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Fu X, Chen Y, Luo X, Ide JS, Li CSR. Gray matter volumetric correlates of the polygenic risk of depression: A study of the Human Connectome Project data. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 87:2-12. [PMID: 38936229 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Genetic factors confer risks for depression. Understanding the neural endophenotypes, including brain morphometrics, of genetic predisposition to depression would help in unraveling the pathophysiology of depression. We employed voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to examine how gray matter volumes (GMVs) were correlated with the polygenic risk score (PRS) for depression in 993 young adults of the Human Connectome Project. The phenotype of depression was quantified with a DSM-oriented scale of the Achenbach Adult Self-Report. The PRS for depression was computed for each subject using the Psychiatric Genomics Association Study as the base sample. In multiple regression with age, sex, race, drinking severity, and total intracranial volume as covariates, regional GMVs in positive correlation with the PRS were observed in bilateral hippocampi and right gyrus rectus. Regional GMVs in negative correlation with the PRS were observed in a wide swath of brain regions, including bilateral frontal and temporal lobes, anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, lingual gyri, cerebellum, and the left postcentral gyrus, cuneus, and parahippocampal gyrus. We also found sex difference in anterior cingulate volumes in manifesting the genetic risk of depression. In addition, the GMV of the right cerebellum crus I partially mediated the link from PRS to depression severity. These findings add to the literature by highlighting 1) a more diverse pattern of the volumetric markers of depression, with most regions showing lower but others higher GMVs in association with the genetic risks of depression, and 2) the cerebellar GMV as a genetically informed neural phenotype of depression, in neurotypical individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Fu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Jaime S Ide
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Murata Y, Yoshimitsu S, Senoura C, Araki T, Kanayama S, Mori M, Ohe K, Mine K, Enjoji M. Sleep rebound leads to marked recovery of prolonged sleep deprivation-induced adversities in the stress response and hippocampal neuroplasticity of male rats. J Affect Disord 2024; 355:478-486. [PMID: 38574868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances are not only frequent symptoms, but also risk factors for major depressive disorder. We previously reported that depressed patients who experienced "Hypersomnia" showed a higher and more rapid response rate under paroxetine treatment, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study was conducted to clarify the beneficial effects of sleep rebound through an experimental "Hypersomnia" rat model on glucocorticoid and hippocampal neuroplasticity associated with antidepressive potency. METHODS Thirty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham treatment, 72-h sleep deprivation, or sleep deprivation and subsequent follow-up for one week. Approximately half of the animals were sacrificed to evaluate adrenal weight, plasma corticosterone level, hippocampal content of mRNA isoforms, and protein of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) gene. In the other half of the rats, Ki-67- and doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells in the hippocampus were counted via immunostaining to quantify adult neurogenesis. RESULTS Prolonged sleep deprivation led to adrenal hypertrophy and an increase in the plasma corticosterone level, which had returned to normal after one week follow-up. Of note, sleep deprivation-induced decreases in hippocampal Bdnf transcripts containing exons II, IV, VI, and IX and BDNF protein levels, Ki-67-(+)-proliferating cells, and DCX-(+)-newly-born neurons were not merely reversed, but overshot their normal levels with sleep rebound. LIMITATIONS The present study did not record electroencephalogram or assess behavioral changes of the sleep-deprived rats. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that prolonged sleep deprivation-induced adversities are reversed or recovered by sleep rebound, which supports "Hypersomnia" in depressed patients as having a beneficial pharmacological effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murata
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Sakuya Yoshimitsu
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Chiyo Senoura
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Toshiki Araki
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Saki Kanayama
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Mori
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohe
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mine
- Faculty of Neurology and Psychiatry, BOOCS CLINIC FUKUOKA, 6F Random Square Bldg., 6-18, Tenya-Machi, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0025, Japan
| | - Munechika Enjoji
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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Evans JW, Graves MC, Nugent AC, Zarate CA. Hippocampal volume changes after (R,S)-ketamine administration in patients with major depressive disorder and healthy volunteers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4538. [PMID: 38402253 PMCID: PMC10894199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus and amygdala have been implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Preclinical models suggest that stress-related changes in these regions can be reversed by antidepressants, including ketamine. Clinical studies have identified reduced volumes in MDD that are thought to be potentiated by early life stress and worsened by repeated depressive episodes. This study used 3T and 7T structural magnetic resonance imaging data to examine longitudinal changes in hippocampal and amygdalar subfield volumes associated with ketamine treatment. Data were drawn from a previous double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of healthy volunteers (HVs) unmedicated individuals with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) (3T: 18 HV, 26 TRD, 7T: 17 HV, 30 TRD) who were scanned at baseline and twice following either a 40 min IV ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) or saline infusion (acute: 1-2 days, interim: 9-10 days post infusion). No baseline differences were noted between the two groups. At 10 days post-infusion, a slight increase was observed between ketamine and placebo scans in whole left amygdalar volume in individuals with TRD. No other differences were found between individuals with TRD and HVs at either field strength. These findings shed light on the timing of ketamine's effects on cortical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Evans
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Bldg 10, Rm 7-3335, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Morgan C Graves
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Bldg 10, Rm 7-3335, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Allison C Nugent
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Bldg 10, Rm 7-3335, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- MEG Core, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Bldg 10, Rm 7-3335, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
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Cui W, Chen C, Gong L, Wen J, Yang S, Zheng M, Gao B, You J, Lin X, Hao Y, Chen Z, Wu Z, Gao L, Tang J, Yuan Z, Sun X, Jing L, Wen G. PGAM5 knockout causes depressive-like behaviors in mice via ATP deficiency in the prefrontal cortex. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14377. [PMID: 37622283 PMCID: PMC10848067 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects about 17% population in the world. Although abnormal energy metabolism plays an important role in the pathophysiology of MDD, however, how deficiency of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) products affects emotional circuit and what regulates ATP synthesis are still need to be elaborated. AIMS Our study aimed to investigate how deficiency of PGAM5-mediated depressive behavior. RESULTS We firstly discovered that PGAM5 knockout (PGAM5-/- ) mice generated depressive-like behaviors. The phenotype was reinforced by the observation that chronic unexpected mild stress (CUMS)-induced depressive mice exhibited lowered expression of PGAM5 in prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HIP), and striatum. Next, we found, with the using of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), that the functional connectivity between PFC reward system and the PFC volume were reduced in PGAM5-/- mice. PGAM5 ablation resulted in the loss of dendritic spines and lowered density of PSD95 in PFC, but not in HIP. Finally, we found that PGAM5 ablation led to lowered ATP concentration in PFC, but not in HIP. Coimmunoprecipitation study showed that PGAM5 directly interacted with the ATP F1 F0 synthase without influencing the interaction between ATP F1 F0 synthase and Bcl-xl. We then conducted ATP administration to PGAM5-/- mice and found that ATP could rescue the behavioral and neuronal phenotypes of PGAM5-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide convincing evidence that PGAM5 ablation generates depressive-like behaviors via restricting neuronal ATP production so as to impair the number of neuronal spines in PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Cui
- Department of Imaging Diagnostics, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Chunhui Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Liya Gong
- Department of Imaging Diagnostics, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Junyan Wen
- Department of Imaging Diagnostics, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Department of Imaging Diagnostics, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Baogui Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Junxiong You
- School of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xuecong Lin
- Department of Imaging Diagnostics, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yanyu Hao
- Department of Imaging Diagnostics, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhimin Chen
- Department of Imaging Diagnostics, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ziqi Wu
- Department of Imaging Diagnostics, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Liaoming Gao
- Department of Imaging Diagnostics, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiayu Tang
- Department of Imaging Diagnostics, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaChina
| | - Xuegang Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Linlin Jing
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ge Wen
- Department of Imaging Diagnostics, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Dell'Osso L, Nardi B, Massoni L, Gravina D, Benedetti F, Cremone IM, Carpita B. Neuroprotective Properties of Antiepileptics: What are the Implications for Psychiatric Disorders? Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:3447-3472. [PMID: 37226791 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230523155728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first antiepileptic compound, increasing attention has been paid to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and recently, with the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying cells death, a new interest has revolved around a potential neuroprotective effect of AEDs. While many neurobiological studies in this field have focused on the protection of neurons, growing data are reporting how exposure to AEDs can also affect glial cells and the plastic response underlying recovery; however, demonstrating the neuroprotective abilities of AEDs remains a changeling task. The present work aims to summarize and review the literature available on the neuroprotective properties of the most commonly used AEDs. Results highlighted how further studies should investigate the link between AEDs and neuroprotective properties; while many studies are available on valproate, results for other AEDs are very limited and the majority of the research has been carried out on animal models. Moreover, a better understanding of the biological basis underlying neuro-regenerative defects may pave the way for the investigation of further therapeutic targets and eventually lead to an improvement in the actual treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Benedetta Nardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Leonardo Massoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Davide Gravina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Francesca Benedetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Ivan Mirko Cremone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Barbara Carpita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
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Hirose Y, Oda Y, Yoshino K, Yano F, Kimura M, Kimura H, Iyo M, Shirayama Y. Reduction of claudin-5 and aquaporin-4 in the rat hippocampal CA-1 and CA-3 regions of a learned helplessness model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 234:173676. [PMID: 37992974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although findings from both animal and clinical research indicate that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) contributes to the pathogenesis of various psychiatric disorders (including depression), the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We investigated the levels of the tight-junction proteins claudin-5 and aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) in astrocytes of learned helplessness (LH) rats (an animal model of depression) and non-LH rats (a model of resilience). METHODS We administered inescapable mild electric shock to rats and then identified the LH and non-LH rats by a post-shock test. The expressions of claudin-5 and AQP-4 in several brain regions of the LH and non-LH rats were then evaluated by a western blot analysis. RESULTS The levels of both claudin-5 and AQP-4 in the CA-1 and CA-3 hippocampal areas of the LH group were significantly lower than those of the control group, whereas those of the non-LH rats were not significantly different from those of the control and LH rats. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that LH rats but not non-LH rats experienced down-regulations of claudin-5 and AQP-4 in the CA-1 and CA-3. It is possible that a region-specific modulation of claudin-5 and AQP-4 is involved in the mechanisms of vulnerability but not resilience in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirose
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yasunori Oda
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Kouhei Yoshino
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Yano
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Shirayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3 Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba 290-0111, Japan
