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Flournoy JC, Bryce NV, Dennison MJ, Rodman AM, McNeilly EA, Lurie LA, Bitran D, Reid-Russell A, Vidal Bustamante CM, Madhyastha T, McLaughlin KA. A precision neuroscience approach to estimating reliability of neural responses during emotion processing: Implications for task-fMRI. Neuroimage 2024; 285:120503. [PMID: 38141745 PMCID: PMC10872443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work demonstrating low test-retest reliability of neural activation during fMRI tasks raises questions about the utility of task-based fMRI for the study of individual variation in brain function. Two possible sources of the instability in task-based BOLD signal over time are noise or measurement error in the instrument, and meaningful variation across time within-individuals in the construct itself-brain activation elicited during fMRI tasks. Examining the contribution of these two sources of test-retest unreliability in task-evoked brain activity has far-reaching implications for cognitive neuroscience. If test-retest reliability largely reflects measurement error, it suggests that task-based fMRI has little utility in the study of either inter- or intra-individual differences. On the other hand, if task-evoked BOLD signal varies meaningfully over time, it would suggest that this tool may yet be well suited to studying intraindividual variation. We parse these sources of variance in BOLD signal in response to emotional cues over time and within-individuals in a longitudinal sample with 10 monthly fMRI scans. Test-retest reliability was low, reflecting a lack of stability in between-person differences across scans. In contrast, within-person, within-session internal consistency of the BOLD signal was higher, and within-person fluctuations across sessions explained almost half the variance in voxel-level neural responses. Additionally, monthly fluctuations in neural response to emotional cues were associated with intraindividual variation in mood, sleep, and exposure to stressors. Rather than reflecting trait-like differences across people, neural responses to emotional cues may be more reflective of intraindividual variation over time. These patterns suggest that task-based fMRI may be able to contribute to the study of individual variation in brain function if more attention is given to within-individual variation approaches, psychometrics-beginning with improving reliability beyond the modest estimates observed here, and the validity of task fMRI beyond the suggestive associations reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meg J Dennison
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Lucy A Lurie
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | - Tara Madhyastha
- Rescale; Integrated Brain Imaging Center, University of Washington
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2
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Yoon L, Rohrsetzer F, Battel L, Anés M, Manfro PH, Rohde LA, Viduani A, Zajkowska Z, Mondelli V, Kieling C, Swartz JR. Reward- and threat-related neural function associated with risk and presence of depression in adolescents: a study using a composite risk score in Brazil. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:579-590. [PMID: 34363203 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies on adolescents at risk for depression have relied on a single risk factor and focused on adolescents in high-income countries. Using a composite risk score, this study aims to examine neural activity and connectivity associated with risk and presence of depression in adolescents in Brazil. METHODS Depression risk was defined with the Identifying Depression Early in Adolescence Risk Score (IDEA-RS), calculated using a prognostic model that included 11 socio-demographic risk factors. Adolescents recruited from schools in Porto Alegre were classified into a low-risk (i.e., low IDEA-RS and no lifetime depression), high-risk (i.e., high IDEA-RS and no lifetime depression), or clinically depressed group (i.e., high IDEA-RS and depression diagnosis). One hundred fifty adolescents underwent a functional MRI scan while completing a reward-related gambling and a threat-related face-matching task. We compared group differences in activity and connectivity of the ventral striatum (VS) and amygdala during the gambling and face-matching tasks, respectively, and group differences in whole-brain neural activity. RESULTS Although there was no group difference in reward-related VS or threat-related amygdala activity, the depressed group showed elevated VS activity to punishment relative to high-risk adolescents. The whole-brain analysis found reduced reward-related activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex of patients and high-risk adolescents compared with low-risk adolescents. Compared with low-risk adolescents, high-risk and depressed adolescents showed reduced threat-related left amygdala connectivity with thalamus, superior temporal gyrus, inferior parietal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and supplementary motor area. CONCLUSIONS We identified neural correlates associated with risk and presence of depression in a well-characterized sample of adolescents. These findings enhance knowledge of the neurobiological underpinnings of risk and presence of depression in Brazil. Future longitudinal studies are needed to examine whether the observed neural patterns of high-risk adolescents predict the development of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leehyun Yoon
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Fernanda Rohrsetzer
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas Battel
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mauricio Anés
- Division of Medical Physics and Radioprotection, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Manfro
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis A Rohde
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD and Developmental Psychiatry Programs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porte Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anna Viduani
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Zuzanna Zajkowska
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK.,NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Kieling
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Johnna R Swartz
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Koeppel CJ, Herrmann T, Weidner K, Linn J, Croy I. Same salience, different consequences: Disturbed inter-network connectivity during a social oddball paradigm in major depressive disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102731. [PMID: 34174690 PMCID: PMC8234357 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
No significant difference in BOLD responses in the SN between controls and patients. Anhedonic symptomatology relates to diminished BOLD signals in the left amygdala. Enhanced functional connectivity from the SN to the DMN in depression. Reduced functional connectivity from the SN to the VAN in depression. Altered processing in depression is coded in disturbed inter-network connectivity.
Background So far findings on emotional face processing among depressed individuals reveal an inconsistent image, with only some studies supporting a mood-congruent bias in salience processing. Thereby, many results are based on the processing of sad emotions and mostly focused on resting-state connectivity analysis. The present study aimed to target this misbalance by implementing a social oddball paradigm, with a special focus on the amygdala, the ACC, the insula and subdivisions of insula and ACC. Methods Twenty-seven depressed patients and twenty-seven non-depressed controls took part in a fMRI event-related social oddball paradigm based on smiling facial expressions as target stimuli embedded in a stream of neutral facial expressions. FMRI activation and functional connectivity analysis were calculated for the pre-defined ROIs of the salience network (SN), with a special focus on twelve insular subdivisions and six ACC subdivisions. Results For both groups the social oddball paradigm triggered similar BOLD responses within the pre-defined ROIs, while the quality of functional connectivity showed pronounced alterations from the salience network to the ventral attention- and default mode network (DMN). Conclusion On a first level of target detection, smiling faces are equally processed and trigger similar bold responses in structures of the salience network. On a second level of inter-network communication the brain of depressed participants tends to be pre-formed for self-referential processing and rumination instead of fast goal directed behavior and socio-emotional cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina J Koeppel
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | - Kerstin Weidner
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jennifer Linn
- Department of Neuroradiology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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4
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Provenzano J, Verduyn P, Daniels N, Fossati P, Kuppens P. Mood congruency effects are mediated by shifts in salience and central executive network efficiency. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 14:987-995. [PMID: 31506691 PMCID: PMC6917025 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotions are not confined to short momentary states but carry on over time, facilitating the perception and interpretation of the environment in mood-congruent ways. Yet, the (neural) mechanism linking affective stimulation at a certain time-point to such altered, mood-congruent processing of stimuli presented at a subsequent time-point remains unknown. Recent research suggests that such a link could be explained by transient effects of affective stimulation on the organization of intrinsic macro-scale neural networks. It remains, however, unclear whether these changes in network organization are influencing subsequent perception in a mood-congruent way. Addressing this gap the current study investigated whether changes in network organization, measured in terms of network efficiency, mediate the relation between mood induction and mood-congruent processing as measured by reaction times during an emotional Stroop task. The results demonstrated that negative mood induction increased the efficiency of the salience network and decreased the efficiency of the central executive network. This modulation of network efficiency fully mediated the effects of mood induction on reaction times to negative words. These findings indicate that transient shifts in the organization of macro-scale neural networks are an essential part of the emotional response and can help to explain how affect shapes our interaction with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Provenzano
