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Smith MJ, Pellegrini M, Major B, Graco M, Porter S, Kramer S, Sewell K, Salberg S, Chen Z, Mychasiuk R, Lannin NA. Improving physical movement during stroke rehabilitation: investigating associations between sleep measured by wearable actigraphy technology, fatigue, and key biomarkers. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:84. [PMID: 38802847 PMCID: PMC11131210 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-024-01380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbance and fatigue are common in individuals undergoing inpatient rehabilitation following stroke. Understanding the relationships between sleep, fatigue, motor performance, and key biomarkers of inflammation and neuroplasticity could provide valuable insight into stroke recovery, possibly leading to personalized rehabilitation strategies. This study aimed to investigate the influence of sleep quality on motor function following stroke utilizing wearable technology to obtain objective sleep measurements. Additionally, we aimed to determine if there were relationships between sleep, fatigue, and motor function. Lastly, the study aimed to determine if salivary biomarkers of stress, inflammation, and neuroplasticity were associated with motor function or fatigue post-stroke. METHODS Eighteen individuals who experienced a stroke and were undergoing inpatient rehabilitation participated in a cross-sectional observational study. Following consent, participants completed questionnaires to assess sleep patterns, fatigue, and quality of life. Objective sleep was measured throughout one night using the wearable Philips Actiwatch. Upper limb motor performance was assessed on the following day and saliva was collected for biomarker analysis. Correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationships between variables. RESULTS Participants reported poor sleep quality, frequent awakenings, and difficulties falling asleep following stroke. We identified a significant negative relationship between fatigue severity and both sleep quality (r=-0.539, p = 0.021) and participants experience of awakening from sleep (r=-0.656, p = 0.003). A significant positive relationship was found between grip strength on the non-hemiplegic limb and salivary gene expression of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (r = 0.606, p = 0.028), as well as a significant negative relationship between grip strength on the hemiplegic side and salivary gene expression of C-reactive Protein (r=-0.556, p = 0.048). CONCLUSION The findings of this study emphasize the importance of considering sleep quality, fatigue, and biomarkers in stroke rehabilitation to optimize recovery and that interventions may need to be tailored to the individual. Future longitudinal studies are required to explore these relationships over time. Integrating wearable technology for sleep and biomarker analysis can enhance monitoring and prediction of outcomes following stroke, ultimately improving rehabilitation strategies and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Michael Pellegrini
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Brendan Major
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | | | | | - Sharon Kramer
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Katherine Sewell
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Natasha A Lannin
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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Gajghate S, Li H, Rom S. GPR55 Inactivation Diminishes Splenic Responses and Improves Neurological Outcomes in the Mouse Ischemia/Reperfusion Stroke Model. Cells 2024; 13:280. [PMID: 38334672 PMCID: PMC10855118 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Although strokes are frequent and severe, treatment options are scarce. Plasminogen activators, the only FDA-approved agents for clot treatment (tissue plasminogen activators (tPAs)), are used in a limited patient group. Moreover, there are few approaches for handling the brain's inflammatory reactions to a stroke. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55)'s connection to inflammatory processes has been recently reported; however, its role in stroke remains to be discovered. Post-stroke neuroinflammation involves the central nervous system (CNS)'s resident microglia activation and the infiltration of leukocytes from circulation into the brain. Additionally, splenic responses have been shown to be detrimental to stroke recovery. While lymphocytes enter the brain in small numbers, they regularly emerge as a very influential leukocyte subset that causes secondary inflammatory cerebral damage. However, an understanding of how this limited lymphocyte presence profoundly impacts stroke outcomes remains largely unclear. In this study, a mouse model for transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was used to mimic ischemia followed by a reperfusion (IS/R) stroke. GPR55 inactivation, with a potent GPR55-specific antagonist, ML-193, starting 6 h after tMCAO or the absence of the GPR55 in mice (GPR55 knock out (GPR55ko)) resulted in a reduced infarction volume, improved neurological outcomes, and decreased splenic responses. The inhibition of GPR55 with ML-193 diminished CD4+T-cell spleen egress and attenuated CD4+T-cell brain infiltration. Additionally, ML-193 treatment resulted in an augmented number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the brain post-tMCAO. Our report offers documentation and the functional evaluation of GPR55 in the brain-spleen axis and lays the foundation for refining therapeutics for patients after ischemic attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Gajghate
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hongbo Li
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
| | - Slava Rom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
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3
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Colita D, Burdusel D, Glavan D, Hermann DM, Colită CI, Colita E, Udristoiu I, Popa-Wagner A. Molecular mechanisms underlying major depressive disorder and post-stroke affective disorders. J Affect Disord 2024; 344:149-158. [PMID: 37827260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Two of the most common and incapacitating mental health disorders around the world are major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-stroke depression (PSD). MDD is thought to result from abnormal connectivity between the monoaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and/or cholinergic pathways. Additional factors include the roles of hormonal, immune, ageing, as well as the influence of cellular, molecular, and epigenetics in the development of mood disorders. This complexity of factors has been anticipated by the Swiss psychiatrists Paul Kielholz and Jules Angst who introduced a multimodal treatment of MDD. Depression is the predominant mood disorder, impacting around one-third of individuals who have experienced a stroke. MDD and PSD share common underlying biological mechanisms related to the disruption of monoaminergic pathways. The major contributor to PSD is the stroke lesion location, which can involve the disruption of the serotoninergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, or cholinergic pathways. Additionally, various other disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, and apathy might occur post-stroke, although their prevalence is considerably lower. However, there are differences in the onset of MDD among mood disorders. Some mood disorders develop gradually and can persist for a lifetime, potentially culminating in suicide. In contrast, PSD has a rapid onset because of the severe disruption of neural pathways essential for mood behavior caused by the lesion. However, PSD might also spontaneously resolve several months after a stroke, though it is associated with higher mortality. This review also provides a brief overview of the treatments currently available in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Colita
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daiana Burdusel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania; Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Daniela Glavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania; Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Cezar-Ivan Colită
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugen Colita
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ion Udristoiu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
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4
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Dzirkale Z, Pilipenko V, Pijet B, Klimaviciusa L, Upite J, Protokowicz K, Kaczmarek L, Jansone B. Long-term behavioural alterations in mice following transient cerebral ischemia. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114589. [PMID: 37481076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Acute and chronic post-stroke changes have variable effects on the functional outcomes of the disease. Therefore, it is imperative to identify what daily activities are altered after stroke and to what extent, keeping in mind that ischemic stroke patients often have long-term post-stroke complications. Translational studies in stroke have also been challenging due to inconsistent study design of animal experiments. The objective of this study was to clarify whether and to what extent mouse behaviour was altered during a 6 months period after cerebral stroke. Experimental stroke was induced in mice by intraluminal filament insertion into the middle cerebral artery (fMCAo). Neurological deficits, recovery rate, motor performance, and circadian activity were evaluated following ischemia. We observed severe neurological deficits, motor impairments, and delay in the recovery rate of mice during the first 14 days after fMCAo. Aberrant circadian activity and distorted space map were seen in fMCAo mice starting one month after ischemia, similarly to altered new and familiar cage activity and sucrose preference using the IntelliCage, and was still evident 60- and 180- days following stroke in the voluntary running wheel using the PhenoMaster system. A preference towards ipsilateral side turns was observed in fMCAo mice both acutely and chronically after the stroke induction. Overall, our study shows the importance of determining time-dependent differences in the long-term post-stroke recovery (over 180 days after fMCAo) using multiple behavioural assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Dzirkale
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas Street, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Vladimirs Pilipenko
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas Street, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Barbara Pijet
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY - Centre of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Linda Klimaviciusa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas Street, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jolanta Upite
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas Street, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Karolina Protokowicz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY - Centre of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY - Centre of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Baiba Jansone
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas Street, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia.