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Belge JB, Mulders P, Van Diermen L, Sienaert P, Sabbe B, Abbott CC, Tendolkar I, Schrijvers D, van Eijndhoven P. Reviewing the neurobiology of electroconvulsive therapy on a micro- meso- and macro-level. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 127:110809. [PMID: 37331685 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains the one of the most effective of biological antidepressant interventions. However, the exact neurobiological mechanisms underlying the efficacy of ECT remain unclear. A gap in the literature is the lack of multimodal research that attempts to integrate findings at different biological levels of analysis METHODS: We searched the PubMed database for relevant studies. We review biological studies of ECT in depression on a micro- (molecular), meso- (structural) and macro- (network) level. RESULTS ECT impacts both peripheral and central inflammatory processes, triggers neuroplastic mechanisms and modulates large scale neural network connectivity. CONCLUSIONS Integrating this vast body of existing evidence, we are tempted to speculate that ECT may have neuroplastic effects resulting in the modulation of connectivity between and among specific large-scale networks that are altered in depression. These effects could be mediated by the immunomodulatory properties of the treatment. A better understanding of the complex interactions between the micro-, meso- and macro- level might further specify the mechanisms of action of ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Belge
- Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Mulders
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Van Diermen
- Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Psychiatric Center Bethanië, Andreas Vesaliuslaan 39, Zoersel 2980, Belgium
| | - Pascal Sienaert
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), Leuvensesteenweg 517, Kortenberg 3010, Belgium
| | - Bernard Sabbe
- Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Indira Tendolkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Didier Schrijvers
- Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center Duffel, Stationstraat 22, Duffel 2570, Belgium
| | - Philip van Eijndhoven
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kolasa M, Faron-Górecka A. Preclinical models of treatment-resistant depression: challenges and perspectives. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1326-1340. [PMID: 37882914 PMCID: PMC10661811 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a subgroup of major depressive disorder in which the use of classical antidepressant treatments fails to achieve satisfactory treatment results. Although there are various definitions and grading models for TRD, common criteria for assessing TRD have still not been established. However, a common feature of any TRD model is the lack of response to at least two attempts at antidepressant pharmacotherapy. The causes of TRD are not known; nevertheless, it is estimated that even 60% of TRD patients are so-called pseudo-TRD patients, in which multiple biological factors, e.g., gender, age, and hormonal disturbances are concomitant with depression and involved in antidepressant drug resistance. Whereas the phenomenon of TRD is a complex disorder difficult to diagnose and successfully treat, the search for new treatment strategies is a significant challenge of modern pharmacology. It seems that despite the complexity of the TRD phenomenon, some useful animal models of TRD meet the construct, the face, and the predictive validity criteria. Based on the literature and our own experiences, we will discuss the utility of animals exposed to the stress paradigm (chronic mild stress, CMS), and the Wistar Kyoto rat strain representing an endogenous model of TRD. In this review, we will focus on reviewing research on existing and novel therapies for TRD, including ketamine, deep brain stimulation (DBS), and psychedelic drugs in the context of preclinical studies in representative animal models of TRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kolasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Faron-Górecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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Melnik BC. Acne Transcriptomics: Fundamentals of Acne Pathogenesis and Isotretinoin Treatment. Cells 2023; 12:2600. [PMID: 37998335 PMCID: PMC10670572 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This review on acne transcriptomics allows for deeper insights into the pathogenesis of acne and isotretinoin's mode of action. Puberty-induced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin and androgen signaling activate the kinase AKT and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). A Western diet (hyperglycemic carbohydrates and milk/dairy products) also co-stimulates AKT/mTORC1 signaling. The AKT-mediated phosphorylation of nuclear FoxO1 and FoxO3 results in their extrusion into the cytoplasm, a critical switch which enhances the transactivation of lipogenic and proinflammatory transcription factors, including androgen receptor (AR), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), but reduces the FoxO1-dependent expression of GATA binding protein 6 (GATA6), the key transcription factor for infundibular keratinocyte homeostasis. The AKT-mediated phosphorylation of the p53-binding protein MDM2 promotes the degradation of p53. In contrast, isotretinoin enhances the expression of p53, FoxO1 and FoxO3 in the sebaceous glands of acne patients. The overexpression of these proapoptotic transcription factors explains isotretinoin's desirable sebum-suppressive effect via the induction of sebocyte apoptosis and the depletion of BLIMP1(+) sebocyte progenitor cells; it also explains its adverse effects, including teratogenicity (neural crest cell apoptosis), a reduced ovarian reserve (granulosa cell apoptosis), the risk of depression (the apoptosis of hypothalamic neurons), VLDL hyperlipidemia, intracranial hypertension and dry skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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Choudhary T, Elliott M, Euliano NR, Gurel NZ, Rivas AG, Wittbrodt MT, Vaccarino V, Shah AJ, Inan OT, Bremner JD. Effect of transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation on declarative and working memory in patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A pilot study. J Affect Disord 2023; 339:418-425. [PMID: 37442455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with changes in multiple neurophysiological systems, including verbal declarative memory deficits. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) has been shown in preliminary studies to enhance function when paired with cognitive and motor tasks. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of transcutaneous cervical VNS (tcVNS) on attention, declarative and working memory in PTSD patients. METHODS Fifteen PTSD patients were randomly assigned to active tcVNS (N = 8) or sham (N = 7) stimulation in a double-blinded fashion. Memory assessment tests including paragraph recall and N-back tests were performed to assess declarative and working memory function when paired with active/sham tcVNS once per month in a longitudinal study during which patients self-administered tcVNS/sham twice daily. RESULTS Active tcVNS stimulation resulted in a significant improvement in paragraph recall performance following pairing with paragraph encoding for PTSD patients at two months (p < 0.05). It resulted in a 91 % increase in paragraph recall performance within group (p = 0.03), while sham tcVNS exhibited no such trend in performance improvement. In the N-back study, positive deviations in accuracy, precision and recall measures on different day visits (7,34,64,94) of patients with respect to day 1 revealed a pattern of better performance of the active tcVNS population compared to sham VNS which did not reach statistical significance. LIMITATIONS Our sample size was small. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results suggest that tcVNS improves attention, declarative and working memory, which may improve quality of life and productivity for patients with PTSD. Future studies are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilendra Choudhary
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA.
| | | | | | - Nil Z Gurel
- Reality Labs, Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Amanda G Rivas
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew T Wittbrodt
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amit J Shah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Omer T Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA; Coulter Department of Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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11
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Sun T, Chen Q, Mei J, Li Y. Associations between serum estradiol and IL-6/sIL-6R/sgp130 complex in female patients with major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:742. [PMID: 37828513 PMCID: PMC10568828 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been hypothesized that the IL-6/sIL-6R/sgp130 complex, an inflammatory complex, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Estradiol (E2) is a sex steroid hormone involved in emotional regulation and MDD. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between E2 and IL-6/sIL-6R/sgp130 complex in patients with MDD. METHODS Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the levels of IL-6, sIL-6Rα, and sgp130 were compared between 117 female patients with MDD and 122 healthy controls.The serum concentrations of E2 and other biomarkers were also measured. RESULTS (1) The serum levels of IL-6 and sIL-6Rα in patients with MDD were significantly higher than those in the control group, while the serum levels of sgp130 and E2 were significantly lower (all P < 0.05). (2) Low levels of E2 were associated with high levels of IL-6 and low levels of sgp130 (all P < 0.01). (3) HAMD-24 score was positively correlated with the serum level of IL-6, but negatively correlated with the serum levels of sgp130 and E2(all P < 0.05). (4) IL-6 and sgp130 had certain prognostic values in MDD, and the combination of various indicators showed a significantly superior prognostic value. CONCLUSIONS The IL6/sIL-6R/sgp130 complex in female patients with MDD was closely related to E2 level. In addition, IL-6 and sgp130 may be valuable serum biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of MDD in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Junchi Mei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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12
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Choi SO, Choi JG, Yun JY. A Study of Brain Function Characteristics of Service Members at High Risk for Accidents in the Military. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1157. [PMID: 37626513 PMCID: PMC10452066 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13081157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Military accidents are often associated with stress and depressive psychological conditions among soldiers, and they often fail to adapt to military life. Therefore, this study analyzes whether there are differences in EEG and pulse wave indices between general soldiers and three groups of soldiers who have not adapted to military life and are at risk of accidents. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire and a device that can measure EEG and pulse waves, and data analysis was performed using SPSS. The results showed that the concentration level and brain activity indices were higher in the general soldiers and the soldiers in the first stage of accident risk. The body stress index was higher for each stage of accident risk, and the physical vitality index was higher for general soldiers. Therefore, it can be seen that soldiers who have not adapted to military life and are at risk of accidents have somewhat lower concentration and brain activity than general soldiers, and have symptoms of stress and lethargy. The results of this study will contribute to reducing human accidents through EEG and pulse wave measurements not only in the military but also in occupations with a high risk of accidents such as construction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jong-Yong Yun
- Department of Protection and Safety Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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13
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Lei D, Sun J, Xia J. Cuproptosis-related genes prediction feature and immune microenvironment in major depressive disorder. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18497. [PMID: 37576193 PMCID: PMC10415818 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe, unpredictable, ill-cured, relapsing neuropsychiatric disorder. A recently identified type of death called cuproptosis has been linked to a number of illnesses. However, the influence of cuproptosis-related genes in MDD has not been comprehensively assessed in prior study. Aim This investigation intends to shed light on the predictive value of cuproptosis-related genes for MDD and the immunological microenvironment. Methods GSE38206, GSE76826, GSE9653 databases were used to analyze cuproptosis regulators and immune characteristics. To find the genes that were differently expressed, weighted gene co-expression network analysis was employed. We calculated the effectiveness of the random forest model, generalized linear model, and limit gradient lifting to arrive at the best machine prediction model. Nomogram, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis were used to show the anticipated MDD's accuracy. Results This study found that there were activated immune responses and cuproptosis-related genes that were dysregulated in people with MDD compared to healthy controls. Considering the test performance of the learned model and validation on subsequent datasets, the RF model (including OSBPL8, VBP1, MTM1, ELK3, and SLC39A6) was considered to have the best discriminative performance. (AUC = 0.875). Conclusion Our study constructed a prediction model to predict MDD risk and clarified the potential connection between cuproptosis and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyun Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University (Jiangbei), Nanjing, 210048 Jiangsu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University (Jiangbei), Nanjing, 210048 Jiangsu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiangyan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University (Jiangbei), Nanjing, 210048 Jiangsu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu, China
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14
