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The traditional chinese medicine monomer Ailanthone improves the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-L1 in melanoma cells by targeting c-Jun. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:346. [PMID: 36522774 PMCID: PMC9753288 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-Jun, a critical component of AP-1, exerts essential functions in various tumors, including melanoma, and is believed to be a druggable target for cancer therapy. Unfortunately, no effective c-Jun inhibitors are currently approved for clinical use. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) has brought a paradigm shift in melanoma therapy, but more than half of patients fail to exhibit clinical responses. The exploration of new combination therapies has become the current pursuit of melanoma treatment strategy. This study aims to screen out Chinese herbal monomers that can target c-Jun, explore the combined effect of c-Jun inhibitor and ICI, and further clarify the related molecular mechanism. METHODS: We adopted a combinatorial screening strategy, including molecular docking, ligand-based online approaches and consensus quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model, to filter out c-Jun inhibitors from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) library. A mouse melanoma model was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of monotherapy and combination therapy. Multicolor flow cytometry was employed to assess the tumor microenvironment (TME). Multiple in vitro assays were performed to verify down-streaming signaling pathway. CD4 + T-cell differentiation assay was applied to investigate Treg differentiation in vitro. RESULTS Ailanthone (AIL) was screened out as a c-Jun inhibitor, and inhibited melanoma cell growth by directly targeting c-Jun and promoting its degradation. Surprisingly, AIL also facilitated the therapeutic efficacy of anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in melanoma cells by reducing the infiltration of Tregs in TME. Additionally, AIL treatment inhibited c-Jun-induced PD-L1 expression and secretion. As a consequence, Treg differentiation was attenuated after treatment with AIL through the c-Jun/PD-L1 axis. CONCLUSION Our findings identified AIL as a novel c-Jun inhibitor, and revealed its previously unrecognized anti-melanoma effects and the vital role in regulating TME by Treg suppression, which provides a novel combination therapeutic strategy of c-Jun inhibition by AIL with ICI. AIL down-regulates c-Jun by reducing its stability, and inhibits the function of Tregs via AIL-c-Jun-PD-L1 pathway, ultimately suppressing melanoma progression and enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-L1.
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Creation of Value Chains for the Sustainability of Control and Eradication Actions on Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. ENVIRONMENTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/environments9050064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Actions to control and eradicate Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle are essential to the prevention of uncontrolled growth and expansion of this species and its competition with native species. This competition leads to biodiversity and productivity losses in forests. The present study evaluated the potential to create value chains to maintain the sustainability of control actions through the energy recovery of collected A. altissima biomass. Other possibilities were also discussed, such as the extraction of allelopathic compounds. For this purpose, and to assess the potential for energy recovery, samples of A. altissima were collected and analyzed in the laboratory to discuss the potential of using extracted compounds in nature-based applications, and a literature review was carried out. It was found that, although there is potential for the use of these biomasses for energy production, the high levels of chlorine and heavy metals pose some obstacles to their large-scale use, mainly due to their corrosive potential. On the other hand, the extraction of allelopathic compounds was shown to be potentially interesting for use in the control of other invasive species. Used in this application, it may be possible to create value chains to sustain, control, and eradicate the actions of this invasive species.
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Zhang Y, Gong R, Liu Y, Sun X, Liang J, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Yu W, Wang Y, Tang L, He A, Shen Z, Yao Y, Hu H, Liu X, Zhang J. Ailanthone Inhibits Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Osteosarcoma Cells by Downregulating the Serine Biosynthetic Pathway. Front Oncol 2022; 12:842406. [PMID: 35186770 PMCID: PMC8850634 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.842406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone sarcoma, chemoresistance becomes an obstacle to its treatment. Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of malignancy, targeting the metabolic pathways might provide a reasonable therapeutic strategy for OS. Here we demonstrated that Ailanthone (AIL), a major component of the Chinese medicine Ailanthus altissima, significantly suppressed OS cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, AIL dose-dependently inhibited cell migration and invasion, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in OS cells. Combined transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics analyses revealed that AIL induced widespread changes in metabolic programs in OS cells, while the serine biosynthetic pathway (SSP) was the most significantly altered pathway. qRT-PCR and Western blot assay confirmed that the transcript and protein levels of the SSP genes (PHGDH, PSAT1 and PSPH) were downregulated dose-dependently by AIL. In addition, we found out that many downstream pathways of the SSP including the one-carbon pool by folate, purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, DNA replication and sphingolipid metabolism were downregulated after AIL treatment. In the revere test, PHGDH overexpression but not exogenous serine supplementation clearly attenuated the effects of AIL on OS cells. Taken together, AIL exerts antitumor effects on OS through mediating metabolic reprogramming, at least in part, by suppressing the SSP. Our findings suggest that AIL could emerge as a potential therapeutic strategy in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Runze Gong
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Xipeng Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinrong Liang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Eighth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxi Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Tang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Aina He