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5
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Ke X, Deng M, Wu Z, Yu H, Yu D, Li H, Lu Y, Shu K, Pei L. miR-34b-3p Inhibition of eIF4E Causes Post-stroke Depression in Adult Mice. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:194-212. [PMID: 35802246 PMCID: PMC9905405 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00898-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a serious and common complication of stroke, which seriously affects the rehabilitation of stroke patients. To date, the pathogenesis of PSD is unclear and effective treatments remain unavailable. Here, we established a mouse model of PSD through photothrombosis-induced focal ischemia. By using a combination of brain imaging, transcriptome sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis, we found that the hippocampus of PSD mice had a significantly lower metabolic level than other brain regions. RNA sequencing revealed a significant reduction of miR34b-3p, which was expressed in hippocampal neurons and inhibited the translation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). Furthermore, silencing eIF4E inactivated microglia, inhibited neuroinflammation, and abolished the depression-like behaviors in PSD mice. Together, our data demonstrated that insufficient miR34b-3p after stroke cannot inhibit eIF4E translation, which causes PSD by the activation of microglia in the hippocampus. Therefore, miR34b-3p and eIF4E may serve as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ke
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Manfei Deng
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhuoze Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical School, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dian Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Youming Lu
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kai Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lei Pei
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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6
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Yoshida Y, Takeda Y, Yamahara K, Yamamoto H, Takagi T, Kuramoto Y, Nakano-Doi A, Nakagomi T, Soma T, Matsuyama T, Doe N, Yoshimura S. Enhanced angiogenic properties of umbilical cord blood primed by OP9 stromal cells ameliorates neurological deficits in cerebral infarction mouse model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:262. [PMID: 36609640 PMCID: PMC9822952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation shows proangiogenic effects and contributes to symptom amelioration in animal models of cerebral infarction. However, the effect of specific cell types within a heterogeneous UCB population are still controversial. OP9 is a stromal cell line used as feeder cells to promote the hematoendothelial differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Hence, we investigated the changes in angiogenic properties, underlying mechanisms, and impact on behavioral deficiencies caused by cerebral infarction in UCB co-cultured with OP9 for up to 24 h. In the network formation assay, only OP9 pre-conditioned UCB formed network structures. Single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry analysis showed a prominent phenotypic shift toward M2 in the monocytic fraction of OP9 pre-conditioned UCB. Further, OP9 pre-conditioned UCB transplantation in mice models of cerebral infarction facilitated angiogenesis in the peri-infarct lesions and ameliorated the associated symptoms. In this study, we developed a strong, fast, and feasible method to augment the M2, tissue-protecting, pro-angiogenic features of UCB using OP9. The ameliorative effect of OP9-pre-conditioned UCB in vivo could be partly due to promotion of innate angiogenesis in peri-infarct lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Yoshida
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Yuki Takeda
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamahara
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Hanae Yamamoto
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XLaboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Toshinori Takagi
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Yoji Kuramoto
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Akiko Nakano-Doi
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and CNS Repair, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medial University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagomi
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and CNS Repair, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medial University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Soma
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Hematology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuyama
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Nobutaka Doe
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and CNS Repair, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medial University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan ,grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Hyogo Medical University, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530 Japan
| | - Shinichi Yoshimura
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
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7
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Pinto R, Magalhães A, Sousa M, Melo L, Lobo A, Barros P, Gomes JR. Bridging the Transient Intraluminal Stroke Preclinical Model to Clinical Practice: From Improved Surgical Procedures to a Workflow of Functional Tests. Front Neurol 2022; 13:846735. [PMID: 35359638 PMCID: PMC8963503 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.846735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains a leading cause of mortality, despite significant advances in therapy (endovascular thrombectomy). Failure in developing novel effective therapies is associated with unsuccessful translation from preclinical studies to clinical practice, associated to inconsistent and highly variable infarct areas and lack of relevant post-stroke functional evaluation in preclinical research. To outreach these limitations, we optimized the intraluminal transient middle cerebral occlusion, a widely used mouse stroke model, in two key parameters, selection of appropriate occlusion filaments and time of occlusion, which show a significant variation in the literature. We demonstrate that commercially available filaments with short coating length (1–2 mm), together with 45-min occlusion, results in a consistent affected brain region, similar to what is observed in most patients with AIS. Importantly, a dedicated post-stroke care protocol, based on clinical practice applied to patients who had stroke, resulted in lower mortality and improved mice welfare. Finally, a battery of tests covering relevant fine motor skills, sensory functions, and learning/memory behaviors revealed a significant effect of tMCAO brain infarction, which is parallel to patient symptomatology as measured by relevant clinical scales (NIH Stroke Scale, NIHSS and modified Rankin Scale, mRS). Thus, in order to enhance translation to clinical practice, future preclinical stroke research must consider the methodology described in this study, which includes improved reproducible surgical procedure, postoperative care, and the battery of functional tests. This will be a major step s closing the gap from bench to bedside, rendering the development of novel effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pinto
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Magalhães
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Addiction Biology Unit, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Sousa
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Advanced Light Microscopy Unit, I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Melo
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrea Lobo
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Addiction Biology Unit, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Barros
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.,Stroke Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - João R Gomes
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Dandekar MP, Yin X, Peng T, Devaraj S, Morales R, McPherson DD, Huang SL. Repetitive xenon treatment improves post-stroke sensorimotor and neuropsychiatric dysfunction. J Affect Disord 2022; 301:315-330. [PMID: 34990636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a life-changing event as stroke survivors experience changes in personality, emotions and mood. We investigated the effect of xenon gas encapsulated in liposomes on stroke-generated sensorimotor impairments, and anxiety- and depression-like phenotypes. Ischemic stroke was created by the intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 6 h followed by reperfusion in rats. Xenon-liposome (6 mg/kg, intravenous) treatment was given multiple times starting at 2 h post-ischemia through 6 h (5X), and once-daily for next 3 days. Rats underwent ischemic injury displayed sensorimotor deficits in the adhesive removal, vibrissae-evoked forelimb placement and rotarod tests. These animals also made lesser entries and spent less time on open arms of the elevated-plus maze and swam more in passive mode in the forced swimming test, indicating anxiety- and depression-like behaviors at 28- and 35-days post-injury, respectively. Repeated intravenous treatment with xenon-liposomes ameliorated these behavioral aberrations (p < 0.05). Gut microbiome analysis (16S ribosomal-RNA gene sequencing) showed a decrease in the Clostridium clusters XI, XIVa, XVIII and Lactobacillus bacterium, and increase of the Prevotella in the xenon-liposome group. No microbiota communities were majorly affected across the treatments. Moreover, xenon treatment group showed augmented plasma levels of IL-6 cytokines (∼5 fold) on day-35 post-ischemia, while no change was noticed in the IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and MCP-1 levels. Our data highlights the safety, behavioral recovery and reversal of post-stroke brain injury following xenon-liposome treatment in an extended ischemic model. These results show the potential for this treatment strategy to be translated to patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA; presently Manoj P. Dandekar is affiliated with Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Xing Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sridevi Devaraj
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo Morales
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA; CIBQA, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins. Santiago, Chile
| | - David D McPherson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shao-Ling Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
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9
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Brown GC. Neuronal Loss after Stroke Due to Microglial Phagocytosis of Stressed Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13442. [PMID: 34948237 PMCID: PMC8707068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
After stroke, there is a rapid necrosis of all cells in the infarct, followed by a delayed loss of neurons both in brain areas surrounding the infarct, known as 'selective neuronal loss', and in brain areas remote from, but connected to, the infarct, known as 'secondary neurodegeneration'. Here we review evidence indicating that this delayed loss of neurons after stroke is mediated by the microglial phagocytosis of stressed neurons. After a stroke, neurons are stressed by ongoing ischemia, excitotoxicity and/or inflammation and are known to: (i) release "find-me" signals such as ATP, (ii) expose "eat-me" signals such as phosphatidylserine, and (iii) bind to opsonins, such as complement components C1q and C3b, inducing microglia to phagocytose such neurons. Blocking these factors on neurons, or their phagocytic receptors on microglia, can prevent delayed neuronal loss and behavioral deficits in rodent models of ischemic stroke. Phagocytic receptors on microglia may be attractive treatment targets to prevent delayed neuronal loss after stroke due to the microglial phagocytosis of stressed neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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10
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Eldahshan W, Sayed MA, Awad ME, Ahmed HA, Gillis E, Althomali W, Pillai B, Alshammari A, Jackson L, Dong G, Sullivan JC, Cooley MA, Elsalanty M, Ergul A, Fagan SC. Stimulation of angiotensin II receptor 2 preserves cognitive function and is associated with an enhanced cerebral vascular density after stroke. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 141:106904. [PMID: 34481068 PMCID: PMC8612991 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin signaling is known to be sexually dimorphic. Although it is a well-studied target for intervention in stroke and cognitive impairment, female studies are rare. With females suffering a disproportionately greater negative impact of stroke and dementia vs. males, effective interventions are of utmost urgency. The aim of the current study was to determine the impact of activation of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) with the agonist compound 21 (C21) on the development of post-stroke cognitive impairment, after experimental ischemic stroke. Ovariectomized (OVX) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were subjected to 1 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). At 24 h, rats with a significant neurologic deficit were randomized to receive either saline or C21 (0.03 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally (IP) for 5 days, then orally (0.12 mg/kg/day) for a total of 6 weeks. Cognitive function, brain structure by MRI and vascular architecture by microCT angiography were measured. C21 preserved cognitive function, specifically spatial memory, and improved vascular density in the ischemic hemisphere at 6 weeks, reflecting both arteriogenesis and angiogenesis. In conclusion, C21 prevented cognitive impairment after stroke, likely through a mechanism involving vascular protection and restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Eldahshan
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, United States of America; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mohammed A Sayed
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, United States of America; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mohamed E Awad
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Heba A Ahmed
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ellen Gillis
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Waleed Althomali
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, United States of America; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Bindu Pillai
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, United States of America; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Abdulkarim Alshammari
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, United States of America; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ladonya Jackson
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, United States of America; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Guangkuo Dong
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer C Sullivan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Marion A Cooley
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Elsalanty
- Department of Medical Anatomical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Medical Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States of America
| | - Adviye Ergul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Susan C Fagan
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, United States of America; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America.
