Schisandrin A prevents oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and apoptosis by attenuating ROS generation in C2C12 cells

PPARγ regulates osteoarthritis chondrocytes apoptosis through caspase-3 dependent mitochondrial pathway

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis, characterized by a complex pathogenesis. One of the key factors contributing to its development is the apoptosis of chondrocytes triggered by oxidative stress. Involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has been reported in the regulation of oxidative stress. However, there remains unclear mechanisms that through which PPARγ influences the pathogenesis of OA. The present study aims to delve into the role of PPARγ in chondrocytes apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in the context of OA. Primary human chondrocytes, both relatively normal and OA, were isolated and cultured for the following study. Various assessments were performed, including measurements of cell proliferation, viability and cytotoxicity. Additionally, we examined cell apoptosis, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and cytochrome C release. We also evaluated the expression of related genes and proteins, such as collagen type II (Col2a1), aggrecan, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), caspase-9, caspase-3 and PPARγ. Compared with relatively normal cartilage, the expression of PPARγ in OA cartilage was down-regulated. The proliferation of OA chondrocytes decreased, accompanied by an increase in the apoptosis rate. Down-regulation of PPARγ expression in OA chondrocytes coincided with an up-regulation of iNOS expression, leading to increased secretion of NO, endogenous ROS production, and decrease of MMP levels. Furthermore, we observed the release of cytochrome C, elevated caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities, and reduction of the components of extracellular matrix (ECM) Col2a1 and aggrecan. Accordingly, utilization of GW1929 (PPARγ Agonists) or Z-DEVD-FMK (caspase-3 inhibitor) can protect chondrocytes from mitochondrial-related apoptosis and alleviate the progression of OA. During the progression of OA, excessive oxidative stress in chondrocytes leads to apoptosis and ECM degradation. Activation of PPARγ can postpone OA by down-regulating caspase-3-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.

Schisandrin A in Schisandra chinensis Upregulates the LDL Receptor by Inhibiting PCSK9 Protein Stabilization in Steatotic Model

Schisandra chinensis extract (SCE) protects against hypocholesterolemia by inhibiting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) protein stabilization. We hypothesized that the hypocholesterolemic activity of SCE can be attributable to upregulation of the PCSK9 inhibition-associated low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Male mice were fed a low-fat diet or a Western diet (WD) containing SCE at 1% for 12 weeks. WD increased final body weight and blood LDL cholesterol levels as well as alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase expression. However, SCE supplementation significantly attenuated the increase in blood markers caused by WD. SCE also attenuated WD-mediated increases in hepatic LDLR protein expression in the obese mice. In addition, SCE increased LDLR protein expression and attenuated cellular PCSK9 levels in HepG2 cells supplemented with delipidated serum (DLPS). Non-toxic concentrations of schisandrin A (SA), one of the active components of SCE, significantly increased LDLR expression and tended to decrease PCSK9 protein levels in DLPS-treated HepG2 cells. High levels of SA-mediated PCSK9 attenuation was not attributable to reduced PCSK9 gene expression, but was associated with free PCSK9 protein degradation in this cell model. Our findings show that PCSK9 secretion can be significantly reduced by SA treatment, contributing to reductions in free cholesterol levels.

Pterostilbene as a Therapeutic Alternative for Central Nervous System Disorders: A Review of the Current Status and Perspectives

Neurological disorders are diverse, have complex causes, and often result in disability; yet, effective treatments remain scarce. The resveratrol derivative pterostilbene possesses numerous physiological activities that hold promise as a novel therapy for the central nervous system (CNS) disorders. This review aimed to summarize the protective mechanisms of pterostilbene in in vitro and in vivo models of CNS disorders and the pharmacokinetics and safety to assess its possible effects on CNS disorders. Available evidence supports the protective effects of pterostilbene in CNS disorders involving mechanisms such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, regulation of lipid metabolism and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, improvement of synaptic function and neurogenesis, induction of glioma cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of glioma cell migration and invasion. Studies have identified possible molecular targets and pathways for the protective actions of pterostilbene in CNS disorders including the AMPK/STAT3, Akt, NF-κB, MAPK, and ERK signaling pathways. The possible pharmacological effects and molecular pathways of pterostilbene in CNS disorders are critically discussed in this review. Future studies should aim to increase our understanding of pterostilbene in animal models and humans to further evaluate its role in CNS disorders and the detailed mechanisms.

Ginsenoside Rc, an Active Component of Panax ginseng, Alleviates Oxidative Stress-Induced Muscle Atrophy via Improvement of Mitochondrial Biogenesis

Loss of skeletal muscle mass and function has detrimental effects on quality of life, morbidity, and mortality, and is particularly relevant in aging societies. The enhancement of mitochondrial function has shown promise in promoting muscle differentiation and function. Ginsenoside Rc (gRc), a major component of ginseng, has various pharmacological activities; however, its effect on muscle loss remains poorly explored. In this study, we examined the effects of gRc on the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced reduction of cell viability in C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes and H2O2-induced myotube degradation. In addition, we investigated the effects of gRc on the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide, ATP generation, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) activity in myoblasts and myotubes under H2O2 treatment. Furthermore, to elucidate the mechanism of action of gRc, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of myotubes treated with or without gRc under H2O2 treatment. gRc effectively suppressed H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, intracellular ROS, and mitochondrial superoxide production, restored PGC-1α promoter activity, and increased ATP synthesis. Moreover, gRc significantly affected the expression levels of genes involved in maintaining mitochondrial mass and biogenesis, while downregulating genes associated with muscle degradation in C2C12 myotubes under oxidative stress. We provide compelling evidence supporting the potential of gRc as a promising treatment for muscle loss and weakness. Further investigations of the pharmacological effects of gRc under various pathological conditions of muscle loss will contribute to the clinical development of gRc as a therapeutic intervention.

Biological Activities of Ceratonia siliqua Pod and Seed Extracts: A Comparative Analysis of Two Cretan Cultivars

Ceratonia siliqua L., commonly known as the carob tree, appears in most Mediterranean countries, often cultivated for the collection of its fruits to be used as food for humans and animals. This study was aimed at the phytochemical characterization of two common Cretan C. siliqua cultivars and the biological evaluation of deseeded pod and seed extracts regarding their putative use in cosmetics. Gas and liquid chromatographic techniques were used to assess their essential oil, fatty acid, and carbohydrate profiles. Cell-free assays, including free-radical scavenging; the inhibition of tyrosinase and collagenase; the blocking of advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation; along with assays in human skin fibroblast cultures, i.e., reactive oxygen species suppression, glutathione stimulation, and protection from oxidative stress and from ultraviolet (UVB) radiation, were also used. Extracts from both cultivars were found to possess antioxidant capacity, tyrosinase- and collagenase-inhibitory activities, an ability to block glucose-induced AGEs, and in certain cases, UVB absorbance and photoprotective activities. Seed extracts were in general more active, while the use of 30% aqueous methanol seemed to be more efficient than n-hexane for extraction. Serial partition of the most active extracts resulted in fractions with enriched biological activities. These properties make Cretan carob extracts and their fractions suitable candidates for use in cosmetics.

