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Bolat E, Polat S, Tunç M, Çoban M, Göker P. Investigation of Skull Cortical Thickness Changes in Healthy Population and Patients With Schizophrenia on Computed Tomography Images. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:1284-1288. [PMID: 38727232 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cortical bone thickness is essential for the mechanical function of bone. Some factors including aging, sex, body size, hormone levels, behavior, and genetics lead to changes in cranial cortical robusticity. Moreover, the skull is one of the hardest and most durable structures in the human body. Schizophrenia is defined as a psychiatric disease characterized by delusions and hallucinations, and these patients have reduced brain volume; however, there is no study including cortical bone structure. For this reason, the aim of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in the skull cortical thickness of patients with schizophrenia and, compare it with healthy subjects. The cranial length, cranial width, anterior cortical thickness, right and left anterior cortical thickness, right and left lateral cortical thickness, right and left posterior lateral thickness, and posterior cortical thickness were measured with axial computed tomography images of 30 patients with schizophrenia and 132 healthy individuals aged between 18 and 69years. A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in the measurements of right and left posterior lateral thickness, and posterior cortical thickness ( P = 0.006, P = 0.001, and P = 0.047, respectively). The sexes were compared, and it was found that the cranial width, anterior thickness, left anterior thickness, and right and left posterior thickness measurements of patients with schizophrenia showed a statistically significant difference compared with the control group ( P < 0.001, P = 0.003, P = 0.001, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The authors observed that skull cortical thickness may be different in schizophrenia. The results obtained from this study may be beneficial for evaluating these structures for clinical and pathological processes. Furthermore, knowledge about the skull cortical thickness in planning surgical procedures will increase the reliability and effectiveness of the surgical method, and this will minimize the risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Bolat
- Department of Anatomy, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Sema Polat
- Department of Anatomy, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Mahmut Tunç
- Department of Therapy and Rehabilitation, Vocational School of Health Services, Baskent University
| | - Muhammet Çoban
- Department of Radiology, Kozan State Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Pinar Göker
- Department of Anatomy, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine
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Chohan MO, Flores RA, Wertz C, Jung RE. "Non-Eloquent" brain regions predict neuropsychological outcome in tumor patients undergoing awake craniotomy. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0284261. [PMID: 38300915 PMCID: PMC10833519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Supratotal resection of primary brain tumors is being advocated especially when involving "non-eloquent" tissue. However, there is extensive neuropsychological data implicating functions critical to higher cognition in areas considered "non-eloquent" by most surgeons. The goal of the study was to determine pre-surgical brain regions that would be predictive of cognitive outcome at 4-6 months post-surgery. Cortical reconstruction and volumetric segmentation were performed with the FreeSurfer-v6.0 image analysis suite. Linear regression models were used to regress cortical volumes from both hemispheres, against the total cognitive z-score to determine the relationship between brain structure and broad cognitive functioning while controlling for age, sex, and total segmented brain volume. We identified 62 consecutive patients who underwent planned awake resections of primary (n = 55, 88%) and metastatic at the University of New Mexico Hospital between 2015 and 2019. Of those, 42 (23 males, 25 left hemispheric lesions) had complete pre and post-op neuropsychological data available and were included in this study. Overall, total neuropsychological functioning was somewhat worse (p = 0.09) at post-operative neuropsychological outcome (Mean = -.20) than at baseline (Mean = .00). Patients with radiation following resection (n = 32) performed marginally worse (p = .036). We found that several discrete brain volumes obtained pre-surgery predicted neuropsychological outcome post-resection. For the total sample, these volumes included: left fusiform, right lateral orbital frontal, right post central, and right paracentral regions. Regardless of lesion lateralization, volumes within the right frontal lobe, and specifically right orbitofrontal cortex, predicted neuropsychological difference scores. The current study highlights the gaps in our current understanding of brain eloquence. We hypothesize that the volume of tissue within the right lateral orbital frontal lobe represents important cognitive reserve capacity in patients undergoing tumor surgery. Our data also cautions the neurosurgeon when considering supratotal resections of tumors that do not extend into areas considered "non-eloquent" by current standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Omar Chohan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Ranee Ann Flores
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Christopher Wertz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Rex Eugene Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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Jameei H, Rakesh D, Zalesky A, Cairns MJ, Reay WR, Wray NR, Di Biase MA. Linking Polygenic Risk of Schizophrenia to Variation in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Brain Measures: A Comprehensive Systematic Review. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:32-46. [PMID: 37354489 PMCID: PMC10754175 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Schizophrenia is highly heritable, with a polygenic effect of many genes conferring risk. Evidence on whether cumulative risk also predicts alterations in brain morphology and function is inconsistent. This systematic review examined evidence for schizophrenia polygenic risk score (sczPRS) associations with commonly used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures. We expected consistent evidence to emerge for significant sczPRS associations with variation in structure and function, specifically in frontal, temporal, and insula cortices that are commonly implicated in schizophrenia pathophysiology. STUDY DESIGN In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO for peer-reviewed studies published between January 2013 and March 2022. Studies were screened against predetermined criteria and National Institutes of Health (NIH) quality assessment tools. STUDY RESULTS In total, 57 studies of T1-weighted structural, diffusion, and functional MRI were included (age range = 9-80 years, Nrange = 64-76 644). We observed moderate, albeit preliminary, evidence for higher sczPRS predicting global reductions in cortical thickness and widespread variation in functional connectivity, and to a lesser extent, region-specific reductions in frontal and temporal volume and thickness. Conversely, sczPRS does not predict whole-brain surface area or gray/white matter volume. Limited evidence emerged for sczPRS associations with diffusion tensor measures of white matter microstructure in a large community sample and smaller cohorts of children and young adults. These findings were broadly consistent across community and clinical populations. CONCLUSIONS Our review supports the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a disorder of disrupted within and between-region brain connectivity, and points to specific whole-brain and regional MRI metrics that may provide useful intermediate phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Jameei
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - Divyangana Rakesh
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria A Di Biase
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Hartmann H, Banwinkler M, Riva F, Lamm C. To respond or not to respond: exploring empathy-related psychological and structural brain differences between placebo analgesia responders and non-responders. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1257522. [PMID: 37849473 PMCID: PMC10577216 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1257522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Placebo responsiveness is highly variable across individuals. In the domain of pain, it may range from pronounced hypoalgesia to no response at all. Which factors predict such variation awaits clarification, as the available literature is characterized by mixed and inconclusive results. Particularly interesting in this case are social factors such as empathy or prosocial behavior, as prior work has stressed the connection between feeling pain yourself and empathizing with pain observed in others. Methods In a mixed confirmatory and exploratory approach, this study investigated potential psychological and structural brain differences between placebo responders and non-responders in the domain of pain. We aggregated data of four behavioral and neuroimaging studies that had been designed to investigate the effects of placebo analgesia on empathy. Results Analyses comparing groups of placebo responders and non-responders showed significant group differences in trait characteristics, with responders reporting increased helping behavior and lower psychopathic traits compared to non-responders. Uncorrected results further showed higher pain-related empathic concern in responders vs. non-responders. These results were accompaniedby tentative group differences in brain structure: placebo analgesia non-responders exhibited increased gray matter volume in left inferior temporal and parietal supramarginal cortical areas, and an increased cortical surface area in bilateral middle temporal cortex. Discussion Together, our findings suggest that modifiability of one's pain perception by means of placebo effects is linked to personality traits characterizing social emotions and behavior. They also hint that these psychological as well as brain structural characteristics might be beneficial for the identification of placebo responders. At the same time, they stress the importance of considering contextual factors such as the study setting or paradigm when investigating the association between individual characteristics and placebo responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Hartmann
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Banwinkler
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Federica Riva
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Lamm
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zoghbi AW, Lieberman JA, Girgis RR. The neurobiology of duration of untreated psychosis: a comprehensive review. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:168-190. [PMID: 35931757 PMCID: PMC10979514 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is defined as the time from the onset of psychotic symptoms until the first treatment. Studies have shown that longer DUP is associated with poorer response rates to antipsychotic medications and impaired cognition, yet the neurobiologic correlates of DUP are poorly understood. Moreover, it has been hypothesized that untreated psychosis may be neurotoxic. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of studies that have examined the neurobiology of DUP. Specifically, we included studies that evaluated DUP using a range of neurobiologic and imaging techniques and identified 83 articles that met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, 27 out of the total 83 studies (32.5%) reported a significant neurobiological correlate with DUP. These results provide evidence against the notion of psychosis as structurally or functionally neurotoxic on a global scale and suggest that specific regions of the brain, such as temporal regions, may be more vulnerable to the effects of DUP. It is also possible that current methodologies lack the resolution needed to more accurately examine the effects of DUP on the brain, such as effects on synaptic density. Newer methodologies, such as MR scanners with stronger magnets, PET imaging with newer ligands capable of measuring subcellular structures (e.g., the PET ligand [11C]UCB-J) may be better able to capture these limited neuropathologic processes. Lastly, to ensure robust and replicable results, future studies of DUP should be adequately powered and specifically designed to test for the effects of DUP on localized brain structure and function with careful attention paid to potential confounds and methodological issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Zoghbi
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Office of Mental Health, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Lieberman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ragy R Girgis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Office of Mental Health, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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White matter microstructure of superior longitudinal fasciculus II is associated with intelligence and treatment response of negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA 2022; 8:43. [PMID: 35853887 PMCID: PMC9262917 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the potential role of superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) in intellectual deficits and treatment response (TR) in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) has been previously described, little is known about the white-matter (WM) integrity of SLF subcomponents (SLF I, II, III, and arcuate fasciculus) and their particular relationships with the clinical presentations of the illness. This study examined the associations between fractional anisotropy (FA) of SLF subcomponents and intelligence level and 6-month treatment response (TR) of negative symptoms (NS) in patients with SZ. At baseline, 101 patients with SZ and 101 healthy controls (HCs) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Voxel-wise group comparison analysis showed significant SLF FA reductions in patients with SZ compared with HCs. Voxel-wise correlation analyses revealed significant positive correlations of FAs of right SLF II with Korean–Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale at baseline and the percentage reduction of negative syndrome subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales at 6 months. These findings suggest that aberrance in WM microstructure in SLF II may be associated with intellectual deficits in patients with SZ and TR of NS, which may support the potential role of SLF II as a novel neuroimaging biomarker for clinical outcomes of the illness.
