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Cieślik M, Strobel SD, Bryniarski P, Twardowska H, Chmielowski A, Rudek M, Felkle D, Zięba K, Kaleta K, Jarczyński M, Nowak B, Bryniarski K, Nazimek K. Hypotensive drugs mitigate the high-sodium diet-induced pro-inflammatory activation of mouse macrophages in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116648. [PMID: 38677242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increasing emphasis on the need to alleviate the chronic inflammatory response to effectively treat hypertension. However, there are still gaps in our understanding on how to achieve this. Therefore, research on interaction of antihypertensive drugs with the immune system is extremely interesting, since their therapeutic effect could partly result from amelioration of hypertension-related inflammation, in which macrophages seem to play a pivotal role. Thus, current comprehensive studies have investigated the impact of repeatedly administered hypotensive drugs (captopril, olmesartan, propranolol, carvedilol, amlodipine, verapamil) on macrophage functions in the innate and adaptive immunity, as well as if drug-induced effects are affected by a high-sodium diet (HSD), one of the key environmental risk factors of hypertension. Although the assayed medications increased the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates by macrophages from standard fed donors, they reversed HSD-induced enhancing effects on macrophage oxidative burst and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, some drugs increased macrophage phagocytic activity and the expression of surface markers involved in antigen presentation, which translated into enhanced macrophage ability to activate B cells for antibody production. Moreover, the assayed medications augmented macrophage function and the effector phase of contact hypersensitivity reaction, but suppressed the sensitization phase of cell-mediated hypersensitivity under HSD conditions. Our current findings contribute to the recognition of mechanisms, by which excessive sodium intake affects macrophage immune activity in hypertensive individuals, and provide evidence that the assayed medications mitigate most of the HSD-induced adverse effects, suggesting their additional protective therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Cieślik
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Spencer D Strobel
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Paweł Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Hanna Twardowska
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Adam Chmielowski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Michał Rudek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Dominik Felkle
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zięba
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Konrad Kaleta
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Mateusz Jarczyński
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland.
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Zhang R, Yin H, Yang M, Lei X, Zhen D, Zhang Z. Advanced Progress of the Relationship Between Antihypertensive Drugs and Bone Metabolism. Hypertension 2023; 80:2255-2264. [PMID: 37675564 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension and osteoporosis are common comorbidities among elderly individuals. Drug therapy has been widely used in clinical practice as the preferred antihypertensive treatment. Therefore, antihypertensive drugs have become some of the most commonly prescribed drugs in healthcare settings. However, antihypertensive drugs have different effects on bone metabolism. The results of animal and clinical studies on the effects of antihypertensive drugs on osteoporosis or fracture risk are controversial and have aroused widespread concern among clinicians. Recent studies found that angiotensin receptor blockers, selective β-adrenergic receptor blockers, and thiazide diuretics might improve bone trabecular number and bone mineral density by stimulating osteoblast differentiation, reducing osteoclast generation, and other mechanism. Furthermore, nonselective β-adrenergic receptor blockers and dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers were found to have no significant relationship with bone mineral density or bone strength, and α-adrenergic receptor blockers and loop diuretics might increase fracture risk by decreasing bone mineral density. This article aimed to review previous animal experiments, clinical studies, and meta-analyses focusing on the effects of different antihypertensive drugs on bone metabolism, and to provide a new approach for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixing Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, China (R.Z., M.Y.)
- Department of Heart Center (R.Z., Z.Z.), The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China
| | - Hongtao Yin
- Department of Endocrinology (H.Y., M.Y., D.Z.), The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China
| | - Mengdi Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, China (R.Z., M.Y.)
- Department of Endocrinology (H.Y., M.Y., D.Z.), The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China
| | - Xianqiong Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, China (X.L.)
| | - Donghu Zhen
- Department of Endocrinology (H.Y., M.Y., D.Z.), The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Heart Center (R.Z., Z.Z.), The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China
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Caputo I, Bertoldi G, Driussi G, Cacciapuoti M, Calò LA. The RAAS Goodfellas in Cardiovascular System. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6873. [PMID: 37959338 PMCID: PMC10649249 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, the study of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has revealed a counterregulatory protective axis. This protective arm is characterized by ACE2/Ang 1-7/MasR and Ang 1-9 that largely counteracts the classic arm of the RAAS mediated by ACE/Ang II/AT1R/aldosterone and plays an important role in the prevention of inflammation, oxidative stress, hypertension, and cardiovascular remodeling. A growing body of evidence suggests that enhancement of this counterregulatory arm of RAAS represents an important therapeutic approach to facing cardiovascular comorbidities. In this review, we provide an overview of the beneficial effects of ACE2, Ang 1-7/MasR, and Ang 1-9 in the context of oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, and organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorenzo A. Calò
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (I.C.); (G.B.); (G.D.); (M.C.)