Phloroglucinol Inhibits Oxidative-Stress-Induced Cytotoxicity in C2C12 Murine Myoblasts through Nrf-2-Mediated Activation of HO-1

Phloroglucinol is a class of polyphenolic compounds containing aromatic phenyl rings and is known to have various pharmacological activities. Recently, we reported that this compound isolated from Ecklonia cava, a brown alga belonging to the family Laminariaceae, has potent antioxidant activity in human dermal keratinocytes. In this study, we evaluated whether phloroglucinol could protect against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage in murine-derived C2C12 myoblasts. Our results revealed that phloroglucinol suppressed H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage while blocking the production of reactive oxygen species. We also found that phloroglucinol protected cells from the induction of apoptosis associated with mitochondrial impairment caused by H2O2 treatment. Furthermore, phloroglucinol enhanced the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) as well as the expression and activity of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). However, such anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective effects of phloroglucinol were greatly abolished by the HO-1 inhibitor, suggesting that phloroglucinol could increase the Nrf2-mediated activity of HO-1 to protect C2C12 myoblasts from oxidative stress. Taken together, our results indicate that phloroglucinol has a strong antioxidant activity as an Nrf2 activator and may have therapeutic benefits for oxidative-stress-mediated muscle disease.

Insights into metabolic and pharmacological profiling of Aspergillus ficuum through bioinformatics and experimental techniques

BACKGROUND

Recently, numerous novel bioactive fungal metabolites have been identified that possess broad therapeutic activities including anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, antioxidant, and antitumor. The fungal mycochemicals as well as extracts have increased the interest of the scientific community in drug discovery research through a combination approach such as, molecular metabolic, pharmacological and computational techniques. Therefore, the natural fungus Aspergillus ficuum (A. ficuum) (FCBP-DNA-1266) was selected for metabolic and pharmacological profiling in this study.

RESULTS

The metabolic profile of A. ficuum was explored for the first time and revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as choline sulfate, noruron, hydroxyvittatine, aurasperone D, cetrimonium, kurilensoside, heneicosane, nonadecane and eicosane. Similarly, a pharmacological screen of A. ficuum was performed for the first time in in vivo and in vitro models. Interestingly, both the ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions of A. ficuum were found to be more active against Bacillus subtilis among five tested bacteria with their zone of inhibition (ZOI) values of 21.00 mm ±1.00 and 23.00 mm ±1.00, at a concentration of 150 μgmL^-1 respectively. Similarly, a significant decrease (P<0.001) and (P<0.01) in paw edema was observed in A. ficuum-treated animals at doses of 50 and 150 mgkg^-1, respectively, reflecting its potent anti-inflammatory effect. Furthermore, the docking results supported the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of A. ficuum. In addition, the crude extract demonstrated no acute toxicity and the highest percent radical scavenging was recorded for both n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts.

CONCLUSION

The metabolic profile of A. ficuum indicated the presence of biological relevant compounds. A. ficuum extract exhibited potent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects supported by docking results. Furthermore, A. ficuum extract demonstrated the highest percentage of radical scavenging activity along with no acute toxicity.

Ginsenoside Rb1 Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Muscle Stem Cells via NF-κB Pathway

Sarcopenia, featured by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle function and mass, is associated with the impaired function of muscle stem cells (MuSCs) caused by increasing oxidative stress in senescent skeletal muscle tissue during aging. Intact function of MuSCs maintains the regenerative potential as well as the homeostasis of skeletal muscle tissues during aging. Ginsenoside Rb1, a natural compound from ginseng, exhibited the effects of antioxidation and against apoptosis. However, its effects of restoring MuSC function during aging and improving age-related sarcopenia remained unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Rb1 in improving MuSC function and inhibiting apoptosis by reducing oxidative stress levels. We found that Rb1 inhibited the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protected the cells from oxidative stress to attenuate the H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity. Rb1 also blocked oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of caspase-3/9, which antagonized the decrease in mitochondrial content and the increase in mitochondrial abnormalities caused by oxidative stress via promoting the protein expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Mechanistically, it was proven that Rb1 exerted its antioxidant effects and avoided the apoptosis of myoblasts by targeting the core regulator of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathway. Therefore, these findings suggest that Rb1 may have a beneficial role in the prevention and treatment of MuSC exhaustion-related diseases like sarcopenia.

Free radical biology in neurological manifestations: mechanisms to therapeutics interventions

Recent advancements and growing attention about free radicals (ROS) and redox signaling enable the scientific fraternity to consider their involvement in the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and neurological defects. Free radicals increase the concentration of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the biological system through different endogenous sources and thus increased the overall oxidative stress. An increase in oxidative stress causes cell death through different signaling mechanisms such as mitochondrial impairment, cell-cycle arrest, DNA damage response, inflammation, negative regulation of protein, and lipid peroxidation. Thus, an appropriate balance between free radicals and antioxidants becomes crucial to maintain physiological function. Since the 1brain requires high oxygen for its functioning, it is highly vulnerable to free radical generation and enhanced ROS in the brain adversely affects axonal regeneration and synaptic plasticity, which results in neuronal cell death. In addition, increased ROS in the brain alters various signaling pathways such as apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation and microglial activation, DNA damage response, and cell-cycle arrest, leading to memory and learning defects. Mounting evidence suggests the potential involvement of micro-RNAs, circular-RNAs, natural and dietary compounds, synthetic inhibitors, and heat-shock proteins as therapeutic agents to combat neurological diseases. Herein, we explain the mechanism of free radical generation and its role in mitochondrial, protein, and lipid peroxidation biology. Further, we discuss the negative role of free radicals in synaptic plasticity and axonal regeneration through the modulation of various signaling molecules and also in the involvement of free radicals in various neurological diseases and their potential therapeutic approaches. The primary cause of free radical generation is drug overdosing, industrial air pollution, toxic heavy metals, ionizing radiation, smoking, alcohol, pesticides, and ultraviolet radiation. Excessive generation of free radicals inside the cell R1Q1 increases reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which causes oxidative damage. An increase in oxidative damage alters different cellular pathways and processes such as mitochondrial impairment, DNA damage response, cell cycle arrest, and inflammatory response, leading to pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disease other neurological defects.