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7
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Zhou H, Wang D, Cao B, Zhang X. Association of reduced cortical thickness and psychopathological symptoms in patients with first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2022; 27:42-50. [PMID: 36193901 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2022.2129067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is growing evidence that reduced cortical thickness has been considered to be a central abnormality in schizophrenia. Brain imaging studies have demonstrated that the cerebral cortex becomes thinner in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. This study aimed to examine whether cortical thickness is altered in drug-naïve schizophrenia in a Chinese Han population and the relationship between cortical thickness and clinical symptoms. METHODS We compared cortical thickness in 41 schizophrenia patients and 30 healthy controls. Psychopathology of patients with schizophrenia was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). RESULTS The cortical thickness of left banks of superior temporal sulcus, left lateral occipital gyrus, left rostral middle frontal gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule and right lateral occipital gyrus in schizophrenia patients was generally thinner compared with healthy controls. Correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between cortical thickness of the left banks of superior temporal sulcus and general psychopathology of PANSS. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that cortical thickness abnormalities are already present early in the onset of schizophrenia and are associated with psychopathological symptoms, suggesting that it plays an important role in the pathogenesis and symptomatology of schizophrenia.Key points(1) The first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia had reduced cortical thickness than the controls.(2) Cortical thickness was associated with psychopathological symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bo Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Shah C, Li Q, Sweeney JA, Li F, Gong Q. Cortical Thickness Abnormalities at Different Stages of the Illness Course in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:560-570. [PMID: 35476125 PMCID: PMC9047772 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Questions of whether and how cortical thickness (CTh) alterations differ over the course of schizophrenia (SCZ) have yet to be resolved. OBJECTIVE To characterize CTh alterations across illness stages in SCZ. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Science Direct were screened for CTh studies published before June 15, 2021. STUDY SELECTION Original studies comparing whole-brain CTh alterations from healthy controls in individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR), first episode of psychosis (FEP), and long-term illness stages of SCZ were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS This preregistered systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA reporting guidelines. Separate and pooled meta-analyses were performed using seed-based d mapping. Meta-regression analyses were conducted. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cortical thickness differences from healthy control individuals across illness stages. RESULTS Ten studies comprising 859 individuals with CHR (mean [SD] age, 21.02 [2.66] years; male, 573 [66.7%]), 12 studies including 671 individuals with FEP (mean [SD] age, 22.87 [3.99] years; male, 439 [65.4%]), and 10 studies comprising 579 individuals with long-term SCZ (mean [SD] age, 41.58 [6.95] years; male, 396 [68.4%]) were included. Compared with healthy control individuals, individuals with CHR showed cortical thinning in bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (z = -1.01; P < .001). Individuals with FEP showed cortical thinning in right lateral superior temporal cortex (z = -1.34; P < .001), right anterior cingulate cortex (z = -1.44; P < .001), and right insula (z = -1.14; P = .002). Individuals with long-term SCZ demonstrated CTh reductions in right insula (z = -3.25; P < .001), right inferior frontal cortex (z = -2.19; P < .001), and left (z = -2.37; P < .001) and right (z = -1.94; P = .002) temporal pole. There were no significant CTh differences between CHR and FEP. Individuals with long-term SCZ showed greater cortical thinning in right insula (z = -2.58; P < .001), right inferior frontal cortex (z = -2.32; P < .001), left lateral temporal cortex (z = -1.91; P = .002), and right temporal pole (z = -1.82; P = .002) than individuals with FEP. Combining all studies on SCZ, accelerated age-related CTh reductions were found in bilateral lateral middle temporal cortex and right pars orbitalis in inferior frontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The absence of significant differences between FEP and CHR noted in this systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that the onset of psychosis was not associated with robust CTh reduction. The greater cortical thinning in long-term SCZ compared with FEP with accelerated age-related reduction in CTh suggests progressive neuroanatomic alterations following illness onset. Caution in interpretation is needed because heterogeneity in samples and antipsychotic treatment may confound these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Zhao
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chandan Shah
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - John A. Sweeney
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Fei Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Cortical surface abnormalities are different depending on the stage of schizophrenia: A cross-sectional vertexwise mega-analysis of thickness, area and gyrification. Schizophr Res 2021; 236:104-114. [PMID: 34481405 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain magnetic resonance imaging studies have not investigated the cortical surface comprehensively in schizophrenia subjects by assessing thickness, surface area and gyrification separately during the first-episode of psychosis (FEP) or chronic schizophrenia (ChSch). METHODS We investigated cortical surface abnormalities in 137 FEP patients and 240 ChSch subjects compared to 297 Healthy Controls (HC) contributed by five cohorts. Maps showing results of vertexwise between-group comparisons of cortical thickness, area, and gyrification were produced using T1-weighted datasets processed using FreeSurfer 5.3, followed by validated quality control protocols. RESULTS FEP subjects showed large clusters of increased area and gyrification relative to HC in prefrontal and insuli cortices (Cohen's d: 0.049 to 0.28). These between-group differences occurred partially beyond the effect of sample. ChSch subjects displayed reduced cortical thickness relative to HC in smaller fronto-temporal foci (d: -0.73 to -0.35), but not beyond the effect of sample. Differences between FEP and HC subjects were associated with male gender, younger age, and earlier illness onset, while differences between ChSch and HC were associated with treatment-resistance and first-generation antipsychotic (FGA) intake independently of sample effect. CONCLUSIONS Separate assessments of FEP and ChSch revealed abnormalities that differed in regional distribution, phenotypes affected and effect size. In FEP, associations of greater cortical area and gyrification abnormalities with earlier age of onset suggest an origin on anomalous neurodevelopment, while thickness reductions in ChSch are at least partially explained by treatment-resistance and FGA intake. Associations of between-group differences with clinical variables retained statistical significance beyond the effect of sample.
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Fronto-Parietal Gray Matter Volume Loss Is Associated with Decreased Working Memory Performance in Adolescents with a First Episode of Psychosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173929. [PMID: 34501377 PMCID: PMC8432087 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive maturation during adolescence is modulated by brain maturation. However, it is unknown how these processes intertwine in early onset psychosis (EOP). Studies examining longitudinal brain changes and cognitive performance in psychosis lend support for an altered development of high-order cognitive functions, which parallels progressive gray matter (GM) loss over time, particularly in fronto-parietal brain regions. We aimed to assess this relationship in a subsample of 33 adolescents with first-episode EOP and 47 matched controls over 2 years. Backwards stepwise regression analyses were conducted to determine the association and predictive value of longitudinal brain changes over cognitive performance within each group. Fronto-parietal GM volume loss was positively associated with decreased working memory in adolescents with psychosis (frontal left (B = 0.096, p = 0.008); right (B = 0.089, p = 0.015); parietal left (B = 0.119, p = 0.007), right (B = 0.125, p = 0.015)) as a function of age. A particular decrease in frontal left GM volume best predicted a significant amount (22.28%) of the variance of decreased working memory performance over time, accounting for variance in age (14.9%). No such association was found in controls. Our results suggest that during adolescence, EOP individuals seem to follow an abnormal neurodevelopmental trajectory, in which fronto-parietal GM volume reduction is associated with the differential age-related working memory dysfunction in this group.
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Haatveit B, Mørch-Johnsen L, Alnæs D, Engen MJ, Lyngstad SH, Færden A, Agartz I, Ueland T, Melle I. Divergent relationship between brain structure and cognitive functioning in patients with prominent negative symptomatology. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 307:111233. [PMID: 33340940 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Investigating commonalities in underlying pathology of cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms in schizophrenia is important, as both are core features of the disorder and linked to brain structure abnormalities. We aimed to explore the relationship between cognition, negative symptoms and brain structure in schizophrenia. A total of 225 patients with Schizophrenia spectrum disorder and 283 healthy controls from the Norwegian Thematically Organized Psychosis (TOP) cohort were included in this study. Patients were categorized into four patient subgroups based on severity of negative symptoms: no-negative- (NNS), threshold-negative- (TNS), moderate-negative- (MNS), and prominent-negative (PNS) subgroups. MRI measures of brain volume, mean cortical thickness and surface area from pre-selected brain regions were tested for relationships with general cognitive ability and negative symptom subgroups. Positive associations were found between brain volume, thickness, surface area and cognition in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), fusiform gyrus (FG) and the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), but with no differences between subgroups. In the PNS subgroup, cognition was conversely negatively associated with brain volume in the left ACC. These results indicate that patients with prominent negative symptoms have different associations between cognition and brain structure in the left ACC, which may point to abnormal neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beathe Haatveit
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lynn Mørch-Johnsen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, Ostfold Hospital Trust, Graalum, Norway
| | - Dag Alnæs
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Johan Engen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siv Hege Lyngstad
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ann Færden
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Acute Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, 0319 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torill Ueland
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Brain structural correlates of functional capacity in first-episode psychosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17229. [PMID: 33056996 PMCID: PMC7560620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired functional capacity is a core feature of schizophrenia and presents even in first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients. Impairments in daily functioning tend to persist despite antipsychotic therapy but their neural basis is less clear. Previous studies suggest that volume loss in frontal cortex might be an important contributor, but findings are inconsistent. We aimed to comprehensively investigate the brain structural correlates of functional capacity in FEP using MRI and a reliable objective measure of functioning [University of California, San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA)]. In a sample of FEP (n = 39) and a well-matched control group (n = 21), we measured cortical thickness, gray matter volume, and white matter tract integrity (fractional anisotropy, FA) within brain regions implicated by previous work. The FEP group had thinner cortex in various frontal regions and fusiform, and reduced FA in inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). In FEP, poorer functional capacity correlated with reduced superior frontal volume and lower FA in left ILF. Importantly, frontal brain volumes and integrity of the ILF were identified as the structural correlates of functional capacity in FEP, controlling for other relevant factors. These findings enhance mechanistic understanding of functional capacity deficits in schizophrenia by specifying the underlying neural correlates. In future, this could help inform intervention strategies.
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13
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Kilciksiz CM, Keefe R, Benoit J, Öngür D, Torous J. Verbal memory measurement towards digital perspectives in first-episode psychosis: A review. Schizophr Res Cogn 2020; 21:100177. [PMID: 32322540 PMCID: PMC7163058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2020.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even in the early phases of psychotic spectrum illnesses such as schizophrenia, patients can experience cognitive decline or deficits prior to the onset of psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations. In this systematic review, we assessed which verbal memory assessments are most widely used in first-episode psychosis and may be applied via digital technologies (smartphone applications, etc.) for use in early detection. METHODS In November 2019, we searched for studies measuring verbal memory in first episode psychosis or schizophrenia over the past 10 years on PubMed and PsycINFO. We screened abstracts of these studies and excluded review studies. Full-texts of included studies were used to identify the verbal memory measurement tests, follow-up frequencies, and sample sizes. RESULTS We screened 233 reports and found that 120 original research studies measured verbal memory in first episode psychosis over the past 10 years. Four of these studies specified using a computer, 24 (20%) used a paper-pen format, 1(1%) used both, and 91 (76%) studies did not specify their administration tools or suggest there were offered in digital formats. Thirty-five (30%) studies had follow-up measurements of verbal memory, while 85 (70%) had only a single verbal memory measurement. DISCUSSION While many scales are commonly used to measure verbal memory in first episode psychosis, they are not often administered via digital technology. There is an emerging opportunity to administer these and other tests via digital technologies for expanding access to early detection of cognitive decline in clinical high risk and first-episode psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Mişel Kilciksiz
- Digital Psychiatry Division, Psychosis Research Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Richard Keefe
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - James Benoit
- Digital Psychiatry Division, Psychosis Research Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Dost Öngür
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States of America
| | - John Torous
- Digital Psychiatry Division, Psychosis Research Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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14
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Stan AD, Tamminga CA, Han K, Kim JB, Padmanabhan J, Tandon N, Hudgens-Haney ME, Keshavan MS, Clementz BA, Pearlson GD, Sweeney JA, Gibbons RD. Associating Psychotic Symptoms with Altered Brain Anatomy in Psychotic Disorders Using Multidimensional Item Response Theory Models. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2939-2947. [PMID: 31813988 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced cortical thickness has been demonstrated in psychotic disorders, but its relationship to clinical symptoms has not been established. We aimed to identify the regions throughout neocortex where clinical psychosis manifestations correlate with cortical thickness. Rather than perform a traditional correlation analysis using total scores on psychiatric rating scales, we applied multidimensional item response theory to identify a profile of psychotic symptoms that was related to a region where cortical thickness was reduced. This analysis was performed using a large population of probands with psychotic disorders (N = 865), their family members (N = 678) and healthy volunteers (N = 347), from the 5-site Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes. Regional cortical thickness from structural magnetic resonance scans was measured using FreeSurfer; individual symptoms were rated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, and Young Mania Rating Scale. A cluster of cortical regions whose thickness was inversely related to severity of psychosis symptoms was identified. The regions turned out to be located contiguously in a large region of heteromodal association cortex including temporal, parietal and frontal lobe regions, suggesting a cluster of contiguous neocortical regions important to psychosis expression. When we tested the relationship between reduced cortical surface area and high psychotic symptoms we found no linked regions describing a related cortical set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana D Stan
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Jong Bae Kim
- Departments of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jaya Padmanabhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Neeraj Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Brett A Clementz
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Robert D Gibbons
- Departments of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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15
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Xiao Y, Yan Z, Zhao Y, Tao B, Sun H, Li F, Yao L, Zhang W, Chandan S, Liu J, Gong Q, Sweeney JA, Lui S. Support vector machine-based classification of first episode drug-naïve schizophrenia patients and healthy controls using structural MRI. Schizophr Res 2019; 214:11-17. [PMID: 29208422 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although regional brain deficits have been demonstrated in schizophrenia patients by structural MRI studies, one important question that remains largely unanswered is whether the complex and subtle deficits revealed by MRI could be used as objective biomarkers to discriminate patients from healthy controls individually. To address this question, a total of 326 right-handed participants were recruited, including 163 drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients and 163 demographically matched healthy controls. High-resolution anatomic data were acquired from all subjects and processed via Freesurfer software to obtain cortical thickness and surface area measurements. Subsequently, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) was used to explore the potential utility for cortical thickness and surface area measurements in the differentiation of individual patients and healthy controls. The accuracy of correct classification of patients and controls was 85.0% (specificity 87.0%, sensitivity 83.0%) for surface area and 81.8% (specificity 85.0%, sensitivity 76.9%) for cortical thickness (p<0.001 after permutation testing). Regions contributing to classification accuracy mainly included the gray matter in default mode, central executive, salience, and visual networks. Current findings, in a sample of never-treated FES patients, suggest that the patterns of illness-related gray matter changes has potential as a biomarker for identifying structural brain alterations in individuals with schizophrenia. Future prospective studies are needed to evaluate the utility of imaging biomarkers for research and potentially for clinical purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiao
- Department of Radiology, the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
| | - Zhihan Yan
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Youjin Zhao
- Department of Radiology, the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
| | - Bo Tao
- Department of Radiology, the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
| | - Huaiqiang Sun
- Department of Radiology, the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Radiology, the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Radiology, the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
| | - Shah Chandan
- Department of Radiology, the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
| | - Jieke Liu
- Department of Radiology, the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Department of Radiology, the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Radiology, the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, USA
| | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China.