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Habib YH, Sheta E, Khattab M, Gowayed MA. Diminazene aceturate or losartan ameliorates the functional, radiological and histopathological alterations in knee osteoarthritis rodent model: repurposing of the ACE2/Ang1-7/MasR cascade. J Exp Orthop 2023; 10:107. [PMID: 37878123 PMCID: PMC10600085 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-023-00673-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Current therapies for osteoarthritis (OA) are limited to analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Considering the importance of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in OA etiology, we tested the hypothesis that targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) can improve OA anomalies. Diminazene (DIZE), an activator of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and the angiotensin 2 type-1 receptor blocker losartan (LOS) were used for this purpose. METHODS OA was induced by a single intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate. The effects of exposure to DIZE or LOS for 21 days on OA anomalies in rats' knees were investigated. Evaluation of motor function, nociception, and inflammatory response was done using rotarod, knee bend and knee swelling tests. Markers of knee joint inflammation, and cellular oxidation in addition to the RAAS biomarkers, were assessed in knee tissues, along with radiological and histopathological investigations. RESULTS Elevations in inflammatory and oxidative markers in knee tissues of OA rats were mostly improved by the two therapeutic drugs. Such effect was also reflected in the rotarod, knee bend and knee swelling tests. Treatment with DIZE has shown a more prominent effect than LOS in controlling OA-associated inflammation and cellular oxidation. Markers of RAAS have also shown better responsiveness to DIZE over LOS. CONCLUSIONS DIZE has shown a prominent increase in the angiotensin 1-7 amount, highlighting the involvement of the signaling pathway in the immunomodulatory effect. The radiological and histopathology examination came to confirm the outcome of biochemical markers, nominating diminazene aceturate as a possible therapeutic option for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser H Habib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Sheta
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Khattab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mennatallah A Gowayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Canal El- Mahmoudia Str., Smouha, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Villapol S, Janatpour ZC, Affram KO, Symes AJ. The Renin Angiotensin System as a Therapeutic Target in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1565-1591. [PMID: 37759139 PMCID: PMC10684482 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem, with limited pharmacological options available beyond symptomatic relief. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is primarily known as a systemic endocrine regulatory system, with major roles controlling blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Drugs that target the RAS are used to treat hypertension, heart failure and kidney disorders. They have now been used chronically by millions of people and have a favorable safety profile. In addition to the systemic RAS, it is now appreciated that many different organ systems, including the brain, have their own local RAS. The major ligand of the classic RAS, Angiotensin II (Ang II) acts predominantly through the Ang II Type 1 receptor (AT1R), leading to vasoconstriction, inflammation, and heightened oxidative stress. These processes can exacerbate brain injuries. Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs) are AT1R antagonists. They have been shown in several preclinical studies to enhance recovery from TBI in rodents through improvements in molecular, cellular and behavioral correlates of injury. ARBs are now under consideration for clinical trials in TBI. Several different RAS peptides that signal through receptors distinct from the AT1R, are also potential therapeutic targets for TBI. The counter regulatory RAS pathway has actions that oppose those stimulated by AT1R signaling. This alternative pathway has many beneficial effects on cells in the central nervous system, bringing about vasodilation, and having anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress actions. Stimulation of this pathway also has potential therapeutic value for the treatment of TBI. This comprehensive review will provide an overview of the various components of the RAS, with a focus on their direct relevance to TBI pathology. It will explore different therapeutic agents that modulate this system and assess their potential efficacy in treating TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villapol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachary C Janatpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kwame O Affram
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Aviva J Symes
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Chu Q, Wang L, Chu Q. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers may relate to the survival and walking ability in geriatric patients with hip fractures: a 1-year follow-up study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:236. [PMID: 36978079 PMCID: PMC10045946 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many elder patients with hip fractures also suffered from hypertension. This study aims to explore the relationship between the use of ACEI or ARB and the outcomes of geriatric hip fractures. METHODS All the patients were divided into four groups: non-users without hypertension, non-users with hypertension, ACEI users, and ARB users. The outcomes of patients in different groups were compared. LASSO regression and univariable Cox analysis were used for variable screening. Then Cox models and Logistics models were established to identify the relationships between the use of RAAS inhibitors and outcomes. RESULTS ACER users (p = 0.016) and ARB users (p = 0.027) had a significantly lower survival probability than the non-users with hypertension. Non-users without hypertension, ACEI users, and ARB users may face lower 6-month and 1-year mortalities and higher 6-month and 1-year free walking rates compared with non-users with hypertension. CONCLUSION Patients with the use of ACEI or ARB may face a better prognosis of hip fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qining Chu
- Emergency Trauma Center, Nanyang Second People's Hospital, No 66, East Jianshe Road, Nanyang473000, Nanyang, 473000, Henan, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Emergency Trauma Center, Nanyang Second People's Hospital, No 66, East Jianshe Road, Nanyang473000, Nanyang, 473000, Henan, China
| | - Qingbo Chu
- Emergency Trauma Center, Nanyang Second People's Hospital, No 66, East Jianshe Road, Nanyang473000, Nanyang, 473000, Henan, China.
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Nozawa K, Suzuki T, Kayanuma G, Yamamoto H, Nagayasu K, Shirakawa H, Kaneko S. Lisinopril prevents bullous pemphigoid induced by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors via the Mas receptor pathway. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1084960. [PMID: 36685490 PMCID: PMC9849361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1084960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors increase the risk of development of bullous pemphigoid (BP), which is the most common autoimmune blistering skin disease; however, the associated mechanisms remain unclear, and thus far, no therapeutic targets responsible for drug-induced BP have been identified. Therefore, we used clinical data mining to identify candidate drugs that can suppress DPP4 inhibitor-associated BP, and we experimentally examined the underlying molecular mechanisms using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). A search of the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System and the IBM® MarketScan® Research databases indicated that DPP4 inhibitors increased the risk of BP, and that the concomitant use of lisinopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, significantly decreased the incidence of BP in patients receiving DPP4 inhibitors. Additionally, in vitro experiments with hPBMCs showed that DPP4 inhibitors upregulated mRNA expression of MMP9 and ACE2, which are responsible for the pathophysiology of BP in monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, lisinopril and Mas receptor (MasR) inhibitors suppressed DPP4 inhibitor-induced upregulation of MMP9. These findings suggest that the modulation of the renin-angiotensin system, especially the angiotensin1-7/MasR axis, is a therapeutic target in DPP4 inhibitor-associated BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nozawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahide Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gen Kayanuma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,*Correspondence: Shuji Kaneko,