Signaling Pathways and Natural Compounds in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, having a poor prognosis and rapid metastases. TNBC is characterized by the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth receptor-2 (HER2) expressions and has a five-year survival rate. Compared to other breast cancer subtypes, TNBC patients only respond to conventional chemotherapies, and even then, with limited success. Shortages of chemotherapeutic medication can lead to resistance, pressured index therapy, non-selectivity, and severe adverse effects. Finding targeted treatments for TNBC is difficult owing to the various features of cancer. Hence, identifying the most effective molecular targets in TNBC pathogenesis is essential for predicting response to targeted therapies and preventing TNBC cell metastases. Nowadays, natural compounds have gained attention as TNBC treatments, and have offered new strategies for solving drug resistance. Here, we report a systematic review using the database from Pubmed, Science Direct, MDPI, BioScince, Springer, and Nature for articles screening from 2003 to 2022. This review analyzes relevant signaling pathways and the prospect of utilizing natural compounds as a therapeutic agent to improve TNBC treatments in the future.

Lignans as Pharmacological Agents in Disorders Related to Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: Chemical Synthesis Approaches and Biological Activities

Plant lignans exhibit a wide range of biological activities, which makes them the research objects of potential use as therapeutic agents. They provide diverse naturally-occurring pharmacophores and are available for production by chemical synthesis. A large amount of accumulated data indicates that lignans of different structural groups are apt to demonstrate both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, in many cases, simultaneously. In this review, we summarize the comprehensive knowledge about lignan use as a bioactive agent in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, pharmacological effects in vitro and in vivo, molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, and chemical synthesis approaches. This article provides an up-to-date overview of the current data in this area, available in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, screened from 2000 to 2022.

Antioxidant Peptides From Protein Hydrolysate of Marine Red Algae Eucheuma cottonii: Preparation, Identification, and Cytoprotective Mechanisms on H2O2 Oxidative Damaged HUVECs

To screen, prepare, identify, and evaluate the activities of natural antioxidants for treating chronic diseases caused by oxidative stress. Two algal proteins, namely ZD10 and ZD60, precipitated with 10 and 60% (NH₄)₂SO₄ were extracted from red algae Eucheuma cottonii (E. cottonii) and hydrolyzed using five proteolytic enzymes. The results showed that ZD60 played the most significant role in the enhancement of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH⋅) scavenging activity (25.91 ± 0.24%) among all protein hydrolysates. Subsequently, six antioxidant peptides (EP1-EP6) were isolated from the papain hydrolysate of ZD60 by ultrafiltration and chromatography methods. Their amino acid sequences were identified as Thr-Ala (EP1), Met-Asn (EP2), Tyr-Ser-Lys-Thr (EP3), Tyr-Ala-Val-Thr (EP4), Tyr-Leu-Leu (EP5), and Phe-Tyr-Lys-Ala (EP6) with molecular weights of 190.21, 263.33, 497.55, 452.51, 407.51, and 527.62 Da, respectively. Of which, EP3, EP4, EP5, and EP6 showed strong scavenging activities on DPPH⋅, hydroxyl radical (HO⋅), and superoxide anion radical (O- 2⋅). Moreover, EP4 and EP5 could significantly protect human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage by increasing the levels of antioxidant enzyme systems including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) to reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (60.51 and 51.74% of model group) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (75.36 and 64.45% of model group). In addition, EP4 and EP5 could effectively inhibit H₂O₂-induced apoptosis by preventing HUVECs from early apoptosis to late apoptosis. These results indicated that the antioxidant peptides derived from E. cottonii, especially EP4 and EP5, could serve as the natural antioxidants applied in pharmaceutical products to treat chronic cardiovascular diseases caused by oxidative damage, such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, etc.

Schisandrin A alleviates mycophenolic acid-induced intestinal toxicity by regulating cell apoptosis and oxidative damage

The gastrointestinal side effects of mycophenolic acid affect its efficacy in kidney transplant patients, which may be due to its toxicity to the intestinal epithelial mechanical barrier, including intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and destruction of tight junctions. The toxicity mechanism of mycophenolic acid is related to oxidative stress-mediated the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Schisandrin A (Sch A), one of the main active components of the Schisandra chinensis, can protects intestinal epithelial cells from deoxynivalenol-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative damage by antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect and potential mechanism of Sch A on mycophenolic acid-induced damage in intestinal epithelial cell. The results showed that Sch A significantly reversed the mycophenolic acid-induced cell viability reduction, restored the expression of tight junction protein ZO-1, occludin and reduced cell apoptosis. In addition, Sch A inhibited mycophenolic acid-mediated MAPK activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase. Collectively, our study showed that Sch A protected intestinal epithelial cells from mycophenolic acid intestinal toxicity, at least in part, by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting MAPK signaling pathway.

Triterpenoids as Reactive Oxygen Species Modulators of Cell Fate

The triterpenoid natural products have played an important role in understanding mechanistic models of human diseases. These natural products are diverse, but many have been characterized as reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulators. ROS can regulate cell survival and function, which ultimately affects biological processes leading to disease. The triterpenoids offer an untapped source of creativity to generate tool compounds with high selectivity to regulate ROS. This brief Review highlights the diverse complexity by which these secondary metabolites induce many cell death modalities (apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, etc.) that can affect various complex cell signaling pathways through ROS and ultimately lead to evading or accelerating cell death.

Experimental Studies of the Effect of Schisandrachinensis Extract on the State of Adaptive Capabilities of Rats under Chronic and General Exposure to Cold

Currently, there is an objective need to create fortified food products that allow not only to provide the body with energy, but also to replenish the deficiency of essential nutrients. A generalization of the information published by Rospotrebnadzor and the Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences indicates a deficiency in the diet of Russians of vitamins C, group B and β-carotene and minerals, including calcium and iron, regardless of the season of the year. The identified deviations lead to a violation of the immune status, a decrease in the body’s resistance to infections, and other unfavorable environmental factors, leading to an increase in the level of morbidity and a decrease in working capacity. The main unfavorable climatic factor that the population of the Far Eastern region has to face is low freezing temperatures. Adaptation to cold exposure is a complex process that requires a long period and may be accompanied by functional disorders and morphological changes in body tissues. In connection with the above, the problem of increasing the adaptive capabilities of a person to unfavorable environmental factors by means of correcting daily nutrition, providing the body with essential macro- and micronutrients, which is important in the prevention of possible diseases, is of particular importance. This study is aimed at assessing the effect of Schisandrachinensis extract on the adaptive capacity of rats in conditions of chronic and general cold. It was found that the extracts obtained from the fruits of Schisandra chinensis are characterized by a high content of biologically active substances. In experiments with determining the duration of running on the treadmill, a distinct act-protective effect was observed with the introduction of Schisandra chinensis extracts at a dose of 150 mg/day, against the background of reduced resistance to physical activity due to cold exposure. It was found that exposure to cold significantly reduced the swimming resistance of rats on all days of the study. The introduction of Schisandra chinensis extract into the diet led to an increase in resistance to fatigue and an increase in the duration of swimming on all days of the experiment. Conclusions: in this experimental model, a gradually increasing effect of increasing the physical performance of rats was demonstrated with prolonged (28 days) intake of the developed drinks, which coincides with the literature data on a number of other adaptogens and indicates the presence of cumulative properties of biologically active substances of Schisandra extract.

