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Li N, Wang J, Feng G, Liu Y, Shi Y, Wang Y, Chen L. Advances in biomaterials for oral-maxillofacial bone regeneration: spotlight on periodontal and alveolar bone strategies. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae078. [PMID: 39055303 PMCID: PMC11272181 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate nature of oral-maxillofacial structure and function, coupled with the dynamic oral bacterial environment, presents formidable obstacles in addressing the repair and regeneration of oral-maxillofacial bone defects. Numerous characteristics should be noticed in oral-maxillofacial bone repair, such as irregular morphology of bone defects, homeostasis between hosts and microorganisms in the oral cavity and complex periodontal structures that facilitate epithelial ingrowth. Therefore, oral-maxillofacial bone repair necessitates restoration materials that adhere to stringent and specific demands. This review starts with exploring these particular requirements by introducing the particular characteristics of oral-maxillofacial bones and then summarizes the classifications of current bone repair materials in respect of composition and structure. Additionally, we discuss the modifications in current bone repair materials including improving mechanical properties, optimizing surface topography and pore structure and adding bioactive components such as elements, compounds, cells and their derivatives. Ultimately, we organize a range of potential optimization strategies and future perspectives for enhancing oral-maxillofacial bone repair materials, including physical environment manipulation, oral microbial homeostasis modulation, osteo-immune regulation, smart stimuli-responsive strategies and multifaceted approach for poly-pathic treatment, in the hope of providing some insights for researchers in this field. In summary, this review analyzes the complex demands of oral-maxillofacial bone repair, especially for periodontal and alveolar bone, concludes multifaceted strategies for corresponding biomaterials and aims to inspire future research in the pursuit of more effective treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayun Li
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Medical Devices and Equipment, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Medical Devices and Equipment, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guangxia Feng
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Medical Devices and Equipment, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Medical Devices and Equipment, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yunsong Shi
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Medical Devices and Equipment, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Medical Devices and Equipment, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Medical Devices and Equipment, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Chen Y, Luo Z, Meng W, Liu K, Chen Q, Cai Y, Ding Z, Huang C, Zhou Z, Jiang M, Zhou L. Decoding the "Fingerprint" of Implant Materials: Insights into the Foreign Body Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310325. [PMID: 38191783 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Foreign body reaction (FBR) is a prevalent yet often overlooked pathological phenomenon, particularly within the field of biomedical implantation. The presence of FBR poses a heavy burden on both the medical and socioeconomic systems. This review seeks to elucidate the protein "fingerprint" of implant materials, which is generated by the physiochemical properties of the implant materials themselves. In this review, the activity of macrophages, the formation of foreign body giant cells (FBGCs), and the development of fibrosis capsules in the context of FBR are introduced. Additionally, the relationship between various implant materials and FBR is elucidated in detail, as is an overview of the existing approaches and technologies employed to alleviate FBR. Finally, the significance of implant components (metallic materials and non-metallic materials), surface CHEMISTRY (charge and wettability), and physical characteristics (topography, roughness, and stiffness) in establishing the protein "fingerprint" of implant materials is also well documented. In conclusion, this review aims to emphasize the importance of FBR on implant materials and provides the current perspectives and approaches in developing implant materials with anti-FBR properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmengfan Chen
- Orthopedic Research Institution, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zeyu Luo
- Orthopedic Research Institution, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Weikun Meng
- Orthopedic Research Institution, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Yongrui Cai
- Orthopedic Research Institution, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zichuan Ding
- Orthopedic Research Institution, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Orthopedic Research Institution, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zongke Zhou
- Orthopedic Research Institution, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- Emergency and Trauma Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Liqiang Zhou
- MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
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Wu L, Huang X, Wang M, Chen J, Chang J, Zhang H, Zhang X, Conn A, Rossiter J, Birchall M, Song W. Tunable Light-Responsive Polyurethane-urea Elastomer Driven by Photochemical and Photothermal Coupling Mechanism. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19480-19495. [PMID: 38581369 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Light-driven soft actuators based on photoresponsive materials can be used to mimic biological motion, such as hand movements, without involving rigid or bulky electromechanical actuations. However, to our knowledge, no robust photoresponsive material with desireable mechanical and biological properties and relatively simple manufacture exists for robotics and biomedical applications. Herein, we report a new visible-light-responsive thermoplastic elastomer synthesized by introducing photoswitchable moieties (i.e., azobenzene derivatives) into the main chain of poly(ε-caprolactone) based polyurethane urea (PAzo). A PAzo elastomer exhibits controllable light-driven stiffness softening due to its unique nanophase structure in response to light, while possessing excellent hyperelasticity (stretchability of 575.2%, elastic modulus of 17.6 MPa, and strength of 44.0 MPa). A bilayer actuator consisting of PAzo and polyimide films is developed, demonstrating tunable bending modes by varying incident light intensities. Actuation mechanism via photothermal and photochemical coupling effects of a soft-hard nanophase is demonstrated through both experimental and theoretical analyses. We demonstrate an exemplar application of visible-light-controlled soft "fingers" playing a piano on a smartphone. The robustness of the PAzo elastomer and its scalability, in addition to its excellent biocompatibility, opens the door to the development of reproducible light-driven wearable/implantable actuators and lightweight soft robots for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Centre of Biomaterials for in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Xia Huang
- Centre of Biomaterials for in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Meng Wang
- Centre of Biomaterials for in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Jishizhan Chen
- Centre of Biomaterials for in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Jinke Chang
- Centre of Biomaterials for in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Xuetong Zhang
- Centre of Biomaterials for in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Andrew Conn
- Dept of Engineering Mathematics and Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Rossiter
- Dept of Engineering Mathematics and Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Birchall
- UCL Ear Institute, Royal National Ear Nose and Throat and Eastman Dental Hospitals (UCLH NHS Foundation Trust), University College London, London WC1X 8EE, United Kingdom
| | - Wenhui Song
- Centre of Biomaterials for in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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Shi J, Yao H, Wang B, Yang J, Liu D, Shang X, Chong H, Fei W, Wang DA. Construction of a Decellularized Multicomponent Extracellular Matrix Interpenetrating Network Scaffold by Gelatin Microporous Hydrogel 3D Cell Culture System. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300508. [PMID: 38049086 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Interface tissue repair requires the construction of biomaterials with integrated structures of multiple protein types. Hydrogels that modulate internal porous structures provide a 3D microenvironment for encapsulated cells, making them promise for interface tissue repair. Currently, reduction of intrinsic immunogenicity and increase of bioactive extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion are issues to be considered in these materials. In this study, gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel is used to encapsulate chondrocytes and construct a phase transition 3D cell culture system (PTCC) by utilizing the thermosensitivity of gelatin microspheres to create micropores within the hydrogel. The types of bioactive extracellular matrix protein formation by chondrocytes encapsulated in hydrogels are investigated in vitro. After 28 days of culture, GelMA PTCC forms an extracellular matrix predominantly composed of collagen type II, collagen type I, and fibronectin. After decellularization, the protein types and mechanical properties are well preserved, fabricating a decellularized tissue-engineered extracellular matrix and GelMA hydrogel interpenetrating network hydrogel (dECM-GelMA IPN) consisting of GelMA hydrogel as the first-level network and the ECM secreted by chondrocytes as the second-level network. This material has the potential to mediate the repair and regeneration of tendon-bone interface tissues with multiple protein types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Hang Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, P. R. China
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, P. R. China
| | - Dianwei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Shang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Wenyong Fei
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, P. R. China
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, P. R. China
| | - Dong-An Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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5
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Zhang J, Lin R, Li Y, Wang J, Ding H, Fang P, Huang Y, Shi J, Gao J, Zhang T. A large-scale production of mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes for an efficient treatment against lung inflammation. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300174. [PMID: 38403399 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their produced exosomes have demonstrated inherent capabilities of inflammation-guided targeting and inflammatory modulation, inspiring their potential applications as biologic agents for inflammatory treatments. However, the clinical applications of stem cell therapies are currently restricted by several challenges, and one of them is the mass production of stem cells to satisfy the therapeutic demands in the clinical bench. Herein, a production of human amnion-derived MSCs (hMSCs) at a scale of over 1 × 109 cells per batch was reported using a three-dimensional (3D) culture technology based on microcarriers coupled with a spinner bioreactor system. The present study revealed that this large-scale production technology improved the inflammation-guided migration and the inflammatory suppression of hMSCs, without altering their major properties as stem cells. Moreover, these large-scale produced hMSCs showed an efficient treatment against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation in mice models. Notably, exosomes collected from these large-scale produced hMSCs were observed to inherit the efficient inflammatory suppression capability of hMSCs. The present study showed that 3D culture technology using microcarriers coupled with a spinner bioreactor system can be a promising strategy for the large-scale expansion of hMSCs with improved anti-inflammation capability, as well as their secreted exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingyu Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiqing Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Panfeng Fang
