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily is bound to heparin and heparan sulfate, among which TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) are the most common growth factors used. In addition, heparin can also improve the delivery and retention of BMP-2 in vivo promoting the healing of large bone defects at hyper physiological doses. In blood vessel formation, heparin still plays an integral part of fracture healing by cooperating with the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Importantly, since heparin binds to growth factors and release components in nanomaterials, it can significantly facilitate the controlled release and retention of growth factors [such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), BMP, and PDGF] in vivo. Consequently, the knowledge of scaffolds or delivery systems composed of heparin and different biomaterials (including organic, inorganic, metal, and natural polymers) is vital for material-guided bone regeneration research. This study systematically reviews the structural properties and auxiliary functions of heparin, with an emphasis on bone regeneration and its application in biomaterials under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Australia−China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Weiqun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dingmei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yaping Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Australia−China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
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5
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HMGB1 Promotes Lymphangiogenesis through the Activation of RAGE on M2 Macrophages in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:4487435. [PMID: 35280439 PMCID: PMC8916867 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4487435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is implicated in tumor biology. Released high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) ligand binding to RAGE receptor in tumor cells promotes tumor progression. The mechanisms of HMGB1-RAGE signaling in M2 macrophages involved in lymphangiogenesis in laryngeal carcinoma remain poorly understood. Here, we assessed the effect of HMGB1-RAGE signaling on M2 macrophages in lymphangiogenesis. Methods. HMGB1, CD163, and D2-40 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC,
), laryngeal precursor lesions (LPLs,
), and vocal polyp (VP,
) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. THP-1 cell-expressed RAGE gene was knocked down and then polarized to M0 macrophages and M2 macrophages. IL-23, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-10 were measured by ELISA; IL-1β, IL-12, IL-10, and CCL-13 were evaluated by RT-qPCR, and CD206, CD163, and RAGE were evaluated by western blot to evaluate whether classical M2 macrophages were obtained. Conditioned media from RAGE+/- M0 macrophages and RAGE+/- M2 macrophages incubated in the presence or absence of HMGB1, anti-Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, anti-TLR4 antibodies, and anti-VEGF-C antibodies were collected separately for human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLEC) for proliferation, migration, lymphangiogenesis assay, and VEGF-C concentration analysis. Results. HMGB1 and M2 macrophage densities were increased in LSCC (
). HMGB1 and M2 macrophage densities were significantly correlated with lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in LSCC (
). The HMGB1 overexpression and higher M2 macrophage density were involved in lymph node metastasis (
) and poor prognosis (
). In vitro, conditioned medium from HMGB1-stimulated RAGE+ M2 macrophages activated lymphangiogenesis by upregulating the VEGF compared to controls (
). On the contrary, RAGE knockdown obviously decreased the corresponding effects of HMGB1-preconditioned M2 macrophages upon HDLEC (
). HMGB1-TLR pathway does not significantly increase HDLEC proliferation, migration, and lymphangiogenesis on M2 macrophages. Conclusions. HMGB1 promotes lymphangiogenesis by activation of RAGE on M2 macrophages. Targeting RAGE may provide an effective therapeutic strategy against M2 macrophages in LSCC patients with lymph node metastasis.