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16
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Neilson E, Shen X, Cox SR, Clarke TK, Wigmore EM, Gibson J, Howard DM, Adams MJ, Harris MA, Davies G, Deary IJ, Whalley HC, McIntosh AM, Lawrie SM. Impact of Polygenic Risk for Schizophrenia on Cortical Structure in UK Biobank. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:536-544. [PMID: 31171358 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with many genetic variants of individually small effect contributing to phenotypic variation. Lower cortical thickness (CT), surface area, and cortical volume have been demonstrated in people with schizophrenia. Furthermore, a range of obstetric complications (e.g., lower birth weight) are consistently associated with an increased risk for schizophrenia. We investigated whether a high polygenic risk score for schizophrenia (PGRS-SCZ) is associated with CT, surface area, and cortical volume in UK Biobank, a population-based sample, and tested for interactions with birth weight. METHODS Data were available for 2864 participants (nmale/nfemale = 1382/1482; mean age = 62.35 years, SD = 7.40). Linear mixed models were used to test for associations among PGRS-SCZ and cortical volume, surface area, and CT and between PGRS-SCZ and birth weight. Interaction effects of these variables on cortical structure were also tested. RESULTS We found a significant negative association between PGRS-SCZ and global CT; a higher PGRS-SCZ was associated with lower CT across the whole brain. We also report a significant negative association between PGRS-SCZ and insular lobe CT. PGRS-SCZ was not associated with birth weight and no PGRS-SCZ × birth weight interactions were found. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that individual differences in CT are partly influenced by genetic variants and are most likely not due to factors downstream of disease onset. This approach may help to elucidate the genetic pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Further investigation in case-control and high-risk samples could help identify any localized effects of PGRS-SCZ, and other potential schizophrenia risk factors, on CT as symptoms develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Neilson
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Xueyi Shen
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jude Gibson
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David M Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mat A Harris
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; The Patrick Wild Centre, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Firmin RL, Lysaker PH, Luther L, Yanos PT, Leonhardt B, Breier A, Vohs JL. Internalized stigma in adults with early phase versus prolonged psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2019; 13:745-751. [PMID: 29602244 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Although internalized stigma is associated with negative outcomes among those with prolonged psychosis, surprisingly little work has focused on when in the course of one's illness stigma is internalized and the impact of internalization on symptoms or social functioning over the course of the illness. Therefore, this study investigated whether (1) internalized stigma is greater among those later in the course of psychosis and (2) whether internalized stigma has a stronger negative relationship with social functioning or symptoms among those with prolonged compared to early phase psychosis. METHODS Individuals with early phase (n = 40) and prolonged psychosis (n = 71) who were receiving outpatient services at an early-intervention clinic and a VA medical center, respectively, completed self-report measures of internalized stigma and interview-rated measures of symptoms and social functioning. RESULTS Controlling for education, race and sex differences, internalized stigma was significantly greater among those with prolonged psychosis compared to early phase. Internalized stigma was negatively related to social functioning and positively related to symptoms in both groups. Furthermore, the magnitude of the relationship between cognitive symptoms and internalized stigma was significantly greater among those with early phase. Stereotype endorsement, discrimination experiences and social withdrawal also differentially related to symptoms and social functioning across the 2 samples. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that internalized stigma is an important variable to incorporate into models of early psychosis. Furthermore, internalized stigma may be a possible treatment target among those with early phase psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L Firmin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paul H Lysaker
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lauren Luther
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Philip T Yanos
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York City, New York
| | - Bethany Leonhardt
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Prevention and Recovery Center for Early Psychosis, Midtown Community Mental Health Centers, Wishard Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Alan Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Prevention and Recovery Center for Early Psychosis, Midtown Community Mental Health Centers, Wishard Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jenifer L Vohs
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Prevention and Recovery Center for Early Psychosis, Midtown Community Mental Health Centers, Wishard Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana
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18
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Wannan CMJ, Cropley VL, Chakravarty MM, Bousman C, Ganella EP, Bruggemann JM, Weickert TW, Weickert CS, Everall I, McGorry P, Velakoulis D, Wood SJ, Bartholomeusz CF, Pantelis C, Zalesky A. Evidence for Network-Based Cortical Thickness Reductions in Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:552-563. [PMID: 31164006 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18040380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cortical thickness reductions in schizophrenia are irregularly distributed across multiple loci. The authors hypothesized that cortical connectivity networks would explain the distribution of cortical thickness reductions across the cortex, and, specifically, that cortico-cortical connectivity between loci with these reductions would be exceptionally strong and form an interconnected network. This hypothesis was tested in three cross-sectional schizophrenia cohorts: first-episode psychosis, chronic schizophrenia, and treatment-resistant schizophrenia. METHODS Structural brain images were acquired for 70 patients with first-episode psychosis, 153 patients with chronic schizophrenia, and 47 patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia and in matching healthy control groups (N=57, N=168, and N=54, respectively). Cortical thickness was compared between the patient and respective control groups at 148 regions spanning the cortex. Structural connectivity strength between pairs of cortical regions was quantified with structural covariance analysis. Connectivity strength between regions with cortical thickness reductions was compared with connectivity strength between 5,000 sets of randomly chosen regions to establish whether regions with reductions were interconnected more strongly than would be expected by chance. RESULTS Significant (false discovery rate corrected) and widespread cortical thickness reductions were found in the chronic schizophrenia (79 regions) and treatment-resistant schizophrenia (106 regions) groups, with more circumscribed reductions in the first-episode psychosis group (34 regions). Cortical thickness reductions with the largest effect sizes were found in frontal, temporal, cingulate, and insular regions. In all cohorts, both the patient and healthy control groups showed significantly increased structural covariance between regions with cortical thickness reductions compared with randomly selected regions. CONCLUSIONS Brain network architecture can explain the irregular topographic distribution of cortical thickness reductions in schizophrenia. This finding, replicated in three distinct schizophrenia cohorts, suggests that the effect is robust and independent of illness stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M J Wannan
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Vanessa L Cropley
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Chad Bousman
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Eleni P Ganella
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Jason M Bruggemann
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Ian Everall
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Patrick McGorry
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Stephen J Wood
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Cali F Bartholomeusz
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Christos Pantelis
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
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Jessen K, Rostrup E, Mandl RCW, Nielsen MØ, Bak N, Fagerlund B, Glenthøj BY, Ebdrup BH. Cortical structures and their clinical correlates in antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia patients before and after 6 weeks of dopamine D2/3 receptor antagonist treatment. Psychol Med 2019; 49:754-763. [PMID: 29734953 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia has been associated with changes in both cortical thickness and surface area, but antipsychotic exposure, illness progression and substance use may confound observations. In antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia patients, we investigated cortical thickness and surface area as well as mean curvature before and after monotherapy with amisulpride, a relatively selective dopamine D2/3 receptor antagonist. METHODS Fifty-six patients and 59 matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent T1-weighted 3T magnetic resonance imaging. Forty-one patients and 51 HCs were re-scanned. FreeSurfer-processed baseline, follow-up values and symmetrized percentage changes (SPC) in cortical structures were analysed using univariate analysis of variance. Clinical measures comprised psychopathology ratings, assessment of functioning and tests of premorbid and current intelligence. We applied false discovery rate correction to account for multiple comparisons. RESULTS At baseline, groups did not differ in cortical thickness or surface area; however, curvature in the left hemisphere was higher in patients (p = 0.015). In both patients and HCs, higher curvature was associated with lower premorbid (p = 0.009) and current intelligence (p 0.43). Cortical thickness SPC was negatively associated with symptom improvement (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Schizophrenia appears associated with subtle, yet clinically relevant aberrations in cortical structures. Mean curvature holds promise as a sensitive supplement to cortical thickness and surface area to detect complex structural brain abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Jessen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen,Glostrup,Denmark
| | - Egill Rostrup
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen,Glostrup,Denmark
| | - Rene C W Mandl
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus,University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - Mette Ø Nielsen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen,Glostrup,Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Bak
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen,Glostrup,Denmark
| | - Birgitte Fagerlund
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen,Glostrup,Denmark
| | - Birte Y Glenthøj
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen,Glostrup,Denmark
| | - Bjørn H Ebdrup
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen,Glostrup,Denmark
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Rodrigue AL, McDowell JE, Tandon N, Keshavan MS, Tamminga CA, Pearlson GD, Sweeney JA, Gibbons RD, Clementz BA. Multivariate Relationships Between Cognition and Brain Anatomy Across the Psychosis Spectrum. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2018; 3:992-1002. [PMID: 29759822 PMCID: PMC6167203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive and structural brain abnormalities range from mild to severe in psychosis. The relationships of specific cognitive functions to specific brain structures across the psychosis spectrum is less certain. METHODS Participants (n = 678) with bipolar, schizoaffective, or schizophrenia psychoses and healthy control subjects were recruited via the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes. The Schizo-Bipolar Scale was used to create a psychosis continuum (from purely affective to purely nonaffective). Canonical correlation between 14 cognitive measures and structural brain measures (gray matter volume, cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and local gyrification indices) for 68 neocortical regions yielded constructs that defined shared cognition-brain structure relationships. Canonical discriminant analysis was used to integrate these constructs and efficiently summarize cognition-brain structure relationships across the psychosis continuum. RESULTS General cognition was associated with larger gray matter volumes and thicker cortices but smaller cortical surface area in frontoparietal regions. Working memory was associated with larger volume and surface area in frontotemporal regions. Faster response speed was associated with thicker frontal cortices. Constructs that captured general cognitive ability and working memory and their relationship to cortical volumes primarily defined an ordered psychosis spectrum (purely affective, least abnormal through purely nonaffective, and most abnormal). A construct that captured general cognitive ability and its relationship to cortical surface area differentiated purely affective cases from other groups. CONCLUSIONS General cognition and working memory with cortical volume deviations characterized more nonaffective psychoses. Alternatively, affective psychosis cases with general cognitive deficits had deviations in cortical surface area, perhaps accounting for heterogeneous findings across previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Rodrigue
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jennifer E McDowell
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Neeraj Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert D Gibbons
- Department of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