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Sapsford TP, Johnson SR, Headrick JP, Branjerdporn G, Adhikary S, Sarfaraz M, Stapelberg NJC. Forgetful, sad and old: Do vascular cognitive impairment and depression share a common pre-disease network and how is it impacted by ageing? J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:611-627. [PMID: 36372004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and depression frequently coexist in geriatric populations and reciprocally increase disease risks. We assert that a shared pre-disease state of the psycho-immune-neuroendocrine (PINE) network model mechanistically explains bidirectional associations between VCI and depression. Five pathophysiological sub-networks are identified that are shared by VCI and depression: neuroinflammation, kynurenine pathway imbalance, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis overactivity, impaired neurotrophic support and cerebrovascular dysfunction. These do not act independently, and their complex interactions necessitate a systems biology approach to better define disease pathogenesis. The PINE network is already established in the context of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as depression, hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We build on previous literature to specifically explore mechanistic links between MDD and VCI in the context of PINE pathways and discuss key mechanistic commonalities linking these comorbid conditions and identify a common pre-disease state which precedes transition to VCI and MDD. We expand the model to incorporate bidirectional interactions with biological ageing. Diathesis factors for both VCI and depression feed into this network and the culmination of shared mechanisms (on an ageing substrate) lead to a critical network transition to one or both disease states. A common pre-disease state underlying VCI and depression can provide clinicians a unique opportunity for early risk assessment and intervention in disease development. Establishing the mechanistic elements and systems biology of this network can reveal early warning or predictive biomarkers together with novel therapeutic targets. Integrative studies are recommended to elucidate the dynamic networked biology of VCI and depression over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Sapsford
- Griffith University School of Medicine, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susannah R Johnson
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - John P Headrick
- Griffith University School of Medicine, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grace Branjerdporn
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Sam Adhikary
- Mater Young Adult Health Centre, Mater Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Muhammad Sarfaraz
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicolas J C Stapelberg
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Wang J, Zhang G, Yang Y, Zhang X, Shi K, Zhang X, Yan T, Jia Y. Schisandra chinensis Lignans Exert Antidepressant Effects by Promoting BV2 Microglia Polarization toward the M2 Phenotype through the Activation of the Cannabinoid Receptor Type-2-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14157-14169. [PMID: 36349542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on the current results, they showed that Schisandra chinensis lignans (SCL) ameliorated depressive-like behaviors in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice, alleviated neuroinflammation, and improved neuronal injury. This study aimed to explore whether SCL exerted antidepressant effects through inhibiting neuroinflammation, in turn improving neuronal injury. In vitro studies revealed that SCL blocked lipopolysaccharide-increased BV2 microglial M1 but promoted the M2 phenotype. The BV2-N2a interaction model suggested that increasing the M2 phenotype of BV2 played neuroprotective effects. The current studies demonstrated that SCL up-regulated the expression of CUMS- and LPS-decreased cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2R) mRNA. In vitro studies showed that the transfection of BV2 with siCrn2 blocked the SCL-increased M2 phenotype via the inactivating signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) pathway, further decreasing the viability of N2a cells. Finally, the possible pharmacodynamic compounds, γ-schisandrin and schisantherin A, were indicated by AutoDuck analysis. Overall, our study showed that SCL promoted microglia polarization toward the M2 phenotype, in turn exerting neuroprotective effects by activating CB2R-STAT6 signaling further to play antidepressant roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Wang
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Guanglin Zhang
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yunfang Yang
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kaifang Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaozhuo Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tingxu Yan
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Ying Jia
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
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16
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Yang Y, Fan L, Peng Y, Peng C, Li X. Alcohol–soluble polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale flowers as an antidepressant by regulating the gut–brain axis. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:836-849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Ledesma-Corvi S, García-Fuster MJ. Revisiting the antidepressant-like effects of desipramine in male and female adult rats: sex disparities in neurochemical correlates. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:626-636. [PMID: 35653030 PMCID: PMC9349166 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The preclinical antidepressant-like characterization of desipramine relied almost exclusively in male rodents, with only a few contradictory reports done in females. Given that most experiments assessed a single dose and/or timepoint of analysis after-treatment, this study evaluated potential sex-differences in the length of the antidepressant-like response induced by different doses of desipramine as well as the molecular underpinnings driving the different responses by sex. Methods Male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were treated (i.p.) with 3 pulses of desipramine (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) or vehicle (0.9% NaCl) within 24 h. The antidepressant-like effects were evaluated in the forced-swim test 1-h, 1- and 3-day post-treatment. The rate of cell proliferation and the regulation of key neuroplasticity markers (FADD, Cdk5, p35, p25) involved in antidepressant-like responses in the hippocampus were evaluated 1-h, 1-day and 5-day post-treatment. Results Desipramine induced similar antidepressant-like effects in male and female rats (effective doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, with effects that lasted up to 1-day post-treatment), without altering the rate of cell proliferation. However, some sex-differences emerged when evaluating neuroplasticity markers in the hippocampus, while no changes were observed for female rats, desipramine regulated FADD, Cdk-5 and p25 in males in a way that suggested neuroprotective actions. Conclusions Our findings imply that while desipramine induced similar antidepressant-like responses for male and female rats, some differences emerged in the regulation of certain neuroplasticity markers, suggesting that distinctive molecular mechanisms might be participating in the therapeutic response of desipramine for both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ledesma-Corvi
- IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - M Julia García-Fuster
- IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain. .,Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
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18
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Rapid treatments for depression: Endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic target. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104635. [PMID: 35351488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current first-line treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD), i.e., antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy, show delayed onset of therapeutic effect as late as 2-3 weeks or more. In the clinic, the speed of beginning of the actions of antidepressant drugs or other interventions is vital for many reasons. Late-onset means that depression, its related disability, and the potential danger of suicide remain a threat for some patients. There are some rapid-acting antidepressant interventions, such as sleep deprivation, ketamine, acute exercise, which induce a significant response, ranging from a few hours to maximally one week, and most of them share a common characteristic that is the activation of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system. Activation of this system, i.e., augmentation of eCB signaling, appears to have anti-depressant-like actions. This article puts the idea forward that the activation of eCB signaling represents a critical mechanism of rapid-acting therapeutic interventions in MDD, and this system might contribute to the development of novel rapid-acting treatments for MDD.
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19
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Austelle CW, O'Leary GH, Thompson S, Gruber E, Kahn A, Manett AJ, Short B, Badran BW. A Comprehensive Review of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Depression. Neuromodulation 2022; 25:309-315. [PMID: 35396067 PMCID: PMC8898319 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is reemerging as an exciting form of brain stimulation, due in part to the development of its noninvasive counterpart transcutaneous auricular VNS. As the field grows, it is important to understand where VNS emerged from, including its history and the studies that were conducted over the past four decades. Here, we offer a comprehensive review of the history of VNS in the treatment of major depression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using PubMed, we reviewed the history of VNS and aggregated the literature into a narrative review of four key VNS epochs: 1) early invention and development of VNS, 2) path to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for depression, 3) refinement of VNS treatment parameters, and 4) neuroimaging of VNS. RESULTS VNS was described in the literature in the early 1900s; however, gained traction in the 1980s as Zabara and colleagues developed an implantable neurocybernetic prosthesis to treat epilepsy. As epilepsy trials proceed in the 1990s, promising mood effects emerged and were studied, ultimately leading to the approval of VNS for depression in 2005. Since then, there have been advances in understanding the mechanism of action. Imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography further aid in understanding direct brain effects of VNS. CONCLUSIONS The mood effects of VNS were discovered from clinical trials investigating the use of VNS for reducing seizures in epileptic patients. Since then, VNS has gone on to be FDA approved for depression. The field of VNS is growing, and as noninvasive VNS quickly advances, it is important to consider a historical perspective to develop future brain stimulation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgia H O'Leary
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sean Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Elise Gruber
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Alex Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Andrew J Manett
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Baron Short
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Bashar W Badran
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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20
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Al-Yamani MJ, Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq S, Alamri AS, Alsanie WF, Alhomrani M, Alsalman AJ, Al Mohaini M, Al Hawaj MA, Alanazi AA, Alanzi KD, Imran M. The role of serotonergic and catecholaminergic systems for possible antidepressant activity of apigenin. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:11-17. [PMID: 35002391 PMCID: PMC8716962 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Although, the anti-depressant like effects of apigenin (APG) are documented in the literature, the underlying mechanism for exerting such an effect is still not clear. In this research, an attempt was made to determine the possible role of APG for antidepressant activity through serotonergic and catecholaminergic systems using standardized animal models. Materials and methods The antidepressant property of APG was determine by involving tail suspension (TST) and modified forced swimming tests (MFST). The effect of APG was evaluated at 25 and 50 mg/kg. In mechanistic models, animals were pretreated with catecholaminergic and serotonergic antagonists prior to administration of APG. The results obtained were statistically analyzed to determine the level of significance. Results The period of immobility in both models (TST and MFST) was significantly reduced by APG (25 and 50 mg/kg). The best therapetuic dose of APG (50 mg/kg) was selected for the mechanistic study. The anti-immobility effect of APG declined to a significant extent upon pretreatment with catecholaminergic antagonists (α-methyl-para-tyrosine methyl ester; SCH 23390; sulpiride; phentolamine) and serotonergic inhibitors (p-clorophenylalanine-methyl-ester; ondansetron) in both TST and MFST models. The antidepressant benefits of apigenin were only modestly reversed when rats were given propranolol. Conclusions The findings suggest that APG's antidepressant effect is mediated by the α-adrenergic, dopaminergic and 5-HT3 serotonergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad J Al-Yamani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdulhakeem S Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkhaliq J Alsalman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Mohaini
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maitham A Al Hawaj
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani A Alanazi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khulud D Alanzi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Isotretinoin and neuropsychiatric side effects: Continued vigilance is needed. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021; 6. [PMID: 37168254 PMCID: PMC10168661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid, marketed under the names Accutane, Roaccutane, and others) is an effective treatment for acne that has been on the market for over 30 years, although reports of neuropsychiatric side effects continue to be reported. Isotretinoin is an isomer of the active form of Vitamin A, 13-trans-retinoic acid, which has known psychiatric side effects when given in excessive doses, and is part of the family of compounds called retinoids, which have multiple functions in the central nervous system. Methods The literature was reviewed in pubmed and psychinfo for research related to isotretinoin and neuropsychiatric side effects including depression, suicidal thoughts, suicide, mania, anxiety, impulsivity, emotional lability, violence, aggression, and psychosis. Results Multiple case series have shown that successful treatment of acne with isotretinoin results in improvements in measures of quality of life and self esteem However, studies show individual cases of clinically significant depression and other neuropsychiatric events that, although not common, are persistent in the literature. Since the original cases of depression were reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration, numerous cases have been reported to regulatory agencies in the United Kingdom, France, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, Canada, and other countries, making isotretinoin one of the top five medications in the world associated with depression and other neuropsychiatric side effects. Clinicians are advised to warn patients of the risks of neuropsychiatric side effects with isotretinoin which may arise from the medication itself, and not just as a side effect of acne or youth.