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6
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Wang C, Chu M. Advances in Drugs Targeting Lymphangiogenesis for Preventing Tumor Progression and Metastasis. Front Oncol 2022; 11:783309. [PMID: 35087755 PMCID: PMC8787832 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.783309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other organs and tissues in the body is the leading cause of death in patients with malignancies. One of the principal ways cancer cells travel is through lymphatic vessels, and tumor invasion into the regional lymph nodes is a hallmark of early metastasis; thus, the formation of especially peritumoral lymphatic vessels is essential for tumor transportation that gives rise to further progression. In the past few decades, tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis has been testified to its tight correlation with lymphatic metastasis and poor clinical outcomes in multiple types of human malignancies, which warrants novel potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. As the understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms has grown tremendously over the years, an inexorable march of anti-lymphangiogenic therapy also aroused terrific interest. As a result, a great number of drugs have entered clinical trials, and some of them exhibited predominant contributions in cancer management. Herein, this review provides an updated summary of the current advances in therapies preventing lymphatic metastasis and discusses the validity of different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
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7
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Banik N, Yang SB, Kang TB, Lim JH, Park J. Heparin and Its Derivatives: Challenges and Advances in Therapeutic Biomolecules. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910524. [PMID: 34638867 PMCID: PMC8509054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been extensively studied as a safe medicine and biomolecule over the past few decades. Heparin derivatives, including low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) and heparin pentasaccharide, are effective anticoagulants currently used in clinical settings. They have also been studied as functional biomolecules or biomaterials for various therapeutic uses to treat diseases. Heparin, which has a similar molecular structure to heparan sulfate, can be used as a remarkable biomedicine due to its uniquely high safety and biocompatibility. In particular, it has recently drawn attention for use in drug-delivery systems, biomaterial-based tissue engineering, nanoformulations, and new drug-development systems through molecular formulas. A variety of new heparin-based biomolecules and conjugates have been developed in recent years and are currently being evaluated for use in clinical applications. This article reviews heparin derivatives recently studied in the field of drug development for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipa Banik
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-B.Y.); (T.-B.K.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Seong-Bin Yang
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-B.Y.); (T.-B.K.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Tae-Bong Kang
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-B.Y.); (T.-B.K.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Ji-Hong Lim
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-B.Y.); (T.-B.K.); (J.-H.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Jooho Park
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-B.Y.); (T.-B.K.); (J.-H.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
- Correspondence:
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8
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Ma SN, Mao ZX, Wu Y, Liang MX, Wang DD, Chen X, Chang PA, Zhang W, Tang JH. The anti-cancer properties of heparin and its derivatives: a review and prospect. Cell Adh Migr 2021; 14:118-128. [PMID: 32538273 PMCID: PMC7513850 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2020.1767489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin, including unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and heparin derivatives, are commonly used in venous thromboembolism treatment and reportedly have beneficial effects on cancer survival. Heparin can affect the proliferation, adhesion, angiogenesis, migration and invasion of cancer cells via multiple mechanisms. The main mechanisms involve inhibition of heparanase, P-/L-selectin, angiogenesis, and interference with the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis. Here we summarize the current experimental evidence regarding the anti-cancer role of heparin and its derivatives, and conclude that there is evidence to support heparin’s role in inhibiting cancer progression, making it a promising anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Nan Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Suqian, P.R.China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Mao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- Core Facility, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Xing Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ping-An Chang
- Urinary Surgery, Dongtai People's Hospital , Dongtai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Hai Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
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9
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Molecular Targeting of VEGF with a Suramin Fragment-DOCA Conjugate by Mimicking the Action of Low Molecular Weight Heparins. Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010046. [PMID: 33396366 PMCID: PMC7823656 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeting of growth factors has shown great therapeutic potential in pharmaceutical research due to their roles in pathological conditions. In the present study, we developed a novel suramin fragment and deoxycholic acid conjugate (SFD) that exhibited the potential to bind to the heparin-binding site (HBD) of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and to inhibit its pathogenic action for the first time. Notably, SFD was optimally designed for binding to the HBD of VEGF using the naphthalenetrisulfonate group, allowing to observe its excellent binding efficacy in a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) study, showing remarkable binding affinity (KD = 3.8 nM) as a small molecule inhibitor. In the tubular formation assay, it was observed that SFD could bind to HBD and exhibit antiangiogenic efficacy by inhibiting VEGF, such as heparins. The cellular treatment of SFD resulted in VEGF-inhibitory effects in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Therefore, we propose that SFD can be employed as a novel drug candidate to inhibit the pathophysiological action of VEGF in diseases. Consequently, SFD, which has a molecular structure optimized for binding to HBD, is put forward as a new chemical VEGF inhibitor.
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10
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Guo R, Long Y, Lu Z, Deng M, He P, Li M, He Q. Enhanced stability and efficacy of GEM-TOS prodrug by co-assembly with antimetastatic shell LMWH-TOS. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1977-1988. [PMID: 33163348 PMCID: PMC7606181 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy agents have been widely used for cancer treatment, while the insolubility, instability and toxicity seriously restrict their efficacy. Thus, prodrug strategy was devised. Since some prodrugs are still with poor solubility or stability, a synergy strategy is needed to enhance their efficacy. Gemcitabine (GEM) is a prescribed anticancer drug, however, the rapid clearance, growing resistance and serious side effects limit its clinical efficacy. Conjugating GEM with d-α-tocopherol succinate (TOS) is an effective solution, while the GEM-TOS (GT) is unstable in aqueous solution. d-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) has been used to enhance the stability, but GT stabilized by TPGS (GTT) has limited effect on tumor metastases. Tumor metastases lead to high mortality in patients suffering from cancers. In order to further achieve antimetastatic effect, an amphiphilic polymer (LT) was synthesized by connecting low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) with TOS, and eventually obtained desired self-delivery micellar NPs (GLT) by co-assembly GT with LT. The GLT not only possessed excellent stability, but also inhibited the metastases by acting on different phases of the metastatic cascade. The hydrophobic TOS inhibited the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), the hydrophilic LMWH inhibited the interaction between tumor cells and platelets. As a result, GLT reduced tumor cells entering the blood and implanting at the distant organs, leading to a much more excellent inhibitory effect on the lung metastasis than GEM and GTT.
