Diacerein ameliorates letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats

Ameliorative potential of rosmarinic acid in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome: Targeting MCP-1 and VEGF: A histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical study

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multidisciplinary endocrinopathy that affects women of reproductive age. It is characterized by menstrual complications, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular issues. The current research investigated the efficacy of rosmarinic acid in letrozole-induced PCOS in adult female rats as well as the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Forty female rats were divided into the control group, the rosmarinic acid group (50 mg/kg per orally, po) for 21 days, PCOS group; PCOS was induced by administration of letrozole (1 mg/kg po) for 21 days, and rosmarinic acid-PCOS group, received rosmarinic acid after PCOS induction. PCOS resulted in a marked elevation in both serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels and LH/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio with a marked reduction in serum estradiol and progesterone levels. A marked rise in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (messenger RNA) in the ovarian tissue was reported. The histological analysis displayed multiple cystic follicles in the ovarian cortex with markedly thin granulosa cell layer, vacuolated granulosa and theca cell layers, and desquamated granulosa cells. Upregulation in the immune expression of TNF-α and caspase-3 was demonstrated in the ovarian cortex. Interestingly, rosmarinic acid ameliorated the biochemical and histopathological changes. In conclusion, rosmarinic acid ameliorates letrozole-induced PCOS through its anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis effects.

Comparative analysis of oral and local intraovarian administration of metformin and nanoparticles (NPs11) in alleviating testosterone-induced polycystic ovary syndrome in rats

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine and metabolic dysfunction. This study aims to compare the oral and local treatments of metformin or its nanoparticles (NPs11) for ameliorating PCOS in rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups: the control group with no drug treatment; the PCOS group, where subcutaneous testosterone was given (10 mg/kg/day) for 28 days; the MET group, where metformin was administered orally or locally; and the NP group, where metformin NPs11 were also administered orally or locally. Oral administrations were for 21 days, while local injection was performed once surgically. After 7 weeks, all rats were sacrificed; blood glucose and serum hormonal levels and lipid profile were estimated, and the ovaries were assessed by histopathological, Ki-67 immunohistochemical, and histomorphometric evaluations. Blood glucose levels were significantly decreased in groups of orally administered metformin or NPs11 only, while the most efficient option for modulating PCOS-induced hormonal and lipid profile changes was intraovarian injection of NPs11. The ovaries of PCOS rats demonstrated large follicular cysts, massive collagen depositions, and attenuated Ki-67 immunoexpression. Also, the PCOS group revealed a significant decrease in the count of all stages of growing follicles, corpora lutea, granulosa cell layer thickness, and surface area of corpora lutea, in addition to an increase in the number of atretic follicles and follicular cysts, theca cell layer thickness, and surface area of the follicular cysts. All these parameters were recovered with metformin or their NPs11 treatments in different degrees, while local injection of NPs11 was the best option.

Role of Nrf2/HO-1, PPAR-γ, and cytoglobin signals in the pathogenesis of methotrexate-induced testicular intoxication in rats and the protective effect of diacerein

Methotrexate (MTX) is an inhibitor of folic acid reductase used in managing a variety of malignancies. Testicular injury by MTX is one of its serious adverse effects. The current investigation aims to assess the protective effects of diacerein (DIA) on testicular injury by MTX and clarify the possible underlying mechanisms. Testicular injury in rats was induced by a single injection of 20 mg/kg body weight of MTX. DIA was given in 25 mg/kg body weight/day and 50 mg/kg body weight/day doses for 10 days. Compared to the MTX group, DIA attenuated testicular intoxication as evidenced by improvement of testicular histopathological abnormalities and increased serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone. DIA attenuated testicular oxidative stress changes by lowering testicular MDA and boosting GSH content and SOD activity. Moreover, administration of DIA attenuated MTX-induced testicular inflammation, as proved by decreased TNF-α and IL-6. At the molecular level, DIA induced significant upregulation in Nrf2, HO-1, PPAR-γ, and cytoglobin protein expression. The present results proved that DIA, in a dose-dependent manner, exhibited notable amelioration of testicular toxicity induced by MTX through augmentation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects combined by upregulating Nrf2/HO-1, PPAR-γ, and cytoglobin signaling.