Increased FUN14 domain containing 1 (FUNDC1) ubiquitination level inhibits mitophagy and alleviates the injury in hypoxia-induced trophoblast cells

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy disorder characterized by excessive trophoblast cell death. This study aims to explore the exact mechanism of the ubiquitination level of FUN14 domain containing 1 (FUNDC1) in mitophagy and injury in hypoxic trophoblast cells. In this study, HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells were cultured under normoxic and hypoxic conditions and PE mouse model was established. We found low ubiquitination level of FUNDC1 in hypoxic trophoblast cells and placenta of pregnant women with PE. Proteasome inhibitor MG-132 and protease activator MF-094 were added into HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells. Proteasome inhibitor MG-132 decreased FUNDC1 ubiquitination level while protease activator MF-094 increased FUNDC1 ubiquitination level. Inhibition of FUNDC1 ubiquitination promoted mitophagy and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in normoxic trophoblast cells, increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, FUNDC1 ubiquitination alleviated cell injury in PE mice in vivo. In conclusion, increased FUNDC1 ubiquitination level inhibited mitophagy and Δψm changes in hypoxic trophoblast cells, and thus alleviated oxidative injury.

Shikonin induces programmed death of fibroblast synovial cells in rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting energy pathways

Shikonin is the main component of the traditional Chinese medicine comfrey, which can inhibit the activity of PKM2 by regulating glycolysis and ATP production. Rheumatoid arthritis synovial cells (RA-FLSs) have been reported to increase glycolytic activity and have other similar hallmarks of metabolic activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of shikonin on glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and cell death in RA-FLSs. The results showed that shikonin induced apoptosis and autophagy in RA-FLSs by activating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting intracellular ATP levels, glycolysis-related proteins, and the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Shikonin can significantly reduce the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, paw swelling in rat arthritic tissues, and the levels of inflammatory factors in peripheral blood, such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, and IL-1β while showing less toxicity to the liver and kidney.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Essential Oil from Omija (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.) Produced by Supercritical Fluid Extraction Using CO2

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., which is known as omija in South Korea, is mainly cultivated in East Asia. The present study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of essential oil from the omija (OMEO) fruit obtained by supercritical fluid extraction using CO₂ and to confirm the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of OMEO using HaCaT human keratinocyte and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. As a result of the chemical composition analysis of OMEO using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, a total of 41 compounds were identified. The detailed analysis results are sesquiterpenoids (16), monoterpenoids (14), ketones (4), alcohols (3), aldehydes (2), acids (1), and aromatic hydrocarbons (1). OMEO significantly reduced the increased ROS levels in HaCaT keratinocytes induced by UV-B irradiation (p < 0.05). It was confirmed that 5 compounds (α-pinene, camphene, β-myrcene, 2-nonanone, and nerolidol) present in OMEO exhibited inhibitory activity on ROS production. Furthermore, OMEO showed excellent anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide. OMEO effectively inhibited NO production (p < 0.05) by suppressing the expression of the iNOS protein. Finally, OMEO was investigated for exhibition of anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB pathway. Taken together, OMEO could be used as a functional food ingredient with excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Insight into Crosstalk between Ferroptosis and Necroptosis: Novel Therapeutics in Ischemic Stroke

Ferroptosis is a nonapoptotic form of cell death characterized by iron-dependent accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides to lethal levels. Necroptosis, an alternative form of programmed necrosis, is regulated by receptor-interacting protein (RIP) 1 activation and by RIP3 and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) phosphorylation. Ferroptosis and necroptosis both play important roles in the pathological progress in ischemic stroke, which is a complex brain disease regulated by several cell death pathways. In the past few years, increasing evidence has suggested that the crosstalk occurs between necroptosis and ferroptosis in ischemic stroke. However, the potential links between ferroptosis and necroptosis in ischemic stroke have not been elucidated yet. Hence, in this review, we overview and analyze the mechanism underlying the crosstalk between necroptosis and ferroptosis in ischemic stroke. And we find that iron overload, one mechanism of ferroptosis, leads to mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, which aggravates RIP1 phosphorylation and contributes to necroptosis. In addition, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) induces necroptosis and ferroptosis by promoting RIP1 phosphorylation and suppressing glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activation. In this work, we try to deliver a new perspective in the exploration of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

BaZiBuShen alleviates altered testicular morphology and spermatogenesis and modulates Sirt6/P53 and Sirt6/NF-κB pathways in aging mice induced by D-galactose and NaNO2

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Sperm infertility and testicular atrophy are symptoms associated with aging. BaZiBuShen formula (BZBS), a patented Chinese herbal prescription composed of Semen Cuscutae, Fructus Lycii, Epimedii Folium, Fructus Schisandrae Sphenantherae, Fructus Cnidii, Fructus Rosae Laevigatae, Semen Allii Tuberosi., Radix Morindae Officinalis, Herba Cistanches, Fructus Rubi, Radix Rehmanniae Recens, Radix Cyathulae, Radix Ginseng, Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum, Hippocampus, and Fuctus Toosendan, has been used as a kidney-tonifying and anti-aging drug as well as for the treatment of impotence and male infertility in traditional Chinese medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We aimed at investigating whether BZBS preserves sperm and testes morphology in aging mice, and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

BZBS was orally administered to aging mice induced by D-galactose (D-gal) and NaNO2 for 65 days. Sperm quality and testes pathophysiological alterations were examined by a Semen Analysis System, hematoxylin-eosin staining, transmission electron microscopy, and mitochondrial complex IV activity. In addition, serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-desoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG), testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined by ELISA. The expressions of P450 aromatase (CYP19), sirtuin 6 (Sirt6), P53, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-p65, and phospho-NF-κB-p65 (NF-κB-pp65) in the testes were examined by western blot and/or immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTS

Sustained exposure to D-gal/NaNO2 caused a deterioration of sperm quality and testes morphology in this rapid aging mouse model. BZBS treatment curtailed these alterations. These beneficial effects were associated with increased serum levels of TAC, GSH/GSSG, T, E2, and FSH, and decreased levels of MDA, TNF-α, and 8-OH-dG. BZBS treatment also downregulated the expressions of P53, iNOS, and NF-κB-pp65, as well as upregulated the expressions of Sirt6 and CYP19 in aging testes.

CONCLUSIONS

BZBS preserves testicular morphology and spermatogenesis possibly via inhibition of oxidative stress and the modulation of the Sirt6/P53 and Sirt6/NF-κB signaling pathways. The results shed light on the beneficial effect of BZBS on sperm quality and fertility in aging males.

Antioxidant Effects of Schisandra chinensis Fruits and Their Active Constituents

Schisandra chinensis Turcz. (Baill.) fruits, their extracts, and bioactive compounds are used in alternative medicine as adaptogens and ergogens protecting against numerous neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, liver, and skin disorders. S. chinensis fruit extracts and their active compounds are potent antioxidants and mitoprotectors exerting anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-aging effects. S. chinensis polyphenolic compounds-flavonoids, phenolic acids and the major constituents dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans are responsible for the S. chinensis antioxidant activities. This review will focus on the direct and indirect antioxidant effects of S. chinensis fruit extract and its bioactive compounds in the cells during normal and pathological conditions.