- Ningbo SinoCell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China
| | - Yingzhi Huang
- Ningbo SinoCell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China
| | - Jing Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Sheng L, Song X, Wang M, Zheng S. Thermally reversible hydrogels printing of customizable bio-channels with curvature. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128595. [PMID: 38056748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Replicating intricate bio-channels, akin to expansive vascular networks, offers numerous advantages including self-repair, replacing damaged bio-channels, testing drugs, and biomedical devices. But, crafting multi-sized, editable bio-channels with specific curvatures, particularly using natural polymer-based bio-inks, poses a significant challenge. To address this, this study introduces a temperature-driven indirect printing method, exemplified by the diploic vein. Here, K-carrageenan (kca)-silk fiber (SF)-hyaluronic acid (HA)/hFOB 1.19 (SV40 transfection of human osteoblasts) and kca-collagen-HA/HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) are employed to fabricate vascular-like walls and lumens, utilizing their thermoreversible properties to create multi-stage bifurcated lumens. Precise spatial curvature was generated by heating the vascular network wrapped in poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm)-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). Since temperature is specific to the thermal material carrying the cells, the rheological properties of bioinks, modeling temperature parameters, and their impact on printing size was explored. Additionally, mechanical properties and curvature response were characterized to determine the necessary process parameters for achieving the desired size. Ultimately, in vitro bioprinting experiments involving HUVECs and hFOB 1.19 demonstrate cell viability, adhesion, proliferation, and migration within the intraluminal hydrogel scaffold. This approach allows for customizing bio-channel content and controlling curvature programming, providing new prospects for in vitro biochannel production, with potential benefits for pathology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Equipment Design and Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Xiaofei Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Equipment Design and Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Equipment Design and Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Shuxian Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Equipment Design and Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
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Li X, Liu S, Han S, Sun Q, Yang J, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Wang X, Li Q, Wang J. Dynamic Stiffening Hydrogel with Instructive Stiffening Timing Modulates Stem Cell Fate In Vitro and Enhances Bone Remodeling In Vivo. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300326. [PMID: 37643370 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical stimuli derived from the extracellular matrix (ECM) extremely tune stem cell fate through 3D and spatiotemporal changes in vivo. The matrix stiffness is a crucial factor during bone tissue development. However, most in vitro models to study the osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are static or stiffening in a 2D environment. Here, a dynamic and controllable stiffening 3D biomimetic model is created to regulate the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs with a dual-functional gelatin macromer that can generate a double-network hydrogel by sequential enzymatic and light-triggered crosslinking reactions. The findings show that these dynamic hydrogels allowed cells to spread and expand prior to the secondary crosslinking and to sense high stiffness after stiffening. The MSCs in the dynamic hydrogels, especially the hydrogel stiffened at the late period, present significantly elevated osteogenic ECM secretion, gene expression, and nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). In vivo evaluation of animal experiments further indicates that the enhancement of dynamic stiffening on osteogenesis of MSCs substantially promotes bone remodeling. Consequently, this work reveals that the 3D dynamic stiffening microenvironment as a critical biophysical cue not only mediates the stem cell fate in vitro, but also augments bone restoration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Li
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shuaibing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shanshan Han
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yongchao Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianglin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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8
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Lin MH, Linares I, Ramirez C, Ramirez YC, Sarkar D. Mechanomorphological Guidance of Colloidal Gel Regulates Cell Morphogenesis. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300122. [PMID: 37143285 PMCID: PMC10524704 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microstructural morphology of the extracellular matrix guides the organization of cells in 3D. However, current biomaterials-based matrices cannot provide distinct spatial cues through their microstructural morphology due to design constraints. To address this, colloidal gels are developed as 3D matrices with distinct microstructure by aggregating ionic polyurethane colloids via electrostatic screening. Due to the defined orientation of interconnected particles, positively charged colloids form extended strands resulting in a dense microstructure whereas negatively charged colloids form compact aggregates with localized large voids. Chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial morphogenesis of human endothelial cells (ECs) are examined in these colloidal gels. MSCs show enhanced chondrogenic response in dense colloidal gel due to their spatial organization achieved by balancing the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions compared to porous gels where cells are mainly clustered. ECs tend to form relatively elongated cellular networks in dense colloidal gel compared to porous gels. Additionally, the role of matrix stiffness and viscoelasticity in the morphogenesis of MSCs and ECs are analyzed with respect to microstructural morphology. Overall, these results demonstrate that colloidal gels can provide spatial cues through their microstructural morphology and in correlation with matrix mechanics for cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Isabelle Linares
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Cesar Ramirez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Yanni Correa Ramirez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Debanjan Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Chen YW, Lin YH, Lin TL, Lee KXA, Yu MH, Shie MY. 3D-biofabricated chondrocyte-laden decellularized extracellular matrix-contained gelatin methacrylate auxetic scaffolds under cyclic tensile stimulation for cartilage regeneration. Biofabrication 2023; 15:045007. [PMID: 37429300 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ace5e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel constructs can mimic features of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and have tailorable physicochemical properties to support and maintain the regeneration of articular cartilage. Various studies have shown that mechanical cues affect the cellular microenvironment and thereby influence cellular behavior. In this study, we fabricated an auxetic scaffold to investigate the effect of 3D tensile stimulation on chondrocyte behavior. Different concentrations of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) were mixed with fish gelatin methacrylate (FGelMa) and employed for the preparation of dECM/FGelMa auxetic bio-scaffolds using 3D biofabrication technology. We show that when human chondrocytes (HCs) were incorporated into these scaffolds, their proliferation and the expression of chondrogenesis-related markers increased with dECM content. The function of HC was influenced by cyclic tensile stimulation, as shown by increased production of the chondrogenesis-related markers, collagen II and glycosaminoglycans, with the involvement of the yes-associated protein 1 signaling pathway. The biofabricated auxetic scaffold represents an excellent platform for exploring interactions between cells and their mechanical microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- x-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- High Performance Materials Institute for x-Dimensional Printing, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hong Lin
- x-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Li Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Xing Alvin Lee
- Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hua Yu
- x-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Ming-You Shie
- x-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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10
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Yue M, Liu Y, Zhang P, Li Z, Zhou Y. Integrative Analysis Reveals the Diverse Effects of 3D Stiffness upon Stem Cell Fate. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119311. [PMID: 37298263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of life and native tissue development are dependent on the heterogeneity of pluripotent stem cells. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are located in a complicated niche with variable matrix stiffnesses, resulting in divergent stem cell fates. However, how stiffness drives stem cell fate remains unknown. For this study, we performed whole-gene transcriptomics and precise untargeted metabolomics sequencing to elucidate the complex interaction network of stem cell transcriptional and metabolic signals in extracellular matrices (ECMs) with different stiffnesses, and we propose a potential mechanism involved in stem cell fate decision. In a stiff (39~45 kPa) ECM, biosynthesis of aminoacyl-tRNA was up-regulated, and increased osteogenesis was also observed. In a soft (7~10 kPa) ECM, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and deposition of glycosaminoglycans were increased, accompanied by enhanced adipogenic/chondrogenic differentiation of BMMSCs. In addition, a panel of genes responding to the stiffness of the ECM were validated in vitro, mapping out the key signaling network that regulates stem cells' fate decisions. This finding of "stiffness-dependent manipulation of stem cell fate" provides a novel molecular biological basis for development of potential therapeutic targets within tissue engineering, from both a cellular metabolic and a biomechanical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muxin Yue
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunsong Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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11