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Norambuena-Soto I, Lopez-Crisosto C, Martinez-Bilbao J, Hernandez-Fuentes C, Parra V, Lavandero S, Chiong M. Angiotensin-(1-9) in hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115183. [PMID: 35870482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-9) [Ang-(1-9)] is a peptide of the non-canonical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) synthesized from angiotensin I by the monopeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2). Using osmotic minipumps, infusion of Ang-(1-9) consistently reduces blood pressure in several rat hypertension models. In these animals, hypertension-induced end-organ damage is also decreased. Several pieces of evidence suggest that Ang-(1-9) is the endogenous ligand that binds and activates the type-2 angiotensin II receptor (AT2R). Activation of AT2R triggers different tissue-specific signaling pathways. This phenomenon could be explained by the ability of AT2R to form different heterodimers with other G protein-coupled receptors. Because of the antihypertensive and protective effects of AT2R activation by Ang-(1-9), associated with a short half-life of RAS peptides, several synthetic AT2R agonists have been synthesized and assayed. Some of them, particularly CGP42112, C21 and novokinin, have demonstrated antihypertensive properties. Only two synthetic AT2R agonists, C21 and LP2-3, have been tested in clinical trials, but none of them like an antihypertensive. Therefore, Ang-(1-9) is a promising antihypertensive drug that reduces hypertension-induced end-organ damage. However, further research is required to translate this finding successfully to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Norambuena-Soto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Lopez-Crisosto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Martinez-Bilbao
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Hernandez-Fuentes
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Parra
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Network for the Study of High-lethality Cardiopulmonary Diseases (REECPAL), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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The Effect of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor on Bone Health in Castrated Hypertensive Rats Is Mediated via the Kinin-Kallikrein System. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2022; 2022:9067167. [PMID: 35814865 PMCID: PMC9213206 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9067167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In previous studies, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) use was associated with increased bone loss, while an angiotensin II type I receptor blocker had no effect on bone loss in elder subjects, which suggested that the effect of ACEI on bone loss was not mediated through the classical renin-angiotensin system. In this study, we set to investigate whether the effect of ACEI on bone deterioration was mediated via the kinin-kallikrein system. Methods Six-month-old male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats were used. The effect of captopril on blood pressure, serum Ang II, and bradykinin concentration was measured in intact rats. Ovariectomy and orchidectomy were performed to establish an osteoporosis model in female and male rats, respectively. Captopril and the bradykinin receptor blocker icatibant (HOE140) were administered after operation for 12 weeks. Serum Ang II and bradykinin concentration, bone turnover markers, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone microarchitecture were evaluated. Femur samples were subjected to a mechanical test. Results Captopril decreased blood pressure and serum Ang II concentration and increased serum bradykinin concentration in intact rats (P < 0.05). After castration, captopril decreased serum Ang II concentration (P < 0.05); in female rats, icatibant increased serum Ang II concentration (P < 0.05). Captopril increased serum bradykinin concentration (P < 0.05); in male rats, icatibant decreased serum bradykinin concentration (P < 0.05). Captopril increased the rat urine deoxypyridinoline-creatinine ratio (DPD/Cr) and serum osteocalcin concentration (P < 0.05). Icatibant decreased urine DPD/Cr in male rats (P < 0.05) and increased osteocalcin concentration in female rats (P < 0.05). Captopril increased cancellous BMD in castrated hypertensive rats (P < 0.05), and icatibant further increased cancellous BMD (P < 0.05), which was due to the increased trabecular bone number. In mechanical testing, ACEI increased bone strength (P < 0.05), and icatibant further improved it (P < 0.05). Conclusion ACEI decreased bone deterioration in both male and female hypertensive rats, and the bradykinin receptor blocker further decreased bone deterioration.
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Pramusita A, Kitaura H, Ohori F, Noguchi T, Marahleh A, Nara Y, Kinjo R, Ma J, Kanou K, Tanaka Y, Mizoguchi I. Salt-Sensitive Hypertension Induces Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Resorption via Upregulation of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Expression in Osteoblasts. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:816764. [PMID: 35445013 PMCID: PMC9013777 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.816764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a chronic-low grade inflammatory disease, which is known to be associated with increased bone loss. Excessive activity of the local renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in bone leads to increased bone resorption. As inflammatory cytokines may activate RAS components, we hypothesized that the elevated proinflammatory cytokine levels in hypertension activate bone RAS and thus lead to increased bone resorption. To investigate whether salt-sensitive hypertension (SSHTN) induces osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, we generated a model of SSHTN in C57BL/6J mice by post-Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME) high-salt challenge. SSHTN led to the reduction of distal femur trabecular number and bone volume fraction, while trabecular separation of femoral bone showed a significant increase, with no change in cortical thickness. Histomorphometric examination showed a significant reduction in trabecular bone volume fraction with an increased number of multinucleated tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells and increased osteoclast surface fraction in the trabecular distal femur of hypertensive mice. Furthermore, analysis of gene expression in bone tissue revealed that TRAP and RANKL/OPG mRNA were highly expressed in hypertensive mice. TNF-α and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) mRNA and protein expression were also upregulated in SSHTN mice. These observations suggested that TNF-α may have an effect on AGTR1 expression leading to osteoclast activation. However, TNF-α stimulation did not promote AGTR1 mRNA expression in osteoclast precursors in culture, while TNF-α increased AGTR1 mRNA expression in osteoblast culture by activation of downstream p38. Angiotensin II was also shown to increase TNF-α-induced RANKL/OPG mRNA expression in primary osteoblast culture and osteoclastogenesis in a TNF-α-primed osteoblast and osteoclast precursor co-culture system. In addition, local injection of lipopolysaccharide into the supracalvariae of SSHTN mice markedly promoted osteoclast and bone resorption. In conclusion, mice with SSHTN show increased osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption due mainly to increased TNF-α and partly to the upregulation of AGTR1 in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adya Pramusita
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Kitaura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hideki Kitaura,
| | - Fumitoshi Ohori
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Noguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aseel Marahleh
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nara
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ria Kinjo
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jinghan Ma
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kanou
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinori Tanaka
- Division of Dento-Oral Anesthesiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Itaru Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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Captopril alleviates glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head by mediating the ACE2/ Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor cascade. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 921:174871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wu J, Wang M, Guo M, Du XY, Tan XZ, Teng FY, Xu Y. Angiotensin Receptor Blocker is Associated with a Lower Fracture Risk: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:7581110. [PMID: 35910069 PMCID: PMC9303078 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7581110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely used in the treatment of hypertension. Hypertension is often accompanied by osteoporosis. However, the relationship between ACEI/ARB and fractures remains controversial. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to update the potential relationship between ACEI/ARB and fractures. METHODS This meta-analysis was identified through PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Related studies about ACEI/ARB with the risk of fracture were published from inception to June 2022. RESULTS Nine qualified prospective designed studies, involving 3,649,785 subjects, were included in this analysis. Overall, the RRs of ACEI compared with the nonusers were 0.98 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.10; P < 0.001) for composite fractures and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.87, 1.05; P=0.048) for hip fractures; the RRs of ARB compared to the nonusers were 0.82 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.91; P < 0.001) for composite fractures and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.97; P=0.028) for hip fractures. Furthermore, in the subgroup analysis, male may benefit from ARB (RR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.89, P=0.028), and the European may also benefit from ARB (RR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.80, 0.93, P=0.015). CONCLUSIONS ACEI usage will not decrease the risk of osteoporosis fracture. On the contrary, ARB usage can decrease the risk of total fracture and hip fracture, especially for males and Europeans. Compared with ACEI, for patients at higher risk of fracture in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, the protective effect of ARB should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Nephrology Department, Ziyang First People's Hospital, Ziyang, Sichuan 641300, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Man Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xin-Yi Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Tan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Sichuan Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