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Verduyn
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 75013 Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicky Daniels
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Fossati
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, F-75013, Paris France
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Service de Psychiatrie d’Adultes, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Peter Kuppens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Ellis C, Hadden L, Jones MW. Language and transient emotional states affect implicit cultural bias. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2019; 72:1242-1249. [DOI: 10.1177/1747021818792412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bilinguals react to cultural information in a language-dependent fashion, but it is unknown whether this is influenced by the individual’s emotional state. Here, we show that induced mood states increase cultural bias—measured using the Implicit Association Test (IAT)—but this effect occurs asymmetrically across languages. In the native language, bilinguals show a strong cultural bias, which is not influenced by mood. But in the non-native language, a relatively low cultural bias significantly increases as a function of a positive or negative mood. Our findings suggest that the native language promotes an inherent cultural bias, which is impervious to fluctuations in the bilingual’s mood state. In the second language, however, bilinguals are culturally impartial, unless they are in a heightened mood state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri Ellis
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lowri Hadden
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Hill LD, Starratt VG, Fernandez M, Tartar JL. Positive affective priming decreases the middle late positive potential response to negative images. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01198. [PMID: 30569654 PMCID: PMC6346648 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aims to expand on previous literature showing that incidental emotion state priming in a specific domain leads to a higher probability that the primed emotion domain will be activated during a subsequent task. METHODS To that end, we investigated the influence of happy, fearful, and neutral incidental emotion state priming on subsequent responses to emotionally negative and neutral pictures, measured by the event-related potential (ERP) late positive potential (LPP). New to our study, we examined the influence of affective priming on the LPP response (analyzed separately at early and middle latency ranges) to emotional pictures in both the foveal and extrafoveal presentation locations. RESULTS Following both fearful and neutral incidental state priming, both the early and middle LPP latency ranges overwhelmingly differentiated between negative and neutral pictures. Following happy incidental state priming, however, the LPP response failed to differentiate between negative and neutral pictures by the middle LPP latency range (800-1,000 ms). These results suggest that incidental happy states can have a protective effect when viewing aversive stimuli. Additionally, the LPP showed greater sensitivity to negative stimuli when presented extrafoveally compared to foveally. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings suggest that incidental affective state and stimulus location influence emotional processing differentially for emotionally negative and emotionally neutral stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D. Hill
- Department of Psychology & NeuroscienceNova Southeastern UniversityFt. LauderdaleFlorida
| | - Valerie G. Starratt
- Department of Psychology & NeuroscienceNova Southeastern UniversityFt. LauderdaleFlorida
| | - Mercedes Fernandez
- Department of Psychology & NeuroscienceNova Southeastern UniversityFt. LauderdaleFlorida
| | - Jaime L. Tartar
- Department of Psychology & NeuroscienceNova Southeastern UniversityFt. LauderdaleFlorida
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Rygula R, Noworyta-Sokolowska K, Drozd R, Kozub A. Using rodents to model abnormal sensitivity to feedback in depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:336-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Groves SJ, Pitcher TL, Melzer TR, Jordan J, Carter JD, Malhi GS, Johnston LC, Porter RJ. Brain activation during processing of genuine facial emotion in depression: Preliminary findings. J Affect Disord 2018; 225:91-96. [PMID: 28802727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to examine the neural correlates of processing genuine compared with posed emotional expressions, in depressed and healthy subjects using a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm METHOD: During fMRI scanning, sixteen depressed patients and ten healthy controls performed an Emotion Categorisation Task, whereby participants were asked to distinguish between genuine and non-genuine (posed or neutral) facial displays of happiness and sadness. RESULTS Compared to controls, the depressed group showed greater activation whilst processing genuine versus posed facial displays of sadness, in the left medial orbitofrontal cortex, caudate and putamen. The depressed group also showed greater activation whilst processing genuine facial displays of sadness relative to neutral displays, in the bilateral medial frontal/orbitofrontal cortex, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right dorsal anterior cingulate, bilateral posterior cingulate, right superior parietal lobe, left lingual gyrus and cuneus. No differences were found between the two groups for happy facial displays. LIMITATIONS Relatively small sample sizes and due to the exploratory nature of the study, no correction was made for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION The findings of this exploratory study suggest that depressed individuals may show a different pattern of brain activation in response to genuine versus posed facial displays of sadness, compared to healthy individuals. This may have important implications for future studies that wish to examine the neural correlates of facial emotion processing in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Groves
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Toni L Pitcher
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tracy R Melzer
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Jordan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Canterbury District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Janet D Carter
- Psychology Department, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Gin S Malhi
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Richard J Porter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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9
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Harlé KM, Guo D, Zhang S, Paulus MP, Yu AJ. Anhedonia and anxiety underlying depressive symptomatology have distinct effects on reward-based decision-making. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186473. [PMID: 29059254 PMCID: PMC5653291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive pathology, which includes both heightened negative affect (e.g., anxiety) and reduced positive affect (e.g., anhedonia), is known to be associated with sub-optimal decision-making, particularly in uncertain environments. Here, we use a computational approach to quantify and disambiguate how individual differences in these affective measures specifically relate to different aspects of learning and decision-making in reward-based choice behavior. Fifty-three individuals with a range of depressed mood completed a two-armed bandit task, in which they choose between two arms with fixed but unknown reward rates. The decision-making component, which chooses among options based on current expectations about reward rates, is modeled by two different decision policies: a learning-independent Win-stay/Lose-shift (WSLS) policy that ignores all previous experiences except the last trial, and Softmax, which prefers the arm with the higher expected reward. To model the learning component for the Softmax choice policy, we use a Bayesian inference model, which updates estimated reward rates based on the observed history of trial outcomes. Softmax with Bayesian learning better fits the behavior of 55% of the participants, while the others are better fit by a learning-independent WSLS strategy. Among Softmax “users”, those with higher anhedonia are less likely to choose the option estimated to be most rewarding. Moreover, the Softmax parameter mediates the inverse relationship between anhedonia and overall monetary gains. On the other hand, among WSLS “users”, higher state anxiety correlates with increasingly better ability of WSLS, relative to Softmax, to explain subjects’ trial-by-trial choices. In summary, there is significant variability among individuals in their reward-based, exploratory decision-making, and this variability is at least partly mediated in a very specific manner by affective attributes, such as hedonic tone and state anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia M Harlé
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Dalin Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Shunan Zhang
- Department of Cognitive Science, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United States of America.,Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Angela J Yu
- Department of Cognitive Science, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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10
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Abstract
It is of the utmost importance for an organism to rapidly detect and react to changes in its environment. The oddball paradigm has repeatedly been used to explore the underlying cognitive and neurophysiological components of change detection. It is also used to investigate the special role of emotional content in perception and attention (emotional oddball paradigm; EOP). In this article, the EOP is systematically reviewed. The EOP is, for instance, used as a tool to address questions as to what degree emotional deviant stimuli trigger orientation reactions, which role the emotional context plays in the processing of deviant information, and how the processing of emotional deviant information differs interindividually (including clinical populations). Two main variants with regard to the emotionality of standards and deviants are defined. Most of the identified EOP studies report EEG data but an overview of behavioral data is also provided in this review. We integrate evidence from 99 EOP experiments and shape the EOP's theoretical background under the consideration of other paradigms’ mechanisms and theories.