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Ma Y, Zhang X, Tang S, Xue L, Wang J, Zhang X. Extended preconditioning on soft matrices directs human mesenchymal stem cell fate via YAP transcriptional activity and chromatin organization. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:016110. [PMID: 36845904 PMCID: PMC9949900 DOI: 10.1063/5.0124424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanics plays a crucial role in tissue development and disease progression through regulation of stem cell behavior, differentiation, and fate determination. Periodontitis is a typical case characterized by decreased ECM stiffness within diseased periodontal tissues as well as with irreversible loss of osteogenesis capacity of periodontal tissue-derived human periodontal tissue-derived MSCs (hMSCs) even returning back to a physiological mechanical microenvironment. We hypothesized that the hMSCs extendedly residing in the soft ECM of diseased periodontal tissues may memorize the mechanical information and have further effect on ultimate cell fate besides the current mechanical microenvironment. Using a soft priming and subsequent stiff culture system based on collagen-modified polydimethylsiloxane substrates, we were able to discover that extended preconditioning on soft matrices (e.g., 7 days of exposure) led to approximately one-third decrease in cell spreading, two-third decrease in osteogenic markers (e.g., RUNX2 and OPN) of hMSCs, and one-thirteenth decrease in the production of mineralized nodules. The significant loss of osteogenic ability may attribute to the long-term residing of hMSCs in diseased periodontal tissue featured with reduced stiffness. This is associated with the regulation of transcriptional activity through alterations of subcellular localization of yes-associated protein and nuclear feature-mediated chromatin organization. Collectively, we reconstructed phenomena of irreversible loss of hMSC osteogenesis capacity in diseased periodontal tissues in our system and revealed the critical effect of preconditioning duration on soft matrices as well as the potential mechanisms in determining ultimate hMSC fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Ma
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxin Tang
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Key Laboratory for Biomedical Testing and High-End Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Key Laboratory for Biomedical Testing and High-End Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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12
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Kao TW, Liu YS, Yang CY, Lee OKS. Mechanotransduction of mesenchymal stem cells and hemodynamic implications. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2023; 66:55-64. [PMID: 37082993 DOI: 10.4103/cjop.cjop-d-22-00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess the capacity for self-renewal and multipotency. The traditional approach to manipulating MSC's fate choice predominantly relies on biochemical stimulation. Accumulating evidence also suggests the role of physical input in MSCs differentiation. Therefore, investigating mechanotransduction at the molecular level and related to tissue-specific cell functions sheds light on the responses secondary to mechanical forces. In this review, a new frontier aiming to optimize the cultural parameters was illustrated, i.e. spatial boundary condition, which recapitulates in vivo physiology and facilitates the investigations of cellular behavior. The concept of mechanical memory was additionally addressed to appreciate how MSCs store imprints from previous culture niches. Besides, different types of forces as physical stimuli were of interest based on the association with the respective signaling pathways and the differentiation outcome. The downstream mechanoreceptors and their corresponding effects were further pinpointed. The cardiovascular system or immune system may share similar mechanisms of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction; for example, resident stem cells in a vascular wall and recruited MSCs in the bloodstream experience mechanical forces such as stretch and fluid shear stress. In addition, baroreceptors or mechanosensors of endothelial cells detect changes in blood flow, pass over signals induced by mechanical stimuli and eventually maintain arterial pressure at the physiological level. These mechanosensitive receptors transduce pressure variation and regulate endothelial barrier functions. The exact signal transduction is considered context dependent but still elusive. In this review, we summarized the current evidence of how mechanical stimuli impact MSCs commitment and the underlying mechanisms. Future perspectives are anticipated to focus on the application of cardiovascular bioengineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shiuan Liu
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Oscar Kuang-Sheng Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University; Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei; Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital; Center for Translational Genomics and Regenerative Medicine Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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13
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Xia D, Wu J, Zhou F, Wang S, Zhang Z, Zhou P, Xu S. Mapping Thematic Trends and Analysing Hotspots Concerning the Use of Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration: A Bibliometric Analysis From 2010 to 2020. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:737939. [PMID: 35046799 PMCID: PMC8762272 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.737939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Defects of articular cartilage represent a common condition that usually progresses to osteoarthritis with pain and dysfunction of the joint. Current treatment strategies have yielded limited success in these patients. Stem cells are emerging as a promising option for cartilage regeneration. We aim to summarize the developmental history of stem cells for cartilage regeneration and to analyse the relevant trends and hotspots. Methods: We screened all relevant literature on stem cells for cartilage regeneration from Web of Science during 2010–2020 and analysed the research trends in this field by VOSviewer and CiteSpace. We also summarized previous clinical trials. Results: We screened 1,011 publications. China contributed the largest number of publications (317, 31.36%) and citations (81,376, 48.61%). The United States achieved the highest H-index (39). Shanghai Jiao Tong University had the largest number of publications (34) among all full-time institutions. The Journal of Biomaterials and Stem Cell Research and Therapy published the largest number of studies on stem cells for cartilage regeneration (35). SEKIYA I and YANG F published the majority of articles in this field (14), while TOH WS was cited most frequently (740). Regarding clinical research on stem cells for cartilage regeneration, the keyword “double-blind” emerged in recent years, with an average year of 2018.75. In tissue engineering, the keyword “3D printing” appeared latest, with an average year of 2019.625. In biological studies, the key word “extracellular vesicles” appeared latest, with an average year of 2018.9091. The current research trend indicates that basic research is gradually transforming to tissue engineering. Clinical trials have confirmed the safety and feasibility of stem cells for cartilage regeneration. Conclusion: Multiple scientific methods were employed to reveal productivity, collaborations, and research hotspots related to the use of stem cells for cartilage regeneration. 3D printing, extracellular vesicles, and double-blind clinical trials are research hotspots and are likely to be promising in the near future. Further studies are needed for to improve our understanding of this field, and clinical trials with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are needed for clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Naval Hospital of Eastern Theater, Zhoushan, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianghong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Panyu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuogui Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Yu P, Yu F, Xiang J, Zhou K, Zhou L, Zhang Z, Rong X, Ding Z, Wu J, Li W, Zhou Z, Ye L, Yang W. Mechanistically Scoping Cell-Free and Cell-Dependent Artificial Scaffolds in Rebuilding Skeletal and Dental Hard Tissues. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 34:e2107922. [PMID: 34837252 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rebuilding mineralized tissues in skeletal and dental systems remains costly and challenging. Despite numerous demands and heavy clinical burden over the world, sources of autografts, allografts, and xenografts are far limited, along with massive risks including viral infections, ethic crisis, and so on. Per such dilemma, artificial scaffolds have emerged to provide efficient alternatives. To date, cell-free biomimetic mineralization (BM) and cell-dependent scaffolds have both demonstrated promising capabilities of regenerating mineralized tissues. However, BM and cell-dependent scaffolds have distinctive mechanisms for mineral genesis, which makes them methodically, synthetically, and functionally disparate. Herein, these two strategies in regenerative dentistry and orthopedics are systematically summarized at the level of mechanisms. For BM, methodological and theoretical advances are focused upon; and meanwhile, for cell-dependent scaffolds, it is demonstrated how scaffolds orchestrate osteogenic cell fate. The summary of the experimental advances and clinical progress will endow researchers with mechanistic understandings of artificial scaffolds in rebuilding hard tissues, by which better clinical choices and research directions may be approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610017 China
| | - Fanyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- Department of Endodontics West China Stomatology Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Jie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- Department of Orthopedics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Ling Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610017 China
| | - Zhengmin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610017 China
| | - Xiao Rong
- Department of Orthopedics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zichuan Ding
- Department of Orthopedics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Jiayi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- Department of Endodontics West China Stomatology Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Wudi Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610017 China
| | - Zongke Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- Department of Endodontics West China Stomatology Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610017 China
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15
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El-Rashidy AA, El Moshy S, Radwan IA, Rady D, Abbass MMS, Dörfer CE, Fawzy El-Sayed KM. Effect of Polymeric Matrix Stiffness on Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells: Concise Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2950. [PMID: 34502988 PMCID: PMC8434088 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) have a multi-differentiation potential into specialized cell types, with remarkable regenerative and therapeutic results. Several factors could trigger the differentiation of MSCs into specific lineages, among them the biophysical and chemical characteristics of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including its stiffness, composition, topography, and mechanical properties. MSCs can sense and assess the stiffness of extracellular substrates through the process of mechanotransduction. Through this process, the extracellular matrix can govern and direct MSCs' lineage commitment through complex intracellular pathways. Hence, various biomimetic natural and synthetic polymeric matrices of tunable stiffness were developed and further investigated to mimic the MSCs' native tissues. Customizing scaffold materials to mimic cells' natural environment is of utmost importance during the process of tissue engineering. This review aims to highlight the regulatory role of matrix stiffness in directing the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, addressing how MSCs sense and respond to their ECM, in addition to listing different polymeric biomaterials and methods used to alter their stiffness to dictate MSCs' differentiation towards the osteogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiah A. El-Rashidy
- Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt;
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.); (M.M.S.A.)