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Lorena FB, do Nascimento BPP, Camargo ELRA, Bernardi MM, Fukushima AR, do N Panizza J, de B Nogueira P, Brandão MES, Ribeiro MO. Long-term obesity is associated with depression and neuroinflammation. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2021; 65:537-548. [PMID: 34714995 PMCID: PMC10528574 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is characterized by a state of chronic, low-intensity systemic inflammation frequently associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. METHODS Given that chronic inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of mood disorders, we investigated if chronic obesity that was initiated early in life - lasting through adulthood - could be more harmful to memory impairment and mood fluctuations such as depression. RESULTS Here we show that pre-pubertal male rats (30 days old) treated with a high-fat diet (40%) for 8-months gained ~50% more weight when compared to controls, exhibited depression and anxiety-like behaviors but no memory impairment. The prefrontal cortex of the obese rats exhibited an increase in the expression of genes related to inflammatory response, such as NFKb, MMP9, CCl2, PPARb, and PPARg. There were no alterations in genes known to be related to depression. CONCLUSION Long-lasting obesity with onset in prepuberal age led to depression and neuroinflammation but not to memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda B Lorena
- Programa de Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Bruna P P do Nascimento
- Programa de Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Esther L R A Camargo
- Programa de Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Extensão, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde IGESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria M Bernardi
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - André R Fukushima
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Extensão, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde IGESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Julia do N Panizza
- Programa de Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Paula de B Nogueira
- Programa de Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Marllos E S Brandão
- Programa de Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Extensão, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde IGESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Programa de Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP, Brasil,
- Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Short Daily Exposure to Environmental Enrichment, Fluoxetine, or Their Combination Reverses Deterioration of the Coat and Anhedonia Behaviors with Differential Effects on Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Chronically Stressed Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010976. [PMID: 34681636 PMCID: PMC8535985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a neuropsychiatric disorder with a high impact on the worldwide population. To overcome depression, antidepressant drugs are the first line of treatment. However, pre-clinical studies have pointed out that antidepressants are not entirely efficacious and that the quality of the living environment after stress cessation may play a relevant role in increasing their efficacy. As it is unknown whether a short daily exposure to environmental enrichment during chronic stress and antidepressant treatment will be more effective than just the pharmacological treatment, this study analyzed the effects of fluoxetine, environmental enrichment, and their combination on depressive-associated behavior. Additionally, we investigated hippocampal neurogenesis in mice exposed to chronic mild stress. Our results indicate that fluoxetine reversed anhedonia. Besides, fluoxetine reversed the decrement of some events of the hippocampal neurogenic process caused by chronic mild stress. Conversely, short daily exposure to environmental enrichment changed the deterioration of the coat and anhedonia. Although, this environmental intervention did not produce significant changes in the neurogenic process affected by chronic mild stress, fluoxetine plus environmental enrichment showed similar effects to those caused by environmental enrichment to reverse depressive-like behaviors. Like fluoxetine, the combination reversed the declining number of Ki67, doublecortin, calretinin cells and mature newborn neurons. Finally, this study suggests that short daily exposure to environmental enrichment improves the effects of fluoxetine to reverse the deterioration of the coat and anhedonia in chronically stressed mice. In addition, the combination of fluoxetine with environmental enrichment produces more significant effects than those caused by fluoxetine alone on some events of the neurogenic process. Thus, environmental enrichment improves the benefits of pharmacological treatment by mechanisms that need to be clarified.
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24
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Badihian N. Ideas on a possible neural pathway in depression. Med Hypotheses 2021; 156:110688. [PMID: 34628112 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the second leading cause of disability in the world. Despite developing some efficacious treatments, many patients do not respond to the treatment well due to the complexity of depression and unknown mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis. It has been reported that patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) experience autonomic dysfunctions in different aspects. Evidence suggests that modulation of the autonomic nervous system may improve depression. Von Economo neurons (VENs) are shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of some of the neurological and psychological diseases. VENs are also important for the "ego" formation, sense of empathy, intuition, and cognition. These neurons express a high level of adrenoreceptor alpha 1a, which confirms their role in the autonomic function. Here, based on some evidence, I propose the hypothesis that these neurons may play a role in depression, possibly through being involved in the autonomic function. More focused studies on VENs and their possible role in depression is suggested in future. This pathway may open a new window in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Badihian
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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25
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Rădulescu I, Drăgoi AM, Trifu SC, Cristea MB. Neuroplasticity and depression: Rewiring the brain's networks through pharmacological therapy (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1131. [PMID: 34504581 PMCID: PMC8383338 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern society, depression is one of the most common mental illness; however, its pathophysiology is not yet fully understood. A great body of evidence suggests that depression causes changes in neuroplasticity in specific regions of the brain which are correlated to symptom severity, negative emotional rumination as well as fear learning. Depression is correlated with atrophy of neurons in the cortical and limbic brain regions that control mood and emotion. Antidepressant therapy can exhibit effects on neuroplasticity and reverse the neuroanatomical changes found in depressed patients. The investigation of fast-acting agents that reverse behavioral and neuronal deficiencies of chronic depression, especially the glutamate receptor antagonist NMDA ketamine, and the cellular mechanisms underlying the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine and related agents are of real interest in current research. Actual medication such as serotonin (5-HT) selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, require weeks to months of administration before a clear therapeutic response. The current review aimed to underline the negative effects of depression on neuroplasticity and present the current findings on the effects of antidepressant medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Rădulescu
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Miruna Drăgoi
- Department of Psychiatry, 'Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia' Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Corina Trifu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Bogdan Cristea
- Department of Morphological Sciences, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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26
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Tzu-Feng Wang TF, Tsai SF, Zhao ZW, Shih MMC, Wang CY, Yang TT, Kuo YM. Exercise-induced increases of corticosterone contribute to exercise-enhanced adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2021; 64:186-193. [PMID: 34472449 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_39_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is suppressed by chronic stress. The negative effect of stress is mainly attributed to increased levels of stress hormones (e.g. glucocorticoids, GCs). Exercise enhances AHN, yet it also stimulates GC secretion. To delineate the paradoxical role of GCs, we took the advantage of a unique mouse strain (L/L) which exhibits an inert response to stress-induced secretion of GCs to study the role of GCs in exercise-induced AHN. Our results showed that basal corticosterone (CORT), the main GCs in rodents, levels were similar between the L/L mice and wild-type (WT) mice. However, levels of CORT in the L/L mice were barely altered and significantly lower than those of the WT mice during treadmill running (TR). AHN was enhanced by 4 weeks of TR in the WT mice, but not L/L mice. WT mice that received daily injection of CORT to evoke serum CORT levels similar to those during exercise for 4 weeks did not affect AHN, whereas injection with large amount of CORT inhibited AHN. Taken together, our results indicated that exercise-related elevation of CORT participates in exercise-enhanced AHN. CORT alone is not sufficient to elicit AHN and may inhibit AHN if the levels are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Feng Tzu-Feng Wang
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Wei Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Chia-Yih Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ting Yang
- Department of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Plasma homocysteine concentrations and depression: A twin study. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021; 4. [PMID: 34414386 PMCID: PMC8372975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Homocysteine is an amino acid formed during metabolism of the essential amino acid methionine that plays an important role in energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. High levels of homocysteine have been linked to both depression and cardiovascular disease, however studies of depression have not always been consistent, possibly related to differences in methodology among studies. The study of twins in clinical research can be useful in controlling for confounding factors. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between depression and plasma homocysteine in a study of twins. Methods Homocysteine concentration was assessed in twins (N = 202) from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, including twin pairs discordant for the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and twin pairs without MDD. Self reported depressive symptom levels were also measured as a continous variable using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results The average homocysteine concentration was 7.9 μmol/L (2.1 μmol/L SD, range of 2.0-17.1 μmol/L). There were no within twin pair differences in homocysteine concentration within twin pairs discordant for MDD and within twin pairs that differed for BDI score. There was a significant pair-level relationship between depressive symptoms as measured by mean BDI score and homocysteine concentration, such that the higher the mean BDI score of the twin pair, the higher the mean homocystein of the pair (p < .001). Every 10 point increase in BDI score was associated with an 0.8 μmol/L increase in homocysteine concentration at the pair level. Conclusions These findings are not consistent with a causal role for elevated homocysteine in the development of depression, but rather point to familial confounding or other factors that are shared by twin brothers and that contribute to both depression and homocysteine levels.