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11
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Siciliano RE, Madden DJ, Tallman CW, Boylan MA, Kirste I, Monge ZA, Packard LE, Potter GG, Wang L. Task difficulty modulates brain activation in the emotional oddball task. Brain Res 2017; 1664:74-86. [PMID: 28377158 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have reported that task-irrelevant, emotionally salient events can disrupt target discrimination, particularly when attentional demands are low, while others demonstrate alterations in the distracting effects of emotion in behavior and neural activation in the context of attention-demanding tasks. We used fMRI, in conjunction with an emotional oddball task, at different levels of target discrimination difficulty, to investigate the effects of emotional distractors on the detection of subsequent targets. In addition, we distinguished different behavioral components of target detection representing decisional, nondecisional, and response criterion processes. Results indicated that increasing target discrimination difficulty led to increased time required for both the decisional and nondecisional components of the detection response, as well as to increased target-related neural activation in frontoparietal regions. The emotional distractors were associated with activation in ventral occipital and frontal regions and dorsal frontal regions, but this activation was attenuated with increased difficulty. Emotional distraction did not alter the behavioral measures of target detection, but did lead to increased target-related frontoparietal activation for targets following emotional images as compared to those following neutral images. This latter effect varied with target discrimination difficulty, with an increased influence of the emotional distractors on subsequent target-related frontoparietal activation in the more difficult discrimination condition. This influence of emotional distraction was in addition associated specifically with the decisional component of target detection. These findings indicate that emotion-cognition interactions, in the emotional oddball task, vary depending on the difficulty of the target discrimination and the associated limitations on processing resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Siciliano
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - David J Madden
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| | - Catherine W Tallman
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Maria A Boylan
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Imke Kirste
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Zachary A Monge
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Lauren E Packard
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Guy G Potter
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
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12
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Pinheiro AP, Barros C, Dias M, Niznikiewicz M. Does emotion change auditory prediction and deviance detection? Biol Psychol 2017; 127:123-133. [PMID: 28499839 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, a growing number of studies provided compelling evidence supporting the interplay of cognitive and affective processes. However, it remains to be clarified whether and how an emotional context affects the prediction and detection of change in unattended sensory events. In an event-related potential (ERP) study, we probed the modulatory role of pleasant, unpleasant and neutral visual contexts on the brain response to automatic detection of change in spectral (intensity) vs. temporal (duration) sound features. Twenty participants performed a passive auditory oddball task. Additionally, we tested the relationship between ERPs and self-reported mood. Participants reported more negative mood after the negative block. The P2 amplitude elicited by standards was increased in a positive context. Mismatch Negativity (MMN) amplitude was decreased in the negative relative to the neutral and positive contexts, and was associated with self-reported mood. These findings suggest that the detection of regularities in the auditory stream was facilitated in a positive context, whereas a negative visual context interfered with prediction error elicitation, through associated mood changes. Both ERP and behavioral effects highlight the intricate links between emotion, perception and cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Pinheiro
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Carla Barros
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Dias
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Margaret Niznikiewicz
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
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13
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Luking KR, Neiman JS, Luby JL, Barch DM. Reduced Hedonic Capacity/Approach Motivation Relates to Blunted Responsivity to Gain and Loss Feedback in Children. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2017; 46:450-462. [PMID: 25749348 PMCID: PMC4561215 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1012721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents and adults with major depressive disorder or elevated depressive symptoms show reduced reward responses and tend to show enhanced responses to negative stimuli. However, reward-related behaviors and adaptive responses to negative feedback undergo dramatic changes across puberty. Thus, key questions remain regarding how altered incentive processing relates to depressive and anhedonic symptoms in prepubertal child populations. Twenty-four nonclinical prepubertal children 7-10 years of age (15 male; 16 Caucasian) completed two signal detection tasks that assessed behavioral responsivity to candy gain and loss feedback, respectively. These tasks were based on Pizzagalli's probabilistic reward task where asymmetric feedback leads to greater bias toward the more frequently rewarded response in more hedonic or nondepressed adults. We further modified the task to create a version where incorrect responses could result in losses from an original allotment of candy. Children and parents/guardians also completed individual difference questionnaires to assess the child's depressive symptoms, general affect, and hedonic capacity/approach motivation. Regressions indicated a relation between hedonic capacity/approach motivation (child self-report) and response bias in both gain and loss tasks. No significant relations were observed between depressive (child self-report), internalizing (parent report), or externalizing symptoms (parent report) and bias in either the gain or loss task in this small sample. These results suggest that reduced hedonic capacity/approach motivation is associated with blunted responses to both gain and loss feedback in prepubertal children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Luking
- a Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences , Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Jamie S Neiman
- b Department of Psychology , Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Joan L Luby
- c Department of Psychiatry , Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Deanna M Barch
- d Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Radiology , Washington University in St. Louis
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Valenza G, Citi L, Gentili C, Lanata A, Scilingo EP, Barbieri R. Characterization of Depressive States in Bipolar Patients Using Wearable Textile Technology and Instantaneous Heart Rate Variability Assessment. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2015; 19:263-74. [DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2014.2307584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Neural correlates of cognitive and affective processing in maltreated youth with posttraumatic stress symptoms: does gender matter? Dev Psychopathol 2014; 26:491-513. [PMID: 24621958 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941400008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship of gender to cognitive and affective processing in maltreated youth with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Maltreated (N = 29, 13 females, 16 males) and nonmaltreated participants (N = 45, 26 females, 19 males) performed an emotional oddball task that involved detection of targets with fear or scrambled face distractors. Results were moderated by gender. During the executive component of this task, left precuneus/posterior middle cingulate hypoactivation to fear versus calm or scrambled face targets were seen in maltreated versus control males and may represent dysfunction and less resilience in attentional networks. Maltreated males also showed decreased activation in the inferior frontal gyrus compared to control males. No differences were found in females. Posterior cingulate activations positively correlated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. While viewing fear faces, maltreated females exhibited decreased activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and cerebellum I-VI, whereas maltreated males exhibited increased activity in the left hippocampus, fusiform cortex, right cerebellar crus I, and visual cortex compared to their same-gender controls. Gender by maltreatment effects were not attributable to demographic, clinical, or maltreatment parameters. Maltreated girls and boys exhibited distinct patterns of neural activations during executive and affective processing, a new finding in the maltreatment literature.
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16
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Effects of induced moods on economic choices. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500005532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractEmotions can shape decision processes by altering valuation signals, risk perception, and strategic orientation. Although multiple theories posit a role for affective processes in mediating the influence of frames on decision making, empirical studies have yet to demonstrate that manipulated affect modulates framing phenomena. The present study asked whether induced affective states alter gambling propensity and the influence of frames on decision making. In a between-subjects design, we induced mood (happy, sad, or neutral) in subjects (N=91) via films that were interleaved with the framing task. Happy mood induction increased gambling and apparently accentuated framing effects compared to sad mood induction, although the effect on framing could have resulted from the fact that the increased tendency to gamble made the framing measure more sensitive. Happy mood induction increased gambling, but not framing magnitude, compared to neutral mood induction. Subjects experiencing a sad mood induction did not exhibit behavioral differences from those experiencing a neutral mood. For those subjects who experienced the happy mood induction, both gambling propensity and framing magnitude were positively correlated with the magnitude of the change in their mood valence. We discuss the broader implications of mood effects on real-world economic decisions.
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Qian S, Jiang Q, Liu K, Li B, Li M, Li L, Yang X, Yang Z, Sun G. Effects of short-term environmental hyperthermia on patterns of cerebral blood flow. Physiol Behav 2014; 128:99-107. [PMID: 24530482 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental hyperthermia is a very common risk factor for many occupations, however, its potential influences on cerebral circulation remain obscure. In this study, 20 participants underwent two simulated environmental thermal conditions (50 °C/25 °C, 1 h), and their cerebral blood flows (CBFs) were quantified using a pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (ASL) MR imaging. During the experiment, the physiological parameters, including rectal temperature, arterial blood pressure and weight loss, heart rate and respiration rate, were recorded, and a visual analog scale (VAS) test was performed during both conditions to evaluate the psychological state including vigilance, anxiety, vigor, confidence, anger, nervousness, drowsiness, and loquacity. After scanning, a highly-demanding attentional task--the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) was performed for behavioral performance evaluation. Compared with that during normothermic condition, the global CBF (gCBF) during hyperthermic condition showed a tendency of decrease, but no significant differences. Regional CBFs (rCBFs) were significantly altered mainly in the prefrontal cortex, somatosensory areas and limbic system. Physiological detection revealed significantly decreased diastolic pressure and systolic pressure and accelerated respiration rate. Furthermore, linear multivariate regression analysis showed that altered rCBFs in several regions could be predicted by physiological (systolic pressure, rectal temperature) and psychological (vigilance, drowsiness, nervousness, anger) changes. And PVT revealed significantly slower attentional reaction during hyperthermia, and the longer reaction time was correlated with the altered rCBF in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). These findings suggested that during short-term hyperthermia gCBF might remain relatively stable under the integrated effect of physiological changes and cerebral auto-regulation, rather than decreased solely dependently on hyperthermia-induced physiological changes. Furthermore, altered regional blood distribution might be accounted for neural activity of thermal sensation and regulation, mood state and cognitive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Qian
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qingjun Jiang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Shandong, PR China.