| | - Sara El Moshy
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.); (M.M.S.A.)
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Israa Ahmed Radwan
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.); (M.M.S.A.)
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Dina Rady
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.); (M.M.S.A.)
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. S. Abbass
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.); (M.M.S.A.)
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Christof E. Dörfer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Karim M. Fawzy El-Sayed
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.); (M.M.S.A.)
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
- Oral Medicine and Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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16
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Femtosecond laser-induced nanoporous layer for enhanced osteogenesis of titanium implants. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 127:112247. [PMID: 34225886 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The osteogenic activity of medical metal can be improved by lowering its surface stiffness and elastic modulus. However, it is very difficult to directly reduce the elastic modulus of medical metal surfaces. In this paper, with selected parameters, the titanium surface was treated via femtosecond laser irradiation. Micro indentation revealed that the femtosecond laser ablation can effectively reduce the surface Young's modulus and Vickers hardness of titanium. Besides, In order to explain the mechanical properties of degradation of titanium surface, Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) was used to simulate the process of laser ablation process of titanium surface, and it was found that after the ablation of titanium surface, voids were produced in the subsurface layer. The simulation showed that the voids are formed by the cavitation of metastable liquid induced by high tensile stress and high temperature during femtosecond laser irradiation. Subsurface voids with a thickness of about 40 nm were observed under the oxide layer in the experiment. Cell experiments showed that the surface with low Young's modulus was more conducive to cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation.
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17
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Helgeland E, Rashad A, Campodoni E, Goksøyr Ø, Pedersen TØ, Sandri M, Rosén A, Mustafa K. Dual-crosslinked 3D printed gelatin scaffolds with potential for temporomandibular joint cartilage regeneration. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abe6d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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18
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Cao R, Zhan A, Ci Z, Wang C, She Y, Xu Y, Xiao K, Xia H, Shen L, Meng D, Chen C. A Biomimetic Biphasic Scaffold Consisting of Decellularized Cartilage and Decalcified Bone Matrixes for Osteochondral Defect Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:639006. [PMID: 33681223 PMCID: PMC7933472 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.639006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is challenging to develop a biphasic scaffold with biomimetic compositional, structural, and functional properties to achieve concomitant repair of both superficial cartilage and subchondral bone in osteochondral defects (OCDs). This study developed a biomimsubchondraletic biphasic scaffold for OCD repair via an iterative layered lyophilization technique that controlled the composition, substrate stiffness, and pore size in each phase of the scaffold. The biphasic scaffold consisted of a superficial decellularized cartilage matrix (DCM) and underlying decalcified bone matrix (DBM) with distinct but seamlessly integrated phases that mimicked the composition and structure of osteochondral tissue, in which the DCM phase had relative low stiffness and small pores (approximately 134 μm) and the DBM phase had relative higher stiffness and larger pores (approximately 336 μm). In vitro results indicated that the biphasic scaffold was biocompatible for bone morrow stem cells (BMSCs) adhesion and proliferation, and the superficial DCM phase promoted chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs, as indicated by the up-regulation of cartilage-specific gene expression (ACAN, Collagen II, and SOX9) and sGAG secretion; whereas the DBM phase was inducive for osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, as indicated by the up-regulation of bone-specific gene expression (Collagen I, OCN, and RUNX2) and ALP deposition. Furthermore, compared with the untreated control group, the biphasic scaffold significantly enhanced concomitant repair of superficial cartilage and underlying subchondral bone in a rabbit OCD model, as evidenced by the ICRS macroscopic and O’Driscoll histological assessments. Our results demonstrate that the biomimetic biphasic scaffold has a good osteochondral repair effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runfeng Cao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Anqi Zhan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai, China.,Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Weifang Medical College, Shandong, China
| | - Zheng Ci
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai, China.,Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Weifang Medical College, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunlang She
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiyan Xiao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Huitang Xia
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai, China.,Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Weifang Medical College, Shandong, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Depeng Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Dorcemus DL, Kim HS, Nukavarapu SP. Gradient scaffold with spatial growth factor profile for osteochondral interface engineering. Biomed Mater 2020; 16. [PMID: 33291092 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abd1ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondral (OC) matrix design poses a significant engineering challenge due to the complexity involved with bone-cartilage interfaces. To better facilitate the regeneration of OC tissue, we developed and evaluated a biodegradable matrix with uniquely arranged bone and cartilage supporting phases: a poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) template structure with a porosity gradient along its longitudinal axis uniquely integrated with hyaluronic acid hydrogel. Micro-CT scanning and imaging confirmed the formation of an inverse gradient matrix. Hydroxyapatite was added to the PLGA template which was then plasma-treated to increase hydrophilicity and growth factor affinity. An osteogenic growth factor (bone morphogenetic protein 2; BMP-2) was loaded onto the template scaffold via adsorption, while a chondrogenic growth factor (transforming growth factor beta 1; TGF-β1) was incorporated into the hydrogel phase. Confocal microscopy of the growth factor loaded matrix confirmed the spatial distribution of the two growth factors, with chondrogenic factor confined to the cartilaginous portion and osteogenic factor present throughout the scaffold. We observed spatial differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into cartilage and bone cells in the scaffolds in vitro: cartilaginous regions were marked by increased glycosaminoglycan production, and osteogenesis was seen throughout the graft by alizarin red staining. In a dose-dependent study of BMP-2, hMSC pellet cultures with TGF-β1 and BMP-2 showed synergistic effects on chondrogenesis. These results indicate that development of an inverse gradient matrix can spatially distribute two different growth factors to facilitate chondrogenesis and osteogenesis along different portions of a scaffold, which are key steps needed for formation of an osteochondral interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Leonie Dorcemus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, UNITED STATES
| | - Hyun Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, UNITED STATES
| | - Syam Prasad Nukavarapu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, UNITED STATES
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Lee K, Chen Y, Yoshitomi T, Kawazoe N, Yang Y, Chen G. Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Gelatin Solutions of Different Viscosities. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000617. [PMID: 32755043 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that stem cell fate can be regulated by mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. Most studies have focused onthe influence of matrix elasticity and viscoelasticity on stem cell differentiation. However, how matrix viscosity affects stem cell differentiation has been overlooked. In this study, a biphasic gelatin solution/hydrogel system is used for 3D culture of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to investigate the influence of gelatin solution viscosity on simultaneous osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation at the same culture condition. Gelatin solution promotes cell proliferation, while its promotive effect decreases with the increase of viscosity. The influence of viscosity on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs shows opposite trends. A high-viscosity gelatin solution results in an increase of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition, and expression of osteogenesis-related genes. On the other hand, in a low-viscosity gelatin solution, a lot of lipid vacuoles are formed and adipogenesis-related genes are highly expressed. The results indicate high viscosity is beneficial for osteogenic differentiation, while low viscosity is beneficial for adipogenic differentiation. These findings suggest the importance of matrix viscosity on stem cell differentiation in 3D microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyubae Lee
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yazhou Chen
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Toru Yoshitomi
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawazoe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yingnan Yang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Guoping Chen
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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Guo Y, Du S, Quan S, Jiang F, Yang C, Li J. Effects of biophysical cues of 3D hydrogels on mesenchymal stem cells differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2268-2275. [PMID: 32885847 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