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28
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Moazzami K, Wittbrodt MT, Lima BB, Kim JH, Hammadah M, Ko YA, Obideen M, Abdelhadi N, Kaseer B, Gafeer MM, Nye JA, Shah AJ, Ward L, Raggi P, Waller EK, Bremner JD, Quyyumi AA, Vaccarino V. Circulating Progenitor Cells and Cognitive Impairment in Men and Women with Coronary Artery Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:659-668. [PMID: 32083582 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating progenitor cells (CPC) have been associated with memory function and cognitive impairment in healthy adults. However, it is unclear whether such associations also exist in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). OBJECTIVE To assess the association between CPCs and memory performance among individuals with CAD. METHODS We assessed cognitive function in 509 patients with CAD using the verbal and visual Memory subtests of the Wechsler memory scale-IV and the Trail Making Test parts A and B. CPCs were enumerated with flow cytometry as CD45med/CD34+ blood mononuclear cells, those co-expressing other epitopes representing populations enriched for hematopoietic and endothelial progenitors. RESULTS After adjusting for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors, lower number of endothelial progenitor cell counts were independently associated with lower visual and verbal memory scores (p for all < 0.05). There was a significant interaction in the magnitude of this association with race (p < 0.01), such that the association of verbal memory scores with endothelial progenitor subsets was present in Black but not in non-Black participants. No associations were present with the hematopoietic progenitor-enriched cells or with the Trail Making Tests. CONCLUSION Lower numbers of circulating endothelial progenitor cells are associated with cognitive impairment in patients with CAD, suggesting a protective effect of repair/regeneration processes in the maintenance of cognitive status. Impairment of verbal memory function was more strongly associated with lower CPC counts in Black compared to non-Black participants with CAD. Whether strategies designed to improve regenerative capacity will improve cognition needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Moazzami
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew T Wittbrodt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bruno B Lima
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeong Hwan Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Muhammad Hammadah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Malik Obideen
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Naser Abdelhadi
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Belal Kaseer
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Mazen Gafeer
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathon A Nye
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amit J Shah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Laura Ward
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paolo Raggi
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edmund K Waller
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Salihu SA, Ghafari H, Ahmadimanesh M, Gortany NK, Shafaroodi H, Ghazi-Khansari M. Glatiramer acetate attenuates depressive/anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive deficits induced by post-weaning social isolation in male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2121-2132. [PMID: 33797571 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating disorder with adverse effects on mood, memory, and quality of life. OBJECTIVES In this study, the antidepressant potential of glatiramer acetate (GA), a drug used in the management of multiple sclerosis, was investigated in acute and chronic models of depression in male mice. The acute antidepressant screening was performed with the forced swim (FST) and tail suspension (TST) tests. In the chronic phase, post-weaning social isolation (SI) was used to induce depressive-/anxiety-like behaviors. METHODS Mice were reared in two different groups of social (SG) and isolated (IG) for 4 weeks. IG mice were treated with 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg of GA for the last 2 weeks of the SI period. Animals were assessed by the behavioral tests of depression, anxiety, learning, and memory, and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level was measured. RESULTS The acute tests confirmed the antidepressant potential of GA. In the chronic phase, GA could reduce immobility time in FST (P < 0.05), increase exploration activity in open field test (P < 0.05), increase open arms duration (P < 0.05) and entries in elevated plus maze (P<0.001), and improve memory and learning in passive avoidance test (P < 0.05). The BDNF level was increased in IG mice and decreased in IG mice treated with GA. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that GA improved depressive-/anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive dysfunction of SI reared mice without increasing the BDNF level which may be associated with other mechanisms of actions of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanusi Andah Salihu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homanaz Ghafari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Ahmadimanesh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Food and Drug Control Laboratory, Food and Drug Vice Presidency, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges K Gortany
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shafaroodi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
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BDNF Impact on Biological Markers of Depression-Role of Physical Exercise and Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147553. [PMID: 34300001 PMCID: PMC8307197 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the most common and devastating psychiatric disorder in the world. Its symptoms, especially during the pandemic, are observed in all age groups. Exercise training (ET) is well known as a non-pharmacological strategy to alleviate clinical depression. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the biological factors whose expression and secretion are intensified in response to ET. BDNF is also secreted by contracted skeletal muscle that likely exerts para-, auto- and endocrine effects, supporting the crosstalk between skeletal muscle and other distant organs/tissues, such as the nervous system. This finding suggests that they communicate and work together to induce improvements on mood, cognition, and learning processes as BDNF is the main player in the neurogenesis, growth, and survival of neurons. Therefore, BDNF has been recognized as a therapeutic factor in clinical depression, especially in response to ET. The underlying mechanisms through which ET impacts depression are varied. The aim of this review was to provide information of the biological markers of depression such as monoamines, tryptophan, endocannabinoids, markers of inflammatory processes (oxidative stress and cytokines) stress and sex hormones and their relationship to BDNF. In addition, we reviewed the effects of ET on BNDF expression and how it impacts depression as well as the potential mechanisms mediating this process, providing a better understanding of underlying ET-related mechanisms in depression.
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31
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Ghavimi H, Bayani Ershadi AS, Dastvar S, Hosseini MJ. The effects of minocycline in improving of methamphetamine withdrawal syndrome in male mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2319-2327. [PMID: 34182834 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1942484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant drug with an increasing rate of abuse over recent years. Depressive-like behaviors are one of the major symptoms patients in the METH withdrawal period experience. There is limited evidence regarding the METH withdrawal treatment, and conventional managements are not completely effective. Furthermore, extensive promising literature supports minocycline, a well-known antibiotic with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, to treat depressive-like behaviors. Therefore, we hypothesized that administration of minocycline might mitigate the methamphetamine (METH) induced depression in male mice. Administration of METH (2 mg/kg) to mice two times a day for 14 constitutive days was done to induce the METH-induced withdrawal syndrome model. Animals were divided into 10 groups (n = 10 in each group), and three doses of minocycline (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) were daily administered to male albino mice for 10 days. Following the behavioral test, the animals were scarified, their hippocampus were dissected to measure oxidative stress parameters. Our data revealed that chronic administration of minocycline provoked antidepressant effects in behavioral tests, such as forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and splash test. Additionally, minocycline was able to improve oxidative stresses and neuronal damage in the hippocampus and restore the body's antioxidant system by increasing glutathione (GSH) and the cellular energy (ATP) and reducing the malondialdehyde (MDA) level. According to our promising results of minocycline on targeting mitochondria and its performance, we suggest minocycline as a new therapeutic option in clinical trials of depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ghavimi
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Amir Sasan Bayani Ershadi
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Samira Dastvar
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mir-Jamal Hosseini
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Wilson C, Rogers J, Chen F, Li S, Adlard PA, Hannan AJ, Renoir T. Exercise ameliorates aberrant synaptic plasticity without enhancing adult-born cell survival in the hippocampus of serotonin transporter knockout mice. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:1991-1999. [PMID: 34052925 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in hippocampal cellular and synaptic plasticity are frequently associated with cognitive and mood disorders, and indeed common mechanisms of antidepressants are thought to involve neuroplastic processes. Here, we investigate hippocampal adult-born cell survival and synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation, LTP, and long-term depression, LTD) in serotonin transporter (5-HTT) knockout (KO) mice. From 8 weeks of age, mice either continued in standard-housing conditions or were given access to voluntary running wheels for 1 month. Electrophysiology was performed on hippocampal slices to measure LTP and LTD, and immunohistochemistry was used to assess cell proliferation and subsequent survival in the dentate gyrus. The results revealed a reduced LTP in 5-HTT KO mice that was restored to wild-type (WT) levels after chronic exercise. While LTD appeared normal in 5-HTT KO, exercise decreased the magnitude of LTD in both WT and 5-HTT KO mice. Furthermore, although 5-HTT KO mice had normal hippocampal adult-born cell survival, they did not benefit from the pro-proliferative effects of exercise observed in WT animals. Taken together, these findings suggest that reduced 5-HTT expression is associated with significant alterations to functional neuroplasticity. Interestingly, 5-HTT appeared necessary for exercise-induced augmentation of adult-born hippocampal cell survival, yet exercise corrected the LTP impairment displayed by 5-HTT KO mice. Together, our findings further highlight the salience of serotonergic signalling in mediating the neurophysiological benefits of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey Wilson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jake Rogers
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Feng Chen
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Shanshan Li
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Adlard
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thibault Renoir
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
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Bergantin LB. A Hypothesis for the Relationship between Depression and Cancer: Role of Ca2+/cAMP Signalling. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:777-782. [PMID: 32077833 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200220113817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Limitations on the pharmacotherapy and a high prevalence worldwide are critical issues related to depression and cancer. It has been discussed that a dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is involved in the pathogenesis of both these diseases. In addition, depression raises the risk of cancer incidence. Consistent data support the concept that depression is an independent risk issue for cancer. However, the cellular mechanisms involved in this link between depression and cancer remain uncertain. Considering our previous reports about Ca2+ and cAMP signalling pathways (Ca2+/cAMP signalling), I herein discussed the putative contribution of Ca2+/cAMP signalling in this link between depression and cancer. Moreover, it is important to take depression into account during the process of prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro B Bergantin
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Jiang N, Huang H, Wang H, Lv J, Zeng G, Wang Q, Bao Y, Chen Y, Liu XM. The antidepressant-like effects of Shen Yuan: Dependence on hippocampal BDNF-TrkB signaling activation in chronic social defeat depression-like mice. Phytother Res 2021; 35:2711-2726. [PMID: 33474783 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The Shen Yuan prescription (SY) comprises Panax ginseng (GT) and Polygala tenuifolia (YT), elicited superior antidepressant activity compared with that of GT or YT alone. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the effects of SY treatment on chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)-induced depression-like symptoms and the related mechanism. Our results indicated that SY treatment reverses the depressive-like behaviors induced by CSDS as measured by the social interaction test, sucrose preference test, forced swim test, and tail suspension test. SY decreased the serum levels of CORT and increased hippocampal neurotransmitters (5-HT, DA, and NE) in CSDS mice. Meanwhile, SY upregulated the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway and reversed the decreased hippocampal neurogenesis caused by CSDS. In addition, we found that the TrkB antagonist K252a fully blocked the SY effects on behavioral improvement and eliminated the promoting effects of SY on hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF-TrkB signaling (including the downstream ERK and Akt pathways) activation, thus further demonstrating that BDNF-TrkB signaling was necessary for the SY effects. In conclusion, our study showed that SY acted as an antidepressant in mice exhibiting CSDS-induced depression-like symptoms, and its effect was facilitated by promoting hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF signaling pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Guirong Zeng