Fisetin mitigates letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats: crosstalk of AMPK/PI3K/AKT-mediated-Nrf2 antioxidant defense mechanism and the inflammasome NLRP3/NF-κB P65/IL-1β signaling pathways

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent condition affecting reproductive-aged women, causing insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, weight gain, and menstrual problems. The present study intended to investigate the potential role of fisetin (FT) in letrozole (LZ)-induced PCOS in adult female rats and the possible mechanism underlying its action. PCOS was induced by oral administration of LZ (1 mg/kg) for 21 days. Treated rats received FT (1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg) orally once daily for 14 consecutive days. Following the experimental duration, blood samples and ovary tissues were isolated and preserved for biochemical and histopathological examinations. The results revealed that LZ-induced PCOS led to significant abnormalities in sex hormones and metabolic parameters. Additionally, it initiated an inflammatory cascade, evidenced by activation of the NF-κB p65/IL-1β and AMPK/PI3K/AKT pathways, alongside downregulation of Nrf2 ovarian gene expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activity, which enhanced the production of proinflammatory cytokines. FT demonstrated its beneficial impacts by restoring hormonal disturbance and reversing the imbalanced metabolic parameters. Moreover, FT increased the mRNA of ovarian Nrf2 levels and suppressed the up-regulated inflammatory IL-1β/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway, consequently alleviating the elevated levels of ovarian NLRP3. The histopathological examination also confirmed that FT has a beneficial effect in ameliorating PCOS, consistent with the aforementioned parameters. Finally, the present results demonstrated that FT ameliorates LZ-induced PCOS through the intricate interplay between the AMPK/PI3K/AKT-mediated Nrf2 antioxidant defense mechanism and the regulation of the inflammasome NLRP3/NF-κB p65/IL-1β signaling pathways.

Synergistic Amelioration of Letrozole-induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Rats: A Therapeutic Approach with Apple Cider Vinegar and Metformin Combination

The present study was conducted to evaluate the combination effect of apple cider vinegar (ACV) and metformin against letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Female Wistar rats were administered letrozole (1 mg/kg/day, p.o) for 21 days, except for the control group of animals. On the 22nd day, PCOS-induced animals were segregated into 4 groups and administered with CMC, ACV, metformin, and a combination of ACV and metformin, respectively. The treatments were continued for 15 days, and on the 36th day, all the animals were sacrificed for biochemical (blood glucose, lipid profile), hormonal (sex hormones and adiponectin), and pro-inflammatory mediator estimations in blood samples. The ovarian tissue samples were used for oxidative stress parameters and histological alterations. The PCOS control animals showed a significant alteration in the estrous cycle. The administration of letrozole resulted in the alteration of hormonal balance and elevation of body weights, glycemic state, lipid profile, pro-inflammatory mediators in serum, and oxidative stress in ovarian samples. Individual treatment groups and combination treatment groups reversed the letrozole-induced alterations in PCOS animals, and more promising results were observed with combination therapy than with individual treatment groups. Further, the therapeutic potential of the combination treatment group was also confirmed by the histological observations in the ovarian samples. The study showed that the combination of ACV and metformin significantly alleviated letrozole-induced PCOS complications in rats. This might have been achieved by mitigating the hormonal imbalance, pro-inflammatory, hyperglycemic, and hyperlipidemic states in serum, and oxidative stress in the ovary samples.

Renoprotective effect of diacetylrhein on diclofenac-induced acute kidney injury in rats via modulating Nrf2/NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD signaling pathways

Diclofenac (DF)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by glomerular dysfunction and acute tubular necrosis. Due to limited treatment approaches, effective and safe drug therapy to protect against such AKI is still needed. Diacetylrhein (DAR), an anthraquinone derivative, has different antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the renoprotective effect of DAR on DF-induced AKI while elucidating the potential underlying mechanism. Our results showed that DAR (50 and 100 mg/kg) markedly abrogated DF-induced kidney dysfunction decreasing SCr, BUN, serum NGAL, and serum KIM1 levels. Moreover, DAR treatment remarkably maintained renal redox balance and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers in the kidney. Mechanistically, DAR boosted Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response in the kidney while suppressing renal TLR4/NF-κB and NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition, DAR markedly inhibited renal pyroptosis via targeting of GSDMD activation. Collectively, this study confirmed that the interplay between Nrf2/HO-1 and TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathways and pyroptotic cell death mediates DF-induced AKI and reported that DAR has a dose-dependent renoprotective effect on DF-induced AKI in rats. This effect is due to powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyroptotic activities that could provide a promising treatment approach to protect against DF-induced AKI.

Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome-A potential mechanistic therapeutic for treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome?