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21
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Ren F, Ma W, Li M, Sun H, Xin Q, Zong W, Chen W, Wang G, Gao F, Zhao B. Gray Matter Atrophy Is Associated With Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Presbycusis: A Comprehensive Morphometric Study. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:744. [PMID: 30405333 PMCID: PMC6205975 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Presbycusis (PC) is characterized by bilateral sensorineural hearing loss at high frequencies and speech-perception difficulties in noisy environments and has a strikingly detrimental impact on cognitive function. As the neural consequences of PC may involve the whole brain, we hypothesized that patients with PC would show structural alterations not only in the auditory cortex but also in the cortexes involved in cognitive function. The purpose of this study was to use surface-based morphometry (SBM) analysis to elucidate whole-brain structural differences between patients with PC and age-matched normal hearing controls. Three-dimensional T1-weighted MR images of 26 patients with mild PC and 26 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) were acquired. All participants underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests. Our results revealed gray matter atrophy in several auditory cortical areas, nodes of the default mode network (DMN), including the bilateral precuneus and inferior parietal lobule, the right posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and the right insula of patients with PC compared to that in the HCs. Our findings also revealed that hearing loss was associated with reduced gray matter volume in the right primary auditory cortex of patients with PC. Moreover, structural alterations in the nodes of the DMN were associated with cognitive impairments in PC patients. Additionally, this study provides evidence that a thicker right insula is associated with better speech perception in patients with PC. Based on these findings, we argue that the onset of PC seems to trigger its own cascade of conditions, including a need for increased cognitive resources during speech comprehension, which might lead to auditory and cognition-related cortical reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxin Ren
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Muwei Li
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Huaiqiang Sun
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Xin
- Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zong
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Guangbin Wang
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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22
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Castro-Fornieles J, Bargalló N, Calvo A, Arango C, Baeza I, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Parellada M, Graell M, Moreno C, Otero S, Janssen J, Rapado-Castro M, de la Serna E. Gray matter changes and cognitive predictors of 2-year follow-up abnormalities in early-onset first-episode psychosis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:113-126. [PMID: 28707138 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to examine regional gray matter (GM) changes over a period of 2 years in patients diagnosed with early-onset first-episode psychosis (EO-FEP), and to identify baseline predictors of abnormalities at the follow-up. Fifty-nine patients with EO-FEP aged 11-17 years were assessed. Magnetic resonance imaging was carried out at admission and 2 years later. Changes over time were assessed with voxel-based morphometry. Fifty-nine patients (34 schizophrenia-SCZ, 15 bipolar disorder-BP, and 10 other psychotic disorders) and 70 healthy controls were assessed. At baseline no differences were found between the EO-FEP groups and control subjects. Over time, SCZ patients presented a larger GM decrease in the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior midline frontal cortex, cingulate, left caudate, and thalamus. BP patients also had a larger GM decrease in the right putamen, right orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior and midline region of the right superior frontal gyrus and left caudate, but with fewer areas showing significant differences than in the comparison between SCZ and controls. In the cross-sectional analysis, only SCZ patients showed differences with respect to controls in some GM areas. Significant baseline predictors of a 2-year reduction in GM were IQ and working memory. EO-FEP patients did not show differences in GM compared to controls at baseline. Both SCZ and BP patients showed a greater decrease in specific areas during the first 2 years. At follow-up, only SCZ patients differed significantly from controls in specific brain areas. The GM reduction was predicted by baseline cognitive variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nuria Bargalló
- Image Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Calvo
- Image Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, CIBERSAM, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Immaculada Baeza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Gonzalez-Pinto
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Santiago Apóstol, CIBERSAM, EHU/University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, CIBERSAM, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Graell
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, CIBERSAM, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Moreno
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, CIBERSAM, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soraya Otero
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, CIBERSAM, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Joost Janssen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, CIBERSAM, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Rapado-Castro
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, CIBERSAM, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena de la Serna
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
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Frissen A, van Os J, Lieverse R, Habets P, Gronenschild E, Marcelis M. No Evidence of Association between Childhood Urban Environment and Cortical Thinning in Psychotic Disorder. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0166651. [PMID: 28045900 PMCID: PMC5207533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The alterations in cortical morphology, such as cortical thinning, observed in psychotic disorder, may be the outcome of interacting genetic and environmental effects. It has been suggested that urban upbringing may represent a proxy environmental effect impacting cortical thickness (CT). Therefore, the current study examined whether the association between group as a proxy genetic variable (patients with psychotic disorder [high genetic risk], healthy siblings of patients [intermediate risk] and healthy control subjects [average risk]) and CT was conditional on different levels of the childhood urban environment and whether this was sex-dependent. Methods T1-weighted MRI scans were acquired from 89 patients with a psychotic disorder, 95 non-psychotic siblings of patients with psychotic disorder and 87 healthy control subjects. Freesurfer software was used to measure CT. Developmental urban exposure was classified as low, medium, and high, reflecting the population density and the number of moves between birth and the 15th birthday, using data from the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics and the equivalent database in Belgium. Multilevel regression analyses were used to examine the association between group, sex, and urban upbringing (as well as their interactions) and cortical CT as the dependent variable. Results CT was significantly smaller in the patient group compared to the controls (B = -0.043, p <0.001), but not in the siblings compared to the controls (B = -0.013, p = 0.31). There was no main effect of developmental urbanicity on CT (B = 0.001, p = 0.91). Neither the three-way group × urbanicity × sex interaction (χ2 = 3.73, p = 0.16), nor the two-way group × urbanicity interaction was significant (χ2 = 0.51, p = 0.77). Conclusion The negative association between (familial risk for) psychotic disorder and CT was not moderated by developmental urbanicity, suggesting that reduced CT is not the outcome of familial sensitivity to the proxy environmental factor ‘urban upbringing’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleida Frissen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ritsaert Lieverse
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Habets
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ed Gronenschild
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Machteld Marcelis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Haring L, Müürsepp A, Mõttus R, Ilves P, Koch K, Uppin K, Tarnovskaja J, Maron E, Zharkovsky A, Vasar E, Vasar V. Cortical thickness and surface area correlates with cognitive dysfunction among first-episode psychosis patients. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2145-2155. [PMID: 27269478 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), some have reported specific brain structure-function relationships among first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients, but findings are inconsistent. We aimed to localize the brain regions where cortical thickness (CTh) and surface area (cortical area; CA) relate to neurocognition, by performing an MRI on participants and measuring their neurocognitive performance using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), in order to investigate any significant differences between FEP patients and control subjects (CS). METHOD Exploration of potential correlations between specific cognitive functions and brain structure was performed using CANTAB computer-based neurocognitive testing and a vertex-by-vertex whole-brain MRI analysis of 63 FEP patients and 30 CS. RESULTS Significant correlations were found between cortical parameters in the frontal, temporal, cingular and occipital brain regions and performance in set-shifting, working memory manipulation, strategy usage and sustained attention tests. These correlations were significantly dissimilar between FEP patients and CS. CONCLUSIONS Significant correlations between CTh and CA with neurocognitive performance were localized in brain areas known to be involved in cognition. The results also suggested a disrupted structure-function relationship in FEP patients compared with CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Haring
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital,Tartu,Estonia
| | - A Müürsepp
- Radiology Clinic of Tartu University Hospital,Tartu,Estonia
| | - R Mõttus
- Department of Psychology,University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,UK
| | - P Ilves
- Radiology Clinic of Tartu University Hospital,Tartu,Estonia
| | - K Koch
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital,Tartu,Estonia
| | - K Uppin
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital,Tartu,Estonia
| | - J Tarnovskaja
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital,Tartu,Estonia
| | - E Maron
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital,Tartu,Estonia
| | - A Zharkovsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Translational Medicine,University of Tartu,Tartu,Estonia
| | - E Vasar
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine,University of Tartu,Tartu,Estonia
| | - V Vasar
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital,Tartu,Estonia
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James A, Joyce E, Lunn D, Hough M, Kenny L, Ghataorhe P, Fernandes HM, Matthews PM, Zarei M. Abnormal frontostriatal connectivity in adolescent-onset schizophrenia and its relationship to cognitive functioning. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 35:32-8. [PMID: 27061375 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS) is associated with cognitive impairment and poor clinical outcome. Cognitive dysfunction is hypothesised, in part, to reflect functional dysconnectivity between the frontal cortex and the striatum, although structural abnormalities consistent with this hypothesis have not yet been demonstrated in adolescence. OBJECTIVE To characterise frontostriatal white matter (WM) tracts in relation to cognition in AOS. DESIGN A MRI volumetric and diffusion tensor imaging study. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-seven AOS subjects and 24 age and sex-matched healthy subjects. OUTCOME MEASURES Using probabilistic tractography, cortical regions with the highest connection probability for each striatal voxel were determined, and correlated with IQ and specific cognitive functions after co-varying for age and sex. Fractional anisotropy (FA) from individual tracts was a secondary measure. RESULTS Bayesian Structural Equation modeling of FA from 12 frontostriatal tracts showed processing speed to be an intermediary variable for cognition. AOS patients demonstrated generalised cognitive impairment with specific deficits in verbal learning and memory and in processing speed after correction for IQ. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex connectivity with the striatum correlated positively with these measures and with IQ. DTI voxel-wise comparisons showed lower connectivity between striatum and the motor and lateral orbitofrontal cortices bilaterally, the left amygdalohippocampal complex, right anterior cingulate cortex, left medial orbitofrontal cortex and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Frontostriatal dysconnectivity in large WM tracts that can explain core cognitive deficits are evident during adolescence. Processing speed, which is affected by alterations in WM connectivity, appears an intermediary variable in the cognitive deficits seen in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A James
- Highfield Unit, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - E Joyce
- Sobell Department Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - D Lunn
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Hough
- FMRIB Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L Kenny
- Highfield Unit, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - P Ghataorhe
- GSK Clinical Imaging Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - H M Fernandes
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK; Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - P M Matthews
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - M Zarei
- National Brain Mapping Centre, Shahid Beheshti University M&G campus, Tehran, Iran.