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zan Shen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in Melanoma and in the Acquired Resistance to Targeted Therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121942. [PMID: 34943045 PMCID: PMC8750393 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive cancer with the poorest prognosis, representing the deadliest form of skin cancer. Activating mutations in BRAF are the most frequent genetic alterations, present in approximately 50% of all melanoma cases. The use of specific inhibitors towards mutant BRAF variants and MEK, a downstream signaling target of BRAF in the MAPK pathway, has significantly improved progression-free and overall survival in advanced melanoma patients carrying BRAF mutations. Nevertheless, despite these improvements, resistance still develops within the first year of therapy in around 50% of patients, which is a significant problem in managing BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma. Understanding these mechanisms is one of the mainstreams of the research on BRAFi/MEKi acquired resistance. Both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms have been described. Moreover, in recent years, oxidative stress has emerged as another major force involved in all the phases of melanoma development, from initiation to progression until the onsets of the metastatic phenotype and chemoresistance, and has thus become a target for therapy. In the present review, we discuss the current knowledge on oxidative stress and its signaling in melanoma, as well as the oxidative stress-related mechanisms in the acquired resistance to targeted therapies.
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Li X, Li Y, Ma S, Zhao Q, Wu J, Duan L, Xie Y, Wang S. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle bark: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 275:114121. [PMID: 33862103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The dried bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (BAA), commonly designated as "Chunpi" in Chinese, is extensively used as a common traditional medicine in China, Korea, and India. It has been used to treat multiple ailments, including asthma, epilepsy, spermatorrhea, bleeding, and ophthalmic diseases, for thousands of years. AIM OF THE REVIEW To present a comprehensive and constructive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, traditional uses, quality control, and toxicology of BAA; to aid the assessment of the therapeutic potential of BAA; to guide researchers working on the development of novel therapeutic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information related to BAA (from 1960 to 2020) was retrieved from a wide variety of electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, and Google Scholar. Additional information and materials were acquired from Chinese Medicine Monographs, the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and several web sources, such as the official website of The Plant List and Flora of China. Additionally, perspectives for future investigations and applications of BAA were extensively explored. RESULTS Approximately 221 chemical compounds, including alkaloids, quassinoids, phenylpropanoids, triterpenoids, volatile oils, and other compounds, have been isolated and characterized from BAA; among these, the quassinoid ailanthone is the most typical. The crude extracts and active compounds of BAA have been reported to exert a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, herbicidal, and insecticidal activities. Although BAA is safe when administered at a conventional dose, at higher doses, it exhibits toxicity due to the presence of quassinoids. Thus, more studies are required to evaluate the efficacy and safety of BAA. CONCLUSION Modern pharmacological studies have revealed that BAA, as a valuable medicinal resource, possesses the potential to treat a wide variety of ailments, especially, cancer and gastrointestinal inflammation. These studies present a wide range of perspectives for the development of new drugs related to BAA. However, only a few traditional uses are associated with the reported pharmacological activities of BAA and have been confirmed by preclinical and clinical studies. Moreover, the pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and quality control of BAA should be considered indispensable research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Yao Li
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Shanbo Ma
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Junsheng Wu
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Linrui Duan
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Yanhua Xie
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Siwang Wang
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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Sabo AA, Dudau M, Constantin GL, Pop TC, Geilfus CM, Naccarati A, Dragomir MP. Two Worlds Colliding: The Interplay Between Natural Compounds and Non-Coding Transcripts in Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:652074. [PMID: 34295245 PMCID: PMC8290364 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.652074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease and has recently become the leading cause of death in western countries, representing an immense public health burden. When it comes to cancer treatment, chemotherapy is one of the main pillars, especially for advanced stage tumors. Over the years, natural compounds have emerged as one of the most valuable resources for new chemotherapies. It is estimated that more than half of the currently used chemotherapeutic agents are derived from natural compounds. Usually, natural compounds are discovered empirically and an important limitation of introducing new anti-cancer natural products is lack of knowledge with regard to their mechanism of action. Recent data has proven that several natural compounds may function via modulating the expression and function of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). NcRNAs are a heterogenous class of RNA molecules which are usually not translated into proteins but have an important role in gene expression regulation and are involved in multiple tumorigenic processes, including response/resistance to pharmacotherapy. In this review, we will discuss how natural compounds function via ncRNAs while summarizing the available data regarding their effects on over 15 types of cancer. Moreover, we will critically analyze the current advances and limitations in understanding the way natural compounds exert these health-promoting effects by acting on ncRNAs. Finally, we will propose several hypotheses that may open new avenues and perspectives regarding the interaction between natural compounds and ncRNAs, which could lead to improved natural compound-based therapeutic strategies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru A. Sabo
- Pediatrics 2 (General and Special Pediatrics), Klinikum Stuttgart, Olgahospital, Zentrum für Kinder, Jugend- und Frauenmedizin, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maria Dudau
- Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - George L. Constantin
- Division of Soil Science and Site Science, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tudor C. Pop
- Department of Pediatrics, Marie Curie Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Christoph-M. Geilfus
- Division of Controlled Environment Horticulture, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- IIGM Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
| | - Mihnea P. Dragomir
- Department of Surgery, Fundeni Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Wang CM, Li HF, Wang XK, Li WG, Su Q, Xiao X, Hao TF, Chen W, Zhang YW, Zhang HY, Wu W, Hu ZR, Zhao GY, Huo MY, He YL, Zhang CH. Ailanthus Altissima-derived Ailanthone enhances Gastric Cancer Cell Apoptosis by Inducing the Repression of Base Excision Repair by Downregulating p23 Expression. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2811-2825. [PMID: 34345209 PMCID: PMC8326126 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.60674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy plays an irreplaceable role in the treatment of GC, but currently available chemotherapeutic drugs are not ideal. The application of medicinal plants is an important direction for new drug discovery. Through drug screening of GC organoids, we determined that ailanthone has an anticancer effect on GC cells in vitro and in vivo. We also found that AIL can induce DNA damage and apoptosis in GC cells. Further transcriptome sequencing of PDX tissue indicated that AIL inhibited the expression of XRCC1, which plays an important role in DNA damage repair, and the results were also confirmed by western blotting. In addition, we found that AIL inhibited the expression of P23 and that inhibition of P23 decreased the expression of XRCC1, indicating that AIL can regulate XRCC1 via P23. The results of coimmunoprecipitation showed that AIL can inhibit the binding of P23 and XRCC1 to HSP90. These findings indicate that AIL can induce DNA damage and apoptosis in GC cells. Meanwhile, AIL can decrease XRCC1 activity by downregulating P23 expression to inhibit DNA damage repair. The present study sheds light on the potential application of new drugs isolated from natural medicinal plants for GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Wang
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China.,Department of Gastrointestinopancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China.,Department of Intervention, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,Nanning Guangxi 530021,P.R. China
| | - Hua-Fu Li
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China.,Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.,The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Xiao-Kun Wang
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China.,Department of Gastrointestinopancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wu-Guo Li
- Animal Experiment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Su
- Animal Experiment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xing Xiao
- Scientific research center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R.China
| | - Teng-Fei Hao
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China.,Department of Gastrointestinopancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Scientific research center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R.China
| | - Ya-Wei Zhang
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China.,Department of Gastrointestinopancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yong Zhang
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China.,Department of Gastrointestinopancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wang Wu
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China.,Department of Gastrointestinopancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Ran Hu
- Scientific research center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R.China
| | - Guang-Yin Zhao
- Animal Experiment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Yu Huo
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Long He
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China.,Department of Gastrointestinopancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Hua Zhang
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
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Chen L, Wu C, Wang H, Chen S, Ma D, Tao Y, Wang X, Luan Y, Wang T, Shi Y, Song G, Zhao Y, Dong X, Wang B. Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs in Aila-Induced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Inhibition. Front Oncol 2021; 11:652567. [PMID: 34235076 PMCID: PMC8255921 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.652567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has the highest morbidity and mortality among all carcinomas. However, it is difficult to diagnose in the early stage, and current therapeutic efficacy is not ideal. Although numerous studies have revealed that Ailanthone (Aila), a natural product, can inhibit multiple cancers by reducing cell proliferation and invasion and inducing apoptosis, the mechanism by which Aila represses NSCLC progression in a time-dependent manner remains unclear. In this study, we observed that most long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were either notably up- or downregulated in NSCLC cells after treatment with Aila. Moreover, alterations in lncRNA expression induced by Aila were crucial for the initiation and metastasis of NSCLC. Furthermore, in our research, expression of DUXAP8 was significantly downregulated in NSCLC cells after treatment with Aila and regulated expression levels of EGR1. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that Aila is a potent natural suppressor of NSCLC by modulating expression of DUXAP8 and EGR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- College of Clinical Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cui Wu
- College of Clinical Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Heming Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sinuo Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danhui Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xingye Wang
- College of Clinical Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhe Luan
- Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tiedong Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guangqi Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- College of Clinical Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xijun Dong
- College of Clinical Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Bingmei Wang