For stem cell research, three-dimensional (3D) hydrogels are increasingly recognized as more physiological systems than two-dimensional culture plates due to bidirectional and 3D interaction of stem cells and surrounding matrix. Among various stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the most widely applied from bench to bedside. In 3D hydrogels, MSCs are allowed to actively remodel the surrounding matrix through proteolytic degradation and cell-exerted force, which highly resembles in vivo situation. Notably, factors affecting hydrogel modifiability including matrix viscoelasticity and matrix degradability have been found to regulate adhesion, morphology, and fate decision of MSCs. In addition, MSCs within 3D hydrogels have been found to employ multiple mechanotransduction mechanisms including not only the classic integrin-actomyosin cytoskeleton system but also ion channels, microtubule cytoskeleton, and self-secreted proteinaceous matrix. This review summarizes the effects of biophysical cues on MSCs differentiation in 3D hydrogels and underlying mechanobiology in a hope to update our readers' understanding of stem cell biology and guide tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shufang Du
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuqi Quan
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fulin Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cai Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Wu L, Magaz A, Huo S, Darbyshire A, Loizidou M, Emberton M, Birchall M, Song W. Human airway-like multilayered tissue on 3D-TIPS printed thermoresponsive elastomer/collagen hybrid scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2020; 113:177-195. [PMID: 32663664 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing a biologically representative complex tissue of the respiratory airway is challenging, however, beneficial for treatment of respiratory diseases, a common medical condition representing a leading cause of death in the world. This in vitro study reports a successful development of synthetic human tracheobronchial epithelium based on interpenetrated hierarchical networks composed of a reversely 3D printed porous structure of a thermoresponsive stiffness-softening elastomer nanohybrid impregnated with collagen nanofibrous hydrogel. Human bronchial epithelial cells (hBEpiCs) were able to attach and grow into an epithelial monolayer on the hybrid scaffolds co-cultured with either human bronchial fibroblasts (hBFs) or human bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs), with substantial enhancement of mucin expression, ciliation, well-constructed intercellular tight junctions and adherens junctions. The multi-layered co-culture 3D scaffolds consisting of a top monolayer of differentiated epithelium, with either hBFs or hBM-MSCs proliferating within the hyperelastic nanohybrid scaffold underneath, created a tissue analogue of the upper respiratory tract, validating these 3D printed guided scaffolds as a platform to support co-culture and cellular organization. In particular, hBM-MSCs in the co-culture system promoted an overall matured physiological tissue analogue of the respiratory system, a promising synthetic tissue for drug discovery, tracheal repair and reconstruction. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Respiratory diseases are a common medical condition and represent a leading cause of death in the world. However, the epithelium is one of the most challenging tissues to culture in vitro, and suitable tracheobronchial models, physiologically representative of the innate airway, remain largely elusive. This study presents, for the first time, a systematic approach for the development of functional multilayered epithelial synthetic tissue in vitro via co-culture on a 3D-printed thermoresponsive elastomer interpenetrated with a collagen hydrogel network. The viscoelastic nature of the scaffold with stiffness softening at body temperature provide a promising matrix for soft tissue engineering. The results presented here provide new insights about the epithelium at different surfaces and interfaces of co-culture, and pave the way to offer a customizable reproducible technology to generate physiologically relevant 3D biomimetic systems to advance our understanding of airway tissue regeneration.
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Zhou H, Boys AJ, Harrod JB, Bonassar LJ, Estroff LA. Mineral Distribution Spatially Patterns Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Behavior on Monolithic Bone Scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2020; 112:274-285. [PMID: 32479819 PMCID: PMC7372954 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interfaces between soft tissue and bone are characterized by transitional gradients in composition and structure that mediate substantial changes in mechanical properties. For interfacial tissue engineering, scaffolds with mineral gradients have shown promise in controlling osteogenic behavior of seeded bone marrow stromal cells (bMSCs). Previously, we have demonstrated a 'top-down' method for creating monolithic bone-derived scaffolds with patterned mineral distributions similar to native tissue. In the present work, we evaluated the ability of these scaffolds to pattern osteogenic behavior in bMSCs in basic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic biochemical environments. Immunohistochemical (IHC) and histological stains were used to characterize cellular behavior as a function of local mineral content. Alkaline phosphatase, an early marker of osteogenesis, and osteocalcin, a late marker of osteogenesis, were positively correlated with mineral content in basic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic media. The difference in bMSC behavior between the mineralized and demineralized regions was most pronounced in an basic biochemical environment. In the mineralized regions of the scaffold, osteogenic markers were clearly present as early as 4 days in culture. In osteogenic media, osteogenic behavior was observed across the entire scaffold, whereas in chondrogenic media, there was an overall reduction in osteogenic biomarkers. Overall, these results indicate local mineral content of the scaffold plays a key role in spatially patterning bMSC behavior. Our results can be utilized for the development of interfacial tissue engineered scaffolds and understanding the role of local environment in determining bMSC behavior. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Soft tissue-to-bone interfaces, such as tendon-bone, ligament-bone, and cartilage-bone, are ubiquitous in mammalian musculoskeletal systems. These interfacial tissues have distinct, hierarchically-structured gradients of cellular, biochemical, and materials components. Given the complexity of the biological structures, interfacial tissues present unique challenges for tissue engineering. Here, we demonstrate that material-derived cues can spatially pattern osteogenic behavior in bone marrow stromal cells (bMSCs). Specifically, we observed that when the bMSCs are cultured on bone-derived scaffolds with mineral gradients, cells in contact with higher mineral content display osteogenic behavior at earlier times than those on the unmineralized substrate. The ability to pattern the cellular complexity found in native interfaces while maintaining biologically relevant structures is a key step towards creating engineered tissue interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jordan B Harrod
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States; Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States; Kavli Institute for Nanoscale Science at Cornell, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
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Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and stem cell factor (SCF) maintained the stemness of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) during long-term expansion by preserving mitochondrial function via the PI3K/AKT, ERK1/2, and STAT3 signaling pathways. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:329. [PMID: 32736659 PMCID: PMC7393921 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01830-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a limited self-renewal ability, impaired multi-differentiation potential, and undetermined cell senescence during in vitro series expansion. To address this concern, we investigated the effects of the microenvironment provided by stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) in maintaining the stemness of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and identified the key factors and possible mechanisms responsible for maintaining the stemness of MSCs during long-term expansion in vitro. Methods The passage 3 (P3) to passage 8 (P8) hBMSCs were cultured in the conditioned medium from SHED (SHED-CM). The percentage of senescent cells was evaluated by β-galactosidase staining. In addition, the osteogenic differentiation potential was analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot, alizarin red, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining. Furthermore, RT-qPCR results identified hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and stem cell factor (SCF) as key factors. Thus, the effects of HGF and SCF on mitochondrial function were assessed by measuring the ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential levels. Finally, selected mitochondrial-related proteins associated with the PI3K/AKT, ERK1/2, and STAT3 signaling pathways were investigated to determine the effects of HGF and SCF in preserving the mitochondrial function of hBMSCs during long-term expansion. Results SHED-CM had significantly enhanced the cell proliferation, reduced the senescent cells, and maintained the osteogenesis and pro-angiogenic capacity in P8 hBMSCs during long-term expansion. In addition, hBMSCs treated with 100 ng/ml HGF and 10 ng/ml SCF had reduced ROS levels and preserved mitochondrial membrane potential compared with P8 hBMSCs during long-term expansion. Furthermore, HGF and SCF upregulated the expression of mitochondrial-related proteins associated with the PI3K/AKT, ERK1/2, and STAT3 signaling pathways, possibly contributing to the maintenance of hBMSCs stemness by preserving mitochondrial function. Conclusion Both HGF and SCF are key factors in maintaining the stemness of hBMSCs by preserving mitochondrial function through the expression of proteins associated with the PI3K/AKT, ERK1/2, and STAT3 signaling pathways. This study provides new insights into the anti-senescence capability of HGF and SCF, as well as new evidence for their potential application in optimizing the long-term culture of MSCs.