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Squarcina L, Castellani U, Bellani M, Perlini C, Lasalvia A, Dusi N, Bonetto C, Cristofalo D, Tosato S, Rambaldelli G, Alessandrini F, Zoccatelli G, Pozzi-Mucelli R, Lamonaca D, Ceccato E, Pileggi F, Mazzi F, Santonastaso P, Ruggeri M, Brambilla P. Classification of first-episode psychosis in a large cohort of patients using support vector machine and multiple kernel learning techniques. Neuroimage 2015; 145:238-245. [PMID: 26690803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
First episode psychosis (FEP) patients are of particular interest for neuroimaging investigations because of the absence of confounding effects due to medications and chronicity. Nonetheless, imaging data are prone to heterogeneity because for example of age, gender or parameter setting differences. With this work, we wanted to take into account possible nuisance effects of age and gender differences across dataset, not correcting the data as a pre-processing step, but including the effect of nuisance covariates in the classification phase. To this aim, we developed a method which, based on multiple kernel learning (MKL), exploits the effect of these confounding variables with a subject-depending kernel weighting procedure. We applied this method to a dataset of cortical thickness obtained from structural magnetic resonance images (MRI) of 127 FEP patients and 127 healthy controls, who underwent either a 3Tesla (T) or a 1.5T MRI acquisition. We obtained good accuracies, notably better than those obtained with standard SVM or MKL methods, up to more than 80% for frontal and temporal areas. To our best knowledge, this is the largest classification study in FEP population, showing that fronto-temporal cortical thickness can be used as a potential marker to classify patients with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Squarcina
- UOC Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Italy; InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Marcella Bellani
- UOC Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Italy; InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cinzia Perlini
- InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Lasalvia
- UOC Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Italy
| | - Nicola Dusi
- UOC Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Italy; InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonetto
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Doriana Cristofalo
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sarah Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Rambaldelli
- InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Giada Zoccatelli
- Neuroradiology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Dario Lamonaca
- Department of Psychiatry, CSM AULSS 21 Legnago, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Ceccato
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital of Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Mirella Ruggeri
- UOC Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Italy; Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA.
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Abnormalities of cingulate cortex in antipsychotic-naïve chronic schizophrenia. Brain Res 2015; 1638:105-13. [PMID: 26459991 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
While several morphometric studies have postulated a critical contribution of the cingulate cortex (CC) to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia based on abnormalities in CC volume, other studies have been inconclusive. Most such studies have focused only on changes in cortical volume, whereas other morphometric parameters such as surface area and cortical thickness could be more relevant and possibly account for these discrepancies. Furthermore, factors such as antipsychotic drug use and treatment duration may also influence cortical morphology. To clarify the association between schizophrenia and CC deficits, we investigated morphometric abnormalities of the CC in antipsychotic drug (AD)-naïve chronic schizophrenia patients by comparing T1-weighted magnetic resonance images (T1WI-MRI) from patients (n=17) to healthy controls (n=17) using the surface-based morphometry program FreeSurfer. Partial correlations were examined between abnormal morphometric measures and both clinical variables and cognitive performance scores. Compared to healthy controls, drug-naïve schizophrenia patients exhibited significantly lower volumes in both left rostral anterior CC (rACC) and left posterior CC (PCC). These reductions in CC volume resulted from reduced surface area rather than reduced cortical thickness. There was also a significant relationship between left PCC volume and working memory in patients. No significant correlations were observed between CC volume and clinical variables. The results suggest that abnormalities in the CC as manifested by reduced surface area may contribute to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: PSC and the brain.
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Brandt CL, Doan NT, Tønnesen S, Agartz I, Hugdahl K, Melle I, Andreassen OA, Westlye LT. Assessing brain structural associations with working-memory related brain patterns in schizophrenia and healthy controls using linked independent component analysis. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 9:253-63. [PMID: 26509112 PMCID: PMC4576364 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a psychotic disorder with significant cognitive dysfunction. Abnormal brain activation during cognitive processing has been reported, both in task-positive and task-negative networks. Further, structural cortical and subcortical brain abnormalities have been documented, but little is known about how task-related brain activation is associated with brain anatomy in SZ compared to healthy controls (HC). Utilizing linked independent component analysis (LICA), a data-driven multimodal analysis approach, we investigated structure-function associations in a large sample of SZ (n = 96) and HC (n = 142). We tested for associations between task-positive (fronto-parietal) and task-negative (default-mode) brain networks derived from fMRI activation during an n-back working memory task, and brain structural measures of surface area, cortical thickness, and gray matter volume, and to what extent these associations differed in SZ compared to HC. A significant association (p < .05, corrected for multiple comparisons) was found between a component reflecting the task-positive fronto-parietal network and another component reflecting cortical thickness in fronto-temporal brain regions in SZ, indicating increased activation with increased thickness. Other structure-function associations across, between and within groups were generally moderate and significant at a nominal p-level only, with more numerous and stronger associations in SZ compared to HC. These results indicate a complex pattern of moderate associations between brain activation during cognitive processing and brain morphometry, and extend previous findings of fronto-temporal brain abnormalities in SZ by suggesting a coupling between cortical thickness of these brain regions and working memory-related brain activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lycke Brandt
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siren Tønnesen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Diakonhjemmet, Norway ; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Hugdahl
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ; Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Haukeland, Norway ; Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Haukeland, Norway ; KG Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Schizophrenia: a tale of two critical periods for prefrontal cortical development. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e623. [PMID: 26285133 PMCID: PMC4564568 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a disease of abnormal brain development. Considerable evidence now indicates that environmental factors have a causative role in schizophrenia. Elevated incidence of the disease has been linked to a wide range of disturbances in the prenatal environment and to social factors and drug intake during adolescence. Here we examine neurodevelopment of the prefrontal cortex in the first trimester of gestation and during adolescence to gain further insight into the neurodevelopmental processes that may be vulnerable in schizophrenia. Early embryonic development of the prefrontal cortex is characterized by cell proliferation, including renewal of progenitor cells, generation of early transient cell populations and neurogenesis of subcortical populations. Animal models show that curtailing early gestational cell proliferation produces schizophrenia-like pathology in the prefrontal cortex and mimics key behavioral and cognitive symptoms of the disease. At the other end of the spectrum, elimination of excitatory synapses is the fundamental process occurring during adolescent maturation in the prefrontal cortex. Adverse social situations that elevate stress increase dopamine stimulation of the mesocortical pathway and may lead to exaggerated synaptic pruning during adolescence. In a non-human primate model, dopamine hyperstimulation has been shown to decrease prefrontal pyramidal cell spine density and to be associated with profound cognitive dysfunction. Development of the prefrontal cortex in its earliest stage in gestation and in its final stage in adolescence represents two critical periods of vulnerability for schizophrenia in which cell proliferation and synaptic elimination, respectively, may be influenced by environmental factors.
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Smith GN, Thornton AE, Lang DJ, MacEwan GW, Kopala LC, Su W, Honer WG. Cortical morphology and early adverse birth events in men with first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med 2015; 45:1825-1837. [PMID: 25499574 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171400292x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced cortical gray-matter volume is commonly observed in patients with psychosis. Cortical volume is a composite measure that includes surface area, thickness and gyrification. These three indices show distinct maturational patterns and may be differentially affected by early adverse events. The study goal was to determine the impact of two distinct obstetrical complications (OCs) on cortical morphology. METHOD A detailed birth history and MRI scans were obtained for 36 patients with first-episode psychosis and 16 healthy volunteers. RESULTS Perinatal hypoxia and slow fetal growth were associated with cortical volume (Cohen's d = 0.76 and d = 0.89, respectively) in patients. However, the pattern of associations differed across the three components of cortical volume. Both hypoxia and fetal growth were associated with cortical surface area (d = 0.88 and d = 0.72, respectively), neither of these two OCs was related to cortical thickness, and hypoxia but not fetal growth was associated with gyrification (d = 0.85). No significant associations were found within the control sample. CONCLUSIONS Cortical dysmorphology was associated with OCs. The use of a global measure of cortical morphology or a global measure of OCs obscured important relationships between these measures. Gyrification is complete before 2 years and its strong relationship with hypoxia suggests an early disruption to brain development. Cortical thickness matures later and, consistent with previous research, we found no association between thickness and OCs. Finally, cortical surface area is largely complete by puberty and the present results suggest that events during childhood do not fully compensate for the effects of early disruptive events.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Smith
- Department of Psychiatry,University of British Columbia,Vancouver,Canada
| | - A E Thornton
- Department of Psychology,Simon Fraser University,Burnaby,Canada
| | - D J Lang
- Department of Radiology,University of British Columbia,Vancouver,Canada
| | - G W MacEwan
- Department of Psychiatry,University of British Columbia,Vancouver,Canada
| | - L C Kopala
- Department of Psychiatry,University of British Columbia,Vancouver,Canada
| | - W Su
- Department of Psychiatry,University of British Columbia,Vancouver,Canada
| | - W G Honer
- Department of Psychiatry,University of British Columbia,Vancouver,Canada
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31
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Squarcina L, Perlini C, Peruzzo D, Castellani U, Marinelli V, Bellani M, Rambaldelli G, Lasalvia A, Tosato S, De Santi K, Spagnolli F, Cerini R, Ruggeri M, Brambilla P. The use of dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI to automatically classify patients with first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2015; 165:38-44. [PMID: 25888338 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hemodynamic changes in the brain have been reported in major psychosis in respect to healthy controls, and could unveil the basis of structural brain modifications happening in patients. The study of first episode psychosis is of particular interest because the confounding role of chronicity and medication can be excluded. The aim of this work is to automatically discriminate first episode psychosis patients and normal controls on the basis of brain perfusion employing a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. 35 normal controls and 35 first episode psychosis underwent dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebral blood flow and volume, along with mean transit time were obtained. We investigated their behavior in the whole brain and in selected regions of interest, in particular the left and right frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes, insula, caudate and cerebellum. The distribution of values of perfusion indexes were used as features in a support vector machine classifier. Mean values of blood flow and volume were slightly lower in patients, and the difference reached statistical significance in the right caudate, left and right frontal lobes, and in left cerebellum. Linear SVM reached an accuracy of 83% in the classification of patients and normal controls, with the highest accuracy associated with the right frontal lobe and left parietal lobe. In conclusion, we found evidence that brain perfusion could be used as a potential marker to classify patients with psychosis, who show reduced blood flow and volume in respect to normal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Squarcina
- UOC Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Italy; InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cinzia Perlini
- InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Denis Peruzzo
- Department of Informatics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini (Lc), Italy
| | | | - Veronica Marinelli
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medical Sciences (DISM), InterUniversity Center for Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Marcella Bellani
- UOC Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Italy; InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Rambaldelli
- InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Lasalvia
- UOC Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Italy; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sarah Tosato
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Katia De Santi
- UOC Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Italy
| | - Federica Spagnolli
- Department of Morphological and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Radiology, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Cerini
- Department of Morphological and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Radiology, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- UOC Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Italy; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Psychiatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA.