This review article explores the relationship between the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and the risk of developing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The NLRP3 inflammasome, a fundamental element of the innate immune system, plays a crucial role in the production of proinflammatory mediators and pyroptosis, a type inflammatory cell death. We conducted a thorough search on scientific databases to gather relevant information on this topic, utilizing relevant keywords. The reviewed studies indicated a correlation between PCOS and a higher incidence of granulosa cell (GC) death and the presence of ovarian tissue fibrosis. NLRP3 inflammasome stimulation and subsequent pyroptosis in GCs play a significant role in the pathophysiology of PCOS. Active NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in the production of inflammatory mediators like interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18, contributing to the development of PCOS, particularly in overweight patients. Therefore, inhibiting NLRP3 activation and pyroptosis could potentially offer novel therapeutic strategies for PCOS. Some limited studies have explored the use of agents with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as gene therapy approaches, to target the NLRP3 and pyroptosis signaling pathways. This study overview the understanding of the relationship between NLRP3 inflammasome activation, pyroptosis, and PCOS. It highlights the potential of targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome as an approach for treating PCOS. Nonetheless, further research and clinical trials are imperative to validate these results and explore the effectiveness of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition in the management of PCOS.

Selenium Nanoparticles Modulate Steroidogenesis-Related Genes and Improve Ovarian Functions via Regulating Androgen Receptors Expression in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Rat Model

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) occurs during the reproductive period in women and is characterized by reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic disorders. Androgen plays a decisive role in its pathogenesis due to the interaction between hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance, which might be improved by selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). The present study aimed to clarify the effect of SeNPs on androgen synthesis and action in the PCOS model and the resulting effect on ovarian function. Fifty-five 7-week-old female albino rats (90-105 g) were divided equally into five groups: control (C), fed a standard diet for 11 weeks; high-fat diet (HFD) group, fed HFD for 11 weeks; HFD and letrozole (L) (HFD + L), fed HFD for 11 weeks and administrated orally with L, at a daily dose of 1 mg/kg BW, for three weeks from the 7th to 9th week of the trial; HFD + L + 0.1SeNPs and HFD + L + 0.2SeNPs groups, treated the same as HFD + L group and orally gavaged SeNPs at daily doses of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg BW, respectively, during the last 14 day of the experiment. Daily determination of estrous cycle was performed, and at the end of the experimental period, BMI, serum glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, lipid profile, sex hormones, TNF-α, IL6, oxidative stress biomarkers, ovarian mRNA expression of different proteins and enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, pathological examination, and immunohistochemical staining for androgen receptor (AR) were evaluated. Treatment of SeNPs restored estrous cyclicity, decreased BMI, and insulin resistance, improved dyslipidemia, reduced serum testosterone, and improved ovarian histopathology in PCOS rats. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant impacts of SeNPs were remarkably noticed. Administration of SeNPs decreased androgen synthesis and expression of ovarian AR protein by decreasing the mRNA expression of STAR, Cyp11A1, Cyp17A1, and HSD17B3 and increasing the expression of Cyp19α1. Conclusively, SeNPs decreased androgen synthesis and blocked the vicious circle initiated by excessive androgen secretion via decreased AR expression. Thus, it may effectively treat PCOS cases by eliminating its reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic dysfunctions.

Therapeutic Effect of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Extracts on Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and its Complications in Murine Model

Background

Tinosopora cordifolia (Willd) (TC) is commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine since long time for number of ailments and its preparations are also considered by food safety and standards authority of India as nutritional supplement. However the scientific evidence on its possible safety and efficacy in polycystic ovarian syndrome and associated complications was not studied in detail.

Objectives

The purpose of this investigation is to examine whether or not TC can have therapeutic effects on letrozole induced PCOS and related complications such as body weight, dyslipidaemia, glucose tolerance, hormonal regulation, insulin resistance and sensitivity, severity of PCOS and histopathological changes in ovary using mice animal model.

Design

Present study is a preclinical study involving laboratory animals.

Methods and analysis

After verifying the absence of PCOS, the animals began receiving Letrozole, which lasted for 21 days. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), triglycerides, cholesterol, and weight were recorded. The levels of hormones like oestrogen, progesterone, insulin, testosterone, luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), histopathology was carried out.

Ethics

The Institutional Animal Ethics Committee at DITU gave its clearance to the animal experimentation on July 10, 2021 (DITU/IAEC/21-22/07-06).