- College of Clinical Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Elhelbawy NG, Zaid IF, Khalifa AA, Gohar SF, Fouda EA. miRNA-148a and miRNA-30c expressions as potential biomarkers in breast cancer patients. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101060. [PMID: 34195390 PMCID: PMC8239439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is an extensively identified malignant tumor and is a prime cause of cancer mortalities in females. It has been shown that alteration of miRNAs expression (up or down regulation) can affect the initiation and progression of many malignancies. We aimed to evaluate the role of circulating miRNA-148a and miRNA-30c in female patients with breast cancer and estimate their usage as potential biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis and survival of breast cancer. Methods This study included 75 breast cancer female patients.They were compared with 55 apparently healthy female subjects. miRNAs expression analysis was assessed via real-time PCR. Results To discriminate breast cancer patients from controls, miR-30c showed the best performance at a cut off value of ≤20.6 (AUC = 0.998, 97.33% sensitivity, 96.36% specificity, p < 0.001), followed by miR-148a (AUC = 0.995, 94.67% sensitivity, 90.91% specificity, p < 0.001 at a cut off value of ≤0.1), CA 15-3 (AUC = 0.930, 88.0% sensitivity, 81.82% specificity, p < 0.001 at a cut off value of >21.3), and finally CEA (AUC = 0.751, 70.67% sensitivity, 63.64% specificity, p < 0.001 at a cut off value of >2.5). Conclusion miRNA-148a and miRNA-30c expressions were down regulated in female patients with breast cancer and might be considered as potential blood biomarkers. Both also might have rule in disease treatment and selection of therapeutic targets. Future studies are needed to improve their role in predicting response to treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesreen G. Elhelbawy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom City, Egypt
- Corresponding author. Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom City, 32511, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim F. Zaid
- Department of Organic Chemistry. Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom City, Egypt
| | - Aya A. Khalifa
- Chemist. Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom City, Egypt
| | - Suzy F. Gohar
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom City, Egypt
| | - Eman A. Fouda
- Department of Biochemistry. Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom City, Egypt
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10
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Melnik BC, Stremmel W, Weiskirchen R, John SM, Schmitz G. Exosome-Derived MicroRNAs of Human Milk and Their Effects on Infant Health and Development. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060851. [PMID: 34200323 PMCID: PMC8228670 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple biologically active components of human milk support infant growth, health and development. Milk provides a wide spectrum of mammary epithelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MEVs) for the infant. Although the whole spectrum of MEVs appears to be of functional importance for the growing infant, the majority of recent studies report on the MEV subfraction of milk exosomes (MEX) and their miRNA cargo, which are in the focus of this review. MEX and the dominant miRNA-148a play a key role in intestinal maturation, barrier function and suppression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and may thus be helpful for the prevention and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis. MEX and their miRNAs reach the systemic circulation and may impact epigenetic programming of various organs including the liver, thymus, brain, pancreatic islets, beige, brown and white adipose tissue as well as bones. Translational evidence indicates that MEX and their miRNAs control the expression of global cellular regulators such as DNA methyltransferase 1-which is important for the up-regulation of developmental genes including insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, α-synuclein and forkhead box P3-and receptor-interacting protein 140, which is important for the regulation of multiple nuclear receptors. MEX-derived miRNA-148a and miRNA-30b may stimulate the expression of uncoupling protein 1, the key inducer of thermogenesis converting white into beige/brown adipose tissue. MEX have to be considered as signalosomes derived from the maternal lactation genome emitted to promote growth, maturation, immunological and metabolic programming of the offspring. Deeper insights into milk's molecular biology allow the conclusion that infants are both "breast-fed" and "breast-programmed". In this regard, MEX miRNA-deficient artificial formula is not an adequate substitute for breastfeeding, the birthright of all mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-5241-988060
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Private Praxis for Internal Medicine, Beethovenstraße 2, D-76530 Baden-Baden, Germany;
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Swen Malte John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany;
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany;
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11
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Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Pasteurized non-fermented cow's milk but not fermented milk is a promoter of mTORC1-driven aging and increased mortality. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101270. [PMID: 33571703 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies in Sweden, a country with traditionally high milk consumption, revealed that the intake of non-fermented pasteurized milk increased all-cause mortality in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the majority of epidemiological and clinical studies report beneficial health effects of fermented milk products, especially of yogurt. It is the intention of this review to delineate potential molecular aging mechanisms related to the intake of non-fermented milk versus yogurt on the basis of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. Non-fermented pasteurized milk via its high bioavailability of insulinotropic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), abundance of lactose (glucosyl-galactose) and bioactive exosomal microRNAs (miRs) enhances mTORC1 signaling, which shortens lifespan and increases all-cause mortality. In contrast, fermentation-associated lactic acid bacteria metabolize BCAAs and degrade galactose and milk exosomes including their mTORC1-activating microRNAs. The Industrial Revolution, with the introduction of pasteurization and refrigeration of milk, restricted the action of beneficial milk-fermenting bacteria, which degrade milk's BCAAs, galactose and bioactive miRs that synergistically activate mTORC1. This unrecognized behavior change in humans after the Neolithic revolution increased aging-related over-activation of mTORC1 signaling in humans, who persistently consume large quantities of non-fermented pasteurized cow's milk, a potential risk factor for aging and all-cause mortality.