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11
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Yang F, Zhao Z, Sun B, Chen Q, Sun J, He Z, Luo C. Nanotherapeutics for Antimetastatic Treatment. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:645-659. [PMID: 32448754 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor metastases, that is, the development of secondary tumors in organs distant from the primary tumor, and their treatment remain a serious problem in cancer therapy. The unique challenges for tracking and treating tumor metastases lie in the small size, high heterogeneity, and wide dispersion to distant organs of metastases. Recently, nanomedicines, with the capacity to precisely deliver therapeutic agents to both primary and secondary tumors, have demonstrated many potential benefits for metastatic cancer theranostics. Given the remarkable progression in emerging nanotherapeutics for antimetastatic treatment, it is timely to summarize the latest advances in this field. This review highlights the rationale, advantages, and challenges for integrating biomedical nanotechnology with cancer biology to develop antimetastatic nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bingjun Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Cong Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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12
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Sestito LF, Thomas SN. Biomaterials for Modulating Lymphatic Function in Immunoengineering. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:293-310. [PMID: 32259064 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunoengineering is a rapidly growing and interdisciplinary field focused on developing tools to study and understand the immune system, then employing that knowledge to modulate immune response for the treatment of disease. Because of its roles in housing a substantial fraction of the body's lymphocytes, in facilitating immune cell trafficking, and direct immune modulatory functions, among others, the lymphatic system plays multifaceted roles in immune regulation. In this review, the potential for biomaterials to be applied to regulate the lymphatic system and its functions to achieve immunomodulation and the treatment of disease are described. Three related processes-lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic vessel contraction, and lymph node remodeling-are specifically explored. The molecular regulation of each process and their roles in pathologies are briefly outlined, with putative therapeutic targets and the lymphatic remodeling that can result from disease highlighted. Applications of biomaterials that harness these pathways for the treatment of disease via immunomodulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Sestito
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Susan N Thomas
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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13
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Aller MA, Blanco-Rivero J, Arias N, Santamaria L, Arias J. The Lymphatic Headmaster of the Mast Cell-Related Splanchnic Inflammation in Portal Hypertension. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070658. [PMID: 31261968 PMCID: PMC6678304 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension is a common complication of liver disease, either acute or chronic. Consequently, in chronic liver disease, such as the hypertensive mesenteric venous pathology, the coexisting inflammatory response is classically characterized by the splanchnic blood circulation. However, a vascular lymphatic pathology is produced simultaneously with the splanchnic arterio-venous impairments. The pathological increase of the mesenteric venous pressure, by mechanotransduction of the venous endothelium hyperpressure, causes an inflammatory response involving the subendothelial mast cells and the lymphatic endothelium of the intestinal villi lacteal. In portal hypertension, the intestinal lymphatic inflammatory response through the development of mesenteric-systemic lymphatic collateral vessels favors the systemic diffusion of substances with a molecular pattern associated with damage and pathogens of intestinal origin. When the chronic hepatic insufficiency worsens the portal hypertensive inflammatory response, the splanchnic lymphatic system transports the hyperplasied intestinal mast cells to the mesenteric lymphatic complex. Then, an acquired immune response regulating a new hepato-intestinal metabolic scenario is activated. Therefore, reduction of the hepatic metabolism would reduce its key centralized functions, such as the metabolic, detoxifying and antioxidant functions which would try to be substituted by their peroxisome activity, among other functions of the mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Angeles Aller
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Blanco-Rivero
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica La Paz (IdIPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (Ciber) de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Arias
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- INEUROPA (Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias), 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luis Santamaria
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Arias