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11
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Faillot M, Chaillet A, Palfi S, Senova S. Rodent models used in preclinical studies of deep brain stimulation to rescue memory deficits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:410-432. [PMID: 34437937 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation paradigms might be used to treat memory disorders in patients with stroke or traumatic brain injury. However, proof of concept studies in animal models are needed before clinical translation. We propose here a comprehensive review of rodent models for Traumatic Brain Injury and Stroke. We systematically review the histological, behavioral and electrophysiological features of each model and identify those that are the most relevant for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Faillot
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France
| | - Antoine Chaillet
- Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes (L2S-UMR8506) - CentraleSupélec, Université Paris Saclay, Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Stéphane Palfi
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France
| | - Suhan Senova
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France.
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12
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Yoshida Y, Takagi T, Kuramoto Y, Tatebayashi K, Shirakawa M, Yamahara K, Doe N, Yoshimura S. Intravenous Administration of Human Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Subacute Phase of Cerebral Infarction in a Mouse Model Ameliorates Neurological Disturbance by Suppressing Blood Brain Barrier Disruption and Apoptosis via Immunomodulation. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211024183. [PMID: 34144647 PMCID: PMC8216398 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211024183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuro-inflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of brain infarction. Cell therapy offers a novel therapeutic option due to its effect on immunomodulatory effects. Amniotic stem cells, in particular, show promise owing to their low immunogenicity, tumorigenicity, and easy availability from amniotic membranes discarded following birth. We have successfully isolated and expanded human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs). Herein, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of hAMSCs on neurological deficits after brain infarction as well as their immunomodulatory effects in a mouse model in order to understand their mechanisms of action. One day after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO), hAMSCs were intravenously administered. RT-qPCR for TNFα, iNOS, MMP2, and MMP9, immunofluorescence staining for iNOS and CD11b/c, and a TUNEL assay were performed 8 days following MCAO. An Evans Blue assay and behavioral tests were performed 2 days and several months following MCAO, respectively. The results suggest that the neurological deficits caused by cerebral infarction are improved in dose-dependent manner by the administration of hAMSCs. The mechanism appears to be through a reduction in disruption of the blood brain barrier and apoptosis in the peri-infarct region through the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the M2-to-M1 phenotype shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, 12818Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Takagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, 12818Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoji Kuramoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, 12818Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tatebayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, 12818Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Manabu Shirakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, 12818Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamahara
- Laboratory of Medical Innovation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Doe
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and CNS Repair, 12818, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.,Laboratory of Psychology, General Education Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yoshimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, 12818Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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13
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Balkaya M, Kim ID, Shakil F, Cho S. CD36 deficiency reduces chronic BBB dysfunction and scar formation and improves activity, hedonic and memory deficits in ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:486-501. [PMID: 32404022 PMCID: PMC7922745 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20924099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ameliorating blood-brain barrier disruption and altering scar formation dynamics are potential strategies that may improve post-stroke recovery. CD36 is a class B scavenger receptor that plays a role in innate immunity, inflammation and vascular dysfunction and regulates post-stroke injury, neovascularization, reactive astrogliosis and scar formation. By subjecting WT and CD36KO mice to different MCAo occlusion durations to generate comparable acute lesion sizes, we addressed the role of CD36 in BBB dysfunction, scar formation and recovery. The majority of stroke recovery studies primarily focus on motor function. Here, we employed an extensive behavioral test arsenal to evaluate psychological and cognitive endpoints. While not evident during the acute phase, CD36 deficient mice displayed significantly attenuated BBB leakage and scar formation at three months after stroke compared to wild-type littermates. Assessment of motor (open field, rotarod), anxiety (plus maze, light-dark box), depression (forced swim, sucrose preference) and memory tests (water maze) revealed that CD36 deficiency ameliorated stroke-induced behavioral impairments in activity, hedonic responses and spatial learning and strategy switching. Our findings indicate that CD36 contributes to stroke-induced BBB dysfunction and scar formation in an injury-independent manner, as well as to the chronic motor and neurophysiological deficits in chronic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Balkaya
- Burke Neurological Research Institute, White Plains, NY,
USA
| | - Il-doo Kim
- Burke Neurological Research Institute, White Plains, NY,
USA
| | - Faariah Shakil
- Burke Neurological Research Institute, White Plains, NY,
USA
| | - Sunghee Cho
- Burke Neurological Research Institute, White Plains, NY,
USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell
Medicine at Burke Neurological Research Institute, White Plains, NY USA
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14
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Wang T, Zhou G, He M, Xu Y, Rusyniak WG, Xu Y, Ji Y, Simon RP, Xiong ZG, Zha XM. GPR68 Is a Neuroprotective Proton Receptor in Brain Ischemia. Stroke 2020; 51:3690-3700. [PMID: 33059544 PMCID: PMC7678672 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.031479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Brain acidosis is prevalent in stroke and other neurological diseases. Acidosis can have paradoxical injurious and protective effects. The purpose of this study is to determine whether a proton receptor exists in neurons to counteract acidosis-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology (T.W., G.Z., M.H., Yuanyuan Xu, X.-m.Z.), University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Guokun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology (T.W., G.Z., M.H., Yuanyuan Xu, X.-m.Z.), University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile.,Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Shanghai University, China (G.Z., Y.J.)
| | - Mindi He
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology (T.W., G.Z., M.H., Yuanyuan Xu, X.-m.Z.), University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology (T.W., G.Z., M.H., Yuanyuan Xu, X.-m.Z.), University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - W G Rusyniak
- Department of Neurosurgery (W.G.R.), University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Yan Xu)
| | - Yonghua Ji
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Shanghai University, China (G.Z., Y.J.)
| | - Roger P Simon
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (R.P.S., Z.-G.X.)
| | - Zhi-Gang Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (R.P.S., Z.-G.X.)
| | - Xiang-Ming Zha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology (T.W., G.Z., M.H., Yuanyuan Xu, X.-m.Z.), University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile
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15
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Bernstein DL, Zuluaga-Ramirez V, Gajghate S, Reichenbach NL, Polyak B, Persidsky Y, Rom S. miR-98 reduces endothelial dysfunction by protecting blood-brain barrier (BBB) and improves neurological outcomes in mouse ischemia/reperfusion stroke model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1953-1965. [PMID: 31601141 PMCID: PMC7786850 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19882264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most neurological diseases, including stroke, lead to some degree of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. A significant portion of BBB injury is caused by inflammation, due to pro-inflammatory factors produced in the brain, and by leukocyte engagement of the brain endothelium. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have appeared as major regulators of inflammation-induced changes to gene expression in the microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) that comprise the BBB. However, miRNAs' role during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion is still underexplored. Endothelial levels of miR-98 were significantly altered following ischemia/reperfusion insults, both in vivo and in vitro, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), respectively. Overexpression of miR-98 reduced the mouse's infarct size after tMCAO. Further, miR-98 lessened infiltration of proinflammatory Ly6CHI leukocytes into the brain following stroke and diminished the prevalence of M1 (activated) microglia within the impacted area. miR-98 attenuated BBB permeability, as demonstrated by changes to fluorescently-labeled dextran penetration in vivo and improved transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) in vitro. Treatment with miR-98 improved significantly the locomotor impairment. Our study provides identification and functional assessment of miRNAs in brain endothelium and lays the groundwork for improving therapeutic approaches for patients suffering from ischemic attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Sachin Gajghate
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy L Reichenbach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Boris Polyak
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Slava Rom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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16
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Abstract
Rodents are the most widely used experimental animals in stroke research due to their similar vascular anatomy, high reproductive rates, and availability of transgenic models. However, the difficulties in assessing higher brain functions, such as cognition and memory, in rodents decrease the translational potential of these studies. In this review, we summarize commonly used motor/sensorimotor and cognition tests in rodent models of stroke. Specifically, we first briefly introduce the objective and procedure of each behavioral test. Next, we summarize the application of each test in both ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Last, the advantages and disadvantages of these tests in assessing stroke outcome are discussed. This review summarizes commonly used behavioral tests in stroke studies and compares their applications in different stroke types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA, USA
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17
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Schlunk F, Fischer P, Princen HMG, Rex A, Prinz V, Foddis M, Lütjohann D, Laufs U, Endres M. No effects of PCSK9-inhibitor treatment on spatial learning, locomotor activity, and novel object recognition in mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 396:112875. [PMID: 32858115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal anti-proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PSCK9) neutralizing antibodies effectively lower plasma cholesterol levels and decrease cardiovascular events but also raised some concern that cognitive function could worsen as a side effect. Here, we performed experiments in mice to characterize the effect of anti-PCSK9 antibodies on behavior and cognitive function in detail. APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice and B6129SF1/J wildtype mice were fed a Western type diet and treated with the fully human anti-PCSK9 antibody CmAb1 (PL-45134; 10mg*kg-1 s.c.) or vehicle for 6 weeks. Locomotor activity, anxiety levels, recognition memory, and spatial learning were investigated using the open field, novel object recognition test, and Morris water maze, respectively. Serum cholesterol levels in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice after treatment with anti-PCSK9 antibody were significantly lower compared to controls whereas cholesterol levels in B6129SF1/J wildtype mice remained unchanged at low levels. No apparent differences were found regarding locomotor activity, anxiety, recognition memory, and spatial learning between animals treated with anti-PCSK9 antibody or vehicle in APOE*3Leiden.CETP and B6129SF1/J wildtype mice. In this study, we found no evidence that treatment with anti-PCSK9 antibodies lead to differences in behavior or changes of cognition in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieder Schlunk
- Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie mit Abteilung für Experimentelle Neurologie, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), and NeuroCure, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Fischer
- Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie mit Abteilung für Experimentelle Neurologie, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), and NeuroCure, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andre Rex
- Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie mit Abteilung für Experimentelle Neurologie, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), and NeuroCure, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent Prinz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Foddis
- Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie mit Abteilung für Experimentelle Neurologie, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), and NeuroCure, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie mit Abteilung für Experimentelle Neurologie, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), and NeuroCure, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Interleukin-18 from neurons and microglia mediates depressive behaviors in mice with post-stroke depression. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:411-420. [PMID: 32272223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a common and serious complication that is affecting one thirds of stroke patients which leaves them with a poor quality of life, high mortality rate, high recurrent rate, and slow recovery. Recent studies showed that serum interleukin-18 (IL-18) level is a biomarker for patients with PSD. However, the role of IL-18 in the pathology of PSD is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the IL-18 level in the ischemic brain significantly increased in mice with depression-like behaviors that were caused by the combined use of chronic spatial restraint stress and middle cerebral artery occlusion. Interestingly, IL-18 expression was mainly found in neurons at early phase and in microglia at a later phase. Injection of the exogenous IL-18 into the amygdala, but not the hippocampus or the striatum caused severe depression-like behaviors. On the contrary, the blockage of endogenous IL-18 by IL-18 binding protein, a specific antagonist of IL-18, repressed depressive phenotypes in SIR mice. IL-18 KO mice exhibited the resistance to spatial restraint stress and cerebral ischemia injury. Finally, we found that IL-18 mediated depressive behaviors by the interaction of IL-18 receptor and NKCC1, a sodium-potassium chloride co-transporter that is related to GABAergic inhibition. Administration of NKCC1 antagonist bumetanide exerted a therapeutic effect on the in IL-18-induced depressive mice. In conclusion, we demonstrated that increased IL-18 in the brain causes depression-like behaviors by promoting the IL-18 receptor/NKCC1 signaling pathway. Targeting IL-18 and its downstream pathway is a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of PSD.
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19
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Bernstein DL, Gajghate S, Reichenbach NL, Winfield M, Persidsky Y, Heldt NA, Rom S. let-7g counteracts endothelial dysfunction and ameliorating neurological functions in mouse ischemia/reperfusion stroke model. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:543-555. [PMID: 32017988 PMCID: PMC7316629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a debilitating disease, accounting for almost 20% of all hospital visits, and 8% of all fatalities in the United States in 2017. Following an ischemic attack, inflammatory processes originating from endothelial cells within the brain microvasculature can induce many toxic effects into the impacted area, from both sides of the blood brain barrier (BBB). In addition to increased BBB permeability, impacted brain microvascular endothelial cells can recruit macrophages and other immune cells from the periphery and can also trigger the activation of microglia and astrocytes within the brain. We have identified a key microRNA, let-7g, which levels were drastically diminished as consequence of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in vivo and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro ischemia/reperfusion conditions, respectively. We have observed that let-7g* liposome-based delivery is capable of attenuating inflammation after stroke, reducing BBB permeability, limiting brain infiltration by CD3+CD4+ T-cells and Ly6G+ neutrophils, lessening microglia activation and neuronal death. These effects consequently improved clinical outcomes, shown by mitigating post-stroke gait asymmetry and extremity motor function. Due to the role of the endothelium in propagating the effects of stroke and other inflammation, treatments which can reduce endothelial inflammation and limit ischemic damage and improving recovery after a stroke are required. Our findings demonstrate a critical link between the CNS inflammation and the immune system reaction and lay important groundwork for future stroke pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sachin Gajghate
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Nancy L Reichenbach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Malika Winfield
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Nathan A Heldt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Slava Rom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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20
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Cunningham CJ, Wong R, Barrington J, Tamburrano S, Pinteaux E, Allan SM. Systemic conditioned medium treatment from interleukin-1 primed mesenchymal stem cells promotes recovery after stroke. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:32. [PMID: 31964413 PMCID: PMC6975095 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-1560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential as a therapy for stroke and have previously been shown to promote recovery in preclinical models of cerebral ischaemia. MSCs secrete a wide range of growth factors, chemokines, cytokines and extracellular vesicles—collectively termed the secretome. In this study, we assessed for the first time the efficacy of the IL-1α-primed MSC-derived secretome on brain injury and functional recovery after cerebral ischaemia. Methods Stroke was induced in male C57BL/6 mice using the intraluminal filament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Conditioned medium from IL-1α-primed MSCs or vehicle was administered at the time of reperfusion or at 24 h post-stroke by subcutaneous injection. Results IL-1α-primed MSC-derived conditioned medium treatment at the time of stroke led to a ~ 30% reduction in lesion volume at 48 h and was associated with modest improvements in body mass gain, 28-point neurological score and nest building. Administration of MSC-derived conditioned medium at 24 h post-stroke led to improved nest building and neurological score despite no observed differences in lesion volume at day 2 post-stroke. Conclusions Our results show for the first time that the administration of conditioned medium from IL-1α-primed MSCs leads to improvements in behavioural outcomes independently of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona J Cunningham
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Raymond Wong
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jack Barrington
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sabrina Tamburrano
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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21
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Abstract
Novel therapeutic intervention that aims to enhance the endogenous recovery potential of the brain during the subacute phase of stroke has produced promising results. The paradigm shift in treatment approaches presents new challenges to preclinical and clinical researchers alike, especially in the functional endpoints domain. Shortcomings of the "neuroprotection" era of stroke research are yet to be fully addressed. Proportional recovery observed in clinics, and potentially in animal models, requires a thorough reevaluation of the methods used to assess recovery. To this end, this review aims to give a detailed evaluation of functional outcome measures used in clinics and preclinical studies. Impairments observed in clinics and animal models will be discussed from a functional testing perspective. Approaches needed to bridge the gap between clinical and preclinical research, along with potential means to measure the moving target recovery, will be discussed. Concepts such as true recovery of function and compensation and methods that are suitable for distinguishing the two are examined. Often-neglected outcomes of stroke, such as emotional disturbances, are discussed to draw attention to the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Balkaya
- Burke Neurological Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Sunghee Cho
- Burke Neurological Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine at Burke Neurological Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA
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22
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Kuramoto Y, Takagi T, Tatebayashi K, Beppu M, Doe N, Fujita M, Yoshimura S. Intravenous administration of human adipose-derived stem cells ameliorates motor and cognitive function for intracerebral hemorrhage mouse model. Brain Res 2019; 1711:58-67. [PMID: 30615889 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Even today, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major cause of death and disabilities. Rehabilitation is preferentially applied for functional recovery although its effect is limited. Recent studies have suggested that intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells would improve the post-ICH neurological deficits. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) have been established in our laboratory. We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the hADSCs on the post-ICH neurological deficits using a clinical-relevant ICH mouse model. We also evaluated immune responses to clarify the underlying mechanisms. The hADSCs expressed MSC markers at high levels. The hADSCs administration into the ICH-bearing mice improved the neurological deficits during the subacute phases, which was shown by neurobehavioral experiments. Besides, the hADSC administration decreased the number of CD11+CD45+ cells and increased the proportion of CD86+ and Ly6C+ cells in the ICH lesions. In summary, intravenous administration of hADSCs during the acute phase improved ICH-induced neurological deficits during the subacute phase because of the suppression of acute inflammation mediated by CD11+CD45+ subpopulations. Our data suggest that hADSCs can be served as a novel strategy for ICH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Kuramoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Toshinori Takagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tatebayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Mikiya Beppu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Doe
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and CNS Repair, Hyōgo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; General Education Center, Hyogo University of Health Science, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Fujita
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Yoshimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
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23
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Fréchou M, Margaill I, Marchand-Leroux C, Beray-Berthat V. Behavioral tests that reveal long-term deficits after permanent focal cerebral ischemia in mouse. Behav Brain Res 2018; 360:69-80. [PMID: 30500429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Efforts are still needed regarding the research of therapeutics for ischemic stroke. While in experimental studies the protective effect of pharmacological agents is often highlighted by a reduction of the lesion size evaluated in the short term (days), in clinical studies a functional recovery of patients suffering from stroke is expected on the long-term (months and years). Long-term functional preclinical studies are highly recommended to evaluate potential neuroprotective agents for stroke, rather than an assessment of the infarction size at a short time point. The present study thus aimed to select among various behavioral tests those able to highlight long-term deficits (3 months) after cerebral ischemia in mice. Permanent focal cerebral ischemia was carried out in male Swiss mice by intraluminal occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA). Fourteen behavioral tests were assessed from 7 days to 90 days after ischemia (locomotor activity, neurological score, exit circle test, grip and string tests, chimney test, adhesive removal test, pole test, beam-walking tests, elevated plus maze, marble burying test, forced swimming test, novel object recognition test). The present study clearly identified a battery of behavioral tests able to highlight deficits up to 3 months in our mouse model of permanent MCA occlusion (locomotor activity, neurological score, adhesive removal test, pole test, beam-walking tests, elevated plus maze, marble burying test, forced swimming test and novel object recognition test). This battery of behavioral tests highlighting long-term deficits is useful to study future neuroprotective strategies for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Fréchou
- Equipe de recherche "Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale" EA 4475, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Margaill
- Equipe de recherche "Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale" EA 4475, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Catherine Marchand-Leroux
- Equipe de recherche "Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale" EA 4475, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Virginie Beray-Berthat
- Equipe de recherche "Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale" EA 4475, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, 75006 Paris, France.