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Haslbauer JD, Stalder A, Zinner C, Bassetti S, Mertz KD, Went P, Matter M, Tzankov A. Immunohistochemical and Transcriptional Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Factors and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Components in Lethal COVID-19. Pathobiology 2021; 89:166-177. [PMID: 34915500 PMCID: PMC8805061 DOI: 10.1159/000520221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) was discovered as an essential entry factor of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2), there has been conflicting evidence regarding the role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in COVID-19. This study elucidates pulmonary expression patterns SARS-CoV-2 entry factors (ACE2 and transmembrane protease serine subtype 2, TMPRSS2) and RAAS components in lethal COVID-19. Methods Lung tissue from COVID-19 autopsies (n = 27) and controls (n = 23) underwent immunohistochemical staining for RAAS components (angiotensin receptors 1 and 2, ACE2 and Mas-receptor) and bradykinin receptors 1 and 2. Staining of individual cellular populations (alveolar pneumocytes [ALV], desquamated cells [DES] and endothelium [END]) was measured by a binary scale (positive/negative). SARS-CoV-2 was detected using immunohistochemistry against nucleocapsid protein, in-situ hybridization and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Gene expression profiling for ACE2, ACE and TMPRSS2 was performed. Results Subtle differences were observed when comparing COVID-19 patients and controls not reaching statistical significance, such as a higher incidence of ACE2-positivity in END (52% vs. 39%) but lower positivity in ALVs (63% vs. 70%) and an overall downregulation of ACE2 gene expression (0.25 vs. 0.55). However, COVID-19 patients with RAAS inhibitor (RAASi) intake had significantly shorter hospitalization times (5 vs. 12 days), higher viral loads (57,517 vs. 15,980/10<sup>6</sup> RNase P-gene copies) and decreased ACE/ACE2-expression ratios (4.58 vs. 11.07) than patients without. TMPRSS2 expression was significantly (1.76-fold) higher in COVID-19 patients than controls. Conclusion Our study delineates the heterogeneous expression patterns of RAAS components in the lungs, which vary amongst cellular populations, and implies that COVID-19 patients with RAASi-intake present with a more rapid disease progression, although this requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Dionne Haslbauer
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Stalder
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carl Zinner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Bassetti
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Philip Went
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Matter
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Karim K, Giribabu N, Salleh N. Marantodes pumilum (blume) Kuntze (Kacip Fatimah) leaves aqueous extract prevents downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway and upregulation of apoptosis in osteoblasts of estrogen-deficient, diabetes-induced rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114236. [PMID: 34044074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Marantodes pumilum (Blume) Kuntze has been claimed to be beneficial in protecting the bone against loss in post-menopausal women. In view of increased incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in post-menopausal period, M. pumilum ability to overcome the detrimental effect of estrogen-deficiency and DM on the bones were identified. AIM OF THE STUDY To identify the mechanisms underlying protective effect of MPLA on the bone in estrogen-deficient, diabetic condition. METHODS Adult female, estrogen-deficient, diabetic rats (225 ± 10 g) were divided into untreated group and treated with M. pumilum leaf aqueous extract (MPLA) (50 mg/kg/day and 100 mg/kg/day) and estrogen for 28 days (n = 6 per group). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were weekly monitored and at the end of treatment, rats were sacrificed and femur bones were harvested. Bone collagen distribution was observed by Masson's trichome staining. Levels of bone osteoblastogenesis, apoptosis and proliferative markers were evaluated by Realtime PCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS MPLA treatment was able to ameliorate the increased in FBG levels in estrogen deficient, diabetic rats. In these rats, decreased bone collagen content, expression level of osteoblastogenesis markers (Wnt3a, β-catenin, Frizzled, Dvl and LRP-5) and proliferative markers (PCNA and c-Myc) and increased expression of anti-osteoblastogenesis marker (Gsk-3β) and apoptosis markers (Caspase-3, Caspase-9 and Bax) but not Bcl-2 were ameliorated. Effects of 100 mg/kg/day MPLA were greater than estrogen. CONCLUSION MPLA was able to protect against bone loss, thus making it a promising agent for the treatment of osteoporosis in women with estrogen deficient, diabetic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamarulzaman Karim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nelli Giribabu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Naguib Salleh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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15
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Moreira FRC, de Oliveira TA, Ramos NE, Abreu MAD, Simões E Silva AC. The role of renin angiotensin system in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6619-6629. [PMID: 34417705 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), chronic inflammatory processes lead to progresive joint destruction. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the pathogenesis of RA and OA. The aim of this mini-review article is to summarize evidence on the role of RAS in RA and OA. METHODS A non-systematic search in Pubmed included terms as "rheumatoid arthritis", "renin angiotensin system", "osteopenia", "RANKL", "DKK-1", "MMP", "inflammation", "angiogenesis", "local renin-angiotensin system", "angiotensin converting enzyme", "AT2 receptor", "Ang-(1-7)", "VEGF", "angiotensine receptor blocker", "angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors", "renin inhibitors". RESULTS Both RAS axes, the classical one, formed by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin (Ang) II and AT1 receptor (AT1R) and the counter-regulatory one, composed by ACE2, Ang-(1-7) and the Mas receptor, modulate inflammation and tissue damage. Ang II activates pro-inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. Conversely, Ang-(1-7) exerts anti-inflammatory actions, decreasing cytokine release, leukocyte attraction, density of vessels, tissue damage and fibrosis. Angiogenesis facilitates inflammatory cells invasion, while osteopenia causes joint dysfunction. Up-regulated osteoclastogenisis and down-regulated osteoblastogeneses were associaed with the activation of the classical RAS axis. Three different pathways, RANKL, DKK-1 and MMPs are enhanced by classical RAS activation. The treatment of RA included methotrexate and corticosteroids, which can cause side effects. Studies with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and renin inhibitors have been conducted in experimental and clinical RA with promising results. CONCLUSION The classical RAS activation is an important mechanism in RA pathogenesis and the benefit of ARB and ACEi administration should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rocha Chaves Moreira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, room #281, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Tiago Almeida de Oliveira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, room #281, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Nádia Eliza Ramos
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, room #281, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Maria Augusta Duarte Abreu
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, room #281, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, room #281, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130-100, Brazil.