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Nenadic I, Yotter RA, Sauer H, Gaser C. Patterns of cortical thinning in different subgroups of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2015; 206:479-83. [PMID: 25657354 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations of cortical thickness have been shown in imaging studies of schizophrenia but it is unclear to what extent they are related to disease phenotype (including symptom profile) or other aspects such as genetic liability, disease onset and disease progression. AIMS To test the hypothesis that cortical thinning would vary across different subgroups of patients with chronic schizophrenia, delineated according to their symptom profiles. METHOD We compared high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging data of 87 patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia with 108 controls to detect changes in cortical thickness across the entire brain (P<0.05, false discovery rate-adjusted). The patient group was divided into three subgroups, consisting of patients with predominantly negative, disorganised or paranoid symptoms. RESULTS The negative symptoms subgroup showed the most extensive cortical thinning, whereas thinning in the other subgroups was focused in prefrontal and temporal cortical subregions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support growing evidence of potential subtypes of schizophrenia that have different brain structural deficit profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Nenadic
- Igor Nenadic, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Rachel A. Yotter, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany, and Section of Biomedical Image Analysis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Heinrich Sauer, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Christian Gaser, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Rachel A Yotter
- Igor Nenadic, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Rachel A. Yotter, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany, and Section of Biomedical Image Analysis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Heinrich Sauer, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Christian Gaser, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Igor Nenadic, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Rachel A. Yotter, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany, and Section of Biomedical Image Analysis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Heinrich Sauer, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Christian Gaser, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Gaser
- Igor Nenadic, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Rachel A. Yotter, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany, and Section of Biomedical Image Analysis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Heinrich Sauer, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Christian Gaser, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Anderson KK, Rodrigues M, Mann K, Voineskos A, Mulsant BH, George TP, McKenzie KJ. Minimal evidence that untreated psychosis damages brain structures: a systematic review. Schizophr Res 2015; 162:222-33. [PMID: 25649287 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is associated with poor outcomes in first-episode psychosis (FEP); however, it is unclear whether this is due to the effects of psychosis on brain structure. We systematically reviewed the literature on the association between the length of untreated psychosis and brain structure in first-episode psychosis. METHODS We searched three electronic databases and conducted forward and backward citation searching to identify relevant papers. Studies were included if they: (1) included patients with a psychotic disorder who were treatment naïve or minimally treated; and (2) had correlated measures of DUP or duration of untreated illness (DUI) with structural measures. RESULTS We identified 48 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Forty-three examined the correlation between DUP and brain structure, and 19 examined the correlation between DUI and brain structure. There was evidence of significant associations in brain regions considered important in psychosis; however, the proportion of significant associations was low and the findings were inconsistent across studies. The majority of included studies were not primarily designed to examine whether DUP/DUI is correlated with brain structure, and there were methodological limitations in many studies that prevent drawing a strong conclusion. CONCLUSION To date, there is minimal evidence of an association between untreated psychosis and brain structure in FEP. Although the body of literature is substantial, there are few hypothesis-driven studies with a primary objective to answer this question. Future studies should be specifically designed to examine whether untreated psychosis has a deleterious effect on brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K Anderson
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Myanca Rodrigues
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Kamalpreet Mann
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Aristotle Voineskos
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Benoit H Mulsant
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Tony P George
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Kwame J McKenzie
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
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Gutiérrez-Galve L, Chu EM, Leeson VC, Price G, Barnes TRE, Joyce EM, Ron MA. A longitudinal study of cortical changes and their cognitive correlates in patients followed up after first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med 2015; 45:205-216. [PMID: 24990283 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714001433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of cortical volume in frontotemporal regions occurs in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) and longitudinal studies have reported progressive brain volume changes at different stages of the disease, even if cognitive deficits remain stable over time. We investigated cortical changes in patients over the 2 years following their FEP and their associations with clinical and cognitive measures. METHOD Twenty-seven patients after their FEP (20 with schizophrenia, seven with schizo-affective disorder) and 25 healthy controls matched for age and gender participated in this study. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on a 1.5-T scanner both at baseline and after 2 years. Area and thickness of the cortex were measured using surface-based morphometry (SBM). Patients also underwent neuropsychological testing at these two time points. RESULTS Progressive cortical thinning in the superior and inferior frontal and, to a lesser extent, superior temporal cortex was observed in patients. Cortical area remained constant. Cortical thinning was associated with duration of treatment at a trend level and was predicted by baseline measures of IQ and working memory. Cortical thinning occurred in the absence of clinical or cognitive deterioration. CONCLUSIONS The clinical implications of these cortical changes remain uncertain, but patients with less cognitive reserve may be more vulnerable to developing cortical abnormalities when exposed to medication or other disease-related biological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E M Chu
- University College London,Queen Square, London,UK
| | - V C Leeson
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine,Charing Cross Campus, London,UK
| | - G Price
- University College London,Queen Square, London,UK
| | - T R E Barnes
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine,Charing Cross Campus, London,UK
| | - E M Joyce
- University College London,Queen Square, London,UK
| | - M A Ron
- University College London,Queen Square, London,UK
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35
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Li G, Wang L, Shi F, Lyall AE, Ahn M, Peng Z, Zhu H, Lin W, Gilmore JH, Shen D. Cortical thickness and surface area in neonates at high risk for schizophrenia. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:447-61. [PMID: 25362539 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with subtle abnormal cortical thickness and cortical surface area. However, it is unclear whether these abnormalities exist in neonates associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia. To this end, this preliminary study was conducted to identify possible abnormalities of cortical thickness and surface area in the high-genetic-risk neonates. Structural magnetic resonance images were acquired from offspring of mothers (N = 21) who had schizophrenia (N = 12) or schizoaffective disorder (N = 9), and also matched healthy neonates of mothers who were free of psychiatric illness (N = 26). Neonatal cortical surfaces were reconstructed and parcellated as regions of interest (ROIs), and cortical thickness for each vertex was computed as the shortest distance between the inner and outer surfaces. Comparisons were made for the average cortical thickness and total surface area in each of 68 cortical ROIs. After false discovery rate (FDR) correction, it was found that the female high-genetic-risk neonates had significantly thinner cortical thickness in the right lateral occipital cortex than the female control neonates. Before FDR correction, the high-genetic-risk neonates had significantly thinner cortex in the left transverse temporal gyrus, left banks of superior temporal sulcus, left lingual gyrus, right paracentral cortex, right posterior cingulate cortex, right temporal pole, and right lateral occipital cortex, compared with the control neonates. Before FDR correction, in comparison with control neonates, male high-risk neonates had significantly thicker cortex in the left frontal pole, left cuneus cortex, and left lateral occipital cortex; while female high-risk neonates had significantly thinner cortex in the bilateral paracentral, bilateral lateral occipital, left transverse temporal, left pars opercularis, right cuneus, and right posterior cingulate cortices. The high-risk neonates also had significantly smaller cortical surface area in the right pars triangularis (before FDR correction), compared with control neonates. This preliminary study provides the first evidence that early development of cortical thickness and surface area might be abnormal in the neonates at genetic risk for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27154, USA. .,Radiology and BRIC, UNC-CH School of Medicine, MRI Building, CB #7513 106 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27154, USA
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27154, USA
| | - Amanda E Lyall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27154, USA
| | - Mihye Ahn
- Department of Biostatistics and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27154, USA
| | - Ziwen Peng
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27154, USA
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27154, USA
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27154, USA
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27154, USA
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27154, USA. .,Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Radiology and BRIC, UNC-CH School of Medicine, MRI Building, CB #7513 106 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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36
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Abayomi O, Amato D, Bailey C, Bitanihirwe B, Bowen L, Burshtein S, Cullen A, Fusté M, Herrmann AP, Khodaie B, Kilian S, Lang QA, Manning EE, Massuda R, Nurjono M, Sadiq S, Sanchez-Gutierrez T, Sheinbaum T, Shivakumar V, Simon N, Spiteri-Staines A, Sirijit S, Toftdahl NG, Wadehra S, Wang Y, Wigton R, Wright S, Yagoda S, Zaytseva Y, O'Shea A, DeLisi LE. The 4th Schizophrenia International Research Society Conference, 5-9 April 2014, Florence, Italy: a summary of topics and trends. Schizophr Res 2014; 159:e1-22. [PMID: 25306204 PMCID: PMC4394607 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The 4th Schizophrenia International Research Society Conference was held in Florence, Italy, April 5-9, 2014 and this year had as its emphasis, "Fostering Collaboration in Schizophrenia Research". Student travel awardees served as rapporteurs for each oral session, summarized the important contributions of each session and then each report was integrated into a final summary of data discussed at the entire conference by topic. It is hoped that by combining data from different presentations, patterns of interest will emerge and thus lead to new progress for the future. In addition, the following report provides an overview of the conference for those who were present, but could not participate in all sessions, and those who did not have the opportunity to attend, but who would be interested in an update on current investigations ongoing in the field of schizophrenia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olukayode Abayomi
- Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital, PMB 4007, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Davide Amato
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 19, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Candace Bailey
- University of Texas Medical Branch, School of Medicine, 215 Mechanic Street, Apt. M206, Galveston77550, TX, United States
| | - Byron Bitanihirwe
- Laboratory of System and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lynneice Bowen
- Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | | | - Alexis Cullen
- Health Services and Population Research Department, David Goldberg Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Montserrat Fusté
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Ana P Herrmann
- Pharmacology Department, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Sanja Kilian
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Qortni A Lang
- Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street, Washington, DC 20059, United States
| | - Elizabeth E Manning
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Raffael Massuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, INCT for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Milawaty Nurjono
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, MD3, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Sarosh Sadiq
- Government College University, 170-S, 19/B, College Road, New Samanabad, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Teresa Sanchez-Gutierrez
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, C/Ibiza, 43 28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Sheinbaum
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici B, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nicholas Simon
- Department of Neuroscience, A210 Langley Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Anneliese Spiteri-Staines
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suttajit Sirijit
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nanna Gilliam Toftdahl
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Entrance 13A, 3rd floor, DK-2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Sunali Wadehra
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, 469 West Hancock, Detroit 48201, MI, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rebekah Wigton
- Cognition and Schizophrenia Imaging Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, 16 De Crespigny Park Rd, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Susan Wright
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neuroimaging Research Program, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, United States
| | - Sergey Yagoda
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Medical Psychology of Stavropol State Medical University, 28b Aivazovsky str, Stavropol 355007, Russia
| | - Yuliya Zaytseva
- Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Russian Federation/Prague Psychiatric Centre affiliated with 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anne O'Shea
- Harvard Medical School, Brockton, MA 02301, United States. anne_o'
| | - Lynn E DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA 02301, United States; VA Boston Healthcare System, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA 02301, United States.
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37
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Scanlon C, Anderson-Schmidt H, Kilmartin L, McInerney S, Kenney J, McFarland J, Waldron M, Ambati S, Fullard A, Logan S, Hallahan B, Barker GJ, Elliott MA, McCarthy P, Cannon DM, McDonald C. Cortical thinning and caudate abnormalities in first episode psychosis and their association with clinical outcome. Schizophr Res 2014; 159:36-42. [PMID: 25124520 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
First episode psychosis (FEP) has been associated with structural brain changes, largely identified by volumetric analyses. Advances in neuroimaging processing have made it possible to measure geometric properties that may identify subtle structural changes not appreciated by a measure of volume alone. In this study we adopt complementary methods of assessing the structural integrity of grey matter in FEP patients and assess whether these relate to patient clinical and functional outcome at 3 year follow-up. 1.5 Tesla T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance (MR) images were acquired for 46 patients experiencing their first episode of psychosis and 46 healthy controls. Cerebral cortical thickness and local gyrification index (LGI) were investigated using FreeSurfer software. Volume and shape of the hippocampus, caudate and lateral ventricles were assessed using manual tracing and spherical harmonics applied for shape description. A cluster of cortical thinning was identified in FEP compared to controls; this was located in the right superior temporal gyrus, sulcus, extended into the middle temporal gyrus (lateral temporal cortex - LTC). Bilateral caudate volumes were significantly lower in FEP relative to controls and the right caudate also displayed regions of shape deflation in the FEP group. No significant structural abnormalities were identified in cortical LGI or hippocampal or lateral ventricle volume/shape. Neither LTC nor caudate abnormalities were related to change in symptom severity or global functioning 3 years later. LTC and caudate abnormalities are present at the first episode of psychosis but do not appear to directly affect clinical or functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Scanlon
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; NCBES Galway Neuroscience Center, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Heike Anderson-Schmidt
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Psychiatric Genetics, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Liam Kilmartin
- College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Shane McInerney
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Joanne Kenney
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; NCBES Galway Neuroscience Center, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - John McFarland
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mairead Waldron
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; NCBES Galway Neuroscience Center, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Srinath Ambati
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; NCBES Galway Neuroscience Center, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Anna Fullard
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sam Logan
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Brian Hallahan
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gareth J Barker
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, London, UK
| | - Mark A Elliott
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; NCBES Galway Neuroscience Center, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter McCarthy
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; NCBES Galway Neuroscience Center, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Colm McDonald
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; NCBES Galway Neuroscience Center, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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38
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de Araujo Filho GM, Abdallah C, Sato JR, de Araujo TB, Lisondo CM, de Faria ÁA, Lin K, Silva I, Bressan RA, da Silva JFR, Coplan J, Jackowski AP. Morphometric hemispheric asymmetry of orbitofrontal cortex in women with borderline personality disorder: a multi-parameter approach. Psychiatry Res 2014; 223:61-6. [PMID: 24882679 PMCID: PMC4102318 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Functional imaging studies have implicated the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the pathophysiology of borderline personality disorder (BPD). To date, however, volume-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have yielded mixed results. We used a surface-based processing approach that allowed us to measure five morphometric cortical features of the OFC, including volumetric (cortical thickness and surface area) and geometric (mean curvature, depth of sulcus, and metric distortion - three indicators of cortical folding) parameters. Participants comprised 25 female BPD patients with no other current psychiatric comorbidity and 25 age- and gender-matched healthy controls who received structural MRI scans. Images were processed using the Freesurfer package. All BPD patients had a history of comorbid psychiatric disorder(s) and were currently on medications. Compared with controls, the BPD group showed reduced cortical thickness, surface area, mean curvature, depth of sulcus, and metric distortion in the right medial OFC. In the left medial OFC, the BPD group had reduced cortical thickness and mean curvature, but increased metric distortion. This study confirmed the utility of surface-based analysis in the study of BPD cortical structures. In addition, we observed extensive structural abnormalities in the medial OFC of female subjects with BPD, findings that were most pronounced in the right OFC, with preliminary data suggesting hemispheric asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Maria de Araujo Filho
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, Rua Borges Lagoa, 570 - Vila Clementino, CEP: 04038-032, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.