Discussion

The majority of cornified epithelial cells were seen in groups treated with TC extract during the estrous phase of the cycle. Mice exposed to TC retained normal body weight. FBG, 1- and 2-hour OGTT, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were all significantly improved by extracts. Estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, insulin, LH and FSH concentration were all corrected in TC-treated animals. The HOMA-IR, HOMA-Beta and QUICKI values were also corrected with TC extracts. The morphological and microscopic features of the ovary were also greatly enhanced. Based on these findings, we conclude that treating PCOS mice with TC extracts significantly ameliorates the disease and severity down to nil-to-moderate levels by reducing hyperinsulinemia, hyperandrogenism, dyslipidaemia, enhancing insulin sensitivity, correcting oestrogen, progesterone, LH and FSH levels via enhanced ovarian function. Further molecular and cellular level of study is recommended for further elaboration of mechanism of action.

Plain language summaries

• Tinospora cordifolia satva, oil and hydroalcoholic extract were studied in letrozole-induced PCOS in mice model• Anti PCOS efficacy of 3 preparations studied with respect to their mechanism of action in detail• For the first time proposing method of calculating severity of PCOS in animal model• Tinospora cordifolia oil preparation completely reversed PCOS effect of letrozole and made them normal• Histopathological and morphological studies support the biochemical claims.

Role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in gynecological disease

The NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in the innate immune system and is a three-part macromolecular complex comprising the NLRP3 protein, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and the cysteine protease pro-caspase-1. When the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated, it can produce interleukin (IL)- 1β and IL-18 and eventually lead to inflammatory cell pyroptosis. Related studies have demonstrated that the NLRP3 inflammasome can induce an immune response and is related to the occurrence and development of gynecological diseases, such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome and breast cancer. NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors are beneficial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and tissue health and have been found effective in targeting some gynecological diseases. However, excessive inhibitor concentrations have been found to cause adverse effects. Therefore, proper control of NLRP3 inflammasome activity is critical. This paper summarizes the structure and function of the NLRP3 inflammasome and highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting it in gynecological diseases, such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome and breast cancer The application of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors is also discussed.

Single-cell sequencing provides insights into the landscape of ovary in PCOS and alterations induced by CUMS

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder related to psychological distress. However, the mechanism underlying increased prevalence of depression in PCOS remained unclear. This study aimed to explore the unique transcriptional landscape of ovary and offered a platform to explore the mechanism of PCOS, as well as the influences caused by depression. The PCOS rat model was established by letrozole whereas PCOS rat model with depression was established by letrozole combined with chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS). Then single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) was applied to analyze the transcriptional features of rat ovaries. Granulosa cells (GCs) and fibroblasts (Fibros) accounted for the top two clusters of total 12 cell types. There were nine clusters in GCs, related to inflammatory response, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and steroidogenesis. The expression of differentially expressed genes (DEG) Hes1 was higher in PCOS and PCOS + CUMS groups, exhibiting enhanced expression by pseudotime and positively related to inflammation. Pseudotemporal analysis revealed that inflammation contributed to the different GCs distributions. Moreover, analysis of DEGs and gene ontology (GO) function enrichment revealed CUMS aggravated inflammation in PCOS GCs possibly via interferon signaling pathway. In theca cells (TCs), nine clusters were observed and some of them were relevant to inflammation, ER stress, and lipid metabolism. DEGs Ass1, Insl3, and Ifi27 were positively related to Cyp17a1, and Ces1d might contribute to the different trajectory of TCs. Subsequent scRNA-seq revealed a signature profile of endothelial cells (ECs) and Fibros, which suggest that inflammation-induced damage of ECs and Fibro, further exacerbated by CUMS. Finally, analysis of T cells and mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) revealed the existence of immune dysfunction, among which interferon signaling played a critical role. These findings provided more knowledge for a better understanding PCOS from the view of inflammation and identified new biomarkers and targets for the treatment of PCOS with psychological diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we mapped the landscape of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) ovary with rat model induced by letrozole and provided a novel insight into the molecular mechanism of PCOS accompanied by chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) at single-cell transcriptomic level. These observations highlight the importance of inflammation in the pathogenesis of PCOS, which might also be the bridge between PCOS and psychological diseases.