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25
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Chen M, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Li J. Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane-Incorporated Gelatin Hydrogel Promotes Angiogenesis during Vascularized Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22410-22425. [PMID: 32349479 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many approaches have been made toward the development of scaffolds with good biocompatibility and appreciable physicochemical properties to facilitate stem cell adhesion, osteogenic differentiation, and vascularization in tissue engineering. Nowadays, vascularization is a main bottleneck in tissue engineering strategies that is needed to be overcome and developed. Herein, we construct a series of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-modified porous gelatin hydrogels with different POSS concentrations from 0 to 5 wt %, defined as X% POSS hydrogels (X = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) to support vascularized bone repair. The introduction of POSS into gelatin effectively promoted adhesive protein adsorption and integrin α5β1 expression, subsequently leading to enhanced adhesion of both rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In vitro experiments further demonstrated that POSS-containing hybrid hydrogels more effectively support the angiogenic tube and network formation in HUVECs than the 0% POSS hydrogel. Besides, POSS-containing hybrid hydrogels showed desirable performance as a sustained release system of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and they further accelerated vascular network establishment and the formation of a new bone in defect regions. When the hydrogels were implanted into critical-sized rat calvarial defects in vivo, the VEGF/BMP-2-coupled 3% POSS group gained a higher blood vessel volume in the bone defect regions (5.49 ± 0.35 mm3) than the 3% POSS group (3.12 ± 0.20 mm3) and the 0% POSS group (1.57 ± 0.25 mm3), suggesting that the 3% POSS hydrogel with VEGF/BMP-2 would expedite vascularization. Based on these evaluations, our results indicated that the POSS-incorporated gelatin hydrogel would provide a promising bone graft scheme in potential clinical application of large bone defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjiao Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Zhizaoju Road No. 639, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road No. 130, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Weian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road No. 130, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Zhizaoju Road No. 639, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
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26
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Yuan H, Zheng X, Liu W, Zhang H, Shao J, Yao J, Mao C, Hui J, Fan D. A novel bovine serum albumin and sodium alginate hydrogel scaffold doped with hydroxyapatite nanowires for cartilage defects repair. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 192:111041. [PMID: 32330818 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering has become the trend of cartilage defect repair owing to the engineered biomimetic tissue that can mimic the structural, biological and functional characteristics of natural cartilage. Biomaterials with high biocompatibility and regeneration capacity are expected to be used in cartilage tissue engineering. Herein, in this study, a dual-network bovine serum albumin/sodium alginate with hydroxyapatite nanowires composite (B-S-H) hydrogel scaffold has been prepared for cartilage repair. The obtained B-S-H hydrogel scaffold exhibits ideal physical properties, such as excellent mechanical strength, high porosity and swelling ratio, as well as the excellent biological activity to promote the human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) proliferation and differentiation. The in vivo study further shows that the B-S -H hydrogel scaffold can obviously promote the generation of new cartilage that integrates well with surrounding tissues and is similar to adjacent cartilage in terms of thickness. It is considered that the B-S-H hydrogel scaffold has great potential in the application of cartilage defects repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yuan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Wan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Jingjing Shao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Jiaxin Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Chunyi Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Junfeng Hui
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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Xie W, Ouyang R, Wang H, Zhou C. Construction and Biocompatibility of Three-Dimensional Composite Polyurethane Scaffolds in Liquid Crystal State. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2312-2322. [PMID: 33455305 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystal (LC), a characteristic substance of biofilms, has been reported to positively affect cell affinity. To better combine and utilize the properties of an LC and the advantages of polyurethane (PU) elastomers, the three-dimensional printing (3DP) molding technology and the simple soaking-swelling blending technology were used to construct PU/LC 3D composite scaffolds, and the compressive strength, porosity, hydrophilicity, and in vitro cell experiments of the scaffolds were initially discussed. The results indicated that the newly developed PU/LC 3D composite scaffolds exhibited an LC state; the addition of an LC did not change the porosity after swelling while maintaining a high porosity; the compressive strength of the composite scaffolds decreased while still maintaining high mechanical properties and enhancing hydrophilicity. At the same time, it could improve the cell affinity on the surface of the material, which was beneficial to increase the cell adhesion rate and cell activity, promote the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells grown on the materials, and improve the alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium nodules, and the expression of related osteogenic genes and proteins. These results demonstrated potential applications of PU/LC composite scaffolds in repairing or regeneration of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Xie
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ruoran Ouyang
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Changren Zhou
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
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Wei D, Liu A, Sun J, Chen S, Wu C, Zhu H, Chen Y, Luo H, Fan H. Mechanics-Controlled Dynamic Cell Niches Guided Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells via Preserved Cellular Mechanical Memory. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:260-274. [PMID: 31800206 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells sense and respond to their local dynamic mechanical niches, which further regulate the cellular behaviors. While in naturally, instead of instantly responding to real-time mechanical changes of their surrounding niches, stem cells often present a delayed cellular response over a time scale, namely cellular mechanical memory, which may finally influence their lineage choice. Here, we aim to build a dynamic mechanical niche model with alginate-based hydrogel, therein the dynamic mechanical switching can be easily realized via the introduce or removal of Ca2+. The results show that stiffening hydrogel (from soft to stiff) suppresses osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) early on, though it finally promoted osteogenic differentiation over a long time period. Instead, softening hydrogel (from stiff to soft) still retains the strong osteogenic differentiation in the early days, though it finally showed a lower level of osteogenic differentiation compared with stiff hydrogel. Further, microRNA miR-21 has been found as a long-term mechanical memory sensor of the osteogenic program in hMSCs, as its level remains to match early mechanics of substrate over a period of time. Regulation of miR-21 level is efficient to erase the past mechanical memory and resensitize hMSCs to subsequent substrate mechanics. Our findings highlight cellular mechanical memory effect as a key factor of cell and cellular microenvironment interactions, which has been largely neglected before, and as a crucial design element of biomaterials for cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongjun Chen
- Chengdu Konjin Biotech Co., Ltd. , Chengdu 611100 , Sichuan , P. R. China
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Abstract
With the rapidly development of clinical treatments, precision medicine has come to people eyes with the requirement according to different people and different disease situation. So precision medicine is called personalized medicine which is a new frontier of healthcare. Bone tissue engineering developed from traditional bone graft to precise medicine era. So scientists seek approaches to harness stem cells, scaffolds, growth factors, and extracellular matrix to promise enhanced and more reliable bone formation. This review provides an overview of novel developments on precision medicine in tissue engineering of bone hoping it can open new perspectives of strategies on bone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengcai Qi
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Raorao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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30
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Zhan X. Effect of matrix stiffness and adhesion ligand density on chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 108:675-683. [PMID: 31747107 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion ligands and mechanical properties of extracellular matrix (ECM) play significant roles in directing mesenchymal stem cells' (MSCs) behaviors, but how they affect chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs has rarely been studied. In this study, we investigated the effects of matrix stiffness and adhesion ligand density on proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs by using UV crosslinked hydrogels comprised of methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) of different weight ratios. The PEGDA/GelMA hydrogels were fabricated by adjusting the weight ratio of PEGDA and GelMA with low or high adhesion ligand density (0.05 and 0.5% GelMA, respectively) and independent tunable stiffness (1.6, 6, and 25 kPa separately for hydrogels with 5, 10, and 15% PEGDA). MSCs presented differential behaviors to ECM by adjusting its adhesion ligand density and stiffness. Cell proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation could be enhanced with the improvement of adhesive properties and stiffness, evidenced by cell viability assay, hematoxylin-eosin staining, Safranin O staining, immunohistochemistry (Collagen types II, Col2a1), as well as the chondrogenic genes expression of Col2a1, Acan, and Sox9. This study may provide new strategies to design the scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintang Zhan