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24
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Harrell C, Zainaldin C, McFarlane D, Hyer M, Stein D, Sayeed I, Neigh G. High-fructose diet during adolescent development increases neuroinflammation and depressive-like behavior without exacerbating outcomes after stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:340-351. [PMID: 29787857 PMCID: PMC9280910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases, disorders, and insults of aging are frequently studied in otherwise healthy animal models despite rampant co-morbidities and exposures among the human population. Stressor exposures can increase neuroinflammation and augment the inflammatory response following a challenge. The impact of dietary exposure on baseline neural function and behavior has gained attention; in particular, a diet high in fructose can increase activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and alter behavior. The current study considers the implications of a diet high in fructose for neuroinflammation and outcomes following the cerebrovascular challenge of stroke. Ischemic injury may come as a "second hit" to pre-existing metabolic pathology, exacerbating inflammatory and behavioral sequelae. This study assesses the neuroinflammatory consequences of a peri-adolescent high-fructose diet model and assesses the impact of diet-induced metabolic dysfunction on behavioral and neuropathological outcomes after middle cerebral artery occlusion. We demonstrate that consumption of a high-fructose diet initiated during adolescent development increases brain complement expression, elevates plasma TNFα and serum corticosterone, and promotes depressive-like behavior. Despite these adverse effects of diet exposure, peri-adolescent fructose consumption did not exacerbate neurological behaviors or lesion volume after middle cerebral artery occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.S. Harrell
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, United States
| | - C. Zainaldin
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, United States
| | - D. McFarlane
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, United States
| | - M.M. Hyer
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - D. Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, United States
| | - I. Sayeed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, United States
| | - G.N. Neigh
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, United States,Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States,Corresponding author at: Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States. (G.N. Neigh)
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25
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Balkaya MG, Trueman RC, Boltze J, Corbett D, Jolkkonen J. Behavioral outcome measures to improve experimental stroke research. Behav Brain Res 2018; 352:161-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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The cytoskeleton in ‘couch potato-ism’: Insights from a murine model of impaired actin dynamics. Exp Neurol 2018; 306:34-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Gower A, Tiberi M. The Intersection of Central Dopamine System and Stroke: Potential Avenues Aiming at Enhancement of Motor Recovery. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:18. [PMID: 30034335 PMCID: PMC6043669 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine, a major neurotransmitter, plays a role in a wide range of brain sensorimotor functions. Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia are two major human neuropsychiatric disorders typically associated with dysfunctional dopamine activity levels, which can be alleviated through the druggability of the dopaminergic systems. Meanwhile, several studies suggest that optimal brain dopamine activity levels are also significantly impacted in other serious neurological conditions, notably stroke, but this has yet to be fully appreciated at both basic and clinical research levels. This is of utmost importance as there is a need for better treatments to improve recovery from stroke. Here, we discuss the state of knowledge regarding the modulation of dopaminergic systems following stroke, and the use of dopamine boosting therapies in animal stroke models to improve stroke recovery. Indeed, studies in animals and humans show stroke leads to changes in dopamine functioning. Moreover, evidence from animal stroke models suggests stimulation of dopamine receptors may be a promising therapeutic approach for enhancing motor recovery from stroke. With respect to the latter, we discuss the evidence for several possible receptor-linked mechanisms by which improved motor recovery may be mediated. One avenue of particular promise is the subtype-selective stimulation of dopamine receptors in conjunction with physical therapy. However, results from clinical trials so far have been more mixed due to a number of potential reasons including, targeting of the wrong patient populations and use of drugs which modulate a wide array of receptors. Notwithstanding these issues, it is hoped that future research endeavors will assist in the development of more refined dopaminergic therapeutic approaches to enhance stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Gower
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience Program), Ottawa, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Departments of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mario Tiberi
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience Program), Ottawa, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Departments of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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28
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Khoshnam SE, Farbood Y, Fathi Moghaddam H, Sarkaki A, Badavi M, Khorsandi L. Vanillic acid attenuates cerebral hyperemia, blood-brain barrier disruption and anxiety-like behaviors in rats following transient bilateral common carotid occlusion and reperfusion. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:785-793. [PMID: 29356980 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (tBCCAO), followed by reperfusion, is a model of transient global hypoperfusion. In the present study we aimed to investigate the probable effects of Vanillic acid (VA) on some physiological parameters including cerebral hyperemia, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, anxiety behaviors and neurological deficits induced by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries and reperfusion (BCCAO/R) in rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups; Sham, BCCAO/R, VA and VA+ BCCAO/R. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was induced after 2 weeks of pretreatment by VA. Subsequently, sensorimotor scores, elevated plus maze tests, cerebral hyperemia, and BBB disruption were evaluated 72 h after 30 min of BCCAO. Pretreatment of rats by VA improved sensory motor signs, anxiolytic behavior in BCCAO/R rats compared with untreated rats (p < 0.05). Further, VA attenuated reactive hyperemia and BBB disruption in BCCAO/R rats compared with untreated rats (p < 0.01). To our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal VA could attenuate reactive hyperemia and improve BBB disruption following BCCAO/R, and could improve neurological scores and anxiety like behaviors in this model of cerebral hypoperfusion. These results suggest that VA could be a promising pretreatment agent in cerebral hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Hadi Fathi Moghaddam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Badavi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Layasadat Khorsandi
- Cell & Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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29
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Percie du Sert N, Alfieri A, Allan SM, Carswell HV, Deuchar GA, Farr TD, Flecknell P, Gallagher L, Gibson CL, Haley MJ, Macleod MR, McColl BW, McCabe C, Morancho A, Moon LD, O'Neill MJ, Pérez de Puig I, Planas A, Ragan CI, Rosell A, Roy LA, Ryder KO, Simats A, Sena ES, Sutherland BA, Tricklebank MD, Trueman RC, Whitfield L, Wong R, Macrae IM. The IMPROVE Guidelines (Ischaemia Models: Procedural Refinements Of in Vivo Experiments). J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3488-3517. [PMID: 28797196 PMCID: PMC5669349 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17709185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Most in vivo models of ischaemic stroke target the middle cerebral artery and a spectrum of stroke severities, from mild to substantial, can be achieved. This review describes opportunities to improve the in vivo modelling of ischaemic stroke and animal welfare. It provides a number of recommendations to minimise the level of severity in the most common rodent models of middle cerebral artery occlusion, while sustaining or improving the scientific outcomes. The recommendations cover basic requirements pre-surgery, selecting the most appropriate anaesthetic and analgesic regimen, as well as intraoperative and post-operative care. The aim is to provide support for researchers and animal care staff to refine their procedures and practices, and implement small incremental changes to improve the welfare of the animals used and to answer the scientific question under investigation. All recommendations are recapitulated in a summary poster (see supplementary information).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Percie du Sert
- 1 National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
| | - Alessio Alfieri
- 2 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- 3 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hilary Vo Carswell
- 4 Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graeme A Deuchar
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tracy D Farr
- 6 School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Lindsay Gallagher
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Claire L Gibson
- 8 Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Michael J Haley
- 3 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Malcolm R Macleod
- 9 Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Barry W McColl
- 2 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Christopher McCabe
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Morancho
- 10 Neurovascular Research Laboratory. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lawrence Df Moon
- 11 Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Isabel Pérez de Puig
- 13 Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Planas
- 13 Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Rosell
- 10 Neurovascular Research Laboratory. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisa A Roy
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Alba Simats
- 10 Neurovascular Research Laboratory. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emily S Sena
- 9 Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brad A Sutherland
- 16 Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,17 School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mark D Tricklebank
- 18 Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca C Trueman
- 6 School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Raymond Wong
- 3 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - I Mhairi Macrae
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
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30