The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Obesity and PCOS-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Inflammasomes have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory disorders, such as diabetes and obesity. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the possible role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted to identify studies investigating NLRP3 its related components (Caspase 1, ASC and IL-1β) in adipose tissue and/or blood from obese individuals compared to non-obese controls. Another search was conducted for studies investigating NLRP3 in PCOS women and animal models. The ssearched databases included Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Clinicaltrials.gov, the EU Clinical Trials Register and the WHO International Clinical Trials Register. The quality and risk of bias for the included articles were assessed using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Data were extracted and pooled using RevMan software for the calculation of the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Twelve eligible studies were included in the obesity systematic review and nine in the PCOS review. Of the obesity studies, nine (n = 270) were included in the meta-analysis, which showed a significantly higher adipose tissue NLRP3 gene expression in obese (n = 186) versus non-obese (n = 84) participants (SMD 1.07; 95% CI, 0.27, 1.87). Pooled analysis of adipose tissue IL-1β data from four studies showed significantly higher IL-1β gene expression levels in adipose tissue from 88 obese participants versus 39 non-obese controls (SMD 0.56; 95% CI, 0.13, 0.99). Meta-analysis of adipose tissue ASC data from four studies showed a significantly higher level in obese (n = 109) versus non-obese (n = 42) individuals (SMD 0.91, 95% CI, 0.30, 1.52). Of the nine PCOS articles, three were human (n = 185) and six were animal studies utilizing PCOS rat/mouse models. All studies apart from one article consistently showed upregulated NLRP3 and its components in PCOS women and animal models. In conclusion, obesity and PCOS seem to be associated with upregulated expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components. Further research is required to validate these findings and to elucidate the role of NLRP3 in obesity and PCOS.

High Fat Diet Exaggerate Metabolic and Reproductive PCOS Features by Promoting Oxidative Stress: An Improved EV Model in Rats

Background and Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent multifactorial endocrinopathy affecting women in the reproductive period, often associated with infertility and metabolic disorders. The use of animal models helps to better understand etiopathogenesis, enabling the examination of the effects of certain drugs in order to discover the best possible therapeutic approach. We tried to investigate the additional effect of estradiol-valerate (EV) and high-fat diet (HFD) in female rats to explore PCOS-related alterations with special focus on oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into three groups: control group (CTRL, n = 6), estradiol-valerate group (EV, n = 6), and estradiol-valerate group on HFD (EV + HFD, n = 6). PCOS was induced by single subcutaneous injection of long-acting EV in a dose of 4 mg/per rat. We tried to improve the metabolic characteristics of the PCOS animal model by adding HFD, so the CTRL and EV group had a regular diet, while the EV + HFD group had HFD during the induction period of 60 days. Results: We observed alterations of anthropometric parameters and hormonal disturbances, along with estrus cycle impairment reassembly to obese-type PCOS phenotype. Moreover, glucose metabolism was impaired after addition of HFD to EV protocol, contrary to EV administered alone. Histological analysis confirmed more numerous cystic follicles after the combination of EV and HFD protocol. The alterations of oxidative stress markers could be related to and serve as the mechanistic base for development of PCOS-related endocrine, reproductive, and metabolic properties. Conclusions: The additive effect of EV and HFD was obvious in the majority of the parameters observed. Our study strongly demonstrated metabolic as well as reproductive properties of PCOS in rats.

Regulation of Insulin Resistance, Lipid Profile and Glucose Metabolism Associated with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Tinospora cordifolia

Background: The plant Tinospora cordifolia (TC), traditionally known as guduchi or giloy, is used for a number of health conditions as a nutritional supplement and rejuvenation medicine. Its nutritional supplementary products are traditionally recommended for a wide range of health issues, including diabetes, menstruation discomfort, fever, obesity, inflammation, and more. Unfortunately, there has not been extensive research into its effectiveness in treating or managing insulin resistance, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, hormonal imbalance, and metabolic syndrome-associated polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: Consequently, the present study was designed to induce insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hormonal abnormality, hyperglycemia, and menstrual disturbance of PCOS using dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in mice and study the effect of oral TC extracts on these factors by using ancient and modern technologies. During the 21-day study, 6 mg/100 g/day of DHEA was given to female mice. Levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, and hormones were estimated. In addition to being seen with the naked eye, the morphological and microscopic changes were also observed on histology slides. Results: The study outcomes show that pretreatment with TC preparations significantly improved biochemical and histological abnormalities in female mice. Diestrus phase was only observed in DHEA-treated animals, while cornified epithelial cells were present in TC-treated mice. Pretreatment with TC satva showed significant (p < 0.001) reductions in body weight compared to placebo. Fasting blood glucose, 1-h OGTT, and 2-h OGTT levels were all significantly lower in TC satva- and oil-treated animals in comparison to the disease control group (p < 0.001). Treatment with TC extracts resulted in a normalization of estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone levels (p < 0.05). Treatment with TC extract improved lipid profiles (p < 0.001), LH/FSH ratios (p < 0.01), fasting insulin levels (p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (p < 0.001), HOMA-Beta (p < 0.001), and QUICKI (p < 0.001). Both macroscopic and microscopic alterations were seen to be restored after TC extract treatment. After being treated with TC satva, oil, and hydroalcoholic extract, the severity of PCOS decreased by 54.86%. Conclusions: These findings lead us to the conclusion that TC extracts and satva as nutritional supplements are useful for treating PCOS and associated symptoms. It is recommended that additional research be conducted to determine the molecular mechanism of action of TC nutritional supplements on PCOS-related changes in metabolic profiles. We also recommend further clinical studies to explore the clinical efficacy and effectiveness of TC nutritional supplements in treating and/or managing PCOS.