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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何 萍, 顾 霞, 曾 欣, 郑 咏, 林 晓. [Changes of lymphatic vessel density in lung adenocarcinoma in situ, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, and invasive adenocarcinoma and the regulatory factors]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:1349-1353. [PMID: 30514684 PMCID: PMC6744127 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the changes in tumor lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in patients with lung adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), and invasive adenocarcinoma (IA) and explore the regulatory factors of LVD. METHODS Complete clinicopathological data were collected form a total of 301 patients with lung adenocarcinoma, including 28 (9.3%) with AIS, 86 (28.6%) with MIA, and 187 (62.1%) with IA. The LVD of all the adenocarcinomas were calculated after D2-40 immunohistochemical staining, and MT1-MMP and VEGF-C expression levels were also evaluated. The differences in LVD among the groups and the correlations of tumor LVD with the expressions of MT1-MMP and VEGF-C and the clinicopathological factors were analyzed. RESULTS The LVD differed significantly among AIS, MIA, and IA groups (P= 0.000). The LVDs was significantly correlated with the level of VEGF-C protein expression (r=0.917, P=0.009), tumor size (r= 0.686, P=0.017), lymph node metastasis (r=0.739, P=0.000), and clinical stage (r=0.874, P=0.012) of the patients. CONCLUSIONS Tumor lymphangiogenesis plays an important role in lung adenocarcinoma progression, and VEGF-C may promote this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- 萍 何
- />广州医科大学附属第一医院病理科,广东 广州 510120Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - 霞 顾
- />广州医科大学附属第一医院病理科,广东 广州 510120Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - 欣 曾
- />广州医科大学附属第一医院病理科,广东 广州 510120Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - 咏玫 郑
- />广州医科大学附属第一医院病理科,广东 广州 510120Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - 晓东 林
- />广州医科大学附属第一医院病理科,广东 广州 510120Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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15
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Xiong Y, Liu Z, Zhao X, Ruan S, Zhang X, Wang S, Huang T. CPT1A regulates breast cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis via VEGF signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1-7. [PMID: 29940537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphangiogenesis is critical for metastasis of a variety of cancers, including breast cancer. CPT1A (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a) has been reported to play a critical role in breast cancer progress. However, the molecular mechanism remains elusive. METHODS In order to investigate the role of CPT1A in HDLEC cells, short hairpin RNA approach was utilized to knock down the CPT1A gene expression. We employed transwell and lymphatic vessel formation assay to examine invasion and lymphangiogenesis of HDLEC (Human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells). RT-qPCR and westernblot analyses were used to determine genes expression in HDLEC and breast cancer cells. Finally, we determined the relative rate of acetyl-CoA/CoA in shNC and shCPT1A HDLEC cells by LC-MS approach. RESULTS Knockdown of CPT1A in breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) abolished invasion and lymphangiogenesis of HDLEC cells. Mechanistically, CPT1A depletion suppressed the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Interestingly, CPT1A knockdown in HDLEC cells exhibited attenuated expression of lymphangiogenic markers (podoplanin, VEGFR-3, VEGF-C, VEGF-D and PROX-1). Consistently, CPT1A -null HDLEC cells displayed compromised invasion and lymphangiogenesis compared with negative control. Further investigation revealed that CPT1A regulated VEGFR3 via acetyl-CoA mediated H3K9ac, which could be abrogated by supplement of acetate. CONCLUSIONS In present study, we revealed the mechanism by which CPT1A regulates breast cancer-associated invasion and lymphangiogenesis. Our findings provide insights into CPT1A -promoted breast tumor metastasis and provide rationale for understanding breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Xiong
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Zeming Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Xiangwang Zhao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Shengnan Ruan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Ximeng Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Shi Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China.
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Li G, Dong T, Yang D, Gao A, Luo J, Yang H, Wang L. Progranulin promotes lymphangiogenesis through VEGF-C and is an independent risk factor in human esophageal cancers. Hum Pathol 2018; 75:116-124. [PMID: 29452214 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis is one of the most important predictors of the prognosis for esophageal cancer (EC) patients. However, the mechanism underlying the lymph node metastasis is largely unknown. Progranulin (PGRN) is shown to be highly expressed in various types of cancers and could promote the angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells in previous studies. However, the expression status of PGRN and its effects on the lymphangiogenesis in EC are largely unclear. In this study, we show for the first time that PGRN is expressed in EC tissue samples and cell lines and could promote the expression of VEGF-C in vitro, a well-known lymphangiogenesis inducer, through the putative signaling transducers p-ERK and p-AKT. Besides, increased levels of PGRN are correlated with lymph node metastasis, high levels of lymph microvessel density, and lymph vessel space invasion in tissue samples of EC patients. In addition, Cox proportional risk model shows that patients with high levels of PGRN would have 2-fold increases in 5-year mortality compared with patients with low levels of PGRN. Finally, we establish a clinically useful nomogram to predict the possibility of mortality for individual EC patients. In conclusion, PGRN may play an important role in the lymphangiogenesis through activation of VEGF-C in the EC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Li
- Department of Respiratory, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, PR China
| | - Taotao Dong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272129, PR China
| | - Aiqin Gao
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, PR China
| | - Judong Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Hongyan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, PR China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, PR China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China.