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Sánchez-Blázquez P, Pozo-Rodrigálvarez A, Merlos M, Garzón J. The Sigma-1 Receptor Antagonist, S1RA, Reduces Stroke Damage, Ameliorates Post-Stroke Neurological Deficits and Suppresses the Overexpression of MMP-9. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4940-4951. [PMID: 28779350 PMCID: PMC5948242 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) plays an essential role in the excitotoxic neural damage that follows ischaemic stroke. Because the sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) can regulate NMDAR transmission, exogenous and putative endogenous regulators of σ1R have been investigated using animal models of ischaemic stroke. As both agonists and antagonists provide some neural protection, the selective involvement of σ1Rs in these effects has been questioned. The availability of S1RA (E-52862/MR309), a highly selective σ1R antagonist, prompted us to explore its therapeutic potential in an animal model of focal cerebral ischaemia. Mice were subjected to right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and post-ischaemic infarct volume and neurological deficits were determined across a range of intervals after the stroke-inducing surgery. Intracerebroventricular or intravenous treatment with S1RA significantly reduced the cerebral infarct size and neurological deficits caused by permanent MCAO (pMCAO). Compared with the control/sham-operated mice, the neuroprotective effects of S1RA were observed when delivered up to 5 h prior to surgery and 3 h after ischaemic onset. Interestingly, neither mice with the genetic deletion of σ1R nor wild-type mice that were pre-treated with the σ1R agonist PRE084 showed beneficial effects after S1RA administration with regard to stroke infarction. S1RA-treated mice showed faster behavioural recovery from stroke; this finding complements the significant decreases in matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and reactive astrogliosis surrounding the infarcted cortex. Our data indicate that S1RA, via σ1R, holds promising potential for clinical application as a therapeutic agent for ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Sánchez-Blázquez
- Neuropharmacology. Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Doctor Arce, 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, Esteve, Scientific Park of Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixac 4-8, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrea Pozo-Rodrigálvarez
- Neuropharmacology. Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Doctor Arce, 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Merlos
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, Esteve, Scientific Park of Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixac 4-8, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Garzón
- Neuropharmacology. Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Doctor Arce, 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Baron JC. Mapping neuronal density in peri-infarct cortex with PET. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:5822-5824. [PMID: 28731596 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Baron
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Sainte-Anne, Inserm U894, Paris Descartes University, France.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Stroke Research Group, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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32
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Test repositioning for functional assessment of neurological outcome after experimental stroke in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176770. [PMID: 28472090 PMCID: PMC5417557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a cerebrovascular pathology for which the only approved treatment is fibrinolysis. Several studies have focused on the development of new drugs but none has led to effective therapies to date, due, among others, to the difficulty to evaluate clinical deficits in experimental animal models. The present study aims to explore the applicability of known behavioral tests not commonly used in ischemia for the neurological assessment of mice after experimental stroke in different brain areas. A total of 225 CD1 male mice were randomly assigned to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion by ligature (pMCAO) or permanent anterior cerebral artery occlusion by photothrombosis (pACAO) models. Modified neuroseverity score, footprint test, forced swim test and elevated plus maze were performed. Under these experimental conditions, modified neuroseverity score showed neurological impairment early after experimental stroke in both models. By contrast, the footprint test and the elevated plus maze detected short-term neurological deterioration in the pMCAO model but not in the pACAO model. Furthermore, the forced swim test identified depression-like behavior in mice after ischemia only when the left hemisphere was affected. In conclusion, we propose the repositioning of known neurobehavioral tests, but not commonly used in the stroke field, for the fast detection of neurological impairments early after ischemia, and even specific to discriminate the territory affected by arterial occlusion as well as the hemisphere where brain damage occurs. All these findings may prove useful to improve the experimental design of neuroprotective drugs in order to bridge the gap between experimental studies and clinical trials.
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Urbach A, Baum E, Braun F, Witte OW. Cortical spreading depolarization increases adult neurogenesis, and alters behavior and hippocampus-dependent memory in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1776-1790. [PMID: 27189903 PMCID: PMC5435280 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16643736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depolarizations are an epiphenomenon of human brain pathologies and associated with extensive but transient changes in ion homeostasis, metabolism, and blood flow. Previously, we have shown that cortical spreading depolarization have long-lasting consequences on the brains transcriptome and structure. In particular, we found that cortical spreading depolarization stimulate hippocampal cell proliferation resulting in a sustained increase in adult neurogenesis. Since the hippocampus is responsible for explicit memory and adult-born dentate granule neurons contribute to this function, cortical spreading depolarization might influence hippocampus-dependent cognition. To address this question, we induced cortical spreading depolarization in C57Bl/6 J mice by epidural application of 1.5 mol/L KCl and evaluated neurogenesis and behavior at two, four, or six weeks thereafter. Congruent with our previous findings in rats, we found that cortical spreading depolarization increases numbers of newborn dentate granule neurons. Moreover, exploratory behavior and object location memory were consistently enhanced. Reference memory in the water maze was virtually unaffected, whereas memory formation in the Barnes maze was impaired with a delay of two weeks and facilitated after four weeks. These data show that cortical spreading depolarization produces lasting changes in psychomotor behavior and complex, delay- and task-dependent changes in spatial memory, and suggest that cortical spreading depolarization-like events affect the emotional and cognitive outcomes of associated brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Urbach
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Eileen Baum
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Falko Braun
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Carnevali L, Montano N, Statello R, Sgoifo A. Rodent models of depression-cardiovascular comorbidity: Bridging the known to the new. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:144-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Brunner C, Isabel C, Martin A, Dussaux C, Savoye A, Emmrich J, Montaldo G, Mas JL, Baron JC, Urban A. Mapping the dynamics of brain perfusion using functional ultrasound in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:263-276. [PMID: 26721392 PMCID: PMC5363744 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15622466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Following middle cerebral artery occlusion, tissue outcome ranges from normal to infarcted depending on depth and duration of hypoperfusion as well as occurrence and efficiency of reperfusion. However, the precise time course of these changes in relation to tissue and behavioral outcome remains unsettled. To address these issues, a three-dimensional wide field-of-view and real-time quantitative functional imaging technique able to map perfusion in the rodent brain would be desirable. Here, we applied functional ultrasound imaging, a novel approach to map relative cerebral blood volume without contrast agent, in a rat model of brief proximal transient middle cerebral artery occlusion to assess perfusion in penetrating arterioles and venules acutely and over six days thanks to a thinned-skull preparation. Functional ultrasound imaging efficiently mapped the acute changes in relative cerebral blood volume during occlusion and following reperfusion with high spatial resolution (100 µm), notably documenting marked focal decreases during occlusion, and was able to chart the fine dynamics of tissue reperfusion (rate: one frame/5 s) in the individual rat. No behavioral and only mild post-mortem immunofluorescence changes were observed. Our study suggests functional ultrasound is a particularly well-adapted imaging technique to study cerebral perfusion in acute experimental stroke longitudinally from the hyper-acute up to the chronic stage in the same subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Brunner
- Stroke Research Group, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France.,SANOFI Research and Development, Lead Generation to Candidate Realization, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Clothilde Isabel
- Stroke Research Group, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Abraham Martin
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Clara Dussaux
- Stroke Research Group, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Anne Savoye
- Stroke Research Group, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | | | - Gabriel Montaldo
- Stroke Research Group, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mas
- Stroke Research Group, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Baron
- Stroke Research Group, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Alan Urban
- Stroke Research Group, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
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Linden J, Van de Beeck L, Plumier JC, Ferrara A. Procedural learning as a measure of functional impairment in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Behav Brain Res 2016; 307:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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MRI heralds secondary nigral lesion after brain ischemia in mice: a secondary time window for neuroprotection. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1903-9. [PMID: 26126863 PMCID: PMC4671115 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) can induce delayed neuronal cell death in the ipsilateral substantia nigra (SN) remote from the primary ischemic lesion. This exofocal postischemic neuronal degeneration (EPND) may worsen stroke outcomes. However, the mechanisms leading to EPND are poorly understood. Here, we studied the time course of EPND via sequential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and immunohistochemistry for up to 28 days after 30 minutes' occlusion of the MCA (MCAo) and reperfusion in the mouse. Furthermore, the effects of delayed treatment with FK506 and MK-801 on the development of EPND were investigated. Secondary neuronal degeneration in the SN occurred within the first week after MCAo and was characterized by a marked neuronal cell loss on histology. Sequential neuroimaging examinations revealed transient MRI changes, which were detectable as early as day 4 after MCAo and thus heralding histologic evidence of EPND. Treatment with MK-801, an established anti-excitotoxic agent, conferred protection against EPND even when initiated days after the initial ischemic event, which was not evident with FK506. Our findings define a secondary time window for delayed neuroprotection after stroke, which may provide a promising target for the development of novel therapies.