Role of diacerein on steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis related genes in ovary of letrozole-induced PCOS mice

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an intricate and multifaceted metabolic-endocrine disorder that typically affects 6-20% of women of reproductive age and accounts for 70-80% of all occurrences of infertility globally. In this study we focussed on the effect of diacerein (DIC) on steroidogenesis and follicle development in addition to the basic metabolic and endocrine problems which are associated with PCOS. Eighteen mature female parkes strain mice were separated into three groups at random with 6 animals in a group as follows: Group I, received water and normal diet for 66 days; group II received letrozole (LETZ) (6 mg/kg bw) for the induction of PCOS; Group III received LETZ (6 mg/kg) for 3 weeks followed by the administration of DIC (35mg/kg) for 45 days. In our study we observed that mice with PCOS had irregular estrous cycle with increased LH/FSH, estrogen level and decline in expression of Kitl, Bmp, Cyp11a1, CYP19a1, Ar, lhr, Fshr and Esr1 as well as decreased SOD and CAT activity in ovary. Moreover, we observed increase in the expression of CYP17a1, as well as increase in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, testosterone, LH, VEGF and insulin levels. All these changes were reversed after the administration of DIC in PCOS mice. Diacerin administration reversed abnormalities in mice with PCOS by modulating the regulation of genes which are related to steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis.

Transcriptomic screening to identify hub genes and drug signatures for PCOS based on RNA-Seq data in granulosa cells

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most incident reproductive diseases, and remains the main cause of female infertility. Granulosa cells play a critical role in normal follicle development and steroid hormones synthesis. In spite of extensive research, no sole medication has been approved by FDA to treat PCOS. This study aimed to investigate the novel therapeutics targets in PCOS, focusing on granulosa cells transcriptome functional analysis with a drug repositioning approach.

METHODS

PCOS microarray and RNA-Seq datasets in granulosa cells were screened and reanalyzed. KEGG pathway enrichment and interaction network analyses were performed and followed by a set of drug signature screening and Poly-pharmacology survey.

RESULTS

545 deregulated genes were identified via filters including p_adj < 0.05 and |log2FC| > 1. Amongst the top 15 KEGG pathways significantly enriched, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, steroid hormone biosynthesis and ovarian steroidogenesis were observed. The Protein-Protein Interaction network identified 18 hub genes amongst this set. Interestingly, most candidate drug signatures have been introduced by databases are either FDA approved or entered into clinical trials, including melatonin, resveratrol and raloxifene. Investigational or experimental introduced drugs obey rules of drug-likeness with almost safe and acceptable ADMET properties. Notably, 21 top target genes of the final drug set were also included in the granulosa significant differentially expressed genes.

CONCLUSION

Results of the current study represent approved, investigational and experimental drug signatures according to the differentially expressed genes in granulosa cells with supported literature reviews. This data might be useful for researchers and clinicians to pave the way for better management of PCOS.

Ketogenic diet restores hormonal, apoptotic/proliferative balance and enhances the effect of metformin on a letrozole-induced polycystic ovary model in rats

OBJECTIVE

Polycystic ovaries (PCO) is a hormonal disorder that is a leading cause of infertility. The formation of multiple persistent cysts and hormonal imbalance are hallmarks of PCO. Recent clinical studies reported a beneficial effect of the ketogenic diet (KD; high-fat, low-carbohydrate) on PCO. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the KD alone and in combination with metformin on letrozole-induced PCO in female rats.

METHODS

Female rats were grouped into control and PCO (letrozole; 1 mg/kg for 21 days). The PCO group was subdivided into PCO (non-treated), PCO-metformin (300 mg/kg), PCO rats fed with KD only, and PCO rats treated with metformin and fed with KD. All groups continued to receive letrozole during the 21-day treatment period. At the end of the experiment, serum and ovaries were collected for further analysis.