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Zhang Y, Sun T, Jiang C. Biomacromolecules as carriers in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:34-50. [PMID: 29872621 PMCID: PMC5985630 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural biomacromolecules have attracted increased attention as carriers in biomedicine in recent years because of their inherent biochemical and biophysical properties including renewability, nontoxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, long blood circulation time and targeting ability. Recent advances in our understanding of the biological functions of natural-origin biomacromolecules and the progress in the study of biological drug carriers indicate that such carriers may have advantages over synthetic material-based carriers in terms of half-life, stability, safety and ease of manufacture. In this review, we give a brief introduction to the biochemical properties of the widely used biomacromolecule-based carriers such as albumin, lipoproteins and polysaccharides. Then examples from the clinic and in recent laboratory development are summarized. Finally the current challenges and future prospects of present biological carriers are discussed.
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Key Words
- ABD, albumin binding domain
- ACM, aclacinomycin
- ACS, absorbable collagen sponge
- ADH, adipic dihydrazide
- ART, artemisinin
- ASF, Antheraea mylitta silk fibroin
- ATRA, all-trans retinoic acid
- ATS, artesunate
- BCEC, brain capillary endothelial cells
- BMP-2, bone morphogenetic protein-2
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- BSF, Bombyx mori silk fibroin
- Biomacromolecule
- CC-HAM, core-crosslinked polymeric micelle based hyaluronic acid
- CD, cyclodextrin
- CD-NPs, amphiphilic MMA–tBA β-CD star copolymers that are capable of forming nanoparticles
- CD-g-CS, chitosan grafted with β-cyclodextrin
- CD/BP, cyclodextrin–bisphosphonate complexes
- CIA, collagen-induced arthritis
- CM, collagen matrices
- CMD-ChNP, carboxylmethyl dextran chitosan nanoparticle
- DHA, dihydroartesunate
- DOXO-EMCH, (6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin
- DOX–TRF, doxorubincin–transferrin conjugate
- DTX-HPLGA, HA coated PLGA nanoparticulate docetaxel
- Drug delivery
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial mesenchymal transition
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- FcRn, neonatal Fc receptor
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- GC-DOX, glycol–chitosan–doxorubicin conjugate
- GDNF, glial-derived neurotrophic factor
- GO, grapheme oxide
- GSH, glutathione
- Gd, gadolinium
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- HA-CA, catechol-modified hyaluronic acid
- HCF, heparin-conjugated fibrin
- HDL, high density lipoprotein
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- HSA, human serum albumin
- IDL, intermediate density lipoprotein
- INF, interferon
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- LDLR, low density lipoprotein receptor
- LDV, leucine–aspartic acid–valine
- LMWH, low molecular weight heparin
- MSA, mouse serum albumin
- MTX–HSA, methotrexate–albumin conjugate
- NIR, near-infrared
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- OP-Gel-NS, oxidized pectin-gelatin-nanosliver
- PEC, polyelectrolyte
- PTX, paclitaxel
- Polysaccharide
- Protein
- RES, reticuloendothelial system
- RGD, Arg–Gly–Asp peptide
- SF, silk fibroin
- SF-CSNP, silk fibroin modified chitosan nanoparticle
- SFNP, silk fibroin nanoparticle
- SPARC, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine
- TRAIL, tumor-necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- Tf, transferrin
- TfR, transferrin receptor
- Tissue engineering
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VLDL, very low density lipoprotein
- pDNA, plasmid DNA
- rHDL, recombinant HDL
- rhEGF-2/HA, recombinant human fibroblast growth factor type 2 in a hyaluronic acid carrier
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Blei F. Update September 2017. Lymphat Res Biol 2017; 15:297-313. [PMID: 28937924 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2017.29030.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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