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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16
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Kai H, Kai M, Niiyama H, Okina N, Sasaki M, Maeda T, Katoh A. Overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 by renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. Truth or myth? A systematic review of animal studies. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:955-968. [PMID: 33750913 PMCID: PMC7943405 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protects against organ damage in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases by counter regulating the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). ACE2 is also the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Based on the claim that RAS inhibitors (RASIs) cause ACE2 overexpression in some animal experiments, concerns have arisen that RASIs may aggravate SARS-CoV-2 infection and coronavirus disease-2019 severity in RASI-treated patients. To achieve a comprehensive review, a systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed was conducted regarding the effects of RASIs on tissue ACE2 mRNA/protein expression in healthy animals and animal models of human diseases. We identified 88 eligible articles involving 168 experiments in the heart, kidneys, lungs, and other organs. Three of 38 experiments involving healthy animals showed ACE2 expression greater than twice that of the control (overexpression). Among 102 disease models (130 experiments), baseline ACE2 was overexpressed in 16 models (18 experiments) and less than half the control level (repression) in 28 models (40 experiments). In 72 experiments, RASIs did not change ACE2 levels from the baseline levels of disease models. RASIs caused ACE2 overexpression compared to control levels in seven experiments, some of which were unsupported by other experiments under similar conditions. In 36 experiments, RASIs reversed or prevented disease-induced ACE2 repression, yielding no or marginal changes. Therefore, ACE2 overexpression appears to be a rare rather than common consequence of RASI treatment in healthy animals and disease models. Future studies should clarify the pathophysiological significance of RASI-induced reversal or prevention of ACE2 repression in disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Kai
- Department of Cardiology, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan.
| | - Mamiko Kai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Care Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Niiyama
- Department of Cardiology, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan
| | - Norihito Okina
- Department of Cardiology, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan
| | - Motoki Sasaki
- Department of Cardiology, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takanobu Maeda
- Department of Cardiology, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan
| | - Atsushi Katoh
- Department of Cardiology, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan
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COVID-19 Pathogenesis: From Molecular Pathway to Vaccine Administration. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080903. [PMID: 34440107 PMCID: PMC8389702 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a global pandemic that has affected millions of people worldwide. The advent of vaccines has permitted some restitution. Aside from the respiratory complications of the infection, there is also a thrombotic risk attributed to both the disease and the vaccine. There are no reliable data for the risk of thromboembolism in SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients managed out of the hospital setting. A literature review was performed to identify the pathophysiological mechanism of thrombosis from the SARS-CoV-2 infection including the role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme receptors. The impact of the vaccine and likely mechanisms of thrombosis following vaccination were also clarified. Finally, the utility of the vaccines available against the multiple variants is also highlighted. The systemic response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is still relatively poorly understood, but several risk factors have been identified. The roll-out of the vaccines worldwide has also allowed the lifting of lockdown measures and a reduction in the spread of the disease. The experience of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, however, has highlighted the crucial role of epidemiological research and the need for ongoing studies within this field.
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18
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Oz M, Lorke DE, Kabbani N. A comprehensive guide to the pharmacologic regulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 221:107750. [PMID: 33275999 PMCID: PMC7854082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic has prompted scientists to address an urgent need for defining mechanisms of disease pathology and treatment. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for COVID-19, employs angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its primary target for cell surface attachment and likely entry into the host cell. Thus, understanding factors that may regulate the expression and function of ACE2 in the healthy and diseased body is critical for clinical intervention. Over 66% of all adults in the United States are currently using a prescription drug and while earlier findings have focused on possible upregulation of ACE2 expression through the use of renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, mounting evidence suggests that various other widely administered drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemias, coagulation disorders, and pulmonary disease may also present a varied risk for COVID-19. Specifically, we summarize mechanisms on how heparin, statins, steroids and phytochemicals, besides their established therapeutic effects, may also interfere with SARS-CoV-2 viral entry into cells. We also describe evidence on the effect of several vitamins, phytochemicals, and naturally occurring compounds on ACE2 expression and activity in various tissues and disease models. This comprehensive review aims to provide a timely compendium on the potential impact of commonly prescribed drugs and pharmacologically active compounds on COVID-19 pathology and risk through regulation of ACE2 and RAS signaling.