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Ralston TE, Palfai TP, Rinck M. The influence of depressed mood on action tendencies toward alcohol: the moderational role of drinking motives. Addict Behav 2013; 38:2810-6. [PMID: 24018222 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that depressed mood is associated with alcohol-related problems, though its relation with drinking behavior has been inconsistent across studies. Efforts to better understand the link between depressed mood and alcohol use have examined drinking motives as a potentially important moderating variable. The current study sought to examine whether drinking motives moderate the influence of depressed mood on alcohol-related action tendencies. Based on Baker, Morse, and Sherman's (1986) positive and negative reinforcement schema model, two competing moderational hypotheses regarding the influence of depressed mood on appetitive responses for alcohol were tested. METHODS One hundred and sixty-nine college student drinkers completed assessments of drinking motives and alcohol use. Subjects were exposed to a neutral or depressed mood induction followed by a computerized measure of action tendencies toward alcohol stimuli. RESULTS Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine whether the influence of depressed mood on action tendencies toward alcohol was moderated by drinking motives. Results showed that there was a significant interaction between mood induction condition and enhancement motives, such that depressed mood appeared to suppress appetitive responding toward alcohol among those with higher enhancement motives. In contrast, there was no evidence that coping motives moderated the association between mood and appetitive response to alcohol. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that inhibiting affect states associated with one's motivational disposition for drinking may result in the devaluation of alcohol. Limitations and implications are discussed.
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Mathiak KA, Klasen M, Zvyagintsev M, Weber R, Mathiak K. Neural networks underlying affective states in a multimodal virtual environment: contributions to boredom. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:820. [PMID: 24348366 PMCID: PMC3842844 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of low perceptual stimulation or goal-directed behavior with a negative subjective evaluation may lead to boredom. This contribution to boredom may shed light on its neural correlates, which are poorly characterized so far. A video game served as simulation of free interactive behavior without interruption of the game’s narrative. Thirteen male German volunteers played a first-person shooter game (Tactical Ops: Assault on Terror) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Two independent coders performed the time-based analysis of the audio-visual game content. Boredom was operationalized as interaction of prolonged absence of goal-directed behavior with lowered affect in the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). A decrease of positive affect (PA) correlated with response amplitudes in bilateral insular clusters extending into the amygdala to prolonged inactive phases in a game play and an increase in negative affect (NA) was associated with higher responses in bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Precuneus and hippocampus responses were negatively correlated with changes in NA. We describe for the first time neural contributions to boredom, using a video game as complex virtual environment. Further our study confirmed that PA and NA are separable constructs, reflected by distinct neural patterns. PA may be associated with afferent limbic activity whereas NA with affective control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna A Mathiak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Klasen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany ; Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Translational Brain Medicine Jülich, Germany
| | - Mikhail Zvyagintsev
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany ; Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Translational Brain Medicine Jülich, Germany
| | - René Weber
- Department of Communication-Media Neuroscience Lab, University of California Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Mathiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany ; Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Translational Brain Medicine Jülich, Germany
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20
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Qian S, Sun G, Jiang Q, Liu K, Li B, Li M, Yang X, Yang Z, Zhao L. Altered topological patterns of large-scale brain functional networks during passive hyperthermia. Brain Cogn 2013; 83:121-31. [PMID: 23959081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we simulated environmental heat exposure to 18 participants, and obtained functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) data during resting state. Brain functional networks were constructed over a wide range of sparsity threshold according to a prior atlas dividing the whole cerebrum into 90 regions. Results of graph theoretical approaches showed that although brain networks in both normal and hyperthermia conditions exhibited economical small-world property, significant alterations in both global and nodal network metrics were demonstrated during hyperthermia. Specifically, a lower clustering coefficient, maintained shortest path length, a lower small-worldness, a lower mean local efficiency were found, indicating a tendency shift to a randomized network. Additionally, significant alterations in nodal efficiency were found in bilateral gyrus rectus, bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral insula, right caudate nucleus, bilateral putamen, left temporal pole of middle temporal gyrus, right inferior temporal gyrus. In consideration of physiological system changes, we found that the alterations of normalized clustering coefficient, small-worldness, mean normalized local efficiency were significantly correlated with the rectal temperature alteration, but failed to obtain significant correlations with the weight loss. More importantly, behavioral attention network test (ANT) after MRI scanning showed that the ANT effects were altered and correlated with the alterations of some global metrics (normalized shortest path length and normalized global efficiency) and prefrontal nodal efficiency (right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus and left orbital inferior frontal gyrus), implying behavioral deficits in executive control effects and maintained alerting and orienting effects during passive hyperthermia. The present study provided the first evidence for human brain functional disorder during passive hyperthermia according to graph theoretical analysis using resting-state fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Qian
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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21
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Sun G, Qian S, Jiang Q, Liu K, Li B, Li M, Zhao L, Zhou Z, von Deneen KM, Liu Y. Hyperthermia-induced disruption of functional connectivity in the human brain network. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61157. [PMID: 23593416 PMCID: PMC3620175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Passive hyperthermia is a potential risk factor to human cognitive performance and work behavior in many extreme work environments. Previous studies have demonstrated significant effects of passive hyperthermia on human cognitive performance and work behavior. However, there is a lack of a clear understanding of the exact affected brain regions and inter-regional connectivities. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We simulated 1 hour environmental heat exposure to thirty-six participants under two environmental temperature conditions (25 °C and 50 °C), and collected resting-state functional brain activity. The functional connectivities with a preselected region of interest (ROI) in the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus (PCC/PCu), furthermore, inter-regional connectivities throughout the entire brain using a prior Anatomical Automatic Labeling (AAL) atlas were calculated. We identified decreased correlations of a set of regions with the PCC/PCu, including the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) and bilateral medial temporal cortex, as well as increased correlations with the partial orbitofrontal cortex particularly in the bilateral orbital superior frontal gyrus. Compared with the normal control (NC) group, the hyperthermia (HT) group showed 65 disturbed functional connectivities with 50 of them being decreased and 15 of them being increased. While the decreased correlations mainly involved with the mOFC, temporal lobe and occipital lobe, increased correlations were mainly located within the limbic system. In consideration of physiological system changes, we explored the correlations of the number of significantly altered inter-regional connectivities with differential rectal temperatures and weight loss, but failed to obtain significant correlations. More importantly, during the attention network test (ANT) we found that the number of significantly altered functional connectivities was positively correlated with an increase in executive control reaction time. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We first identified the hyperthermia-induced altered functional connectivity patterns. The changes in the functional connectivity network might be a possible explanation for the cognitive performance and work behavior alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Sun
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (GS); (LZ)
| | - Shaowen Qian
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjun Jiang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Zhao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (GS); (LZ)
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Karen M. von Deneen
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yijun Liu
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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22
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Sliz D, Hayley S. Major depressive disorder and alterations in insular cortical activity: a review of current functional magnetic imaging research. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:323. [PMID: 23227005 PMCID: PMC3512092 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by a dysregulated fronto-limbic network. The hyperactivation of limbic regions leads to increased attention and processing of emotional information, with a bias toward negative stimuli. Pathological ruminative behavior is a common symptom of depressive disorder whereby the individual is unable to disengage from internal mental processing of emotionally salient events. In fact, lower deactivations of the neural baseline resting state may account for the increased internal self-focus. The insular cortex, with its extensive connections to fronto-limbic and association areas has recently also been implicated to be a part of this network. Given its wide-reaching connectivity, it has been putatively implicated as an integration center of autonomic, visceromotor, emotional, and interoceptive information. The following paper will review recent imaging findings of altered insular function and connectivity in depressive pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Sliz
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University Ottawa, ON, Canada
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23