Dose- and time-effects responses of Nonylphenol on oxidative stress in rat through the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway

Nonylphenol (NP) is a representative environmental endocrine-disrupting compound that can induce oxidative stress in organisms. The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway acts an important role in preventing oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of oxidative stress caused by NP on Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in rats. Rats were treated with NP (30, 90, 270 mg/kg) for different exposure time (7, 14 and 28 days). The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in serum and glutathione S-transferase (GST), UDP-Glucuronosyl Transferase (UGT) in liver were detected by ELISA kits. Western blot was used to detect Keap1, Nrf2 protein expression in liver and cerebral cortex. The results showed that 28 days of NP exposure significantly increased ROS levels in NPH group. And 14 days exposure to NP significantly enhanced the levels of GST and UGT, while 28 days of exposure showed a suppressive effect. In liver, Keap1 levels was upregulated at 7, 14 and 28 days of NP exposure, while nuclear Nrf2 levels decreased at 7 and 28 days but increased at 14 days. In cerebral cortex, Keap1 and Nrf2 expression increased at 14 days but decreased at 28 days. Besides, with the prolongation of NP exposure time, the GST and UGT levels in NPM and NPH groups were increased firstly and then decreased, while Keap1 and Nrf2 protein levels were constantly decreased in liver and cerebral cortex. In conclusion, the lower dose and shorter exposure time of NP activated the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway that may reduce the damage of oxidative stress, but when further exposed to NP at higher dose and time, the pathway could be inhibited.

919 syrup inhibits ROS-mediated leptin-induced anorexia by activating PPARγ and improves gut flora abnormalities

BACKGROUND

Women with postpartum psychiatric disorders are prone to severe anorexia. Clinical studies have revealed the efficacy of 919 syrup, a traditional Chinese medicine mixture against postpartum illnesses, such as in regulating maternal mood and improving postpartum anorexia.

AIM

This study investigated the mechanisms through which 919 syrup improved anorexia induced by postpartum stress, focussing on the combined peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and leptin signalling pathway, and its effects on the structure of the gut flora.

METHODS

Mice were randomly divided into five groups-control group, immobilisation stressed (IS) group (normal saline), pioglitazone (Piog; western medicine control) group, 919 syrup low-dose (TJD; 13.5 g/kg) group, and 919 syrup high-dose (TJG; 27.0 g/kg) group. The control group was housed normally. The other groups received IS for 3 h daily for 21 days. The treatments were initiated following the first postnatal day and were administered by gastric gavage. All mice were sacrificed under anaesthesia on postnatal day 22. Blood, hypothalamus, stomach, and faecal specimens were collected. Gene and protein expression levels of components of the PPARγ-leptin signalling pathway in the serum, hypothalamus, and stomach were determined. Immunofluorescence staining for proopiomelanocortin (POMC), phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3), and leptin was performed to observe their spatial distributions in the hypothalamus and stomach. 16s rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of fecal specimens were performed.

RESULTS

After IS, postpartum mice showed significantly reduced appetite and body weight, accompanied by abnormalities in the structure of the gut flora. Treatment with 919 syrup (27.0 g/kg) downregulated malondialdehyde and upregulated catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase by activating PPARγ, thereby affecting the expression of leptin signalling pathway components (leptin, leptin receptor, pSTAT3, POMC, and cocaine and amphetamine-related transcript and neuropeptide Y), and modulated the gut flora in stressed mice.

CONCLUSION

919 syrup improved appetite in mice with postnatal stress by activating PPARγ to induce crosstalk with the leptin signalling pathway, this mechanism was similar to that of PPARγ agonists. 919 syrup also improved gut flora structure, and the changes in the relative abundances of the gut flora strongly correlated with the expression levels of PPARγ and leptin pathway components.

Protective effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid against oxidative stress by inducing phase II enzymes in C2C12 myoblast cells

In this study, the cytoprotective effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) via inducing phase II enzymes in C2C12 myoblasts was evaluated. The highest concentration of GABA (100 μM) significantly increased the cell viability by approximately 90% in hydrogen peroxide-induced C2C12 cells. The treatment with GABA (100 μM) effectively decreased the glutathione (GSH) depletion and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). And, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were effectively reduced by about 50% in GABA-treated cells. In addition, the protein expression of phase II enzymes, such as NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase 1 and heme oxygenase-1 was significantly increased by GABA treatment. Moreover, GABA treatment increased the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein expression in the nucleus of C2C12 myoblasts. Altogether, the results in this study indicate that GABA possesses the cytoprotective effects against oxidative insults by regulating the GSH levels, CAT and SOD activities, ROS scavenging activities, and expression of phase II enzymes through the activation of Nrf2 in C2C12 cells. Hence, this study suggests that the GABA supplementation could be effective in alleviating oxidative stress-induced muscle damage. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: GABA exists in the germ and bran layers of rice and is well-known as the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABA also has various health beneficial effects, such as preventing chronic alcohol-related diseases and lowering blood pressure. The present study shows the cytoprotective effect of GABA against oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblasts, and suggests that GABA has great potential as a functional food ingredient for attenuating oxidative stress-induced muscle damage.

Natural Antioxidants Improve the Vulnerability of Cardiomyocytes and Vascular Endothelial Cells under Stress Conditions: A Focus on Mitochondrial Quality Control

Cardiovascular disease has become one of the main causes of human death. In addition, many cardiovascular diseases are accompanied by a series of irreversible damages that lead to organ and vascular complications. In recent years, the potential therapeutic strategy of natural antioxidants in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases through mitochondrial quality control has received extensive attention. Mitochondria are the main site of energy metabolism in eukaryotic cells, including myocardial and vascular endothelial cells. Mitochondrial quality control processes ensure normal activities of mitochondria and cells by maintaining stable mitochondrial quantity and quality, thus protecting myocardial and endothelial cells against stress. Various stresses can affect mitochondrial morphology and function. Natural antioxidants extracted from plants and natural medicines are becoming increasingly common in the clinical treatment of diseases, especially in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Natural antioxidants can effectively protect myocardial and endothelial cells from stress-induced injury by regulating mitochondrial quality control, and their safety and effectiveness have been preliminarily verified. This review summarises the damage mechanisms of various stresses in cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells and the mechanisms of natural antioxidants in improving the vulnerability of these cell types to stress by regulating mitochondrial quality control. This review is aimed at paving the way for novel treatments for cardiovascular diseases and the development of natural antioxidant drugs.