| | - Chadi Abdallah
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - João Ricardo Sato
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil. Rua Borges Lagoa, 570 – Vila Clementino. CEP: 04038-032. São Paulo – SP, Brazil,Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil. Rua Santa Adélia, 166 - Bairro Bangu. CEP: 09.210-170. Santo André – SP, Brasil
| | - Thabata Bueno de Araujo
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil. Rua Borges Lagoa, 570 – Vila Clementino. CEP: 04038-032. São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Mauricio Lisondo
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil. Rua Borges Lagoa, 570 – Vila Clementino. CEP: 04038-032. São Paulo – SP, Brazil,Ambulatorio de Transtornos de Personalidade (AMBORDER), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil. Rua Borges Lagoa, 570 – Vila Clementino. CEP: 04038-032. São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Ancona de Faria
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil. Rua Borges Lagoa, 570 – Vila Clementino. CEP: 04038-032. São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Katia Lin
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil. Rua Borges Lagoa, 570 – Vila Clementino. CEP: 04038-032. São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Ivaldo Silva
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil. Rua Borges Lagoa, 570 – Vila Clementino. CEP: 04038-032. São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Affonsecca Bressan
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil. Rua Borges Lagoa, 570 – Vila Clementino. CEP: 04038-032. São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Julieta Freitas Ramalho da Silva
- Ambulatorio de Transtornos de Personalidade (AMBORDER), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil. Rua Borges Lagoa, 570 – Vila Clementino. CEP: 04038-032. São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Jeremy Coplan
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Parolin Jackowski
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil. Rua Borges Lagoa, 570 – Vila Clementino. CEP: 04038-032. São Paulo – SP, Brazil
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39
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Schultz CC, Nenadic I, Riley B, Vladimirov VI, Wagner G, Koch K, Schachtzabel C, Mühleisen TW, Basmanav B, Nöthen MM, Deufel T, Kiehntopf M, Rietschel M, Reichenbach JR, Cichon S, Schlösser RGM, Sauer H. ZNF804A and cortical structure in schizophrenia: in vivo and postmortem studies. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:532-41. [PMID: 24078172 PMCID: PMC3984519 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicated that the ZNF804A (rs1344706) risk allele A is associated with better cognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that ZNF804A may also be related to relatively intact gray matter volume in patients. To further explore these putatively protective effects, the impact of ZNF804A on cortical thickness and folding was examined in this study. To elucidate potential molecular mechanisms, an allelic-specific gene expression study was also carried out. Magnetic resonance imaging cortical thickness and folding were computed in 55 genotyped patients with schizophrenia and 40 healthy controls. Homozygous risk allele carriers (AA) were compared with AC/CC carriers. ZNF804A gene expression was analyzed in a prefrontal region using postmortem tissue from another cohort of 35 patients. In patients, AA carriers exhibited significantly thicker cortex in prefrontal and temporal regions and less disturbed superior temporal cortical folding, whereas the opposite effect was observed in controls, ie, AA carrier status was associated with thinner cortex and more severe altered cortical folding. Along with this, our expression analysis revealed that the risk allele is associated with lower prefrontal ZNF804A expression in patients, whereas the opposite effect in controls has been observed by prior analyses. In conclusion, our analyses provide convergent support for the hypothesis that the schizophrenia-associated ZNF804A variant mediates protective effects on cortex structure in patients. In particular, the allele-specific expression profile in patients might constitute a molecular mechanism for the observed protective influence of ZNF804A on cortical thickness and folding and potentially other intermediate phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Christoph Schultz
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07740 Jena, Germany; tel: +49-3641-9-35665, fax: +49-3641-9-35444, e-mail:
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40
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Lyall AE, Shi F, Geng X, Woolson S, Li G, Wang L, Hamer RM, Shen D, Gilmore JH. Dynamic Development of Regional Cortical Thickness and Surface Area in Early Childhood. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:2204-12. [PMID: 24591525 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) are altered in many neuropsychiatric disorders and are correlated with cognitive functioning. Little is known about how these components of cortical gray matter develop in the first years of life. We studied the longitudinal development of regional CT and SA expansion in healthy infants from birth to 2 years. CT and SA have distinct and heterogeneous patterns of development that are exceptionally dynamic; overall CT increases by an average of 36.1%, while cortical SA increases 114.6%. By age 2, CT is on average 97% of adult values, compared with SA, which is 69%. This suggests that early identification, prevention, and intervention strategies for neuropsychiatric illness need to be targeted to this period of rapid postnatal brain development, and that SA expansion is the principal driving factor in cortical volume after 2 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feng Shi
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center Department of Radiology
| | | | | | - Gang Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center Department of Radiology
| | - Li Wang
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center Department of Radiology
| | - Robert M Hamer
- Department of Psychiatry Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center Department of Radiology
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry Biomedical Research Imaging Center
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41
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Tully LM, Lincoln SH, Liyanage-Don N, Hooker CI. Impaired cognitive control mediates the relationship between cortical thickness of the superior frontal gyrus and role functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 152:358-64. [PMID: 24388000 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Structural abnormalities in the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) are well-documented in schizophrenia and recent evidence suggests that these abnormalities relate to functional outcome. Cognitive control mechanisms, reliant on the LPFC, are impaired in schizophrenia and predict functional outcome, thus impaired cognitive control could mediate the relationship between neuroanatomical abnormalities in the LPFC and functional outcome. We used surface-based morphometry to investigate relationships between cortical surface characteristics, cognitive control, and measures of social and role functioning in 26 individuals with schizophrenia and 29 healthy controls. Results demonstrate that schizophrenia participants had thinner cortex in a region of the superior frontal gyrus (BA10). Across all participants, decreased cortical thickness in this region related to decreased cognitive control and decreased role functioning. Moreover, cognitive control fully mediated the relationship between cortical thickness in the superior frontal gyrus and role functioning, indicating that neuroanatomical abnormalities in the LPFC adversely impact role functioning via impaired cognitive control processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Tully
- Harvard University, Department of Psychology, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Sarah Hope Lincoln
- Harvard University, Department of Psychology, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nadia Liyanage-Don
- Harvard University, Department of Psychology, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christine I Hooker
- Harvard University, Department of Psychology, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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42
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Thong JYJ, Qiu A, Sum MY, Kuswanto CN, Tuan TA, Donohoe G, Sitoh YY, Sim K. Effects of the neurogranin variant rs12807809 on thalamocortical morphology in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85603. [PMID: 24386483 PMCID: PMC3875583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the genome wide supported psychosis susceptibility neurogranin (NRGN) gene is expressed in human brains, it is unclear how it impacts brain morphology in schizophrenia. We investigated the influence of NRGN rs12807809 on cortical thickness, subcortical volumes and shapes in patients with schizophrenia. One hundred and fifty six subjects (91 patients with schizophrenia and 65 healthy controls) underwent structural MRI scans and their blood samples were genotyped. A brain mapping algorithm, large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping, was used to perform group analysis of subcortical shapes and cortical thickness. Patients with risk TT genotype were associated with widespread cortical thinning involving frontal, parietal and temporal cortices compared with controls with TT genotype. No volumetric difference in subcortical structures (hippocampus, thalamus, amygdala, basal ganglia) was observed between risk TT genotype in patients and controls. However, patients with risk TT genotype were associated with thalamic shape abnormalities involving regions related to pulvinar and medial dorsal nuclei. Our results revealed the influence of the NRGN gene on thalamocortical morphology in schizophrenia involving widespread cortical thinning and thalamic shape abnormalities. These findings help to clarify underlying NRGN mediated pathophysiological mechanisms involving cortical-subcortical brain networks in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Yu Jin Thong
- Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| | - Min Yi Sum
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | | | - Ta Ahn Tuan
- Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Yih Yian Sitoh
- Department of Neuroradiology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Kang Sim
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
- Department of General Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
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Roiser JP, Wigton R, Kilner JM, Mendez MA, Hon N, Friston KJ, Joyce EM. Dysconnectivity in the frontoparietal attention network in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:176. [PMID: 24399975 PMCID: PMC3871715 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is common in patients with schizophrenia, and even those with relatively preserved function perform worse than healthy volunteers (HVs) on attentional tasks. This is consistent with the hypothesis that connectivity - in the frontoparietal network (FPN) activated during attention - is disrupted in schizophrenia. We examined attentional effects on connectivity in the FPN, in schizophrenia, using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Twenty-three HVs and 19 first-episode schizophrenia patients were scanned during a simple visual change test, known to activate the FPN, in which attention was monitored and directed with an orthogonal flicker-detection task. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) of evoked responses was used to assess effective connectivity - and its modulation by changes in the attended stimulus dimension - in the following network: higher visual area; temporoparietal junction (TPJ); intraparietal sulcus (IPS); dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. The final MEG analysis included 18 HVs and 14 schizophrenia patients. While all participants were able to maintain attention, HVs responded slightly, but non-significantly, more accurately than schizophrenia patients. HVs, but not schizophrenia patients, exhibited greater cortical responses to attended visual changes. Bayesian model comparison revealed that a DCM with attention dependent changes in both top-down and bottom-up connections best explained responses by patients with schizophrenia, while in HVs the best model required only bottom-up changes. Quantitative comparison of connectivity estimates revealed a significant group difference in changes in the right IPS-TPJ connection: schizophrenia patients showed relative reductions in connectivity during attended stimulus changes. Crucially, this reduction predicted lower intelligence. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that functional dysconnections in the FPN contribute to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Roiser
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebekah Wigton
- Psychosis Studies, Cognition and Schizophrenia Imaging Lab, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - James M. Kilner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maria A. Mendez
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Hon
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karl J. Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eileen M. Joyce