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Jacobs RH, Renken R, Aleman A, Cornelissen FW. The amygdala, top-down effects, and selective attention to features. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:2069-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Smoski MJ, Salsman N, Wang L, Smith V, Lynch TR, Dager SR, LaBar KS, Linehan MM. Functional imaging of emotion reactivity in opiate-dependent borderline personality disorder. Personal Disord 2012; 2:230-41. [PMID: 22448769 DOI: 10.1037/a0022228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Opiate dependence (OD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD), separately and together, are significant public health problems with poor treatment outcomes. BPD is associated with difficulties in emotion regulation, and brain-imaging studies in BPD individuals indicate differential activation in prefrontal cingulate cortices and their interactions with limbic regions. Likewise, a similar network is implicated in drug cue responsivity in substance abusers. The present, preliminary study used functional MRI to examine activation of this network in comorbid OD/BPD participants when engaged in an "oddball" task that required attention to a target in the context of emotionally negative distractors. Twelve male OD/BPD participants and 12 male healthy controls participated. All OD/BPD participants were taking the opiate replacement medication Suboxone, and a subset of participants was positive for substances of abuse on scan day. Relative to controls, OD/BPD participants demonstrated reduced activation to negative stimuli in the amygdala and anterior cingulate. Unlike previous studies that demonstrated hyperresponsivity in neural regions associated with affective processing in individuals with BPD versus healthy controls, comorbid OD/BPD participants were hyporesponsive to emotional cues. Future studies that also include BPD-only and OD-only groups are necessary to help clarify the individual and potentially synergistic effects of these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moria J Smoski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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25
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Pfaff MS. Negative affect reduces team awareness: the effects of mood and stress on computer-mediated team communication. HUMAN FACTORS 2012; 54:560-571. [PMID: 22908679 DOI: 10.1177/0018720811432307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article presents research on the effects of varying mood and stress states on within-team communication in a simulated crisis management environment, with a focus on the relationship between communication behaviors and team awareness. BACKGROUND Communication plays a critical role in team cognition along with cognitive factors such as attention, memory, and decision-making speed. Mood and stress are known to have interrelated effects on cognition at the individual level, but there is relatively little joint exploration of these factors in team communication in technologically complex environments. METHOD Dyadic communication behaviors in a distributed six-person crisis management simulation were analyzed in a factorial design for effects of two levels of mood (happy, sad) and the presence or absence of a time pressure stressor. RESULTS Time pressure and mood showed several specific impacts on communication behaviors. Communication quantity and efficiency increased under time pressure, though frequent requests for information were associated with poor performance. Teams in happy moods showed enhanced team awareness, as revealed by more anticipatory communication patterns and more detailed verbal responses to teammates than those in sad moods. CONCLUSION Results show that the attention-narrowing effects of mood and stress associated with individual cognitive functions demonstrate analogous impacts on team awareness and information-sharing behaviors and reveal a richer understanding of how team dynamics change under adverse conditions. APPLICATION Disentangling stress from mood affords the opportunity to target more specific interventions that better support team awareness and task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Pfaff
- Indiana University, School of Informatics, IUPUI Campus, 535 W Michigan St., Room IT 469, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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26
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Froeliger B, Modlin LA, Kozink RV, Wang L, McClernon FJ. Smoking abstinence and depressive symptoms modulate the executive control system during emotional information processing. Addict Biol 2012; 17:668-79. [PMID: 22081878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Smoking abstinence disrupts affective and cognitive processes. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate the effects of smoking abstinence on emotional information processing. Smokers (n = 17) and non-smokers (n = 18) underwent fMRI while performing an emotional distractor oddball task in which rare targets were presented following negative and neutral task-irrelevant distractors. Smokers completed two sessions: once following 24-hour abstinence and once while satiated. The abstinent versus satiated states were compared by evaluating responses to distractor images and to targets following each distractor valence within frontal executive and limbic brain regions. Regression analyses were done to investigate whether self-reported negative affect influences brain response to images and targets. Exploratory regression analyses examined relations between baseline depressive symptoms and smoking state on brain function. Smoking state affected response to target detection in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). During satiety, activation was greater in response to targets following negative versus neutral distractors; following abstinence, the reverse was observed. Withdrawal-related negative affect was associated with right insula activation to negative images. Finally, depression symptoms were associated with abstinence-induced hypoactive response to negative emotional distractors and task-relevant targets following negative distractors in frontal brain regions. Neural processes related to novelty detection/attention in the right IFG may be disrupted by smoking abstinence and negative stimuli. Reactivity to emotional stimuli and the interfering effects on cognition are moderated by the magnitude of smoking state-dependent negative affect and baseline depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Froeliger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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27
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Pinheiro AP, del Re E, Nestor PG, McCarley RW, Gonçalves ÓF, Niznikiewicz M. Interactions between mood and the structure of semantic memory: event-related potentials evidence. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012; 8:579-94. [PMID: 22434931 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that affect acts as modulator of cognitive processes and in particular that induced mood has an effect on the way semantic memory is used on-line. We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine affective modulation of semantic information processing under three different moods: neutral, positive and negative. Fifteen subjects read 324 pairs of sentences, after mood induction procedure with 30 pictures of neutral, 30 pictures of positive and 30 pictures of neutral valence: 108 sentences were read in each mood induction condition. Sentences ended with three word types: expected words, within-category violations, and between-category violations. N400 amplitude was measured to the three word types under each mood induction condition. Under neutral mood, a congruency (more negative N400 amplitude for unexpected relative to expected endings) and a category effect (more negative N400 amplitude for between- than to within-category violations) were observed. Also, results showed differences in N400 amplitude for both within- and between-category violations as a function of mood: while positive mood tended to facilitate the integration of unexpected but related items, negative mood made their integration as difficult as unexpected and unrelated items. These findings suggest the differential impact of mood on access to long-term semantic memory during sentence comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Pinheiro
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CiPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Wang L, Ashley-Koch A, Steffens DC, Krishnan KRR, Taylor WD. Impact of BDNF Val66Met and 5-HTTLPR polymorphism variants on neural substrates related to sadness and executive function. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2012; 11:352-9. [PMID: 22225729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val(66) Met allelic variation is linked to both the occurrence of mood disorders and antidepressant response. These findings are not universally observed, and the mechanism by which this variation results in increased risk for mood disorders is unclear. One possible explanation is an epistatic relationship with other neurotransmitter genes associated with depression risk, such as the serotonin-transporter-linked promotor region (5-HTTLPR). Further, it is unclear how the coexistence of the BDNF Met and 5-HTTLPR S variants affects the function of the affective and cognitive control systems. To address this question, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in 38 older adults (20 healthy and 18 remitted from major depressive disorder). Subjects performed an emotional oddball task during the fMRI scan and provided blood samples for genotyping. Our analyses examined the relationship between genotypes and brain activation to sad distractors and attentional targets. We found that 5-HTTLPR S allele carriers exhibited stronger activation in the amygdala in response to sad distractors, whereas BDNF Met carriers exhibited increased activation to sad stimuli but decreased activation to attentional targets in the dorsolateral prefrontal and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices. In addition, subjects with both the S allele and Met allele genes exhibited increased activation to sad stimuli in the subgenual cingulate and posterior cingulate. Our results indicate that the Met allele alone or in combination with 5-HTTLPR S allele may increase reactivity to sad stimuli, which might represent a neural mechanism underlying increased depression vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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The influence of emotional distraction on verbal working memory: an fMRI investigation comparing individuals with schizophrenia and healthy adults. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:1184-93. [PMID: 21411108 PMCID: PMC3131474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to maintain information over short periods of time (i.e., working memory) is critically important in a variety of cognitive functions including language, planning, and decision-making. Recent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) research with healthy adults has shown that brain activations evoked during the delay interval of working memory tasks can be reduced by the presentation of distracting emotional events, suggesting that emotional events may take working-memory processes momentarily offline. Both executive function and emotional processing are disrupted in schizophrenia, and here we sought to elucidate the effect of emotional distraction upon brain activity in schizophrenic and healthy adults performing a verbal working memory task. During the delay period between the memoranda and memory probe items, emotional and neutral distractors differentially influenced brain activity in these groups. In healthy adults, the hemodynamic response from posterior cingulate, orbital frontal cortex, and the parietal lobe strongly differentiated emotional from neutral distractors. In striking contrast, schizophrenic adults showed no significant differences in brain activation when processing emotional and neutral distractors. Moreover, the influence of emotional distractors extended into the memory probe period in healthy, but not schizophrenic, adults. The results suggest that although emotional items are highly salient for healthy adults, emotional items are no more distracting than neutral ones to individuals with schizophrenia.