RESULTS

The untreated-PCO rats showed increased testosterone, LH/FSH ratio, and ovary weights. Disturbed apoptosis and proliferation balance were evident as a low caspase-3 activation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression and increased TGF-β expression. The KD improved the letrozole-induced effects, which was comparable to the effect of metformin. Combining the KD with metformin treatment additively enhanced the metformin effect.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that the KD has a protective role against PCO in rats, especially when combined with metformin. This study reveals a potential therapeutic role of the KD in PCO, which could prompt valuable future clinical applications.

Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome across various tissues: an updated review of pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by chronic ovulation dysfunction and overabundance of androgens; it affects 6-20% of women of reproductive age. PCOS involves various pathophysiological factors, and affected women usually have significant insulin resistance (IR), which is a major cause of PCOS. IR and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia have differing pathogeneses in various tissues, and IR varies among different PCOS phenotypes. Genetic and epigenetic changes, hyperandrogenaemia, and obesity aggravate IR. Insulin sensitization drugs are a new treatment modality for PCOS. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, and UpToDate databases in this review, and focused on the pathogenesis of IR in women with PCOS and the pathophysiology of IR in various tissues. In addition, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the current progress in the efficacy of insulin sensitization therapy in the management of PCOS, providing the latest evidence for the clinical treatment of women with PCOS and IR.

Modeling Obesity-Associated Ovarian Dysfunction in Drosophila

We perform quantitative studies to investigate the effect of high-calorie diet on Drosophila oogenesis. We use the central composite design (CCD) method to obtain quadratic regression models of body fat and fertility as a function of the concentrations of protein and sucrose, two major macronutrients in Drosophila diet, and treatment duration. Our results reveal complex interactions between sucrose and protein in impacting body fat and fertility when they are considered as an integrated physiological response. We verify the utility of our quantitative modeling approach by experimentally confirming the physiological responses-including increased body fat, reduced fertility, and ovarian insulin insensitivity-expected of a treatment condition identified by our modeling method. Under this treatment condition, we uncover a Drosophila oogenesis phenotype that exhibits an accumulation of immature oocytes and a halt in the production of mature oocytes, a phenotype that bears resemblance to key aspects of the human condition of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Our analysis of the dynamic progression of different aspects of diet-induced pathophysiology also suggests an order of the onset timing for obesity, ovarian dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Thus, our study documents the utility of quantitative modeling approaches toward understanding the biology of Drosophila female reproduction, in relation to diet-induced obesity and type II diabetes, serving as a potential disease model for human ovarian dysfunction.

Dysregulation of intraovarian redox status and steroidogenesis pathway in letrozole-induced PCOS rat model: a possible modulatory role of l-Carnitine

Background

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a reproductive disorder associated with several endocrine and metabolic alterations. The mechanism underlying this syndrome is controversial. On the other hand, drugs used for the treatment are associated with several side effects and poor in controlling PCOS phenotype. l-Carnitine (LC) has been reported to have a significant regulatory function on the redox and metabolic status of female reproductive system. Nevertheless, its regulatory pathways to regulate PCOS are still under investigation. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of LC on the steroidogenic pathways, oxidative stress markers and metabolic profile in letrozole (LTZ)-induced PCOS rat model.

Methods

For this aim, animals were divided into four groups (n = 6). Control group, untreated letrozole-induced PCOS group (1 mg/kg bwt) for 21 days, PCOS group treated with l-Carnitine (100 mg/kg bwt) for 14 days and PCOS group treated with clomiphene citrate (2 mg/kg bwt) for 14 days. Finally, body and ovarian weight, metabolic state(glucose and lipid profile), hormonal assays (testosterone, 17 β estradiol, LH and FSH levels), intraovarian relative gene expression (CYP17A1, StAR, CYP11A1 and CYP19A1 genes), ovarian redox state (malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione content (GSH) and catalase enzyme activity (CAT)) as well as serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were detected. Also, histomorphometric ovarian evaluation (number and diameter of cystic follicles, granulosa cell thickness and theca cell thickness) as well as immune expression of caspase-3 of granulosa cells of cystic follicles were determined.

Results

LC significantly improved ovarian redox state (GSH, MDA and CAT), steroidogenic pathways gene expression (CYP17A1, StAR, CYP11A1 and CYP19A1 genes), hormonal profile (Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and estradiol), metabolic state (Glucose and lipid profile) histomorphometric alterations and decreased caspase 3 immune reaction of granulosa cells.