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Affiliated TCM Hospital/School of Pharmacy/Sino-Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu Bao
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Bremner JD, Hoffman M, Afzal N, Cheema FA, Novik O, Ashraf A, Brummer M, Nazeer A, Goldberg J, Vaccarino V. The environment contributes more than genetics to smaller hippocampal volume in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). J Psychiatr Res 2021; 137:579-588. [PMID: 33168198 PMCID: PMC8345282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetrics showed smaller hippocampal volume in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These studies were cross-sectional and did not address whether smaller volume is secondary to stress-induced damage, or whether pre-existing factors account for the findings. The purpose of this study was to use a co-twin case control design to assess the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to hippocampal volume in PTSD. METHODS Monozygotic (N = 13 pairs) and dizygotic (N = 21 pairs) twins with a history of Vietnam Era military service, where one brother went to Vietnam and developed PTSD, while his brother did not go to Vietnam or develop PTSD, underwent MR imaging of the brain. Structural MRI scans were used to manually outline the left and right hippocampus on multiple coronal slices, add the areas and adjust for slice thickness to determine hippocampal volume. RESULTS Twins with Vietnam combat-related PTSD had a mean 11% smaller right hippocampal volume in comparison to their twin brothers without combat exposure or PTSD (p < .05). There was no significant interaction by zygosity, suggesting that this was not a predisposing risk factor or genetic effect. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with smaller hippocampal volume in PTSD, and suggest that the effects are primarily due to environmental effects such as the stress of combat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Douglas Bremner
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA, Radiology, and Medicine (Cardiology), USA, Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, Corresponding author. Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Dr NE, USA. (J.D. Bremner)
| | | | - Nadeem Afzal
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA
| | - Faiz A. Cheema
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA, The Vietnam Era Twin Registry, Seattle Veterans Administration Epidemiology Research, USA
| | - Olga Novik
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA, The Vietnam Era Twin Registry, Seattle Veterans Administration Epidemiology Research, USA
| | - Ali Ashraf
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA
| | | | - Ahsan Nazeer
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA
| | - Jack Goldberg
- Information Center and Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA; Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, USA, The Vietnam Era Twin Registry, Seattle Veterans Administration Epidemiology Research, USA
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Improvement of psychomotor retardation after electroconvulsive therapy is related to decreased IL-6 levels. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110146. [PMID: 33091545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies suggest that IL-6 may be involved in the pathophysiology of psychomotor symptoms in depression. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), as yet the most effective biological treatment of severe depression, is known to improve psychomotor functioning, while recent studies have shown a decrease in the elevated IL-6 levels of depressed patients following ECT. OBJECTIVES This study investigates whether the improvement in psychomotor functions in patients with depression after ECT is related to changes in IL-6 levels. METHODS Peripheral IL-6 was quantified and the severity of psychomotor agitation and retardation determined using the CORE assessment of psychomotor symptoms in 62 patients with a (unipolar or bipolar) depressive episode within one week before and within one week after their course of ECT. RESULTS IL-6 levels had decreased significantly following ECT and both psychomotor retardation and agitation had improved. The decrease in IL-6 levels was related to the improvement of psychomotor retardation, with post-hoc analysis revealing that higher baseline IL-6 levels positively correlated with higher psychomotor retardation scores. CONCLUSION With this study, we provide the first evidence that the improvement of psychomotor retardation after ECT for depression is related to the immunomodulatory properties of the treatment, most specifically the decrease in IL-6 levels.
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Bergantin LB. The Interactions Between Alzheimer's Disease and Major Depression: Role of Ca 2+ Channel Blockers and Ca 2+/cAMP Signalling. Curr Drug Res Rev 2021; 12:97-102. [PMID: 32065096 DOI: 10.2174/2589977512666200217093356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interactions between Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and major depression can be translated into clinical data showing that depressive patients have had an enhanced risk for developing AD (later in life). The cellular mechanisms involved in these interactions remain under intensive debate in the literature. In addition, the role of a Ca2+ homeostasis dysregulation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, like AD, and major depression has been under intensive discussion. OBJECTIVE Thus, revealing the interplay between AD and major depression may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of these diseases. METHODS Publications involving Ca2+ signalling pathways, AD, and major depression (alone or combined) were collected by searching multiple databases to find the maximum number of relevant citations (using a search strategy with high sensitivity for studies of etiology). RESULTS Ca2+ Channel Blockers (CCBs), classically prescribed for hypertensive patients, have been demonstrating neuroprotective effects, such as decreasing the incidence of AD in hypertensive patients, including alleviating major depression symptoms. A mechanism under debate is focused on the restoration of the Ca2+ homeostasis. Indeed, previous studies of our own have correlated Ca2+ and cAMP signalling pathways (Ca2+/cAMP signalling) in controlling both the neurotransmitter release and neuronal death. These studies also observed that CCBs can affect Ca2+/cAMP signalling. CONCLUSION This review discussed the plausible role of Ca2+/cAMP signalling in the neuroprotective effects of CCBs, including the participation of Ca2+/cAMP signalling in the interactions between major depression and AD. Considering both AD and major depression have become highly prevalent medical problems in the world, the comprehension of the interactions between these diseases could improve drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Bueno Bergantin
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo - SP, Brazil
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38
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Belge JB, van Diermen L, Sabbe B, Parizel P, Morrens M, Coppens V, Constant E, de Timary P, Sienaert P, Schrijvers D, van Eijndhoven P. Inflammation, Hippocampal Volume, and Therapeutic Outcome following Electroconvulsive Therapy in Depressive Patients: A Pilot Study. Neuropsychobiology 2021; 79:222-232. [PMID: 32114575 DOI: 10.1159/000506133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) influences the concentration of peripheral inflammatory markers, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In which way this immune effect contributes to the impact of ECT on the central nervous system in depression remains unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine whether the hippocampal volumetric increase in depressed patients treated with ECT is related to changes in peripheral IL-6 and TNF-α levels. METHODS IL-6 and TNF-α plasma levels were measured in 62 patients 1 week before and after an acute course of ECT. Hippocampal volumes were analyzed in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) subsample of 13 patients at the same time points. RESULTS A significant decrease in IL-6 levels was observed in the total sample and a significant increase in hippocampal volume in the MRI subsample. The reduction of peripheral IL-6 correlated with an increase in total hippocampal volume. A more limited decrease of TNF-α correlated with a more limited increase of both the total and left hippocampus volumes. CONCLUSION This pilot study is the first to highlight the link between peripheral immune changes and hippocampal volume increase following ECT. Further research is required to conclude whether ECT indeed exerts its central effect on the brain via changes of peripheral inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Baptist Belge
- Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center Duffel, Duffel, Belgium, .,Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, .,Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium,
| | - Linda van Diermen
- Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center Duffel, Duffel, Belgium.,Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bernard Sabbe
- Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center Duffel, Duffel, Belgium.,Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul Parizel
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Manuel Morrens
- Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center Duffel, Duffel, Belgium.,Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Violette Coppens
- Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center Duffel, Duffel, Belgium.,Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eric Constant
- Adult Psychiatry Department and Institute of Neuroscience, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | - Philippe de Timary
- Adult Psychiatry Department and Institute of Neuroscience, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | - Pascal Sienaert
- Department of Mood Disorders and Electroconvulsive Therapy, University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Didier Schrijvers
- Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center Duffel, Duffel, Belgium.,Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philip van Eijndhoven
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Bergantin LB. Depression Rises the Risk of Hypertension Incidence: Discussing the Link through the Ca2+/cAMP Signalling. Curr Hypertens Rev 2020; 16:73-78. [PMID: 30648516 DOI: 10.2174/1573402115666190116095223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and hypertension are medical problems both with clearly restricted pharmacotherapies, along with a high prevalence around the world. In fact, an intensive discussion in the field is that a dysregulation of the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis (e.g. excess of intracellular Ca2+) contributes to the pathogenesis of both hypertension and depression. Furthermore, depression rises the risk of hypertension incidence. Indeed, several data support the concept that depression is an independent risk issue for hypertension. CONCLUSION Then, which are the possible cellular mechanisms involved in this link between depression and hypertension? Considering our previous reports about the Ca2+ and cAMP signalling pathways (Ca2+/cAMP signalling), in this review I have discussed the virtual involvement of the Ca2+/cAMP signalling in this link (between depression and hypertension). Then, it is important to consider depression into account during the process of prevention, and treatment, of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro B Bergantin
- Department of Pharmacology-Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669-Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo-SP, Postal Code: 04039-032, Brazil
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40
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Reimann H, Stopper H, Polak T, Lauer M, Herrmann MJ, Deckert J, Hintzsche H. Micronucleus frequency in buccal mucosa cells of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22196. [PMID: 33335130 PMCID: PMC7747561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78832-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases show an increase in prevalence and incidence, with the most prominent example being Alzheimer’s disease. DNA damage has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis, but the exact mechanisms remain elusive. We enrolled 425 participants with and without neurodegenerative diseases and analyzed DNA damage in the form of micronuclei in buccal mucosa samples. In addition, other parameters such as binucleated cells, karyolytic cells, and karyorrhectic cells were quantified. No relevant differences in DNA damage and cytotoxicity markers were observed in patients compared to healthy participants. Furthermore, other parameters such as lifestyle factors and diseases were also investigated. Overall, this study could not identify a direct link between changes in buccal cells and neurogenerative diseases, but highlights the influence of lifestyle factors and diseases on the human buccal cytome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Reimann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Polak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Lauer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Herrmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Henning Hintzsche
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany. .,Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany.