Inhibition of NOX4/ROS Suppresses Neuronal and Blood-Brain Barrier Injury by Attenuating Oxidative Stress After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common and severe neurological disorder that can effectively induce oxidative stress responses. NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) is a member of the NOX family of oxidases. It is expressed in the brain normally and involved in cell signal transduction and the removal of harmful substances. In some pathological conditions, it mediates inflammation and the aging of cells. However, few studies have focused on whether NOX4 is involved in brain injury caused by ICH. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the role of NOX4 in the pathological process that occurs after ICH and the potential mechanism underlying its role. A rat model of ICH was established by the injection of collagenase type IV, and the expression of NOX4 was then determined. Further, siRNA-mediated protein expression knockdown technology was used for NOX4 knockdown, and western immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and other molecular biological techniques were performed to assess the effects of NOX4 knockdown. Neurobiological scoring, brain water content determination, and other brain injury detection methods were also performed to assess the role of NOX4 following ICH. We found that the expression of NOX4 increased in the brains of rats after ICH, and that it was mainly expressed in neurons, astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells and microglia. Following NOX4 knockdown, the level of oxidative stress in the brain decreased considerably, the neurobehavioral scores improved, the levels of neuronal apoptosis reduced markedly, and the impairment of blood-brain barrier function was significantly ameliorated in rats with ICH. In conclusion, this study suggests that NOX4 expression is upregulated after ICH, which may cause an imbalance in the oxidative stress of relevant cells in the brain, leading to subsequent apoptosis of neurons and damage to the blood-brain barrier due to secondary brain injury following ICH.

Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Process Parameters and Antioxidant Properties of Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaves by Extrusion

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves (MLs), originally used to feed silkworms, have recently been recognized as a food ingredient containing health-beneficial, bioactive compounds. In this study, the extrusion process was applied for the enhancement of the amount of extractable flavonoids from MLs. Extrusion conditions were optimized by water solubility index, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content (TF) using response surface methodology, and antioxidative stress activities were evaluated in macrophage cells. According to the significance of regression coefficients of TF, the optimal extrusion parameters were set as barrel temperature of 114 °C, moisture feed content of 20%, and screw speed of 232 rpm. Under these conditions, the TF of extruded ML reached to 0.91% and improved by 63% compared with raw ML. Fifteen flavonoids were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with photodiode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-QTOF/MS), and the extrusion resulted in increases in quercetin-3-gentiobioside, quercetin-3,7-di-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3,7-di-O-glucoside, rutin, isoquercitrin, and moragrol C. Besides, regarding antioxidative activity, extruded ML water extract inhibited the production of H₂O₂-induced reactive oxygen species and attenuated nuclear morphology alterations in macrophage cells. The findings of this study should be useful in food processing design to improve the extractable functional compounds in MLs.

C2C12 Mouse Myoblasts Damage Induced by Oxidative Stress Is Alleviated by the Antioxidant Capacity of the Active Substance Phloretin

A new direction for the treatment of skeletal myopathies, which are mainly caused by abnormal mitochondrial metabolism, is the application of drugs and active substances to relieve oxidative stress in mitochondria. Phloretin, a dihydrochalcone active substance widely present in succulent fruits, has attracted attention for its strong antioxidant activity. This study aimed to investigate the potential antioxidant effects of phloretin and its potential mechanism of action in C2C12 mouse myoblasts. Under oxidative stress caused by 500 μmol/L H₂O₂, the addition of 10 μmol/L phloretin ameliorated the high level of reactive oxygen species, increased CuZn/Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase activities, and restored the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, apoptosis, necrocytosis, and the inhibition of cell proliferation caused by H₂O₂ stimulation were alleviated by phloretin. Moreover, phloretin significantly increased the expression of cyclin D1 and alleviated the stagnation trend of the G1 phase of cell proliferation caused by H₂O₂. Furthermore, the addition of phloretin simultaneously significantly increased the protein and mRNA expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and alleviated the inhibitory phosphorylation of p-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), p-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and p-liver kinase B1 (LKB1) induced by H₂O₂. Moreover, the expression of nuclear Nrf2 was higher with phloretin treatment than without phloretin treatment. Overall, phloretin alleviated the proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induced by H₂O₂ and exerted antioxidant effects via the LKB1/AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in C2C12 cells. These results provide insight for the application of phloretin to alleviate oxidative damage to muscle.

Poly(gallic acid)-coated polycaprolactone inhibits oxidative stress in epithelial cells

Enzymatic mediated poly (gallic acid) (PGAL), a stable multiradical polyanion with helicoidal secondary structure and high antioxidant capacity, was successfully grafted to poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) using UV-photo induction. PCL films were prepared with several levels of roughness and subsequently grafted with PGAL (PCL-g-PGAL). The results on the full characterization of the produced materials by mechanical tests, surface morphology, and topography, thermal and crystallographic analyses, as well as wettability and cell protection activity against oxidative stress, were adequate for tissue regeneration. The in vitro biocompatibility was then assessed with epithelial-like cells showing excellent adhesion and proliferation onto the PCL-g-PGAL films, most importantly, PCL-g-PGAL displayed a good ability to protect cell cultures on their surface against reactive oxygen species. These biomaterials can consequently be considered as novel biocompatible and antioxidant films with high-responsiveness for biomedical or tissue engineering applications.

[Shikonin induces cell death by inhibiting glycolysis in human testicular cancer I-10 and seminoma TCAM-2 cells]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the pattern of shikonin-induced cell death in testicular cancer cell I-10 and seminoma TCAM-2 cells and explore the possible mechanism in light of mitochondrial function and glycolysis.

METHODS

I-10 cells treated with 0, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 μmol/L shikonin and TCAM-2 cells treated with 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 μmol/L shikonin were examined for mitochondrial membrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using JC-1 kit and ROS kit, respectively. The levels of intracellular lactic acid in the cells were detected using a lactic acid kit. The inhibitory effect of shikonin on the proliferation of the cells was assessed with MTT assay. The death patterns of the cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy, and annexin V-FITC/PI double staining was used to detect cell apoptosis. Western blotting was used to detect the relative expression levels of the apoptotic proteins Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3, the autophagy- related protein LC3B and glycolysis- related proteins PKM2, GLUT1 and HK2.

RESULTS

MTT assay showed that shikonin significantly inhibited the proliferation of I-10 and TCAM-2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The IC₅₀ values of shikonin in I-10 cells at 24, 48, and 72 h were 1.8, 1.36 and 1.16 μmol/L, as compared with 2.37, 0.8 and 0.41 μmol/L in TCAM-2 cells, respectively. Shikonin treatment significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, increased ROS levels and lower the level of lactic acid in both I-10 and TCAM-2 cells (P < 0.05). Transmission electron microscopy and annexin V-FITC/PI double staining demonstrated that shikonin induced apoptosis and excessive autophagy in I-10 and TCAM-2 cells (P < 0.05). In both I-10 and TCAM cells, shikonin treatment significantly down- regulated the expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, PKM2, GLUT1 and HK2, and up-regulated the expression of autophagy-related protein LC3B (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Shikonin can inhibit the proliferation, induce apoptosis and increase autophagy in both I-10 and TCAM-2 cells probably by affecting energy metabolism of the cells.