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Benetti S, Pettersson-Yeo W, Hutton C, Catani M, Williams SC, Allen P, Kambeitz-Ilankovic LM, McGuire P, Mechelli A. Elucidating neuroanatomical alterations in the at risk mental state and first episode psychosis: a combined voxel-based morphometry and voxel-based cortical thickness study. Schizophr Res 2013; 150:505-11. [PMID: 24084578 PMCID: PMC3824077 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported alterations in grey matter volume and cortical thickness in individuals at high risk of developing psychosis and patients in the early stages of the disorder. Because these studies have typically focused on either grey matter volume or cortical thickness separately, the relationship between these two types of alterations is currently unclear. In the present investigation we used both voxel-based cortical thickness (VBCT) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to examine neuroanatomical differences in 21 individuals with an At Risk Mental State (ARMS) for psychosis, 26 patients with a First Episode of Psychosis (FEP) and 24 healthy controls. Statistical inferences were made at P<0.05 after correction for multiple comparisons. Cortical thinning in the right superior temporal gyrus was observed in both individuals at high risk of developing psychosis and patients with a first episode of the disorder, and therefore is likely to represent a marker of vulnerability. In contrast, the right posterior cingulate cortex showed cortical thinning in FEP patients relative to individuals at high risk, and therefore appears to be implicated in the onset of the disease. These neuroanatomical differences were expressed in terms of cortical thickness but not in terms of grey matter volume, and therefore may reflect specific cortical atrophy as opposed to variations in sulcal and gyral morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Benetti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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Liu X, Lai Y, Wang X, Hao C, Chen L, Zhou Z, Yu X, Hong N. A combined DTI and structural MRI study in medicated-naïve chronic schizophrenia. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 32:1-8. [PMID: 24161847 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disconnection in white matter (WM) pathway and alterations in gray matter (GM) structure have been hypothesized as pathogenesis in schizophrenia. However, the relationship between the abnormal WM integrity and the alteration of GM in anatomically connected areas remains uncertain. Moreover, the potential influence of antipsychotic medication on WM anisotropy and cortical morphology was not excluded in previous studies. In this study, a total number of 34 subjects were enrolled, including 17 medicated-naïve chronic schizophrenia patients and 17 healthy controls. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) were applied to investigate the level of WM integrity. The FreeSurfer surface-based analysis was used to determine GM volume, cortical thickness and the surface area of GM regions which corresponded to abnormal WM fiber tracts. We observed that patients possessed lower fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) and left inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), along with smaller GM volume and cortical thinning in temporal lobe than the healthy controls, which reflected the underlying WM and GM disruption that contributed to the disease. In the patient population, the lower connectivity of ILF and IFOF was positively associated with cortical thickness in left lateral orbitofrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus and lingual gyrus in males, and positively correlated with GM volume in left lateral orbitofrontal cortex in females. On the other hand, it was negatively correlated with cortical area of middle temporal gyrus in males and temporal pole in females respectively, but not when genders were combined. These findings suggested that abnormal WM integrity and anatomical correspondence of GM alterations in schizophrenia were interdependent on gender-separated analysis in patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, combining TBSS and FreeSurfer might be a useful method to provide significant insight into interacting processes related to WM fiber tracts and GM changes in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Liu
- Department of Radiology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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46
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Jalbrzikowski M, Jonas R, Senturk D, Patel A, Chow C, Green MF, Bearden CE. Structural abnormalities in cortical volume, thickness, and surface area in 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome: Relationship with psychotic symptoms. Neuroimage Clin 2013; 3:405-15. [PMID: 24273724 PMCID: PMC3814944 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) represents one of the largest known genetic risk factors for psychosis, yet the neurobiological mechanisms underlying symptom development are not well understood. Here we conducted a cross-sectional study of 22q11DS to decompose cortical volume into its constituent parts, cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA), which are believed to have distinct neurodevelopmental origins. METHODS High-resolution T1-weighted scans were collected on 65 participants (31 22q11DS, 34 demographically comparable typically developing controls, 10-25 years old). Measures of cortical volume, CT, and SA were extracted from regions of interest using the FreeSurfer image analysis suite. Group differences and age-related trajectories in these structures, as well as their association with psychotic symptomatology, were assessed. RESULTS Relative to controls, 22q11DS participants showed bilateral volumetric reductions in the inferior temporal cortex, fusiform gyrus, anterior cingulate, superior parietal cortex, and cuneus, which were driven by decreased SA in these regions. 22q11DS participants also had increased volumes, driven by increased CT, in bilateral insula regions. 22q11DS youth had increased CT in frontal regions, particularly middle frontal and medial orbitofrontal cortices. A pattern of age-associated cortical thinning was observed in typically developing controls in brain regions associated with visual and sensory information-processing (i.e., left pericalcarine cortex and fusiform gyrus, right lingual and postcentral cortices). However, this relationship was disrupted in 22q11DS participants. Finally, correlational analyses revealed that increased CT in right medial orbitofrontal cortex was associated with increased positive symptom severity in 22q11DS. CONCLUSION Differential disruptions of CT and SA in distinct cortical regions in 22q11DS may indicate abnormalities in distinct developmental neural processes. Further, neuroanatomic abnormalities in medial frontal brain structures disproportionately affected in idiopathic schizophrenia were associated with psychotic symptom severity in 22q11DS youth, suggesting that disrupted biological processes in these cortical regions may underlie development of psychotic symptoms, both in 22q11DS and in the broader population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachel Jonas
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Damla Senturk
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arati Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carolyn Chow
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael F. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Selemon LD, Friedman HR. Motor stereotypies and cognitive perseveration in non-human primates exposed to early gestational irradiation. Neuroscience 2013; 248:213-24. [PMID: 23769911 PMCID: PMC3823672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A number of psychiatric illnesses have been associated with prenatal disturbance of brain development, including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Individuals afflicted with these disorders exhibit both repetitive motor and cognitive behavior. The potential role that environmental insult to the developing brain may play in generating these aberrant behaviors is unclear. Here we examine the behavioral consequences of an early gestational insult in the non-human primate. Rhesus macaques were exposed to x-irradiation during the first trimester of development to disrupt neurogenesis. The behavior of five fetally irradiated monkeys (FIMs) and five control monkeys (CONs) was observed as they matured from juvenile (1.5 years) to adult ages (4-5 years). Home-cage behavior was indistinguishable in the two groups. In the testing cage, circling was prevalent in both groups at juvenile ages, persisting to adulthood in three of the five FIMs. One FIM executed a ritualized motor sequence marked by semi-circling and undulating head movements. Seven macaques (4 FIMs, 3 CONs) were tested on a spatial Delayed Alternation (DA) task as adults. Perseverative errors and non-perseverative errors were recorded in early stages of the testing, at the 0 delay interval. While performing DA, FIMs made more errors of perseveration than CONs yet the number of total errors committed did not differ between groups. The presence of motor stereotypies and cognitive perseveration in fetally irradiated non-human primates suggests that environmental insult to the embryonic brain may contribute to repetitive motor and cognitive behaviors in neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Selemon
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - H R Friedman
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Selemon LD, Ceritoglu C, Ratnanather JT, Wang L, Harms MP, Aldridge K, Begović A, Csernansky JG, Miller MI, Rakic P. Distinct abnormalities of the primate prefrontal cortex caused by ionizing radiation in early or midgestation. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:1040-53. [PMID: 22911497 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure of the brain to environmental insult causes different neurological symptoms and behavioral outcomes depending on the time of exposure. To examine the cellular bases for these differences, we exposed rhesus macaque fetuses to x-rays during early gestation (embryonic day [E]30-E42), i.e., before the onset of corticogenesis, or in midgestation (E70-E81), when superficial cortical layers are generated. Animals were delivered at term (~E165), and the size and cellular composition of prefrontal association cortex (area 46) examined in adults using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and stereologic analysis. Both early and midgestational radiation exposure diminished the surface area and volume of area 46. However, early exposure spared cortical thickness and did not alter laminar composition, and due to higher cell density, neuron number was within the normal range. In contrast, exposure to x-rays at midgestation reduced cortical thickness, mainly due to elimination of neurons destined for the superficial layers. A cell-sparse gap, observed within layer III, was not filled by the later-generated neurons destined for layer II, indicating that there is no subsequent replacement of the lost neurons. The distinct areal and laminar pathology consequent to temporally segregated irradiation is consistent with basic postulates of the radial unit hypothesis of cortical development. In addition, we show that an environmental disturbance inflicted in early gestation can induce subtle cytoarchitectonic alterations without loss of neurons, such as those observed in schizophrenia, whereas midgestational exposure causes selective elimination of neurons and cortical thinning as observed in some forms of mental retardation and fetal alcohol syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn D Selemon
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001, USA.
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Abstract
This study sought to examine whole brain and regional gray matter (GM) phenotypes across the schizophrenia (SZ)-bipolar disorder psychosis dimension using voxel-based morphometry (VBM 8.0 with DARTEL segmentation/normalization) and semi-automated regional parcellation, FreeSurfer (FS 4.3.1/64 bit). 3T T1 MPRAGE images were acquired from 19 volunteers with schizophrenia (SZ), 16 with schizoaffective disorder (SAD), 17 with psychotic bipolar I disorder (BD-P) and 10 healthy controls (HC). Contrasted with HC, SZ showed extensive cortical GM reductions, most pronounced in fronto-temporal regions; SAD had GM reductions overlapping with SZ, albeit less extensive; and BD-P demonstrated no GM differences from HC. Within the psychosis dimension, BD-P showed larger volumes in fronto-temporal and other cortical/subcortical regions compared with SZ, whereas SAD showed intermediate GM volumes. The two volumetric methodologies, VBM and FS, revealed highly overlapping results for cortical GM, but partially divergent results for subcortical volumes (basal ganglia, amygdala). Overall, these findings suggest that individuals across the psychosis dimension show both overlapping and unique GM phenotypes: decreased GM, predominantly in fronto-temporal regions, is characteristic of SZ but not of psychotic BD-P, whereas SAD display GM deficits overlapping with SZ, albeit less extensive.
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Effect of antipsychotic drugs on cortical thickness. A randomized controlled one-year follow-up study of haloperidol, risperidone and olanzapine. Schizophr Res 2012; 141:22-8. [PMID: 22884754 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imaging evidence indicates that brain alterations are primary to the full-blown onset of schizophrenia and seem to progress across time. The potential effects of antipsychotic medication on brain structure represent a key factor in understanding brain changes in psychosis. We aimed to investigate the effects of low doses of haloperidol, risperidone and olanzapine on cortical thickness. METHOD We investigated the effects of risperidone (N=16), olanzapine (N=18) and low doses of haloperidol (N=18) in cortical thickness changes during 1-year follow-up period in a large and heterogeneous sample of schizophrenia spectrum patients. The relationship between cortical thickness changes and clinical and cognitive outcome was also assessed. A group of 45 healthy volunteers was also longitudinally evaluated. Magnetic resonance imaging brain scans (1.5T) were obtained and images were analyzed by using BRAINS2. RESULTS There were no significant effects of time (F(1,47)<1.66; P>0.204), treatment group (F(2,47)<1.47; P>0.242) or group-by-time interaction (F(2,47)<1.82; P>0.174) for any of the cortical thickness variables. When the group of healthy controls was included in the analyses, it is of note that group-by-time interaction showed a significant result for the frontal lobe at trend level (F(3,81)=2.686; P=0.052). After the Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons, there were no significant associations between changes in cortical thickness and clinical and cognitive outcome. CONCLUSIONS Low doses of haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine seem to equally affect gray matter cortical thickness, overall and lobes, at the medium-term (1 year). The clinical effectiveness of treatments was not significantly related to changes in cortical thickness.
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