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Sterzer P, Hilgenfeldt T, Freudenberg P, Bermpohl F, Adli M. Access of emotional information to visual awareness in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychol Med 2011; 41:1615-1624. [PMID: 21208495 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291710002540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to cognitive theories of depression, negative biases affect most cognitive processes including perception. Such depressive perception may result not only from biased cognitive appraisal but also from automatic processing biases that influence the access of sensory information to awareness. METHOD Twenty patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 20 healthy control participants underwent behavioural testing with a variant of binocular rivalry, continuous flash suppression (CFS), to investigate the potency of emotional visual stimuli to gain access to awareness. While a neutral, fearful, happy or sad emotional face was presented to one eye, high-contrast dynamic patterns were presented to the other eye, resulting in initial suppression of the face from awareness. Participants indicated the location of the face with a key press as soon as it became visible. The modulation of suppression time by emotional expression was taken as an index of unconscious emotion processing. RESULTS We found a significant difference in the emotional modulation of suppression time between MDD patients and controls. This difference was due to relatively shorter suppression of sad faces and, to a lesser degree, to longer suppression of happy faces in MDD. Suppression time modulation by sad expression correlated with change in self-reported severity of depression after 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Our finding of preferential access to awareness for mood-congruent stimuli supports the notion that depressive perception may be related to altered sensory information processing even at automatic processing stages. Such perceptual biases towards mood-congruent information may reinforce depressed mood and contribute to negative cognitive biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Whittle S, Yücel M, Yap MBH, Allen NB. Sex differences in the neural correlates of emotion: Evidence from neuroimaging. Biol Psychol 2011; 87:319-33. [PMID: 21600956 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Whittle
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, 35 Polar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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32
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Bhanji JP, Beer JS. Unpacking the neural associations of emotion and judgment in emotion-congruent judgment. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2011; 7:348-56. [PMID: 21511825 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsr015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study takes a new approach to understand the neural systems that support emotion-congruent judgment. The bulk of previous neural research has inferred emotional influences on judgment from disadvantageous judgments or non-random individual differences. The current study manipulated the influence of emotional information on judgments of stimuli that were equivocally composed of positive and negative attributes. Emotion-congruent processing was operationalized in two ways: neural activation significantly associated with primes that lead to emotionally congruent judgments and neural activation significantly associated with judgments that were preceded by emotionally congruent primes. Distinct regions of medial orbitofrontal cortex were associated with these patterns of emotion-congruent processing. Judgments that were incongruent with preceding primes were associated with dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and lateral orbitofrontal cortex activity. The current study demonstrates a new approach to investigate the neural systems associated with emotion-congruent judgment. The findings suggest that medial OFC may support attentional processes that underlie emotion-congruent judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil P Bhanji
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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33
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Ralston TE, Palfai TP. Effects of depressed mood on drinking refusal self-efficacy: examining the specificity of drinking contexts. Cogn Behav Ther 2011; 39:262-9. [PMID: 21038154 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2010.501809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
College students with elevated depressive symptoms are more likely to engage in risky drinking and experience alcohol-related negative consequences. Efforts to understand the association between depressed mood and alcohol use have begun to identify the role of cognitive-motivational processes. Drinking refusal self-efficacy is one such process that influences the decision to drink, but its relationship with depressed mood remains unclear. The current study sought to clarify the role of these processes using a depressed mood induction procedure in a sample of college student drinkers. Eighty-six students were randomized to a depressed or neutral mood induction and completed assessments of drinking refusal self-efficacy. Depressed mood significantly decreased self-efficacy in high-risk drinking contexts related to depression, whereas ratings of other high-risk contexts were unaffected. These findings suggest that the association between hazardous drinking and depressed mood may be due in part to the direct influence of mood state on one's self-efficacy to resist drinking in relevant contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Ralston
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02135, USA.
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Somerville LH, Fani N, McClure-Tone EB. Behavioral and neural representation of emotional facial expressions across the lifespan. Dev Neuropsychol 2011; 36:408-28. [PMID: 21516541 PMCID: PMC3084535 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2010.549865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Humans' experience of emotion and comprehension of affective cues varies substantially across the lifespan. Work in cognitive and affective neuroscience has begun to characterize behavioral and neural responses to emotional cues that systematically change with age. This review examines work to date characterizing the maturation of facial expression comprehension, and dynamic changes in amygdala recruitment from early childhood through late adulthood while viewing facial expressions of emotion. Recent neuroimaging work has tested amygdala and prefrontal engagement in experimental paradigms mimicking real aspects of social interactions, which we highlight briefly, along with considerations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah H Somerville
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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35
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Bartova L, Berger A, Pezawas L. Is there a personalized medicine for mood disorders? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 260 Suppl 2:S121-6. [PMID: 20957381 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-010-0152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and antidepressant therapy response are largely based on behavioral criteria, which are known to correlate at best modestly with biological measures. Therefore, it is not surprising that the search for peripheral biological markers (biomarkers) being assessed in distant biological systems such as body fluids has not yet resulted in clinically convincing measures for MDD diagnostics or treatment evaluation. Imaging genetics studies, however, have been successful in the search for intermediate imaging phenotypes of MDD and treatment response that are directly related to the neurobiological underpinnings of MDD, but are not suitable for a broad clinical use today. Hence, we argue that intermediate phenotypes derived from imaging genetics studies should be utilized as substitutes of behaviorally assessed psychiatric diagnoses or therapy response in the search for easily accessible peripheral biomarkers. This article will further cover the current state of peripheral and neural biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bartova
- Division of Biological Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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36
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Pfaff MS, McNeese MD. Effects of mood and stress on distributed team cognition. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/14639221003729185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Paulus MP, Stein MB. Interoception in anxiety and depression. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 214:451-63. [PMID: 20490545 PMCID: PMC2886901 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-010-0258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We review the literature on interoception as it relates to depression and anxiety, with a focus on belief, and alliesthesia. The connection between increased but noisy afferent interoceptive input, self-referential and belief-based states, and top-down modulation of poorly predictive signals is integrated into a neuroanatomical and processing model for depression and anxiety. The advantage of this conceptualization is the ability to specifically examine the interface between basic interoception, self-referential belief-based states, and enhanced top-down modulation to attenuate poor predictability. We conclude that depression and anxiety are not simply interoceptive disorders but are altered interoceptive states as a consequence of noisily amplified self-referential interoceptive predictive belief states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 8939 Villa La Jolla Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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38