Trans-cinnamaldehyde protects C2C12 myoblasts from DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis caused by oxidative stress through inhibiting ROS production

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress-induced myoblast damage is one of the major causes of skeletal muscle loss associated with inhibition of myogenic differentiation and muscle dysfunction. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (tCA), the most common essential oil constituent in cinnamon, is known to possess strong anti-oxidant activity. However, it has not been determined whether tCA can protect myoblasts from oxidative damage.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of tCA against oxidative stress-induced damage in mouse myoblast C2C12 cells.

METHODS

To examine the efficacy of tCA to protect against oxidative damage, cell viability, morphological changes, DNA damage, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) analysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and Western blotting were applied.

RESULTS

tCA suppressed hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced growth inhibition and DNA damage by blocking abnormal ROS accumulation. In addition, tCA attenuated apoptosis by suppressing loss of MMP and cytosolic release of cytochrome c, increasing the rate of Bcl-2/Bax expression and reducing the activity of caspase-3 in H₂O₂-stimulated cells, suggesting that tCA protected C2C12 cells from mitochondria-mediated apoptosis caused by oxidative stress.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that tCA may be useful as a potential treatment for the prevention and treatment of various oxidative stress-related muscle disorders in the future.

Panax quinquefolium L. Ginsenosides from Hairy Root Cultures and Their Clones Exert Cytotoxic, Genotoxic and Pro-Apoptotic Activity towards Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Line Caco-2

American ginseng, Panax quinquefolium (L.), is traditionally used in folk medicine. It exhibits a range of anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-carcinogenic effects. Its main components are ginsenosides, also known as panaxosides or triterpene saponins. In order to obtain high yields of ginsenosides, different methods of controlled production are involved, i.e., with hairy root cultures. However, they are still employed under in vitro conditions. Our studies revealed that hairy root cultures subjected to an elicitation process can be considered as a potent source of ginsenosides. The present study examines the biological activity of ginseng hairy root cultures against the Caco-2 human adenocarcinoma cell line. Among our six different clones of P. quinquefolium hairy roots, extracts B and Be (treated with elicitor) were the strongest inhibitors of the cellular metabolic activity. While all extracts induced DNA damage, B and Be also generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a concentration-dependent manner, which was correlated with the depletion of the mitochondrial membrane potential and induction of apoptosis. These findings indicate that further research concerning P. quinquefolium hairy root cultures should focus on the activity of rare ginsenosides and other biologically active compound profiles (i.e., phenolic compounds).

Preventive Effects of Schisandrin A, A Bioactive Component of Schisandra chinensis, on Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy

Muscle wasting is caused by various factors, such as aging, cancer, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease, and significantly decreases the quality of life. However, therapeutic interventions for muscle atrophy have not yet been well-developed. In this study, we investigated the effects of schisandrin A (SNA), a component extracted from the fruits of Schisandra chinensis, on dexamethasone (DEX)-induced muscle atrophy in mice and studied the underlying mechanisms. DEX+SNA-treated mice had significantly increased grip strength, muscle weight, and muscle fiber size compared with DEX+vehicle-treated mice. In addition, SNA treatment significantly reduced the expression of muscle degradation factors such as myostatin, MAFbx (atrogin1), and muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1) and enhanced the expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) compared to the vehicle. In vitro studies using differentiated C2C12 myotubes also showed that SNA treatment decreased the expression of muscle degradation factors induced by dexamethasone and increased protein synthesis and expression of MyHCs by regulation of Akt/FoxO and Akt/70S6K pathways, respectively. These results suggest that SNA reduces protein degradation and increases protein synthesis in the muscle, contributing to the amelioration of dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy and may be a potential candidate for the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy.

A systematic strategy for screening therapeutic constituents of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill infiltrated blood-brain barrier oriented in lesions using ethanol and water extracts: a novel perspective for exploring chemical material basis of herb medicines

Schisandra chinensis, a widely used Chinese herbal medicine, was considered as central nervous system (CNS) drug for years. Both ethanol extracts (EES) and water extracts (WES) of it were applied clinically. Unfortunately, the difference of their efficacy and even effective material foundation of S. chinensis remains obscure. In this study, to explore the active constituents of S. chinensis, we compared pharmacodynamics and chemical profiles in vitro/in vivo of EES/WES for the first time using multiple chemical analysis, pharmacological and data processing approaches. It was proved that there was no significant difference in the anti-depressive effects between WES and EES. However, the contents of most components in vitro and in plasma were higher in EES than those in WES, which was unconvincing for their similar efficacy. Therefore, we further explored components of S. chinensis targeted onto brain and the results showed that 5 lignans were identified with definite absorptivity respectively both in EES and WES caused by the limitation of blood−brain barrier. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis predicted their anti-depressive action. Above all, the systematic strategy screened 5 brain-targeted effective substances of S. chinensis and it was suggested that exploring the components into nidi would promote the studies on herbs effective material basis.

Emerging protective roles of shengmai injection in septic cardiomyopathy in mice by inducing myocardial mitochondrial autophagy via caspase-3/Beclin-1 axis

BACKGROUND

Sepsis, a life-threatening systemic syndrome related to inflammatory response, usually accompanied by major organ dysfunctions. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role by which Shengmai injection (SMI) acts to septic cardiomyopathy.

METHODS

Initially, the induced mice with septic cardiomyopathy were treated with SMI or normal saline (NS) with oe-caspase-3, and HL-1 cells were treated with oe-Beclin-1 and oe-caspase-3 and then cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Subsequently, we measured the cardiac troponin I (cTnI) level, and expression of mitochondrial autophagy protein (parkin and pink1) and myocardial cell autophagy-related proteins (LC3-II and LC3-I). Additionally, we identified the cleavage of Beclin-1 by caspase-3 and detected the changes of mitochondrial membrane potential, level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis of myocardial cells in myocardial tissues of mice.

RESULTS

It has been demonstrated that SMI contributed to the increase of myocardial mitochondrial autophagy, reduction of cTnI level, and elevation of mitochondrial membrane potential in septic cardiomyopathy mice. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that caspase-3 promoted cleavage of Beclin-1 and release of ROS, whereas repressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mitochondrial autophagy. Furthermore, the facilitation of myocardial mitochondrial autophagy and protection of myocardial mitochondria by SMI through inhibition of cleavage Beclin-1 by caspase-3 in septic cardiomyopathy mice were also proved by in vivo experiments.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, SMI could protect myocardial mitochondria by promoting myocardial mitochondrial autophagy in septic cardiomyopathy via inhibition of cleavage of Beclin-1 by caspase-3. Our study demonstrates that SMI could represent a novel target for treatment of septic cardiomyopathy.