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Key Words
- adam17, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17
- ace, angiotensin i converting enzyme
- ace-inh., angiotensin i converting enzyme inhibitor
- ampk, amp-activated protein kinase
- ang-ii, angiotensin ii
- arb, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor blocker
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- at1-r, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor
- βarb, β-adrenergic receptor blockers
- bk, bradykinin
- ccb, calcium channel blockers
- ch25h, cholesterol-25-hydroxylase
- copd, chronic obstructive lung disease
- cox, cyclooxygenase
- covid-19, coronavirus disease-2019
- dabk, [des-arg9]-bradykinin
- erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- 25hc, 25-hydroxycholesterol
- hs, heparan sulfate
- hspg, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- map, mitogen-activated protein
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome
- mrb, mineralocorticoid receptor blocker
- nos, nitric oxide synthase
- nsaid, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug
- ras, renin-angiotensin system
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sh, spontaneously hypertensive
- s protein, spike protein
- sirt1, sirtuin 1
- t2dm, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- tcm, traditional chinese medicine
- tmprss2, transmembrane protease, serine 2
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- ufh, unfractionated heparin
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Dietrich Ernst Lorke
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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19
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Taguchi YH, Turki T. Application of Tensor Decomposition to Gene Expression of Infection of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Can Identify Critical Human Genes and Efffective Drugs for SARS-CoV-2 Infection. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN SIGNAL PROCESSING 2021; 15:746-758. [PMID: 34812273 PMCID: PMC8545047 DOI: 10.1109/jstsp.2021.3061251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the genes with altered expression caused by infection with the novel coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 infectious disease, a tensor decomposition (TD)-based unsupervised feature extraction (FE) approach was applied to a gene expression profile dataset of the mouse liver and spleen with experimental infection of mouse hepatitis virus, which is regarded as a suitable model of human coronavirus infection. TD-based unsupervised FE selected 134 altered genes, which were enriched in protein-protein interactions with orf1ab, polyprotein, and 3C-like protease that are well known to play critical roles in coronavirus infection, suggesting that these 134 genes can represent the coronavirus infectious process. We then selected compounds targeting the expression of the 134 selected genes based on a public domain database. The identified drug compounds were mainly related to known antiviral drugs, several of which were also included in those previously screened with an in silico method to identify candidate drugs for treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H. Taguchi
- Department of PhysicsChuo UniversityTokyo112-8551Japan
| | - Turki Turki
- Department of Computer ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
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20
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Parit R, Jayavel S. Association of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin type II blockers with ACE2 overexpression in COVID-19 comorbidities: A pathway-based analytical study. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 896:173899. [PMID: 33508281 PMCID: PMC7839513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak is a major public health concern, which has accounted for >1.7 million deaths across the world. A surge in the case fatality ratio as compared with the infection ratio has been observed in most of the countries. The novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 shares the most common sequence with SARS-CoV, but it has a higher rate of transmission. The SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis is initiated by the binding of viral spike protein with the target receptor Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) facilitating virus internalization within host cells. SARS-CoV-2 mainly causes alveolar damage ranging from mild to severe clinical respiratory manifestations. Most of the cases have revealed the association of Coronavirus disease with patients having earlier comorbidities like Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, and Cerebrovascular diseases. Pharmacological investigation of the SARS-Cov-2 patients has revealed the frequent use of drugs belongs to Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and/or Angiotensin II type I receptor blockers (ARBs). Interestingly, a significant increase in ACE2 expression was noticed in patients routinely treated with the above group of drugs were also reported. To date, the association of ACEi and/or ARBs with the up-regulation of ACE2 expression has not been defined distinctively. The proposed review will focus on the pathways which are responsible for the upregulation of ACE2 and its impact on gravity of SARS-CoV-2 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Parit
- Department of Biotechnology (DDE), Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sridhar Jayavel
- Department of Biotechnology (DDE), Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamilnadu, India.
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21
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Mo C, Ke J, Zhao D, Zhang B. Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in bone metabolism. J Bone Miner Metab 2020; 38:772-779. [PMID: 32734523 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-020-01132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the acceleration of population aging, the incidence of osteoporosis has gradually increased, and osteoporosis and fractures caused by osteoporosis have gradually become a serious social public health problem. The classic role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is to keep blood pressure stable. However, as the components of RAAS were found in bone tissues, their functions of stimulating osteoclast formation and inhibiting osteoblast activity thus inducing bone loss have gradually emerged. RAAS blockers can prevent osteoporotic fractures which may be related to angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG)/nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin (1-7) (Ang (1-7))/G protein-coupled receptor (Mas) cascade. However, some studies suggest that RAAS blockers do not prevent osteoporotic fractures. This article reviews the effects of RAAS and RAAS inhibitors on bone metabolism and provides new ideas for the prevention of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyan Mo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ke
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Baoyu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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22
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Ghorghi M, Rafienia M, Nasirian V, Bitaraf FS, Gharravi AM, Zarrabi A. Electrospun captopril‐loaded
PCL
‐carbon quantum dots nanocomposite scaffold: Fabrication, characterization, and in vitro studies. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ghorghi
- Department of Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - Mohammad Rafienia
- Biosensor Research Center, Department of Advanced Medical Technology Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - Vahid Nasirian
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University in Shreveport Shreveport Louisiana USA
| | - Fatemeh S. Bitaraf
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine Shahroud University of Medical Sciences Shahroud Iran
| | - Anneh M. Gharravi
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center Shahroud University of Medical Sciences Shahroud Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- SUNUM, Nanotechnology Research and Application Center Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
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23
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Pan W, Zhang J, Wang M, Ye J, Xu Y, Shen B, He H, Wang Z, Ye D, Zhao M, Luo Z, Liu M, Zhang P, Gu J, Liu M, Li D, Liu J, Wan J. Clinical Features of COVID-19 in Patients With Essential Hypertension and the Impacts of Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Inhibitors on the Prognosis of COVID-19 Patients. Hypertension 2020; 76:732-741. [PMID: 32654555 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most common comorbidities in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to clarify the impact of hypertension on COVID-19 and investigate whether the prior use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors affects the prognosis of COVID-19. A total of 996 patients with COVID-19 were enrolled, including 282 patients with hypertension and 714 patients without hypertension. Propensity score-matched analysis (1:1 matching) was used to adjust the imbalanced baseline variables between the 2 groups. Patients with hypertension were further divided into the RAAS inhibitor group (n=41) and non-RAAS inhibitor group (n=241) according to their medication history. The results showed that COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension. Cox regression analysis revealed that hypertension (hazard ratio, 95% CI, unmatched cohort [1.80, 1.20-2.70]; matched cohort [2.24, 1.36-3.70]) was independently associated with all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. In addition, hypertensive patients with a history of RAAS inhibitor treatment had lower levels of C-reactive protein and higher levels of CD4+ cells. The mortality of patients in the RAAS inhibitor group (9.8% versus 26.1%) was significantly lower than that of patients in the non-RAAS inhibitor group. In conclusion, hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- From the Department of Cardiology (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.)
| | - Jishou Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.)
| | - Menglong Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.)
| | - Jing Ye
- From the Department of Cardiology (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.)
| | - Yao Xu
- From the Department of Cardiology (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.)
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Medical Affairs (B.S., H.H.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Hua He
- Department of Medical Affairs (B.S., H.H.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.)
| | - Di Ye
- From the Department of Cardiology (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.)