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Ossewaarde L, Hermans EJ, van Wingen GA, Kooijman SC, Johansson IM, Bäckström T, Fernández G. Neural mechanisms underlying changes in stress-sensitivity across the menstrual cycle. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35:47-55. [PMID: 19758762 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hormonal fluctuations across the menstrual cycle are thought to play a central role in premenstrual mood symptoms. In agreement, fluctuations in gonadal hormone levels affect brain processes in regions involved in emotion regulation. Recent findings, however, implicate psychological stress as a potential mediating factor and thus, we investigated whether effects of moderate psychological stress on relevant brain regions interact with menstrual cycle phase. Twenty-eight healthy women were tested in a crossover design with menstrual cycle phase (late luteal versus late follicular) and stress (stress induction versus control) as within-subject factors. After stress induction (or control), we probed neural responses to facial expressions using fMRI. During the late luteal phase, negative affect was highest and the stress-induced increase in heart rate was mildly augmented. fMRI data of the control condition replicate previous findings of elevated amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses when comparing the late luteal with the late follicular phase. Importantly, stress induction had opposite effects in the two cycle phases, with unexpected lower response magnitudes in the late luteal phase. Moreover, the larger the increase in allopregnanolone concentration across the menstrual cycle was, the smaller the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses were after stress induction in the late luteal phase. Our findings show that moderate psychological stress influences menstrual cycle effects on activity in the emotion regulation circuitry. These results provide potential insights into how fluctuations in allopregnanolone that naturally occur during the menstrual cycle may change stress vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Ossewaarde
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Savitz JB, Drevets WC. Imaging phenotypes of major depressive disorder: genetic correlates. Neuroscience 2009; 164:300-30. [PMID: 19358877 PMCID: PMC2760612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Imaging techniques are a potentially powerful method of identifying phenotypes that are associated with, or are indicative of, a vulnerability to developing major depressive disorder (MDD). Here we identify seven promising MDD-associated traits identified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or positron emission tomography (PET). We evaluate whether these traits are state-independent, heritable endophenotypes, or state-dependent phenotypes that may be useful markers of treatment efficacy. In MDD, increased activity of the amygdala in response to negative stimuli appears to be a mood-congruent phenomenon, and is likely moderated by the 5-HT transporter gene (SLC6A4) promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR). Hippocampal volume loss is characteristic of elderly or chronically-ill samples and may be impacted by the val66met brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene variant and the 5-HTTLPR SLC6A4 polymorphism. White matter pathology is salient in elderly MDD cohorts but is associated with cerebrovascular disease, and is unlikely to be a useful marker of a latent MDD diathesis. Increased blood flow or metabolism of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC), together with gray matter volume loss in this region, is a well-replicated finding in MDD. An attenuation of the usual pattern of fronto-limbic connectivity, particularly a decreased temporal correlation in amygdala-anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity, is another MDD-associated trait. Concerning neuroreceptor PET imaging, decreased 5-HT(1A) binding potential in the raphe, medial temporal lobe, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been strongly associated with MDD, and may be impacted by a functional single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the 5-HT(1A) gene (HTR1A: -1019 C/G; rs6295). Potentially indicative of inter-study variation in MDD etiology or mood state, both increased and decreased binding potential of the 5-HT transporter has been reported. Challenges facing the field include the problem of phenotypic and etiological heterogeneity, technological limitations, the confounding effects of medication, and non-disease related inter-individual variation in brain morphology and function. Further advances are likely as epigenetic, copy-number variant, gene-gene interaction, and genome-wide association (GWA) approaches are brought to bear on imaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Savitz
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, NIH/NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Stressful, aversive events are extremely well remembered. Such a declarative memory enhancement is evidently beneficial for survival, but the same mechanism may become maladaptive and culminate in mental diseases such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress hormones are known to enhance postlearning consolidation of aversive memories but are also thought to have immediate effects on attentional, sensory, and mnemonic processes at memory formation. Despite their significance for our understanding of the etiology of stress-related mental disorders, effects of acute stress at memory formation, and their brain correlates at the system scale, remain elusive. Using an integrated experimental approach, we probed the neural correlates of memory formation while participants underwent a controlled stress induction procedure in a crossover design. Physiological (cortisol level, heart rate, and pupil dilation) and subjective measures confirmed acute stress. Remarkably, reduced hippocampal activation during encoding predicted stress-enhanced memory performance, both within and between participants. Stress, moreover, amplified early visual and inferior temporal responses, suggesting that hypervigilant processing goes along with enhanced inferior temporal information reduction to relay a higher proportion of task-relevant information to the hippocampus. Thus, acute stress affects neural correlates of memory formation in an unexpected manner, the understanding of which may elucidate mechanisms underlying psychological trauma etiology.
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41
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Wang L, Mullette-Gillman OA, Gadde KM, Kuhn CM, McCarthy G, Huettel SA. The effect of acute tryptophan depletion on emotional distraction and subsequent memory. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2009; 4:357-68. [PMID: 19628700 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsp025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter involved in emotional regulation and memory. A number of studies using acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) in healthy subjects have shown that a temporary serotonin reduction both induces a negative emotional bias and impairs long-term memory. However, little is known about the specific effects of ATD on emotional memory. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated the effect of ATD on negative memory and executive function in healthy volunteers. Our emotional oddball task required participants to distinguish infrequently presented targets from distracting negative and neutral pictures. Memory for the distracting pictures was tested 1 h following the fMRI session. ATD selectively enhanced memory for negative distractors relative to neutral distractors and increased activation in response to the negative distractors in the left orbital-inferior frontal, dorsomedial prefrontal and bilateral angular gyri. ATD also induced greater activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate across all stimuli. Stronger frontal activation to distractors was positively correlated with memory performance on ATD but not control days, indicating a possible compensatory mechanism for coping with increased task demand under the ATD challenge. These findings highlight the importance of serotonin in negative memory with implications for mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wang
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 501 Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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42
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Ball T, Derix J, Wentlandt J, Wieckhorst B, Speck O, Schulze-Bonhage A, Mutschler I. Anatomical specificity of functional amygdala imaging of responses to stimuli with positive and negative emotional valence. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 180:57-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Japee S, Crocker L, Carver F, Pessoa L, Ungerleider LG. Individual differences in valence modulation of face-selective M170 response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 9:59-69. [PMID: 19186917 DOI: 10.1037/a0014487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Magnetoencephalography was used to examine the effect of individual differences on the temporal dynamics of emotional face processing by grouping subjects based on their ability to detect masked valence-laden stimuli. Receiver operating characteristic curves and a nonparametric sensitivity measure were used to categorize subjects into those that could and could not reliably detect briefly presented fearful faces that were backward-masked by neutral faces. Results showed that, in a cluster of face-responsive sensors, the strength of the M170 response was modulated by valence only when subjects could reliably detect the masked fearful faces. Source localization of the M170 peak using synthetic aperture magnetometry identified sources in face processing areas such as right middle occipital gyrus and left fusiform gyrus that showed the valence effect for those target durations at which subjects were sensitive to the fearful stimulus. Subjects who were better able to detect fearful faces also showed higher trait anxiety levels. These results suggest that individual differences between subjects, such as trait anxiety levels and sensitivity to fearful stimuli, may be an important factor to consider when studying emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Japee
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1366, USA.