Schisandrin A protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis through activating Nrf2 signaling pathway and inducing autophagy

Schisandrin A (Sch A), a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan extracted from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, but the effect on masitits has not been studied. Therefore, we investigated the effect of Sch A in cell and mouse models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis. Studies in vivo showed that Sch A reduced LPS-induced mammary injury and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Sch A also decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and activated nuclear factor-E2 associated factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway in mouse mammary epithelial cells (mMECs). The Nrf2 inhibitor partially abrogated the downregulation of Sch A on LPS-induced inflammatory response. In addition, LPS stimulation suppressed autophagy, while both Sch A and the autophagy inducer rapamycin activated autophagy in mMECs, which down-regulated inflammatory response. Sch A also restrained LPS-induced phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and unc-51 like kinase 1 (ULK1). In summary, these results suggest that Sch A exerts protective effects in LPS-induced mastitis models by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway and inducing autophagy and the autophagy is initiated by suppressing mTOR signaling pathway and activating AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway.

[Isolation of cancer stem cells and the establishment of a H 2O 2-resistant cancer stem cell model]

Objective

To isolate cancer stem cells (CST) from human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and study their sensitivity toward oxidative stress.

Methods

MCF-7 cells were cultured in serum-free suspension culture medium to identify cells forming the sphere phenotype. The morphological changes of MCF-7 cells were observed by inverted phase contrast microscope (compared with MCF-7 cells cultured in serum-free suspension culture medium). The expression of CST marker CD133 was detected by immunocytochemical staining in CST cell spheres (experimental group) with a diameter of 100 μm and MCF-7 cells (control group) with a fusion degree of 70%. The positive rate of CD133 was detected by flow cytometry in the third generation of tumor cells with diameter of 150 μm. The second generation of tumor globular cells (experimental group) with diameter of 150 μm and corresponding MCF-7 cells (control group) were taken to be damaged by 50 mol/L H ₂O ₂ for 120 minutes. The expression of DNA damage marker histone H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX) was detected by immunocytochemical staining.

Results

Inverted phase contrast microscopy showed that MCF-7 cells grew initially in a single-cell adherent state, then aggregated and grew in serum-free suspension culture medium, and finally formed CST cell spheres, while the control MCF-7 cells cultured in MCF-7 cell culture medium grew extensively and could not grow in suspension. Fluorescence microscopy showed that the expression of CD133 in MCF-7 cells of control group was negative, while that in experimental group was positive. Flow cytometry showed that CD133 was positive in CST cells, and the positive rate was 92%. Inverted fluorescence microscopy showed that the expression of γH2AX in CST tumor spheres of experimental group was significantly lower than that in MCF-7 cells of control group after 120 minutes of H ₂O ₂ injury.

Conclusion

Serum-free suspension culture medium can produce globular CST cells from MCF-7 tumor cell line, which have strong antioxidant damage.

Glutathione Induced Immune-Stimulatory Activity by Promoting M1-Like Macrophages Polarization via Potential ROS Scavenging Capacity

The present study investigated the immunomodulatory activity of reduced glutathione (GSH) by assessment of the macrophage polarization (MP)-mediated immune response in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, we identified the signal pathway associated with immune regulation by GSH. The expressions of MP-associated cytokines and chemokines were assessed using cytokine array, nCounter Sprit platform, ELISA and immunoblotting. Phagocytosis activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were measured using fluorescence-activated cell sorter. As results of the cytokine array and nCounter gene array, GSH not only up-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-α, but also overexpressed neutrophil-attracting chemokines. Furthermore, GSH significantly stimulated the production of immune mediators, including nitric oxide and PGE₂, as well as phagocytosis activity through nuclear factor kappa B activation. In addition, GSH significantly decreased LPS-induced ROS generation, which was associated with an activation of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/ heme oxygenease-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway. Our results suggest that GSH has potential ROS scavenging capacity via the induction of Nrf2-mediated HO-1, and immune-enhancing activity by regulation of M1-like macrophage polarization, indicating that GSH may be a useful strategy to increase the human defense system.

Vitamin A deficiency impairs intestinal physical barrier function of fish

The present study was the first to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin A (VA) on the intestinal physical barrier function associated with oxidation, antioxidant system, apoptosis and cell-cellular tight junction (TJ) in the proximal (PI), mid (MI) and distal (DI) intestines of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were fed graded levels of dietary VA for 10 weeks, and then a challenge test using an injection of Aeromonas hydrophila was conducted for 14 days. Results indicated that dietary VA deficiency caused oxidative damage to fish intestine partly by the reduced non-enzymatic antioxidant components glutathione (GSH) and VA contents as well as reduced antioxidant enzyme activities [not including manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)]. Further results observed that the decreased antioxidant enzyme activities by VA deficiency were partly related to the down-regulation of their corresponding mRNA levels which were regulated by the down-regulation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA levels and up-regulation of kelch-like-ECH-associated protein (Keap1a) (rather than Keap1b) mRNA levels in three intestinal segments of fish. Meanwhile, VA deficiency up-regulated the mRNA levels of the apoptosis signalling [caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 (rather than caspase-7)] associated with the inhibition of the target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway in three intestinal segments of fish. Additionally, VA deficiency decreased the mRNA levels of TJ complexes [claudin-b, claudin-c, claudin-3, claudin-12, claudin-15a, occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in the PI, MI and DI, as well as claudin-7 and claudin-11a in the MI and DI] linked to the up-regulation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) signalling. These results suggested that VA deficiency impaired structural integrity in three intestinal segments of fish. Meanwhile, excessive VA also showed similar negative effects on these indexes. Taken together, the current study firstly demonstrated that VA deficiency impaired physical barrier functions associated with impaired antioxidant capacity, aggravated cell apoptosis and disrupted TJ complexes in the PI, MI and DI, but different segments performed different actions in fish. Based on protecting fish against protein oxidation, the optimal VA levels for grass carp were estimated to be 2622 IU/kg diet.

Potential of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. in Human Health and Nutrition: A Review of Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (SCE) is a plant with high potential for beneficial health effects, confirmed by molecular studies. Its constituents exert anti-cancer effects through the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, as well as inhibition of invasion and metastasis in cancer cell lines and experimental animals. SCE displays antimicrobial effects against several pathogenic strains. It has anti-diabetic potential, supported by hypoglycemic activity. A diet rich in SCE improves pancreatic functions, stimulates insulin secretion, and reduces complications in diabetic animals. SCE prevents lipid accumulation and differentiation of preadipocytes, indicating its anti-obesity potential. SCE exerts a protective effect against skin photoaging, osteoarthritis, sarcopenia, senescence, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and improves physical endurance and cognitive/behavioural functions, which can be linked with its general anti-aging potency. In food technology, SCE is applied as a preservative, and as an additive to increase the flavour, taste, and nutritional value of food. In summary, SCE displays a variety of beneficial health effects, with no side effects. Further research is needed to determine the molecular mechanisms of SCE action. First, the constituents responsible for its beneficial effects should be isolated and identified, and recommended as preventative nutritional additives, or considered as therapeutics.