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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31
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Du Y, Guo JL, Wang J, Mikos AG, Zhang S. Hierarchically designed bone scaffolds: From internal cues to external stimuli. Biomaterials 2019; 218:119334. [PMID: 31306826 PMCID: PMC6663598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering utilizes three critical elements - cells, scaffolds, and bioactive factors - to recapitulate the bone tissue microenvironment, inducing the formation of new bone. Recent advances in materials development have enabled the production of scaffolds that more effectively mimic the hierarchical features of bone matrix, ranging from molecular composition to nano/micro-scale biochemical and physical features. This review summarizes recent advances within the field in utilizing these features of native bone to guide the hierarchical design of materials and scaffolds. Biomimetic strategies discussed in this review cover several levels of hierarchical design, including the development of element-doped compositions of bioceramics, the usage of molecular templates for in vitro biomineralization at the nanoscale, the fabrication of biomimetic scaffold architecture at the micro- and nanoscale, and the application of external physical stimuli at the macroscale to regulate bone growth. Developments at each level are discussed with an emphasis on their in vitro and in vivo outcomes in promoting osteogenic tissue development. Ultimately, these hierarchically designed scaffolds can complement or even replace the usage of cells and biological elements, which present clinical and regulatory barriers to translation. As the field progresses ever closer to clinical translation, the creation of viable therapies will thus benefit from further development of hierarchically designed materials and scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Du
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jason L Guo
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS-142, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Jianglin Wang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS-142, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA.
| | - Shengmin Zhang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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32
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Gonzalez-Fernandez T, Sikorski P, Leach JK. Bio-instructive materials for musculoskeletal regeneration. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:20-34. [PMID: 31302298 PMCID: PMC6717669 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and cost of disorders affecting the musculoskeletal system are predicted to rise significantly in the coming years due to the aging global population and the increase of associated risk factors. Despite being the second largest cause of disability, the clinical options for therapeutic intervention remain limited. The clinical translation of cell-based therapies for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders faces many challenges including maintenance of cell survival in the harsh in vivo environment and the lack of control over regulating cell phenotype upon implantation. In order to address these challenges, the development of bio-instructive materials to modulate cell behavior has taken center stage as a strategy to increase the therapeutic potential of various cell populations. However, the determination of the necessary cues for a specific application and how these signals should be presented from a biomaterial remains elusive. This review highlights recent biochemical and physical strategies used to engineer bio-instructive materials for the repair of musculoskeletal tissues. There is a particular emphasis on emerging efforts such as the engineering of immunomodulatory and antibacterial materials, as well as the incorporation of these strategies into biofabrication and organ-on-a-chip approaches. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Disorders affecting the musculoskeletal system affect individuals across the lifespan and have a profound effect on mobility and quality of life. While small defects in many tissues can heal successfully, larger defects are often unable to heal or instead heal with inferior quality fibrous tissue and require clinical intervention. Cell-based therapies are a promising option for clinical translation, yet challenges related to maintaining cell survival and instructing cell phenotype upon implantation have limited the success of this approach. Bio-instructive materials provide an exciting opportunity to modulate cell behavior and enhance the efficacy of cell-based approaches for musculoskeletal repair. However, the identification of critical instructive cues and how to present these stimuli is a focus of intense investigation. This review highlights recent biochemical and physical strategies used to engineer bio-instructive materials for the repair of musculoskeletal tissues, while also considering exciting progress in the engineering of immunomodulatory and antibacterial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawel Sikorski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Zheng L, Liu S, Cheng X, Qin Z, Lu Z, Zhang K, Zhao J. Intensified Stiffness and Photodynamic Provocation in a Collagen-Based Composite Hydrogel Drive Chondrogenesis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900099. [PMID: 31453055 PMCID: PMC6702628 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Directed differentiation of bone-marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) toward chondrogenesis has served as a predominant method for cartilage repair but suffers from poor oriented differentiation tendency and low differentiation efficiency. To overcome these two obstacles, an injectable composite hydrogel that consists of collagen hydrogels serving as the scaffold support to accommodate BMSCs and cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots (QDs) is constructed. The introduction of CdSe QDs considerably strengthens the stiffness of the collagen hydrogels via mutual crosslinking using a natural crosslinker (i.e., genipin), which simultaneously triggers photodynamic provocation (PDP) to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Experimental results demonstrate that the intensified stiffness and augmented ROS production can synergistically promote the proliferation of BMSCs, induce cartilage-specific gene expression and increase secretion of glycosaminoglycan. As a result, this approach can facilitate the directed differentiation of BMSCs toward chondrogenesis and accelerate cartilage regeneration in cartilage defect repair, which routes through activation of the TGF-β/SMAD and mTOR signaling pathways, respectively. Thus, this synergistic strategy based on increased stiffness and PDP-mediated ROS production provides a general and instructive approach for developing alternative materials applicable for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zheng
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ RegenerationThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNo. 6 Shuangyong RoadNanning530021P. R. China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for BiomedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNo. 6 Shuangyong RoadNanning530021P. R. China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ RegenerationThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNo. 6 Shuangyong RoadNanning530021P. R. China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for BiomedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNo. 6 Shuangyong RoadNanning530021P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Cheng
- Life Sciences InstituteGuangxi Medical UniversityNo. 22 Shuangyong RoadNanning530021P. R. China
| | - Zainen Qin
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ RegenerationThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNo. 6 Shuangyong RoadNanning530021P. R. China
| | - Zhenhui Lu
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ RegenerationThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNo. 6 Shuangyong RoadNanning530021P. R. China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for BiomedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNo. 6 Shuangyong RoadNanning530021P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Medical UltrasoundShanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of Medicine301 Yan‐chang‐zhong RoadShanghai200072P. R. China
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ RegenerationThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNo. 6 Shuangyong RoadNanning530021P. R. China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for BiomedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNo. 6 Shuangyong RoadNanning530021P. R. China
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNo. 6 Shuangyong RoadNanning530021P. R. China
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34
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Zheng X, Huang J, Lin J, Yang D, Xu T, Chen D, Zan X, Wu A. 3D bioprinting in orthopedics translational research. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2019; 30:1172-1187. [PMID: 31124402 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2019.1623989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- XuanQi Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - JinFeng Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - JiaLiang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - DeJun Yang
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CNITECH, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - TianZhen Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xingjie Zan
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CNITECH, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - AiMin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