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12
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Barrera G, Cucci MA, Grattarola M, Dianzani C, Muzio G, Pizzimenti S. Control of Oxidative Stress in Cancer Chemoresistance: Spotlight on Nrf2 Role. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040510. [PMID: 33805928 PMCID: PMC8064392 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance represents the main obstacle to cancer treatment with both conventional and targeted therapy. Beyond specific molecular alterations, which can lead to targeted therapy, metabolic remodeling, including the control of redox status, plays an important role in cancer cell survival following therapy. Although cancer cells generally have a high basal reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, which makes them more susceptible than normal cells to a further increase of ROS, chemoresistant cancer cells become highly adapted to intrinsic or drug-induced oxidative stress by upregulating their antioxidant systems. The antioxidant response is principally mediated by the transcription factor Nrf2, which has been considered the master regulator of antioxidant and cytoprotective genes. Nrf2 expression is often increased in several types of chemoresistant cancer cells, and its expression is mediated by diverse mechanisms. In addition to Nrf2, other transcription factors and transcriptional coactivators can participate to maintain the high antioxidant levels in chemo and radio-resistant cancer cells. The control of expression and function of these molecules has been recently deepened to identify which of these could be used as a new therapeutic target in the treatment of tumors resistant to conventional therapy. In this review, we report the more recent advances in the study of Nrf2 regulation in chemoresistant cancers and the role played by other transcription factors and transcriptional coactivators in the control of antioxidant responses in chemoresistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Barrera
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy; (M.A.C.); (M.G.); (G.M.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marie Angele Cucci
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy; (M.A.C.); (M.G.); (G.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Margherita Grattarola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy; (M.A.C.); (M.G.); (G.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 11, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Giuliana Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy; (M.A.C.); (M.G.); (G.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Stefania Pizzimenti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy; (M.A.C.); (M.G.); (G.M.); (S.P.)
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Melnik BC. Lifetime Impact of Cow's Milk on Overactivation of mTORC1: From Fetal to Childhood Overgrowth, Acne, Diabetes, Cancers, and Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:404. [PMID: 33803410 PMCID: PMC8000710 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of cow's milk is a part of the basic nutritional habits of Western industrialized countries. Recent epidemiological studies associate the intake of cow's milk with an increased risk of diseases, which are associated with overactivated mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. This review presents current epidemiological and translational evidence linking milk consumption to the regulation of mTORC1, the master-switch for eukaryotic cell growth. Epidemiological studies confirm a correlation between cow's milk consumption and birthweight, body mass index, onset of menarche, linear growth during childhood, acne vulgaris, type 2 diabetes mellitus, prostate cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, neurodegenerative diseases, and all-cause mortality. Thus, long-term persistent consumption of cow's milk increases the risk of mTORC1-driven diseases of civilization. Milk is a highly conserved, lactation genome-controlled signaling system that functions as a maternal-neonatal relay for optimized species-specific activation of mTORC1, the nexus for regulation of eukaryotic cell growth, and control of autophagy. A deeper understanding of milk´s impact on mTORC1 signaling is of critical importance for the prevention of common diseases of civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7a, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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Wei J, Zhang X, Pan H, He S, Yuan B, Liu Q, Zhang J, Ding Y. Eupafolin inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:332. [PMID: 33692864 PMCID: PMC7933747 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eupafolin is a flavonoid extracted from common sage. Previous studies have reported that Eupafolin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. However, its role in breast cancer remains unclear. The present study investigated the effects and underlying mechanism of action of Eupafolin using breast cancer cell lines. The effects of Eupafolin on breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis and the cell cycle were determined. Cell viability and Transwell assays, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, flow cytometry and western blot analysis were used in this study. The data showed that the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of EO771 cells treated with Eupafolin was significantly decreased, and the apoptosis rate was increased compared with that of the control. The protein levels of Bax and cleaved caspase 3 increased, whereas that of Bcl-2 decreased. In addition, Eupafolin treatment also caused the proliferation of breast cancer cells to be arrested at the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, results from western blotting indicated that Eupafolin treatment decreased the protein levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR. Taken together, the present findings demonstrate that Eupafolin has a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation of EO771 cells, inhibits cell migration and invasion, and promotes cell apoptosis, thereby causing G0/G1 phase arrest, at least partially through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Therefore, the findings provide novel insights regarding the use of Eupafolin for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, P.R. China
| | - Huihao Pan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, P.R. China
| | - Song He
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, P.R. China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, P.R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- The Second Clinical School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine-Zhuhai Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, P.R. China
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15
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Melnik BC. Synergistic Effects of Milk-Derived Exosomes and Galactose on α-Synuclein Pathology in Parkinson's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1059. [PMID: 33494388 PMCID: PMC7865729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies associate milk consumption with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). PD is an α-synucleinopathy associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, deficient lysosomal clearance of α-synuclein (α-syn) and aggregation of misfolded α-syn. In T2D, α-syn promotes co-aggregation with islet amyloid polypeptide in pancreatic β-cells. Prion-like vagal nerve-mediated propagation of exosomal α-syn from the gut to the brain and pancreatic islets apparently link both pathologies. Exosomes are critical transmitters of α-syn from cell to cell especially under conditions of compromised autophagy. This review provides translational evidence that milk exosomes (MEX) disturb α-syn homeostasis. MEX are taken up by intestinal epithelial cells and accumulate in the brain after oral administration to mice. The potential uptake of MEX miRNA-148a and miRNA-21 by enteroendocrine cells in the gut, dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and pancreatic β-cells may enhance miRNA-148a/DNMT1-dependent overexpression of α-syn and impair miRNA-148a/PPARGC1A- and miRNA-21/LAMP2A-dependent autophagy driving both diseases. MiRNA-148a- and galactose-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress activate c-Abl-mediated aggregation of α-syn which is exported by exosome release. Via the vagal nerve and/or systemic exosomes, toxic α-syn may spread to dopaminergic neurons and pancreatic β-cells linking the pathogenesis of PD and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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16
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Participation of MicroRNAs in the Treatment of Cancer with Phytochemicals. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204701. [PMID: 33066509 PMCID: PMC7587345 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a global health concern and one of the main causes of disease-related death. Even with considerable progress in investigations on cancer therapy, effective anti-cancer agents and regimens have thus far been insufficient. There has been compelling evidence that natural phytochemicals and their derivatives have potent anti-cancer activities. Plant-based anti-cancer agents, such as etoposide, irinotecan, paclitaxel, and vincristine, are currently being applied in medical treatments for patients with cancer. Further, the efficacy of plenty of phytochemicals has been evaluated to discover a promising candidate for cancer therapy. For developing more effective cancer therapy, it is required to apprehend the molecular mechanism deployed by natural compounds. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been realized to play a pivotal role in regulating cellular signaling pathways, affecting the efficacy of therapeutic agents in cancer. This review presents a feature of phytochemicals with anti-cancer activity, focusing mainly on the relationship between phytochemicals and miRNAs, with insights into the role of miRNAs as the mediators and the regulators of anti-cancer effects of phytochemicals.