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- From the Department of Cardiology (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.)
| | - Zhen Luo
- From the Department of Cardiology (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.)
| | - Mingxiao Liu
- Medical Quality Management Office (Mingxiao Liu), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Pingan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory (P.Z., J.G.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory (P.Z., J.G.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Department of Emergency (Menglin Liu), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pediatrics (D.L.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Jianfang Liu
- From the Department of Cardiology (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.)
| | - Jun Wan
- From the Department of Cardiology (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.)
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24
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SARS-CoV-2 downregulation of ACE2 and pleiotropic effects of ACEIs/ARBs. Hypertens Res 2020; 43:985-986. [PMID: 32523133 PMCID: PMC7283424 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Yu X, Zhang X, Jin H, Wu Z, Yan C, Liu Z, Xu X, Liu S, Zhu F. Zhengganxifeng Decoction Affects Gut Microbiota and Reduces Blood Pressure via Renin–Angiotensin System. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1482-1490. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yu
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Gansu Gem Flower Hospital (Lanzhou Petrochemical General Hospital)
| | - Xindi Zhang
- Gansu Gem Flower Hospital (Lanzhou Petrochemical General Hospital)
| | - Hua Jin
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Chunlu Yan
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Gansu Traditional Chinese Medicine University
| | - Xinghua Xu
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | | | - Feifei Zhu
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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26
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Zhao YQ, Zhang L, Tao J, Chi CF, Wang B. Eight antihypertensive peptides from the protein hydrolysate of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba): Isolation, identification, and activity evaluation on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Food Res Int 2019; 121:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Wen Y, Shangguan Y, Pan Z, Hu H, Magdalou J, Chen L, Wang H. Activation of local bone RAS by maternal excessive glucocorticoid participated in the fetal programing of adult osteopenia induced by prenatal caffeine exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 363:1-10. [PMID: 30423288 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate whether and how prenatal caffeine exposure (PCE) could induce osteopenia in the adult offspring. Pregnant rats were treated with prenatal caffeine 12 mg/100 g body weight per day from pregnant day 9 to 20, while rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were treated with exogenous corticosterone during osteogenic induction. Shorter femur and primary ossification center was observed in the PCE offspring, as well as less bone trabecular and poor biomechanical intensity. Local gene expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), as well as angiotensin 2 content, was found to be stimulated, while the expression of bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) was found to be suppressed, with hypomethylation of ACE promoter. Corticosterone (1250 nM) suppressed osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and gene expression of BGLAP, ALP and BSP, which was attenuated by enalapril, while it stimulated ACE mRNA expression and induced hypomethylation of ACE promoter, which was attenuated by mifepristone. It indicated that PCE caused bone growth retardation and adult osteopenia in offspring, which might be triggered by the activation of local RAS induced by excessive maternal glucocorticoid, while the hypomethylation of ACE gene might be the key point of the sustained activation of the local RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxian Wen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yangfan Shangguan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhengqi Pan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | | | - Liaobin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China.
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28
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Zhang M, Gao Y, Zhao W, Yu G, Jin F. ACE-2/ANG1-7 ameliorates ER stress-induced apoptosis in seawater aspiration-induced acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L1015-L1027. [PMID: 30335496 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00163.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that apoptosis of alveolar cells can be regulated by autocrine of angiotensin (ANG)II and its counter regulatory ACE-2/ANG1-7 axis. Our earlier study has shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in response to seawater aspiration eventually led to apoptosis in lung tissue. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that ER stress-induced apoptosis in seawater aspiration-induced acute lung injury (ALI) might also be regulated by the ANGII/ANG1-7 system. ER stress was induced by seawater stimulation and proteasome inhibitor MG132 (an ER stress inductor). Moreover, ER stress in seawater-stimulated lung tissues and rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (RPMVECs) promoted ANGII expression and decreased ACE-2/ANG1-7 expression. ER stress induced by seawater stimulation also led to apoptosis. Apoptosis induced by seawater stimulation and MG132 were inhibited by ANGII receptor blocker and abrogated by the addition of ANG1-7. These results suggest that apoptosis induced by ER stress in seawater aspiration-induced ALI is regulated by ANG II/ANG1-7 in lung tissues and RPMVECs. In addition, the active form of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), spliced XBP1 (XBP1s), a transcription factor that regulates ER-associated degradation genes during ER stress was significantly activated in seawater stimulated cells. Based on this phenomenon we designed a tandem gene, Wfs1 promoter (a target gene promoter of XBP1s)- ACE2 and ANG1-7 and transfected this tandem gene into seawater-stimulated cells. ACE-2/ANG1-7 expression were significantly promoted and apoptosis was inhibited in cells transfected with the tandem gene. These results suggest that stimulation of ACE-2/ANG1-7 may be a therapeutic target of ER stress-induced apoptosis in seawater aspiration-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinLong Zhang
- Department of Respiration, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China.,Department of Respiration, The 309th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongheng Gao
- Department of Respiration, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Department of Respiration, The 309th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Gaole Yu
- Department of Respiration, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Faguang Jin
- Department of Respiration, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
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29
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Tao MX, Xue X, Gao L, Lu JL, Zhou JS, Jiang T, Zhang YD. Involvement of angiotensin-(1-7) in the neuroprotection of captopril against focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:16-21. [PMID: 30219484 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that brain angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin II/angiotensin II type I receptor axis is activated and thus contributes to the neuronal injury during ischemic stroke. Conversely, inhibition of this axis using centrally active ACE inhibitor captopril was proven neuroprotective in rodents with focal cerebral ischemia. Interestingly, captopril was able to increase angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] levels in the peripheral organs. As the main component of the alternative renin-angiotensin system axis in the brain, Ang-(1-7) was revealed to protect against focal cerebral ischemia via a MAS1 receptor-dependent manner. Based on this evidence, we hypothesized that Ang-(1-7) might contribute to the neuroprotection of captopril during ischemic stroke. In this study, we evaluated this hypothesis using a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. We revealed that brain ACE2 activity and Ang-(1-7) levels were significantly elevated following captopril treatment in rats with focal cerebral ischemia. More importantly, we showed that the neuroprotection provided by captopril was partially reversed by A-779, an antagonist for Ang-(1-7) receptor MAS1, indicating that Ang-(1-7) was involved in the neuroprotection of captopril. These findings have uncovered new mechanisms by which captopril protects against focal cerebral ischemia and further suggest that captopril may have practical clinical use for stroke prevention and treatment in addition to its antihypertensive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xing Tao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiao Xue