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Zhang G, Chen L, Yang L, Hua X, Zhou B, Miao Z, Li J, Hu H, Namaka M, Kong J, Xu X. Combined use of spatial restraint stress and middle cerebral artery occlusion is a novel model of post-stroke depression in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16751. [PMID: 26572587 PMCID: PMC4648085 DOI: 10.1038/srep16751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post stroke depression (PSD) is one of the most common complications of ischemic stroke. At present, the underlying mechanisms are unclear, largely because there are no reliable, valid and reproducible animal models of PSD. Here we report a novel animal model of PSD that displays consistent and reliable clinical features of hemiplegic stroke. The animal model encompasses a combination of the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and spatial restraint stress. We found that a 60-minute MCAO followed by spatial restraint stress for 2 h daily for 2 to 4 weeks from the fourth day after MCAO induced PSD-like depressive phenotypes in mice. Importantly, the mice showed exacerbated deficits of neurological functions and decreased body weights, which were accompanied with reduced levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotransmitters including serotonin and dopamine. In addition, we identified increased levels of serum cortisol in our PSD mice. Finally, we found that mice with PSD were responsive to the tri-cyclic antidepressant imipramine as evidenced by their attenuated depressive behaviors, increased body weights, recovered brain serotonin levels, and decreased serum cortisol levels. This mouse model replicates multiple features of human post-stroke depression and thus provides a new model for the investigation of PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaocai Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Lingli Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Xiaodong Hua
- Department of Biochemistry, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Beiqun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Zhigang Miao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Jizhen Li
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, 118 Wansheng Street, Suzhou City, China
| | - Hua Hu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Michael Namaka
- College of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xingshun Xu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
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Doll DN, Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Lewis SE, Hu H, Kerr AE, Ren X, Simpkins JW. Lipopolysaccharide exacerbates infarct size and results in worsened post-stroke behavioral outcomes. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11:32. [PMID: 26463864 PMCID: PMC4604642 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-015-0077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A third of ischemic stroke cases have no traditional underlying causes such as hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, obesity, or age. Moreover, thirty to forty percent of strokes occur during or acutely after an active infection and the incidence of stroke increases during flu season. We and others have shown that the combination of a minor bacterial infection mimic, 100 μg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prior to a minor stroke—30 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)—exacerbates infarct volume in a mouse model. Thus, experimental and epidemiological data strongly suggest that infection and/or inflammation play a role in stroke occurrence and severity. However, to date, long-term outcomes of stroke during an active infection has not been studied. Methods 3–4 month old C57Bl6/J mice were treated with saline or LPS 30 min prior to a 30 min tMCAO or sham surgery. A behavioral battery was administered to assess health status/sickness behavior, neurological deficits, motor, cognitive, and affective behaviors. Results We show for the first time that exposure to a low dose of LPS prior to a mild stroke significantly worsens neurological deficits and sickness scores. Motor, cognitive, and affective behaviors were assessed post-stroke and while stroke significantly affected motor behavior on rotarod, LPS did not increase the motor deficits. We did not observe any effects of stroke or LPS on cognitive and affective behaviors. Conclusions Our observations of the association between infection, stroke, and worse sickness and neurological outcomes identify (1) a clinical need to aggressively treat infections in people with risk factors for stroke and (2) the need to understand the mechanism(s) of the association between infections and stroke. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12993-015-0077-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Doll
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
| | - Elizabeth B Engler-Chiurazzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
| | - Sara E Lewis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
| | - Heng Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
| | - Ashley E Kerr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
| | - Xuefang Ren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
| | - James W Simpkins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
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40
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Pang C, Cao L, Wu F, Wang L, Wang G, Yu Y, Zhang M, Chen L, Wang W, Lv W, Chen L, Zhu J, Pan J, Zhang H, Xu Y, Ding L. The effect of trans-resveratrol on post-stroke depression via regulation of hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:447-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sarkaki A, Farbood Y, Badavi M, Khalaj L, Khodagholi F, Ashabi G. Metformin improves anxiety-like behaviors through AMPK-dependent regulation of autophagy following transient forebrain ischemia. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:1139-50. [PMID: 25936719 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the main threats to the public health worldwide. Metformin, an anti-diabetic drug, is an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Metformin plays an important role on improving behavior in neurodegenerative diseases through diverse pathways. In the current study we aimed to investigate the probable effects of metformin on anxiety and autophagy pathway in global cerebral ischemia. Rats were divided into seven groups; Sham, ischemia (I/R), metformin (met), compound c (CC), CC+ischemia, met+ischemia, met+CC+ischemia. Metformin was pretreated for 2 weeks and CC administrated half an hour before global cerebral ischemia. Blood glucose, body weight, sensorimotor scores, elevated plus maze and open field test were evaluated after ischemia. Autophagy related factors were measured by Western blot and immunofluorescent assay in hippocampus of rats. Based on our results, pretreatment of rats by metformin improved sensory motor signs, anxiolytic behavior and locomotion in ischemic rats. CC injection in I/R rats attenuated the therapeutic effects of metformin. Autophagy factors such as light chain 3B, Atg7, Atg5-12 and beclin-1 decreased in ischemic rats compared to the sham group (P < 0.001 in all proteins). Level of autophagic factors increased in metformin pretreated rats compared to global cerebral ischemia (P < 0.001 in all proteins). These data indicated that the beneficial role of metformin in behavior and autophagy flux mediates via AMPK. Our results recommended that metformin therapy could improve psychological disorders and movement disability following I/R and profound understanding of AMPK-dependent autophagy would enhance its development as a promising target for intracellular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sarkaki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, P.O.box: 61357-19754, Ahvaz, Iran
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Kronenberg G, Gertz K, Heinz A, Endres M. Of mice and men: modelling post-stroke depression experimentally. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4673-89. [PMID: 24838087 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
At least one-third of stroke survivors suffer from depression. The development of comorbid depression after stroke is clinically highly significant because post-stroke depression is associated with increased mortality, slows recovery and leads to worse functional outcomes. Here, we review the evidence that post-stroke depression can be effectively modelled in experimental rodents via a variety of approaches. This opens an exciting new window onto the neurobiology of depression and permits probing potential underlying mechanisms such as disturbed cellular plasticity, neuroendocrine dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in a novel context. From the point of view of translational stroke research, extending the scope of experimental investigations beyond the study of short-term end points and, in particular, acute lesion size, may help improve the relevance of preclinical results to human disease. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from both clinical and experimental studies offers the tantalizing prospect of 5-hydroxytryptaminergic antidepressants as the first pharmacological therapy for stroke that would be available during the subacute and chronic phases of recovery. Interdisciplinary neuropsychiatric research will be called on to dissect the mechanisms underpinning the beneficial effects of antidepressants on stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kronenberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Selective neuronal loss in ischemic stroke and cerebrovascular disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:2-18. [PMID: 24192635 PMCID: PMC3887360 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As a sequel of brain ischemia, selective neuronal loss (SNL)-as opposed to pannecrosis (i.e. infarction)-is attracting growing interest, particularly because it is now detectable in vivo. In acute stroke, SNL may affect the salvaged penumbra and hamper functional recovery following reperfusion. Rodent occlusion models can generate SNL predominantly in the striatum or cortex, showing that it can affect behavior for weeks despite normal magnetic resonance imaging. In humans, SNL in the salvaged penumbra has been documented in vivo mainly using positron emission tomography and (11)C-flumazenil, a neuronal tracer validated against immunohistochemistry in rodent stroke models. Cortical SNL has also been documented using this approach in chronic carotid disease in association with misery perfusion and behavioral deficits, suggesting that it can result from chronic or unstable hemodynamic compromise. Given these consequences, SNL may constitute a novel therapeutic target. Selective neuronal loss may also develop at sites remote from infarcts, representing secondary 'exofocal' phenomena akin to degeneration, potentially related to poststroke behavioral or mood impairments again amenable to therapy. Further work should aim to better characterize the time course, behavioral consequences-including the impact on neurological recovery and contribution to vascular cognitive impairment-association with possible causal processes such as microglial activation, and preventability of SNL.