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Ding H, Yu X, Hang C, Gao K, Lao X, Jia Y, Yan Z. Ailanthone: A novel potential drug for treating human cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1489-1503. [PMID: 32724391 PMCID: PMC7377054 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular disease. In 2015, >8.7 million people died worldwide due to cancer, and by 2030 this figure is expected to increase to ~13.1 million. Tumor chemotherapy drugs have specific toxicity and side effects, and patients can also develop secondary drug resistance. To prevent and treat cancer, scientists have developed novel drugs with improved antitumor effects and decreased toxicity. Ailanthone (AIL) is a quassinoid extract from the traditional Chinese medicine plant Ailanthus altissima, which is known to have anti-inflammatory and antimalarial effects. An increasing number of studies have focused on AIL due to its antitumor activity. AIL can inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by up- or downregulating cancer-associated molecules, which ultimately leads to cancer cell death. Antitumor effects of AIL have been observed in melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, bladder, lung, breast, gastric and prostate cancer and vestibular neurilemmoma. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first review to describe the antitumor mechanisms of AIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Ding
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiuchong Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of The Medical School of Ningbo University and Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Chen Hang
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Kaijun Gao
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xifeng Lao
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Yangtao Jia
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Zhilong Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of The Medical School of Ningbo University and Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
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Bailly C. Anticancer properties and mechanism of action of the quassinoid ailanthone. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2203-2213. [PMID: 32239572 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ailanthone (AIT) is a quassinoid natural product isolated from the worldwide-distributed plant Ailanthus altissima. The drug displays multiple pharmacological properties, in particular significant antitumor effects against a variety of cancer cell lines in vitro. Potent in vivo activities have been evidenced in mice bearing hepatocellular carcinoma, nonsmall cell lung cancer and castration-resistant prostate cancer. This review focusses on the mechanism of action of AIT, notably to highlight the capacity of the drug to activate DNA damage responses, to inhibit the Hsp90 co-chaperone p23 and to modulate the expression of several microRNA. The interconnexion between these effects is discussed. The unique capacity of AIT to downregulate oncogenic miR-21 and to upregulate the tumor suppressor miRNAs miR-126, miR-148a, miR-195, and miR-449a is presented. AIT exploits several microRNAs to exert its anticancer effects in distinct tumor types. AIT is one of the rare antitumor natural products that binds to and strongly inhibits cochaperone p23, opening interesting perspectives to treat cancers. However, the toxicity profile of the molecule may limit its development as an anticancer drug, unless it can be properly formulated to prevent AIT-induced gastro-intestinal damages in particular. The antitumor properties of AIT and analogs are underlined, with the aim to encourage further pharmacological studies with this underexplored natural product and related quassinoids. HIGHLIGHTS: Ailanthone (AIT) is an anticancer quassinoid isolated from Ailanthus altissima It inhibits proliferation and induces cell death of many cancer cell types The drug activates DNA damage response and targets p23 cochaperone Up or downregulation of several microRNA by AIT contributes to the anticancer activity Analogs or specific formulations must be developed to prevent the toxicity of AIT.
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Cucci MA, Grattarola M, Dianzani C, Damia G, Ricci F, Roetto A, Trotta F, Barrera G, Pizzimenti S. Ailanthone increases oxidative stress in CDDP-resistant ovarian and bladder cancer cells by inhibiting of Nrf2 and YAP expression through a post-translational mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 150:125-135. [PMID: 32101771 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance represents one of the main obstacles in treating several types of cancer, including bladder and ovarian cancers, and it is characterized by an increase of cellular antioxidant potential. Nrf2 and YAP proteins play an important role in increasing chemoresistance and in inducing antioxidant enzymes. It has been reported that Ailanthone (Aila), a compound extracted from the Ailanthus Altissima, has an anticancer activity toward several cancer cell lines, including chemoresistant cell lines. We have examined the effect of Aila on proliferation, migration and expression of Nrf2 and YAP proteins in A2780 (CDDP-sensitive) and A2780/CP70 (CDDP-resistant) ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, to clarify the mechanism of Aila action we extended our studies to sensitive and CDDP-resistant 253J-BV bladder cancer cells, which have been used in a previous study on the effect of Aila. Results demonstrated that Aila exerted an inhibitory effect on growth and colony formation of sensitive and CDDP-resistant ovarian cancer cells and reduced oriented cell migration with higher effectiveness in CDDP resistant cells. Moreover, Aila strongly reduced Nrf2 and YAP protein expression and reduced the expression of the Nrf2 target GSTA4, and the YAP/TEAD target survivin. In CDDP-resistant ovarian and bladder cancer cells the intracellular oxidative stress level was lower with respect to the sensitive cells. Moreover, Aila treatment further reduced the superoxide anion content of CDDP-resistant cells in correlation with the reduction of Nrf2 and YAP proteins. However, Aila treatment increased Nrf2 and YAP mRNA expression in all cancer cell lines. The inhibition of proteolysis by MG132, a proteasoma inhibitor, restored Nrf2 and YAP protein expressions, suggesting that the Aila effect was at post-translational level. In accordance with this observation, we found an increase of the Nrf2 inhibitor Keap1, a reduction of p62/SQSTM1, a Nrf2 target which leads Keap1 protein to the autophagic degradation, and a reduction of P-YAP. Moreover, UCHL1 deubiquitinase expression, which was increased in bladder and ovarian resistant cells, was down-regulated by Aila treatment. In conclusion we demonstrated that Aila can reduce proliferation and migration of cancer cells through a mechanism involving a post translational reduction of Nrf2 and YAP proteins which, in turn, entailed an increase of oxidative stress particularly in the chemoresistant lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Angèle Cucci
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Margherita Grattarola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri-IRCCS", Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ricci