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Neurology, South Campus, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jun-Ling Lu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jun-Shan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Ying-Dong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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30
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Novel Natural Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)-Inhibitory Peptides Derived from Sea Cucumber-Modified Hydrolysates by Adding Exogenous Proline and a Study of Their Structure⁻Activity Relationship. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16080271. [PMID: 30081563 PMCID: PMC6117704 DOI: 10.3390/md16080271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides, which are derived from marine products, are useful as antihypertensive drugs. Nevertheless, the activities of these natural peptides are relatively low, which limits their applications. The aim of this study was to prepare efficient ACE-inhibitory peptides from sea cucumber-modified hydrolysates by adding exogenous proline according to a facile plastein reaction. When 40% proline (w/w, proline/free amino groups) was added, the modified hydrolysates exhibited higher ACE-inhibitory activity than the original hydrolysates. Among the modified hydrolysates, two novel efficient ACE-inhibitory peptides, which are namely PNVA and PNLG, were purified and identified by a sequential approach combining a sephadex G-15 gel column, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS), before we conducted confirmatory studies with synthetic peptides. The ACE-inhibitory activity assay showed that PNVA and PNLG exhibited lower IC50 values of 8.18 ± 0.24 and 13.16 ± 0.39 μM than their corresponding truncated analogs (NVA and NLG), respectively. Molecular docking showed that PNVA and PNLG formed a larger number of hydrogen bonds with ACE than NVA and NLG, while the proline at the N-terminal of peptides can affect the orientation of the binding site of ACE. The method developed in this study may potentially be applied to prepare efficient ACE-inhibitory peptides, which may play a key role in hypertension management.
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31
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Chen XF, Li XL, Liu JX, Xu J, Zhao YY, Yang M, Zhang Y. Inhibition on angiotensin-converting enzyme exerts beneficial effects on trabecular bone in orchidectomized mice. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:705-711. [PMID: 29933208 PMCID: PMC7102314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to study the osteo-preservative effects of captopril, an inhibitor on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), on bone mass, micro-architecture and histomorphology as well as the modulation of captopril on skeletal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and regulators for bone metabolism in mice with bilateral orchidectomy. METHODS The orchidectomized (ORX) mice were orally administered with vehicle or captopril at low dose (10mg/kg) and high dose (50mg/kg) for six weeks. The distal femoral end, the proximal tibial head and the lumbar vertebra (LV) were stained by hematoxylin and eosin, Safranin O/Fast Green and masson-trichrome. Micro-computed tomography was performed to measure bone mineral density (BMD). RESULTS Treatment with captopril increased trabecular bone area at distal metaphysis of femur, proximal metaphysis of tibia and LV-4, moreover, high dose of captopril significantly elevated trabecular BMD of LV-2 and LV-5. The mRNA expressions of renin receptor, angiotensinogen, carbonic anhydrase II, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were significantly decreased in tibia of ORX mice following treatment with captopril. The administration with captopril enhanced the ratio of OPG/RANKL mRNA expression, the mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-beta and the protein expression of bradykinin receptor-1. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition on ACE by captopril exerts beneficial effects on trabecular bone of ORX mice. The therapeutic efficacy may be attributed to the regulation of captopril on local RAS and cytokines in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Xin Liu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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32
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Florencio-Silva R, Sasso GRS, Sasso-Cerri E, Simões MJ, Cerri PS. Effects of estrogen status in osteocyte autophagy and its relation to osteocyte viability in alveolar process of ovariectomized rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 98:406-415. [PMID: 29276969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen maintains osteocyte viability, whereas its deficiency induces osteocyte apoptosis. As autophagy is important for osteocyte viability, we hypothesized whether the anti-apoptotic effect of estrogen is related to autophagy in osteocytes. Thirty adult female rats were sham-operated (SHAM) or ovariectomized (OVX). After three weeks, twelve rats of SHAM and OVX groups were killed before treatment (basal period), whereas the remaining rats received estrogen (OVXE) or vehicle (OVX) for 45 days. Fragments of maxilla containing alveolar process of the first molars were embedded in paraffin or Araldite. Paraffin-sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin for histomorphometry, or subjected to the silver impregnation method for morphological analysis of osteocyte cytoplasmic processes. Autophagy was analyzed by immunohistochemical detections of beclin-1, MAP-LC3α and p62, whereas apoptosis was evaluated by immunohistochemical detections of cleaved caspase-3 and BAX, TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) method and by ultrastructural analysis. Araldite-semithin sections were subjected to the Sudan-black method for detection of lipids. OVX-basal group showed high frequency of caspase-3-, TUNEL- and p62-positive osteocytes accompanied with low frequency of beclin-1- and MAP-LC3α-positive osteocytes. At 45 days, OVXE group exhibited higher number of osteocytes, higher frequency of beclin-1- and MAP-LC3α-positive osteocytes, and lower frequency of caspase-3, BAX-, TUNEL- and p62-positive osteocytes than OVX group. Significant reduction in bone area was observed in the OVX compared to OVXE and SHAM groups. The highest frequency of Sudan-Black-positive osteocytes and osteocytes with scarce cytoplasmic processes, or showing apoptotic features were mainly observed in OVX groups. Our results indicate that estrogen deficiency decreases autophagy and increases apoptosis, whereas estrogen replacement enhances osteocyte viability by inhibiting apoptosis and maintaining autophagy in alveolar process osteocytes. These results suggest that the anti-apoptotic effect of estrogen may be, at least in part, related to autophagy regulation in osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Florencio-Silva
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Escola Paulista de Medicina - EPM, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Disciplina de Histologia e Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisela R S Sasso
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Escola Paulista de Medicina - EPM, Departmento de Ginecologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Estela Sasso-Cerri
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara - Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuel J Simões
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Escola Paulista de Medicina - EPM, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Disciplina de Histologia e Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Cerri
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara - Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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