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O'Keefe LM, Doran SJ, Mwilambwe-Tshilobo L, Conti LH, Venna VR, McCullough LD. Social isolation after stroke leads to depressive-like behavior and decreased BDNF levels in mice. Behav Brain Res 2013; 260:162-70. [PMID: 24211537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation prior to stroke leads to poorer outcomes after an ischemic injury in both animal and human studies. However, the impact of social isolation following stroke, which may be more clinically relevant as a target for therapeutic intervention, has yet to be examined. In this study, we investigated both the sub-acute (2 weeks) and chronic (7 weeks) effects of social isolation on post-stroke functional and histological outcome. Worsened histological damage from ischemic injury and an increase in depressive-like behavior was observed in isolated mice as compared to pair-housed mice. Mice isolated immediately after stroke showed a decrease in the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These changes, both histological and behavioral, suggest an overall negative effect of social isolation on stroke outcome, potentially contributing to post-stroke depression and anxiety. Therefore, it is important to identify patients who have perceived isolation post-stroke to hopefully prevent this exacerbation of histological damage and subsequent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena M O'Keefe
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Sarah J Doran
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | | | - Lisa H Conti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States; Frank. H. Netter School of Medicine Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT 06518, United States
| | - Venugopal R Venna
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
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Linden J, Fassotte L, Tirelli E, Plumier JC, Ferrara A. Assessment of behavioral flexibility after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Behav Brain Res 2013; 258:127-37. [PMID: 24157337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) is the most common animal model of cerebral ischemia and induces various functional impairments. Long-lasting deficits resulting from MCAO however, remain insufficiently characterized, especially regarding cognition. Yet, behavioral flexibility, a prominent cognitive process is found impaired after stroke in humans. We thus used an operant-based task to assess behavioral flexibility in mice after MCAO. Three weeks after 30 min MCAO surgery, mice were subjected to a battery of sensorimotor tests (rotarod, vertical pole test, spontaneous locomotion and grip-strength test). Behavioral flexibility was then assessed in an operant task, in which mice, rewarded according to a FR5 schedule of reinforcement, had to alternate their operant responses between two levers from trial to trial. Regarding sensory and motor functioning, only the pole test yielded a significant difference between MCAO and sham mice. In the operant flexibility task, results showed a behavioral flexibility deficit in MCAO mice; neither the operant response acquisition nor the appeal for food rewards was altered. In conclusion, our operant-based task revealed a long-lasting behavioral flexibility deficit after MCAO in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Linden
- Département de Psychologie, Cognition et Comportement, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Zanier ER, Pischiutta F, Villa P, Paladini A, Montinaro M, Micotti E, Orrù A, Cervo L, De Simoni MG. Six-month ischemic mice show sensorimotor and cognitive deficits associated with brain atrophy and axonal disorganization. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:695-704. [PMID: 23742688 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To identify long-term sensorimotor and cognitive deficits and to evaluate structural alterations in brain ischemic mice. METHODS C57Bl/6J male mice were subjected to 30 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) or sham surgery. Sensorimotor deficits, exploratory behavior, and cognitive functions were evaluated up to 6 months. Cortical and subcortical damage were analyzed by MRI multiparameter analysis and histopathology. RESULTS tMCAo mice showed significant sensorimotor deficits in the rotarod, negative geotaxis, neuroscore, and beam walk tests. They also showed impairment in exploratory behavior in the open field test and in spatial learning in the Morris water maze. T2-weighted MRI revealed a volume reduction in injured brain areas at 12 and 24 weeks postinjury. Brain atrophy was shown by MRI and conventional postmortem analysis. Diffusion tensor imaging on the external capsule showed increased values of axial and radial diffusivity. Fiber tracking revealed a reduction in the number and length of ipsilateral fibers. CONCLUSIONS tMCAo in mice induces sensorimotor and cognitive impairments detectable at least up to 6 months postinjury, associated with brain atrophy, and axonal and myelin damage of the external capsule. These behavioral tests and anatomical investigations may represent important tools in translational studies in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa R Zanier
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Experimental treatment strategies and neuroprotective drugs that showed therapeutic promise in animal models of stroke have failed to produce beneficial effects in human stroke patients. The difficulty in translating preclinical findings to humans represents a major challenge in cerebrovascular research. The reasons behind this translational road block might be explained by a number of factors, including poor quality control in various stages of the research process, the validity of experimental stroke models, and differences in drug administration and pharmacokinetics. Another major difference between animal studies and clinical trials is the choice of end point or outcome measures. Here, we discuss the necessity of poststroke behavioral testing to bridge the gap between clinical and experimental end points. We review established sensory-motor tests for outcome determination after focal ischemia based on the published literature as well as our own personal experience. Selected tests are described in more detail and good laboratory practice standards for behavioral testing are discussed. This review is intended for stroke researchers planning to use behavioral testing in mice.
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Transgenic mice over-expressing endothelial endothelin-1 show cognitive deficit with blood–brain barrier breakdown after transient ischemia with long-term reperfusion. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 101:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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49
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Loubinoux I, Kronenberg G, Endres M, Schumann-Bard P, Freret T, Filipkowski RK, Kaczmarek L, Popa-Wagner A. Post-stroke depression: mechanisms, translation and therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:1961-9. [PMID: 22348642 PMCID: PMC3822966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between depression and stroke is highly complex. Post-stroke depression (PSD) is among the most frequent neuropsychiatric consequences of stroke. Depression also negatively impacts stroke outcome with increased morbidity, mortality and poorer functional recovery. Antidepressants such as the commonly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors improve stroke outcome, an effect that may extend far beyond depression, e.g., to motor recovery. The main biological theory of PSD is the amine hypothesis. Conceivably, ischaemic lesions interrupt the projections ascending from midbrain and brainstem, leading to a decreased bioavailability of the biogenic amines – serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE). Acetylcholine would also be involved. So far, preclinical and translational research on PSD is largely lacking. The implementation and characterization of suitable animal models is clearly a major prerequisite for deeper insights into the biological basis of post-stroke mood disturbances. Equally importantly, experimental models may also pave the way for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. If we cannot prevent stroke, we shall try to limit its long-term consequences. This review therefore presents animal models of PSD and summarizes potential underlying mechanisms including genomic signatures, neurotransmitter and neurotrophin signalling, hippocampal neurogenesis, cellular plasticity in the ischaemic lesion, secondary degenerative changes, activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and neuroinflammation. As stroke is a disease of the elderly, great clinical benefit may especially accrue from deciphering and targeting basic mechanisms underlying PSD in aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Loubinoux
- INSERM, Cerebral imaging and neurological handicaps UMR825, Toulouse, France
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Ejaz S, Williamson DJ, Ahmed T, Sitnikov S, Hong YT, Sawiak SJ, Fryer TD, Aigbirhio FI, Baron JC. Characterizing infarction and selective neuronal loss following temporary focal cerebral ischemia in the rat: a multi-modality imaging study. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 51:120-32. [PMID: 23146994 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Current models dictate that, depending on occurrence of early reperfusion, the ischemic penumbra either undergoes or escapes infarction (i.e., "pan-necrosis"). However, tissue outcome following temporary middle-cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) in rodents can also include selective neuronal loss (SNL), which even if subtle may impede functional recovery. In order to explore the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, determine potential therapeutic targets and monitor effects of therapy, in vivo imaging surrogates of these varied histopathological outcomes applicable in the clinical setting would be useful. Although hyperintense signal on T(2)-weighted MRI in the chronic post-stroke stage is considered a reliable surrogate of tissue infarction, SNL is not associated with T(2)W abnormal signal. In the clinical setting, the neuron-specific PET ligand (11)C-flumazenil (FMZ) has been used to identify both pan-necrosis and peri-infarct SNL, but this inference has not been histopathological confirmed so far. Here we investigated the late tissue sequelae of tMCAo in the rodent using in vivo T(2)W MRI and FMZ-PET against post mortem immunohistochemistry as gold standard. METHODS Adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) underwent 45 min distal-clip middle-cerebral artery occlusion and, 28 days later, FMZ-PET and T(2)W-MRI, immediately followed by immunohistochemistry for neuronal loss (NeuN), activated microglia and astrocytosis. Based on standard histopathological definitions, ischemic lesions were classified into pan-necrosis, partial infarction or SNL. NeuN changes and FMZ binding across the whole hemisphere were quantified in the same set of 44 regions-of-interest according to previously validated protocols; linear regressions between these two measures were carried out both within and across subjects. RESULTS Both cortical pan-necrosis/partial infarction and SNL were present in all rats except one, where SNL was isolated and extensive. Infarction/partial infarction, but not SNL, was associated with T(2)W hyperintense signals and cortical atrophy. In contrast, FMZ binding was decreased in all types of lesions including SNL, in proportion with NeuN staining intensity both within (p<0.05 to <0.001) and across (p<0.001) subjects, including the subject that showed pure SNL (p=0.01). CONCLUSION This novel study revealed three main facts: i) long-term histopathological cortical changes following 45 min tMCAo in SHRs included all three of SNL, partial infarction and frank infarction; ii) T2W MRI showed conspicuous high signal lesions for complete or partial infarction, but no changes for SNL; and iii) FMZ-PET was sensitive to all three types of tMCAo-induced histopathological changes, including isolated SNL, suggesting it is a valid surrogate for the histological sequelae of focal cerebral ischemia. In addition, the finding of almost universal completed cortical infarction at 28 days differed from our previous findings at 14-day survival using the same model and rat strain, where SNL was the almost exclusive outcome, possibly representing delayed infarct maturation. Prospective studies are needed to investigate this interesting possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ejaz
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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