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Bremner JD, Gurel NZ, Jiao Y, Wittbrodt MT, Levantsevych OM, Huang M, Jung H, Shandhi MH, Beckwith J, Herring I, Rapaport MH, Murrah N, Driggers E, Ko YA, Alkhalaf ML, Soudan M, Song J, Ku BS, Shallenberger L, Hankus AN, Nye JA, Park J, Vaccarino V, Shah AJ, Inan OT, Pearce BD. Transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation blocks stress-induced activation of Interleukin-6 and interferon-γ in posttraumatic stress disorder: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 9:100138. [PMID: 34589887 PMCID: PMC8474180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly disabling condition associated with alterations in multiple neurobiological systems, including increases in inflammatory function. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) decreases inflammation, however few studies have examined the effects of non-invasive VNS on physiology in human subjects, and no studies in patients with PTSD. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of transcutaneous cervical VNS (tcVNS) on inflammatory responses to stress. Thirty subjects with a history of exposure to traumatic stress with (N = 10) and without (N = 20) PTSD underwent exposure to stressful tasks immediately followed by active or sham tcVNS and measurement of multiple biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-(IL)-6, IL-2, IL-1β, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) and Interferon gamma (IFNγ) over multiple time points. Stressful tasks included exposure to personalized scripts of traumatic events on day 1, and public speech and mental arithmetic (Mental Stress) tasks on days 2 and 3. Traumatic scripts were associated with a pattern of subjective anger measured with Visual Analogue Scales and increased IL-6 and IFNγ in PTSD patients that was blocked by tcVNS (p < .05). Traumatic stress had minimal effects on these biomarkers in non-PTSD subjects and there was no difference between tcVNS or sham. No significant differences were seen between groups in IL-2, IL-1β, or TNFα. These results demonstrate that tcVNS blocks behavioral and inflammatory responses to stress reminders in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Douglas Bremner
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Departments of Radiology, and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Nil Z. Gurel
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yunshen Jiao
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew T. Wittbrodt
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Minxuan Huang
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hewon Jung
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - MdMobashir H. Shandhi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joy Beckwith
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Isaias Herring
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark H. Rapaport
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nancy Murrah
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily Driggers
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Departments of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Majd Soudan
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jiawei Song
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benson S. Ku
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lucy Shallenberger
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allison N. Hankus
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathon A. Nye
- Departments of Radiology, and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeanie Park
- Departments of Renal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Departments of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amit J. Shah
- Departments of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Omer T. Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Coulter Department of Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bradley D. Pearce
- Departments of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Lee YJ, Kim HR, Lee CY, Hyun SA, Ko MY, Lee BS, Hwang DY, Ka M. 2-Phenylethylamine (PEA) Ameliorates Corticosterone-Induced Depression-Like Phenotype via the BDNF/TrkB/CREB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239103. [PMID: 33265983 PMCID: PMC7729630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a serious medical illness that is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. Corticosterone (CORT) increases depression-like behavior, with some effects on anxiety-like behavior. 2-Phenethylamine (PEA) is a monoamine alkaloid that acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans. Here, we show that PEA exerts antidepressant effects by modulating the Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB)/cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway in CORT-induced depression. To investigate the potential effects of PEA on CORT-induced depression, we first treated CORT (50 μM)-induced hippocampal neurons with 100 μM PEA for 24 h. We found that treatment with CORT altered dendritic spine architecture; however, treatment with PEA rescued dendritic spine formation via regulation of BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling. Next, we used a mouse model of CORT-induced depression. Mice were treated with CORT (20 mg/kg) for 21 days, followed by assessments of a battery of depression-like behaviors. During the final four days of CORT exposure, the mice were treated with PEA (50 mg/kg). We found that CORT injection promoted depression-like behavior and significantly decreased BDNF and TrkB expression in the hippocampus. However, treatment with PEA significantly ameliorated the behavioral and biochemical changes induced by CORT. Our findings reveal that PEA exerts antidepressant effects by modulating the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway in a mouse model of CORT-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ju Lee
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Group, Convergence Toxicology Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (H.R.K.); (C.Y.L.); (S.-A.H.); (M.Y.K.)
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Hye Ryeong Kim
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Group, Convergence Toxicology Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (H.R.K.); (C.Y.L.); (S.-A.H.); (M.Y.K.)
- Laboratory Animal Center, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 61062, Korea
| | - Chang Youn Lee
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Group, Convergence Toxicology Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (H.R.K.); (C.Y.L.); (S.-A.H.); (M.Y.K.)
| | - Sung-Ae Hyun
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Group, Convergence Toxicology Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (H.R.K.); (C.Y.L.); (S.-A.H.); (M.Y.K.)
| | - Moon Yi Ko
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Group, Convergence Toxicology Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (H.R.K.); (C.Y.L.); (S.-A.H.); (M.Y.K.)
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Minhan Ka
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Group, Convergence Toxicology Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (H.R.K.); (C.Y.L.); (S.-A.H.); (M.Y.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-610-8095; Fax: +82-42-610-8252
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Lu EY, Lee P, Cai S, So WWY, Ng BFL, Jensen MP, Cheung WM, Tsang HWH. Qigong for the treatment of depressive symptoms: Preliminary evidence of neurobiological mechanisms. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020; 35:1393-1401. [PMID: 32662069 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Qigong has been shown to effectively reduce depressive symptoms in older adults with chronic physical illness. Here, we sought to evaluate the effects of qigong on serotonin, cortisol, and Brain-derived Neurotropic Factors (BDNF) levels and test their roles as potential mediators of the effects of qigong on depressive symptoms. METHODS Thirty older adults with chronic physical illness participated in a randomized clinical trial. They were randomly assigned to a qigong group (n = 14) or a control group for cognitive training of executive function and memory (n = 16). The participants provided blood and saliva samples at baseline and post-intervention. Levels of cortisol were measured from the salvia samples, and serotonin and BDNF were measured from the blood samples. RESULTS Consistent with the study findings presented in the primary outcome paper, a significant Group × Time interaction effect emerged on depressive symptoms, explained by greater reductions in the qigong group than the control group. Qigong participants had significantly larger increases in serotonin and BDNF, and decreases in cortisol levels, compared with control group participants. Moreover, treatment-related changes in cortisol levels (but not serotonin or BDNF) fully mediated the beneficial effects of qigong on depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION The findings provide preliminary evidence that treatment-related changes in cortisol may mediate the benefits of qigong on depressive symptoms. Given the limitation of small sample size of the present study, future studies with larger sample sizes and more extended follow-up assessment are warranted to determine the reliability of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Yiqing Lu
- Neuropsychiatric Rehabilitation Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Posen Lee
- Department of Occupational Therapy, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Shuhe Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Rehabilitation, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Subsidiary Rehabilitation Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wendy Wing Yan So
- Neuropsychiatric Rehabilitation Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Mark P Jensen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wai Ming Cheung
- Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hector W H Tsang
- Neuropsychiatric Rehabilitation Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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Bakusic J, Ghosh M, Polli A, Bekaert B, Schaufeli W, Claes S, Godderis L. Epigenetic perspective on the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in burnout. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:354. [PMID: 33077716 PMCID: PMC7573604 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a potential role in the neurobiology of burnout, but there are no studies investigating the underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Our aim is to further explore the role of BDNF in burnout, by focusing on the Val66Met polymorphism and methylation patterns of the BDNF gene and serum BDNF (sBDNF) protein expression. We conducted a cross-sectional study by recruiting 129 individuals (59 with burnout and 70 healthy controls). Participants underwent a clinical interview, psychological assessment and blood sample collection. Polymorphism and DNA methylation were measured on DNA from whole blood, using pyrosequencing and sBDNF levels were measured using ELISA. We found significantly increased methylation of promoter I and IV in the burnout group, which also correlated with burnout symptoms. In addition, DNA methylation of promoter I had a significant negative effect on sBDNF. For DNA methylation of exon IX, we did not find a significant difference between the groups, nor associations with sBDNF. The Val66Met polymorphism neither differed between groups, nor was it associated with sBDNF levels. Finally, we did not observe differences in sBDNF level between the groups. Interestingly, we observed a significant negative association between depressive symptoms and sBDNF levels. The current study is the first to show that BDNF DNA methylation changes might play an important role in downregulation of the BDNF protein levels in burnout. The presence of depressive symptoms might have an additional impact on these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Bakusic
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Manosij Ghosh
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Polli
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ,grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Pain in Motion research group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bram Bekaert
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Department of Forensic Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology; KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wilmar Schaufeli
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Work, Organisational and Personnel Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan Claes
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ,IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Heverlee, Belgium
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Bremner JD, Gurel NZ, Wittbrodt MT, Shandhi MH, Rapaport MH, Nye JA, Pearce BD, Vaccarino V, Shah AJ, Park J, Bikson M, Inan OT. Application of Noninvasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation to Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E119. [PMID: 32916852 PMCID: PMC7563188 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS) has been shown to be efficacious for the treatment of depression, but to date, VNS devices have required surgical implantation, which has limited widespread implementation. METHODS New noninvasive VNS (nVNS) devices have been developed which allow external stimulation of the vagus nerve, and their effects on physiology in patients with stress-related psychiatric disorders can be measured with brain imaging, blood biomarkers, and wearable sensing devices. Advantages in terms of cost and convenience may lead to more widespread implementation in psychiatry, as well as facilitate research of the physiology of the vagus nerve in humans. nVNS has effects on autonomic tone, cardiovascular function, inflammatory responses, and central brain areas involved in modulation of emotion, all of which make it particularly applicable to patients with stress-related psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, since dysregulation of these circuits and systems underlies the symptomatology of these disorders. RESULTS This paper reviewed the physiology of the vagus nerve and its relevance to modulating the stress response in the context of application of nVNS to stress-related psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS nVNS has a favorable effect on stress physiology that is measurable using brain imaging, blood biomarkers of inflammation, and wearable sensing devices, and shows promise in the prevention and treatment of stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.T.W.); (M.H.R.)