Conclusion

l-Carnitine supplementation can ameliorate the PCOS phenotype through its energetic, antioxidant and antiapoptotic functions as well as steroidogenesis regulatory role. This protocol could be modified to produce the best therapeutic benefits, and it could be regarded as a prospective therapeutic intervention for PCOS.

Kelulut Honey Ameliorates Oestrus Cycle, Hormonal Profiles, and Oxidative Stress in Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Rats

Kelulut honey (KH) has been proven to have excellent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties with unique physicochemical characteristics. Therefore, we investigated the isolated and combined effects of KH, metformin, or clomiphene in alleviating oxidative stress and reproductive and metabolic abnormalities in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were given 1 mg/kg/day of letrozole for 21 days to induce PCOS. PCOS rats were then divided into six treatment groups: untreated, metformin (500 mg/kg/day), clomiphene (2 mg/kg/day), KH (1 g/kg/day), combined KH (1 g/kg/day) and metformin (500 mg/kg/day), and combined KH (1 g/kg/day) and clomiphene (2 mg/kg/day). All treatments were administered orally for 35 days. The physicochemical characteristics of KH were assessed through hydroxymethylfurfural, free acidity, diastase number, moisture content, sugar profile, metals, and mineral compounds. Additionally, we determined the semivolatile organic compounds present in KH through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. KH and its combination with metformin or clomiphene were shown to improve the oestrus cycle, hormonal profile, and oxidative stress in PCOS rats. However, KH did not reduce the fasting blood glucose, insulin, and body weight gain in PCOS rats. These findings may provide a basis for future studies to discover the potential use of KH as a complementary treatment for women with PCOS.

Diacerein attenuate LPS-induced acute lung injury via inhibiting ER stress and apoptosis: Impact on the crosstalk between SphK1/S1P, TLR4/NFκB/STAT3, and NLRP3/IL-1β signaling pathways

AIMS

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening clinical problem with high mortality rate and limited treatments or preventive options that represents a major challenge for clinicians. Diacerein (DIA) is a multi-target anthraquinone derivative with potent anti-inflammatory action. The aim of this study is to assess the protective effect of DIA and its potential molecular targets against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administrated DIA (50 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5mg/kg).

KEY FINDINGS

DIA mitigated oxidative lung injury in LPS-challenged rats via significantly decreasing lung wet/dry (W/D) ratio, inflammatory cells infiltration, and lipid peroxidation, with concomitant elevation in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels in lung tissue. Likewise, DIA alleviated endoplasmic reticulum stress and markedly halted inflammation triggered by LPS challenge in pulmonary tissue by suppressing NLRP3/IL-1β and TLR4/NF-κB signaling with parallel decrease in proinflammatory cytokine levels. Interestingly, DIA down regulated Sphk1/S1P axis, reduced GSK-3β and STAT3 proteins expression, and markedly decreased caspase-3 besides increasing Bcl-2 levels in lung tissue of LPS-challenged animals. These biochemical findings was simultaneously associated with marked improvement in histological alterations of lung tissue.

SIGNIFICANCE

These findings verify the protective effect of DIA against LPS-induced ALI through targeting oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis. Importantly, DIA halted the hyperinflammatory state triggered by LPS via multi-faceted inhibitory effect on different signaling pathways, hence DIA could potentially reduce mortality in patients with ALI.

Effects of Kelulut Honey on Oestrus Cycle Regulation and Histomorphological Changes in Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Rats: A Preliminary Study

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex reproductive, metabolic, and endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age. Kelulut honey is stingless bee honey that possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and potent antioxidative activities in most conditions. However, its value in improving PCOS remains to be elucidated. Thus, this preliminary study aimed to determine the effective dose of Kelulut honey in oestrus cycle regulation and ovarian histomorphological changes in letrozole-induced PCOS rats. PCOS was induced in all-female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with 1 mg/kg/day of letrozole except for the control group for 21 days. Kelulut honey was then orally administered to the PCOS rats at the dose of 0.5, 1, or 2 g/kg/day, respectively, for 35 days. The oestrous cycle was determined through vaginal smears, while ovarian histomorphological changes were observed by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The untreated PCOS rats were characterised by irregular oestrous cyclicity, hyperglycaemia, and aberrant ovarian histology. In this study, Kelulut honey (1 g/kg/day) increased the number of corpus luteum and antral follicles (p < 0.05), improved the cystic follicle, and normalised the oestrus cycle (p < 0.05). This preliminary study demonstrated that Kelulut honey, particularly at a dose of 1 g/kg/day, has the potential to alleviate oestrus cycle dysregulation and ovarian histomorphological changes occurring in PCOS.