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri-IRCCS", Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Roetto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Barrera
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Pizzimenti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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20
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Melnik BC. Milk exosomal miRNAs: potential drivers of AMPK-to-mTORC1 switching in β-cell de-differentiation of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:85. [PMID: 31827573 PMCID: PMC6898964 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) steadily increases in prevalence since the 1950's, the period of widespread distribution of refrigerated pasteurized cow's milk. Whereas breastfeeding protects against the development of T2DM in later life, accumulating epidemiological evidence underlines the role of cow's milk consumption in T2DM. Recent studies in rodent models demonstrate that during the breastfeeding period pancreatic β-cells are metabolically immature and preferentially proliferate by activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and suppression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Weaning determines a metabolic switch of β-cells from a proliferating, immature phenotype with low insulin secretion to a differentiated mature phenotype with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, less proliferation, reduced mTORC1- but increased AMPK activity. Translational evidence presented in this perspective implies for the first time that termination of milk miRNA transfer is the driver of this metabolic switch. miRNA-148a is a key inhibitor of AMPK and phosphatase and tensin homolog, crucial suppressors of mTORC1. β-Cells of diabetic patients return to the postnatal phenotype with high mTORC1 and low AMPK activity, explained by continuous transfer of bovine milk miRNAs to the human milk consumer. Bovine milk miRNA-148a apparently promotes β-cell de-differentiation to the immature mTORC1-high/AMPK-low phenotype with functional impairments in insulin secretion, increased mTORC1-driven endoplasmic reticulum stress, reduced autophagy and early β-cell apoptosis. In contrast to pasteurized cow's milk, milk's miRNAs are inactivated by bacterial fermentation, boiling and ultra-heat treatment and are missing in current infant formula. Persistent milk miRNA signaling adds a new perspective to the pathogenesis of T2DM and explains the protective role of breastfeeding but the diabetogenic effect of continued milk miRNA signaling by persistent consumption of pasteurized cow's milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7A, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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Lebedev VG, Krutovsky KV, Shestibratov KA. …Fell Upas Sits, the Hydra-Tree of Death †, or the Phytotoxicity of Trees. Molecules 2019; 24:E1636. [PMID: 31027270 PMCID: PMC6514861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of natural products that can serve as natural herbicides and insecticides is a promising direction because of their greater safety for humans and environment. Secondary metabolites of plants that are toxic to plants and insects-allelochemicals-can be used as such products. Woody plants can produce allelochemicals, but they are studied much less than herbaceous species. Meanwhile, there is a problem of interaction of woody species with neighboring plants in the process of introduction or invasion, co-cultivation with agricultural crops (agroforestry) or in plantation forestry (multiclonal or multispecies plantations). This review describes woody plants with the greatest allelopathic potential, allelochemicals derived from them, and the prospects for their use as biopesticides. In addition, the achievement of and the prospects for the use of biotechnology methods in relation to the allelopathy of woody plants are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim G Lebedev
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospect Nauki, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Konstantin V Krutovsky
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
- Laboratory of Forest Genomics, Genome Research and Education Center, Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 50a/2 Akademgorodok, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, 495 Horticulture Rd, College Station, TX 77843-2138, USA.
| | - Konstantin A Shestibratov
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospect Nauki, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia.
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Zheng GD, Hu PJ, Chao YX, Zhou Y, Yang XJ, Chen BZ, Yu XY, Cai Y. Nobiletin induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma C666-1 cells through regulating PARP-2/SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1104-1112. [PMID: 30918653 PMCID: PMC6418462 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Nobiletin, a major polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) from citri reticulatae pericarpium (CRP), can inhibit several forms of cancer proliferation. However, the effects of nobiletin on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) C666-1 cells remain largely unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) assay was used to measure cell vitality. Flow cytometry was performed to measure the apoptosis rate. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis were applied to determine the expression of mRNA and protein, respectively. RESULTS We showed that the proliferation rate of C666-1 cells was inhibited and the apoptosis rate was raised after treating with nobiletin. Moreover, nobiletin inhibited the expression of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-2 (PARP-2), and the tumor suppression effect of nobiletin on C666-1 is associated with PARP-2-dependent pathway. CONCLUSION We demonstrated for the first time that nobiletin inhibited the growth of C666-1 cells, which may be relative to its regulation on PARP-2/SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway. Our result implied that nobiletin may serve as a strategy to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Dong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical PharmacologyState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 511436China
| | - Ping Jun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical PharmacologyState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 511436China
| | - Ying Xin Chao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical PharmacologyState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 511436China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical PharmacologyState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 511436China
| | - Xiu Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical PharmacologyState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 511436China
| | - Bai Zhong Chen
- Guangdong Xinbaotang Biological Technology Co, LtdJiangmenChina
| | - Xi Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical PharmacologyState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 511436China
| | - Yi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical PharmacologyState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 511436China
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