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Aligned electrospun cellulose scaffolds coated with rhBMP-2 for both in vitro and in vivo bone tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 213:27-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Li J, Xin Z, Cai M. The role of resveratrol in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from patients with osteoporosis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16634-16642. [PMID: 31106448 PMCID: PMC6767769 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol on BMSCs from patients with osteoporosis. The cell viability and proliferation of BMSCs after treatment with different concentrations of resveratrol was respectively observed by MTT assay and EdU staining. The apoptosis was assessed using by TUNEL staining and the pluripotency was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription‐PCR (qRT‐PCR). The osteogenic differentiation and adipogenic differentiation were determined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, alizarin red S (ARS) staining, oil red O (ORO) staining and qRT‐PCR analysis. MTT assay showed that Res at 40, 80, 100 μM markedly improved the cell proliferation of BMSCs from patients with osteoporosis. EdU staining indicated that Res treatment significantly accelerated the proliferation of BMSCs. In addition, the results of TUNEL staining revealed that Res at 40, 80, 100 μM inhibited the osteoporosis‐related apoptosis of BMSCs. qRT‐PCR analysis explored that Res treatment played a positive role in the pluripotency in BMSCs. ALP, ARS staining and qRT‐PCR demonstrated that Res promoted the differentiation of BMSCs into osteoblasts, especially at 80 μM. ORO staining and qRT‐PCR analysis proved that treatment of Res inhibited the adipogenesis of BMSCs isolated from patients with osteoporosis. Our findings suggested that Res can play a vital role in the cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, pluripotency, osteogenesis and adipogenesis of BMSCs. And Res might be an efficient therapeutic approach for treating patients with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Zhaoxu Xin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Mingjun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Wu L, Magaz A, Darbyshire A, Howkins A, Reynolds A, Boyd IW, Song H, Song J, Loizidou M, Emberton M, Birchall M, Song W. Thermoresponsive Stiffness Softening of Hierarchically Porous Nanohybrid Membranes Promotes Niches for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801556. [PMID: 30945813 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the attention given to the development of novel responsive implants for regenerative medicine applications, the lack of integration with the surrounding tissues and the mismatch with the dynamic mechanobiological nature of native soft tissues remain in the current products. Hierarchical porous membranes based on a poly (urea-urethane) (PUU) nanohybrid have been fabricated by thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) of the polymer solution at different temperatures. Thermoresponsive stiffness softening of the membranes through phase transition from the semicrystalline phase to rubber phase and reverse self-assembly of the quasi-random nanophase structure is characterized at body temperature near the melting point of the crystalline domains of soft segments. The effects of the porous structure and stiffness softening on proliferation and differentiation of human bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) are investigated. The results of immunohistochemistry, histological, ELISA, and qPCR demonstrate that hBM-MSCs maintain their lineage commitment during stiffness relaxation; chondrogenic differentiation is favored on the soft and porous scaffold, while osteogenic differentiation is more prominent on the initial stiff one. Stiffness relaxation stimulates more osteogenic activity than chondrogenesis, the latter being more influenced by the synergetic coupling effect of softness and porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiao Wu
- Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and RegenerationDivision of Surgery & Interventional ScienceUniversity College London 2QG, 10 Pond St London NW3 2PS UK
| | - Adrián Magaz
- Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and RegenerationDivision of Surgery & Interventional ScienceUniversity College London 2QG, 10 Pond St London NW3 2PS UK
| | - Arnold Darbyshire
- Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and RegenerationDivision of Surgery & Interventional ScienceUniversity College London 2QG, 10 Pond St London NW3 2PS UK
| | - Ashley Howkins
- Institute of Materials and ManufacturingBrunel University London Kingston Ln London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH UK
| | - Alan Reynolds
- Institute of Materials and ManufacturingBrunel University London Kingston Ln London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH UK
| | - Ian W. Boyd
- Institute of Materials and ManufacturingBrunel University London Kingston Ln London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH UK
| | - Hang Song
- School of Innovation and EntrepreneurshipDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd. Xili, Nanshan Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Jin‐Hua Song
- School of Innovation and EntrepreneurshipDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd. Xili, Nanshan Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and RegenerationDivision of Surgery & Interventional ScienceUniversity College London 2QG, 10 Pond St London NW3 2PS UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and RegenerationDivision of Surgery & Interventional ScienceUniversity College London 2QG, 10 Pond St London NW3 2PS UK
| | - Martin Birchall
- UCL Ear InstituteRoyal National Throat, Nose and Ear HospitalUniversity College London 330 Grays Inn Rd, Kings Cross London WC1X 8DA UK
| | - Wenhui Song
- Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and RegenerationDivision of Surgery & Interventional ScienceUniversity College London 2QG, 10 Pond St London NW3 2PS UK
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Cellular responses to thermoresponsive stiffness memory elastomer nanohybrid scaffolds by 3D-TIPS. Acta Biomater 2019; 85:157-171. [PMID: 30557696 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests the contribution of the dynamic mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to regulate tissue remodeling and regeneration. Following our recent study on a family of thermoresponsive 'stiffness memory' elastomeric nanohybrid scaffolds manufactured via an indirect 3D printing guided thermally-induced phase separation process (3D-TIPS), this work reports in vitro and in vivo cellular responses towards these scaffolds with different initial stiffness and hierarchically interconnected porous structure. The viability of mouse embryonic dermal fibroblasts in vitro and the tissue responses during the stiffness softening of the scaffolds subcutaneously implanted in rats for three months were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and histology. Scaffolds with a higher initial stiffness and a hierarchical porous structure outperformed softer ones, providing initial mechanical support to cells and surrounding tissues before promoting cell and tissue growth during stiffness softening. Vascularization was guided throughout the digitally printed interconnected networks. All scaffolds exhibited polarization of the macrophage response from a macrophage phenotype type I (M1) towards a macrophage phenotype type II (M2) and down-regulation of the T-cell proliferative response with increasing implantation time; however, scaffolds with a more pronounced thermo-responsive stiffness memory mechanism exerted higher inflammo-informed effects. These results pave the way for personalized and biologically responsive soft tissue implants and implantable device with better mechanical matches, angiogenesis and tissue integration. Statement of Significance This work reports cellular responses to a family of 3D-TIPS thermoresponsive nanohybrid elastomer scaffolds with different stiffness softening both in vitro and in vivo rat models. The results, for the first time, have revealed the effects of initial stiffness and dynamic stiffness softening of the scaffolds on tissue integration, vascularization and inflammo-responses, without coupling chemical crosslinking processes. The 3D printed, hierarchically interconnected porous structures guide the growth of myofibroblasts, collagen fibers and blood vessels in real 3D scales. In vivo study on those unique smart elastomer scaffolds will help pave the way for personalized and biologically responsive soft tissue implants and implantable devices with better mechanical matches, angiogenesis and tissue integration.
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Wu L, Magaz A, Wang T, Liu C, Darbyshire A, Loizidou M, Emberton M, Birchall M, Song W. Data of a stiffness softening mechanism effect on proliferation and differentiation of a human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell line towards the chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages. Data Brief 2018; 21:133-142. [PMID: 30338287 PMCID: PMC6186969 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This article contains data related to the research article entitled “Stiffness memory of indirectly 3D-printed elastomer nanohybrid regulates chondrogenesis and osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells” [1] (Wu et al., 2018). Cells respond to the local microenvironment in a context dependent fashion and a continuous challenge is to provide a living construct that can adapt to the viscoelasticity changes of surrounding tissues. Several materials are attractive candidates to be used in tissue engineering, but conventional manufactured scaffolds are primarily static models with well-defined and stable stiffness that lack the dynamic biological nature required to undergo changes in substrate elasticity decisive in several cellular processes key during tissue development and wound healing. A family of poly (urea-urethane) (PUU) elastomeric nanohybrid scaffolds (PUU-POSS) with thermoresponsive mechanical properties that soften by reverse self-assembling at body temperature had been developed through a 3D thermal induced phase transition process (3D-TIPS) at various thermal conditions: cryo-coagulation (CC), cryo-coagulation and heating (CC + H) and room temperature coagulation and heating (RTC + H). The stiffness relaxation and stiffness softening of these scaffolds suggest regulatory effects in proliferation and differentiation of human bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) towards the chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiao Wu
- Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrián Magaz
- Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Wang
- Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Precision Medical Centre, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arnold Darbyshire
- Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Emberton
- Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Birchall
- UCL Ear Institute, Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wenhui Song
- Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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