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; (A.J.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Nil Z. Gurel
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (N.Z.G.); (M.H.S.); (O.T.I.)
| | - Matthew T. Wittbrodt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.T.W.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Mobashir H. Shandhi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (N.Z.G.); (M.H.S.); (O.T.I.)
| | - Mark H. Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.T.W.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Jonathon A. Nye
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Bradley D. Pearce
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.D.P.); (V.V.)
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.D.P.); (V.V.)
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Amit J. Shah
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; (A.J.S.); (J.P.)
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.D.P.); (V.V.)
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeanie Park
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; (A.J.S.); (J.P.)
- Department of Medicine, Renal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Omer T. Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (N.Z.G.); (M.H.S.); (O.T.I.)
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Mori M, Murata Y, Tsuchihashi M, Hanakita N, Terasaki F, Harada H, Kawanabe S, Terada K, Matsumoto T, Ohe K, Mine K, Enjoji M. Continuous psychosocial stress stimulates BMP signaling in dorsal hippocampus concomitant with anxiety-like behavior associated with differential modulation of cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Behav Brain Res 2020; 392:112711. [PMID: 32461130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the hippocampus regulates psychiatric behaviors and hippocampal neurogenesis in non-stress conditions; however, stress-induced changes in hippocampal BMP signaling have not yet been reported. Therefore, we sought to examine whether psychosocial stress, which induces psychiatric symptoms, affects hippocampal BMP signaling. A total of 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a psychosocial stress using a Resident/Intruder paradigm for ten consecutive days. Subsequently, rats were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests (novelty-suppressed feeding test, sucrose preference test, and forced swimming test) for the evaluation of adult neurogenesis and activity of BMP signaling in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Repeated social defeat promoted anxiety-like behaviors, but neither anhedonia nor behavioral despair. Socially defeated rats exhibited an increase in the number of Ki-67-positive cells, decrease in the number of doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells, and decrease only in the dorsal hippocampus of the ratio of DCX-positive to Ki-67-positive cells, a proxy for newly-born cell maturation speed and survival. In contrast, no differences were observed in the number of 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells, indicating survival of newly-born cells both in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Furthermore, psychosocial stress significantly increased the BMP-4 and phosphorylated Smad1/5/9 expression levels specifically in the dorsal hippocampus. Our findings suggest that repeated psychosocial stress activates BMP signaling and differently affects cell proliferation and neurogenesis exclusively in the dorsal hippocampus, potentially exacerbating anxiety-related symptoms. Targeting BMP signaling is a potential therapeutic strategy for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Mori
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Murata
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Mariko Tsuchihashi
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Naoko Hanakita
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Fumie Terasaki
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Harada
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kawanabe
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kazuki Terada
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Taichi Matsumoto
- Department of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohe
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mine
- Faculty of Neurology and Psychiatry, BOOCS CLINIC FUKUOKA, 6F Random Square Bldg., 6-18, Tenya-Machi, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0025, Japan
| | - Munechika Enjoji
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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Scott GA, Terstege DJ, Vu AP, Law S, Evans A, Epp JR. Disrupted Neurogenesis in Germ-Free Mice: Effects of Age and Sex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:407. [PMID: 32548122 PMCID: PMC7272680 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has profound effects on development and function of the nervous system. Recent evidence indicates that disruption of the gut microbiome leads to altered hippocampal neurogenesis. Here, we examined whether the effects of gut microbiome disruption on neurogenesis are age-dependent, given that both neurogenesis and the microbiome show age-related changes. Additionally, we examined memory induced functional connectivity of hippocampal networks. Control and germ-free mice at three different ages (4, 8, and 12 weeks) were trained in contextual fear-conditioning, then subsequently tested the following day. Hippocampal neurogenesis, quantified via BrdU and doublecortin, exhibited age-dependent changes relative to controls, with the established age-dependent decrease in neurogenesis being delayed in germ-free mice. Moreover, we found sex-dependent effects of germ-free status on neurogenesis, with 4 week old male germ-free mice having decreased neurogenesis and 8 week old female germ-free mice having increased neurogenesis. To assess systems-level consequences of disrupted neurogenesis, we assessed functional connectivity of hippocampal networks by inducing c-Fos expression with contextual memory retrieval and applying a previously described network analysis. Our results indicate impaired connectivity of the dentate gyrus in germ-free mice in a pattern highly correlated with adult neurogenesis. In control but not germ-free mice, functional connectivity became more refined with age, indicating that age dependent network refinement is disrupted in germ-free mice. Overall, the results show that disruption of the gut microbiome affects hippocampal neurogenesis in an age- and sex-dependent manner and that these changes are also related to changes in the dentate gyrus functional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin A Scott
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dylan J Terstege
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alex P Vu
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sampson Law
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alexandria Evans
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jonathan R Epp
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Dafsari FS, Jessen F. Depression-an underrecognized target for prevention of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:160. [PMID: 32433512 PMCID: PMC7239844 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is broadly acknowledged that the onset of dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be modifiable by the management of risk factors. While several recent guidelines and multidomain intervention trials on prevention of cognitive decline address lifestyle factors and risk diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes, a special reference to the established risk factor of depression or depressive symptoms is systematically lacking. In this article we review epidemiological studies and biological mechanisms linking depression with AD and cognitive decline. We also emphasize the effects of antidepressive treatment on AD pathology including the molecular effects of antidepressants on neurogenesis, amyloid burden, tau pathology, and inflammation. We advocate moving depression and depressive symptoms into the focus of prevention of cognitive decline and dementia. We constitute that early treatment of depressive symptoms may impact on the disease course of AD and affect the risk of developing dementia and we propose the need for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forugh S Dafsari
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Str. 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Frank Jessen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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Adair D, Truong D, Esmaeilpour Z, Gebodh N, Borges H, Ho L, Bremner JD, Badran BW, Napadow V, Clark VP, Bikson M. Electrical stimulation of cranial nerves in cognition and disease. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:717-750. [PMID: 32289703 PMCID: PMC7196013 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cranial nerves are the pathways through which environmental information (sensation) is directly communicated to the brain, leading to perception, and giving rise to higher cognition. Because cranial nerves determine and modulate brain function, invasive and non-invasive cranial nerve electrical stimulation methods have applications in the clinical, behavioral, and cognitive domains. Among other neuromodulation approaches such as peripheral, transcranial and deep brain stimulation, cranial nerve stimulation is unique in allowing axon pathway-specific engagement of brain circuits, including thalamo-cortical networks. In this review we amalgamate relevant knowledge of 1) cranial nerve anatomy and biophysics; 2) evidence of the modulatory effects of cranial nerves on cognition; 3) clinical and behavioral outcomes of cranial nerve stimulation; and 4) biomarkers of nerve target engagement including physiology, electroencephalography, neuroimaging, and behavioral metrics. Existing non-invasive stimulation methods cannot feasibly activate the axons of only individual cranial nerves. Even with invasive stimulation methods, selective targeting of one nerve fiber type requires nuance since each nerve is composed of functionally distinct axon-types that differentially branch and can anastomose onto other nerves. None-the-less, precisely controlling stimulation parameters can aid in affecting distinct sets of axons, thus supporting specific actions on cognition and behavior. To this end, a rubric for reproducible dose-response stimulation parameters is defined here. Given that afferent cranial nerve axons project directly to the brain, targeting structures (e.g. thalamus, cortex) that are critical nodes in higher order brain networks, potent effects on cognition are plausible. We propose an intervention design framework based on driving cranial nerve pathways in targeted brain circuits, which are in turn linked to specific higher cognitive processes. State-of-the-art current flow models that are used to explain and design cranial-nerve-activating stimulation technology require multi-scale detail that includes: gross anatomy; skull foramina and superficial tissue layers; and precise nerve morphology. Detailed simulations also predict that some non-invasive electrical or magnetic stimulation approaches that do not intend to modulate cranial nerves per se, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), may also modulate activity of specific cranial nerves. Much prior cranial nerve stimulation work was conceptually limited to the production of sensory perception, with individual titration of intensity based on the level of perception and tolerability. However, disregarding sensory emulation allows consideration of temporal stimulation patterns (axon recruitment) that modulate the tone of cortical networks independent of sensory cortices, without necessarily titrating perception. For example, leveraging the role of the thalamus as a gatekeeper for information to the cerebral cortex, preventing or enhancing the passage of specific information depending on the behavioral state. We show that properly parameterized computational models at multiple scales are needed to rationally optimize neuromodulation that target sets of cranial nerves, determining which and how specific brain circuitries are modulated, which can in turn influence cognition in a designed manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Adair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dennis Truong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeinab Esmaeilpour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Nigel Gebodh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helen Borges
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Libby Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Bashar W Badran
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Vitaly Napadow
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, MGH, Harvard medical school, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vincent P Clark
- Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Dept. Psychology, MSC03-2220, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; The Mind Research Network of the Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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Lieberknecht V, Engel D, Rodrigues ALS, Gabilan NH. Neuroprotective effects of mirtazapine and imipramine and their effect in pro- and anti-apoptotic gene expression in human neuroblastoma cells. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:563-570. [DOI: 10.1007/s43440-019-00009-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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