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44
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Kumar R, Macey PM, Cross RL, Woo MA, Yan-Go FL, Harper RM. Neural alterations associated with anxiety symptoms in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Depress Anxiety 2009; 26:480-91. [PMID: 18828142 PMCID: PMC4041684 DOI: 10.1002/da.20531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychological comorbidities, including anxiety symptoms, accompany obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); structural and functional brain alterations also occur in the syndrome. The objective was to determine whether OSA patients expressing anxiety symptoms show injury in specific brain sites. METHODS Magnetic resonance T2-relaxometry was performed in 46 OSA and 66 control subjects. Anxiety symptoms were evaluated using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI); subjects with BAI scores >9 were classified anxious. Whole brain T2-relaxation maps were compared between anxious and nonanxious groups using analysis of covariance (covariates, age and gender). RESULTS Sixteen OSA and seven control subjects showed anxiety symptoms, and 30 OSA and 59 controls were nonanxious. Significantly higher T2-relaxation values, indicating tissue injury, appeared in anxious OSA versus nonanxious OSA subjects in subgenu, anterior, and mid-cingulate, ventral medial prefrontal and bilateral insular cortices, hippocampus extending to amygdala and temporal, and bilateral parietal cortices. Brain injury emerged in anxious OSA versus nonanxious controls in bilateral insular cortices, caudate nuclei, anterior fornix, anterior thalamus, internal capsule, mid-hippocampus, dorsotemporal, dorsofrontal, ventral medial prefrontal, and parietal cortices. CONCLUSIONS Anxious OSA subjects showed injury in brain areas regulating emotion, with several regions lying outside structures affected by OSA alone, suggesting additional injurious processes in anxious OSA subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Paul M. Macey
- School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
,Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Cross
- School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mary A. Woo
- School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Frisca L. Yan-Go
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Ronald M. Harper
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
,Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
,Correspondence to: Department of Neurobiology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA Tel: 310-825-5303 Fax: 310-825-2224
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45
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Thomas LA, LaBar KS. Fear relevancy, strategy use, and probabilistic learning of cue-outcome associations. Learn Mem 2008; 15:777-84. [PMID: 18832564 DOI: 10.1101/lm.1048808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine how the fear relevancy of outcomes during probabilistic classification learning affects behavior and strategy use. Novel variants of the "weather prediction" task were created, in which cue cards predicted either looming fearful or neutral outcomes in a between-groups design. Strategy use was examined by goodness-of-fit estimates of response patterns across trial blocks to mathematical models of simple, complex, and nonidentifiable strategies. Participants in the emotional condition who were fearful of the outcomes had greater skin conductance responses compared with controls and performed worse, used suboptimal strategies, and had less insight into the predictive cue features during initial learning. In contrast, nonfearful participants in the emotional condition used more optimal strategies than the other groups by the end of the two training days. Results have implications for understanding how individual differences in fear relevancy alter the impact of emotion on feedback-based learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Thomas
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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Parallel memory processing by the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus and the basolateral amygdala. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:10279-84. [PMID: 18647831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805284105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There is abundant literature on the role of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and the CA1 region of the hippocampus in memory formation of inhibitory avoidance (IA) and other behaviorally arousing tasks. Here, we investigate molecular correlates of IA consolidation in the two structures and their relation to NMDA receptors (NMDArs) and beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-ADrs). The separate posttraining administration of antagonists of NMDAr and beta-ADr to BLA and CA1 is amnesic. IA training is followed by an increase of the phosphorylation of calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and ERK2 in CA1 but only an increase of the phosphorylation of ERK2 in BLA. The changes are blocked by NMDAr antagonists but not beta-ADr antagonists in CA1, and they are blocked by beta-ADr but not NMDAr antagonists in BLA. In addition, the changes are accompanied by increased phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in BLA but not in CA1, suggesting that beta-AD modulation results from local catecholamine synthesis in the former but not in the latter structure. NMDAr blockers in CA1 do not alter the learning-induced neurochemical changes in BLA, and beta-ADr blockade in BLA does not hinder those in CA1. When put together with other data from the literature, the present findings suggest that CA1 and BLA play a role in consolidation, but they operate to an extent in parallel, suggesting that each is probably involved with different aspects of the task studied.
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Wang L, LaBar KS, Smoski M, Rosenthal MZ, Dolcos F, Lynch TR, Krishnan RR, McCarthy G. Prefrontal mechanisms for executive control over emotional distraction are altered in major depression. Psychiatry Res 2008; 163:143-55. [PMID: 18455373 PMCID: PMC2553159 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 09/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A dysfunction in the interaction between executive function and mood regulation has been proposed as the pathophysiology of depression. However, few studies have investigated the alteration in brain systems related to executive control over emotional distraction in depression. To address this issue, 19 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 20 healthy controls were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants performed an emotional oddball task in which infrequently presented circle targets required detection while sad and neutral pictures were irrelevant novel distractors. Hemodynamic responses were compared for targets, sad distractors, and for targets that followed sad or neutral distractors (Target-after-Sad and Target-after-Neutral). Patients with MDD revealed attenuated activation overall to targets in executive brain regions. Behaviorally, MDD patients were slower in response to Target-after-Sad than Target-after-Neutra stimuli. Patients also revealed a reversed activation pattern from controls in response to this contrast in the left anterior cingulate, insula, right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and bilateral middle frontal gyrus. Those patients who engaged the right IFG more during Target-after-Neutral stimuli responded faster to targets, confirming a role of this region in coping with emotional distraction. The results provide direct evidence of an alteration in the neural systems that interplay cognition with mood in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wang
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University
| | | | - Moria Smoski
- Cognitive Behavioral Research and Treatment Program, Duke University
| | | | | | - Thomas R. Lynch
- Cognitive Behavioral Research and Treatment Program, Duke University
| | | | - Gregory McCarthy
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States,Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States,Please address correspondence to: Dr. Gregory McCarthy, Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, tel: (203) 432-7435, fax: (203) 432-7172, e-mail:
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48
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Doty TJ, Payne ME, Steffens DC, Beyer JL, Krishnan KRR, LaBar KS. Age-dependent reduction of amygdala volume in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2008; 163:84-94. [PMID: 18407469 PMCID: PMC2483539 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala is hypothesized to play a critical role in mood regulation, yet its involvement in bipolar disorder remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to compare measurements of amygdala volumes in a relatively large sample of bipolar disorder patients and healthy controls ranging in age from 18 to 49 years. Subjects comprised 54 adult patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder and 41 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and education. Magnetic resonance imaging (1.5 T) was performed to obtain volumetric measurements of the amygdala using a manual region-of-interest tracing method with software that allowed simultaneous visualization of the amygdala in three orthogonal planes. The anterior head of the hippocampus was removed in the sagittal plane prior to amygdala volumetry measurement. Multiple regression analysis was computed on amygdala volume measurements as a function of diagnosis, age, sex, and cerebral volume. Bipolar patients showed an age-related reduction of amygdala volume, but controls did not. Among bipolar subjects, amygdala volume was unrelated to medication history. There were no significant hemispheric or sex interactions with the main effects. Results support a role for amygdala dysfunction in bipolar disorder which appears most robustly in older relative to younger adult patients. Differential aging effects in bipolar disorder may compromise amygdala integrity and contribute to mood dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy J. Doty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 27710,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 27710
| | - Martha E. Payne
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 27710
| | - David C. Steffens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 27710
| | - John L. Beyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 27710
| | - K. Ranga R. Krishnan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 27710
| | - Kevin S. LaBar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 27710,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 27710,Address for Correspondence: Kevin S. LaBar, Ph.D., Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University Box 90999, Durham, NC 27708-0999, tel: (919) 681-0664, fax: (919) 681-0815, e-mail:
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49
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Haas BW, Canli T. Emotional memory function, personality structure and psychopathology: a neural system approach to the identification of vulnerability markers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:71-84. [PMID: 18359090 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that emotional events are ingrained stronger into memory relative to neutral events. Facilitated emotional memory is highly variable between individuals within the normal population and is particularly exacerbated in those diagnosed with mood and anxiety disorders. In order to elucidate how variation of enhanced emotional memory within the normal population may manifest into psychopathological states, we explored the convergence between studies investigating the neural systems engaged in emotional memory facilitation and studies investigating how these systems differ from person to person. Converging evidence highlights the roles of three neural systems (1. Amygdala function and attention, 2. Neuroendocrine function, 3. Interactive effects with mood) that all govern emotional memory facilitation and are highly variable between individuals as a function of personality. We applied this neural system approach to models of vulnerability of three forms of psychopathology that are particularly characterized by atypical emotional memory function (depression, generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder). This application suggests that the incorporation of known vulnerability markers across psychological, neuroimaging and neuroendocrinological domains is cardinal to how susceptibility is conceptualized and assessed in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Haas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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50
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Wang L, Huettel S, De Bellis MD. Neural substrates for processing task-irrelevant sad images in adolescents. Dev Sci 2008; 11:23-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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